igh doses
Co non cold
VTTAMTN CHIGH DOSES IN THE TREAÎMENT OF THE COMMON COLD
J. As o a
Facul y o Medicine o he Fede al Uni e sily o Pe naabuco, Reci e,
Pe nambuco, B azj-l
Summa y: In o de o. ,es i amin C in he ea men o common
cold, 45 pa ien s (25 women and 20 men) ecei ed 6.0 g o i-
amj.n C daily pe os, when hey showed he i s slmp oms o
he disease. The ea men las ed i e days ega dl_ess o he
p ospec i e esul s. The du a ion o he cold was sj.gni ican ly
educed when he ea men began wi ,hin 24 hou s o he i s
symp oms and in se e al pa .ien s i . e en did no de elop ully.
Pa ien s el qui e well he day a e he beginni.ng o ea -
men . Resul s ¡ e e no so good when he e was a delay and ,he
medica ion s a .ed on he second o hi d day o i11ness. A
ha . ime we obse ed ha he cold o en was complica ed by
seconda y bac .e j.al- in ec ions. Finally i seems impo an o
epo ha a e he end o he esea ch we con inue o use
:he same i- amin C dosage ob aining consis en ly he same e-
suL s.
In oduc lon
a i us disease, dis ibu ed aLl o e he
The com non cold is
2L9
^ O ld.
o age
a ,igue,
o hese
s udies
Fac ,o s p edisposing o he concen a i.on o he common col_d
include chi ling o he body by d augh s o wea ing we cl. hes,
I a ec ,s al-1 aces i h no dis j-nc ion as ega ds sex
I s a e age incuba i_on pe iod is h ee days.
en i onmen al pollu ion, e c. Howe e , he impo ance
ac o s has been diminished by he indings o ecen
(And ewes2, I965; Deb é and Ce1e s s, l97O) .
The i us in ec ion b ings abou an in lamma ion o he uppe
espi a o y ac . The symp oms e lec he in ol emen o he
espi a o y ac and he whole body. The pa ien expe iences
a eelÍng o conges ion in he uppe ai ways, wi h oedema o he
nasal and pha yngea mucosa. The e is equen . hino hoea and
sneezing, oge ,he ,, i h a sensa ion o oughness in he h oa
which makes i . di icul o he pa ien o swallow ood.
Al hough e y high empe a u es a e no obse ed, e e is
aìmos always p esen and is accompanied by J-is lessness and
headache o a iable se e i y6.
P o i-ded no bac e ial complica ions ensue, he condi ion uns
a cou se o 3 o 10 days. The change in he no mal physioJ.ogl
o he mucosa opens he way o pa hogenic bac e ia a ack.
In many pa ien s .he common cold is almos always accompanì.ed
by bac e ial complica ions.
Since he e a e a i-ous ypes o cold i us, no inununi y o
he disease is de eloped, and i may a ack he same pa ien
se e al imes in one yea .
ïn an analysis o he absence om wo k caused by he conmon
co1d, Paulings's (L9jO, 1971) concluded ha he disease esul s
in an annual loss o 15 milli_on doll-a s in he Uni_ ed S a es.
))ñ 22
A, a ie y o d ugs a e used Ín he ea men . o his in ec ion,
and include analgesics, an i-his amines, deconges an s' e c. AIl
o hem, howe e , ea only he s}¡mp oms and no he disease'
I would be o g ea alue i a ea men could be ound which
hinde s he es ablishmen o he cold, o , in cases ^ he e i
has a eady gained a hold, sho ens 'i s du a ion, educes he
se e i y o he symp oms, and p e en s he occu ence o sec-'
onda y in ec ions. l ihi-le a numbe o au ho s belie e ha i-
amin C possesses hese ea u es, o he s cas doub s on his
opinion.
Cowan, Dieh] and Bake a (1942), o he Uni e si y o Minneso a,
ca ied ou a s udy in ol ing oughly 400 s uden s who ook
200 mg j- amin C pe day o a placebo o a pe iod o T mon hs.
They obse ed no s a is ically signi ican di e ence in he
equency, du a ion o se e i y o colds be ween he g oup ha
ecei ed he i amin and he placebo g: oup.
) . F ede j-ck J. S a e, P o esso a he Depa men o Nu i ion
o he School o Publ-ic Heal h a Ha a d Uni e si y, s a es
ha " he e is no conclusi e e idence ha asco bi.c acid has
any p e en i. e e ec o any he apeu ic e ec on he cou se
o he conìmon cold"l2.
D . Philip L. Whi e, Sec e a y o he Council on Foods and
Iu i ion o he Ame ican Medical Associa ion, doub s ha i-
amin C is capable o p e en ing he common cold o has any
in luence on i s cou se.
D . Cha les C. Edwa ds is equally scep ical, and conside s i
absu d ha i amin C should be used in he p e en ion o ea -
men o he common co1d.
C. And ewes2 (1965) , Hono a y Consul an o he Cold Resea ch
Uni a Sa.l-isbu y, Eng:J_and, does no make a single men ion o
i amin c in his pape "The common cold: p ospec s o i s con-
ol " .
Re e ing o he ele an li e a .u e, lj-nus pauling, a s ong
ad oca e o using i amin C, explains hese un a ou able e-
sul s as he ou come o using small doses o asco bic acid.
Acco ding o Pauling, he e a e di e ences be ween he i amin
and placebo g oups e en in he s udy by Cowanq (1942), and ì_n
his opinion hese could be signi ican ly j_nc eased by using
Ia ge doses o he i amin.
S udies in ol ing he use o la ge doses, such as .ha o
Sheila Cha les .on and Ma y Clegg3 (I9j2), ha o Ande son,
Reid and Bea onl Q972), and he ial conduc ed by Ri zel
(196I), showed signi ican di ê ences in he incidence and
du a ion o he co1d, which we e conside abl_y lowe in .he
g oup ha ecei ed i amin C han in he placebo g oup.
n a compa ison be ween man and a ious species o animals,
he biochemis win s one ' (Lglz), o s a en s and, s a es
ha o man a sui able dose o i amin c would be be ween _
and 4 g ams pe day,
In o de o abo he cold, his au ho ecommends aking 1.5
g o asco bic acid on he onse o he i_ s symp oms, and
u he doses a hou ly in e als. he medica ion is aken
a a su icien ly ea ly s ,age, by he hi d dose he cold has
gene ally been abo ed.
D . Edme Régnie o ( 9e8) ecommends ea ing he cold wi h
600 mg o i amin C on Lhe appea ance o he i s symp oms,
ollowed by doses o 600 mg e e y 3 hou s (o 200 m9 e e y
222 223
hou ) , he dose being inc eased o 750 mg on e i ing o bed'
in he au ho l,s pe sonal expe ience, he sneezing which ma ked
ne onse o a new cold would appea wo o h ee imes Pe
:,ea , and was ollowed, on he 2nd o 3 d day' bY he unpleasan
and appa en ly ine i able signs and symp oms o seconda y bac-
e ial- in ec ion.
The au ho 's ac i i ies would be es ic ed o o o e en
as much as ou weeks by he clinical symp oms o he bac e ial
complica ions. As an expe imen ' on he appea ance o he i s
:old symp oms he hen decided o ake 6 g i amin C di ided
in o 3 doses, and in 24 hou s he cold had clea ed up' Since
ha exPe inen , ll yea s ago, whene e he has el be slmp-
omso acoldhehassucceededinabo ing hecondi lonin
one day.
Since i amin C in la ge doses is comple ely ha mless and he
subs ance has no sj-de-e ec s, he e a e no con aindica j'ons
:o i s use7.
The pu pose o hi-s clinical s udy j-s o ob ain da a on he
e ec o la ge doses o i amin c in he ea men o he
co nmon cold b/i h ega d o i s du a ion, he se e i y o ies
symp oms and he occu ence o seconda y in ec ions'
obse a ions and me hod
The o al pa len ma e ial comP ised 136 pe sons o bo h sexes
and a ious ages. Two we e excluded because hey we e ound o
be su e ing om ín ec ious mononucleosis, and one because o
in ec ionwi h oxoplasmosis.Thel33pa ien sincludedin he
analysis comp ised 7g
89. emales and 55 nales aged be ween 14 and
The g oup inc'uded s uden s o medicine a he Fede a , uni e -
si y o Pe nambuco¡ physj_cians, he in es iga o s, pa j-en s
o p i a ,e clinics and Social Secu i y (ïpNS) membe s (Gou eia
de Ba os Clinic) , so ha he ial was conduc ed on pe sons
om he mos a ied economi.c, social and cul u al g oups. The
o1l0wing s1¡mp oms ^ e e mos equen ly comp ai-ned o : so e
pain ul h oa , hoa seness, sneezing, nasal obs uc ion, lac i-
ma j-on, headache, muscula and bone pain, weakness, chiJ_ls,
swea .ing and gene al malalse. A d.ouble_blind ial- ,/as conduc ed
in which he p epa a ions, numbe ed 1 and g, h¡e e gi en o al_
e na e pa ien .s as hey p esen ed hemsel es. The p epa a ions,.
in he o m o 1 g e e escen able s, /e e p esc ibed in
acco dance ¡i h he ollowing plan o aJ.l pa ien s: 2 able s
dissol ed in wa e (2 g) h ee imes pe day o i e consecu_
j- e days, o j.n o he wo ds 6 g pe day o a o al o 30 g.
When 42 pa ien s had ecei ed subs ance No. 1 and 4l had e-
cei ed No. g, Èhe e was no 1onge any poin in con inuing he
double-blind ial, since in lew o he clinical p og ess o
he pa ien s he e /as no he sligh es doub ha subs ance
No. I was he i amin C and l o. g was he placebo. F om hen
un il he end o he j.al ou 133 pa len s he e o e ook l
only p epa a ion No. l-.
We di ided ou pa ien s in o ou g oups, nameì_y:
G oup : 45 pa ien s (25 emales and 20 males) mean ag e 33 _
ea men begun ea ly, in he i s 24 hou s a e
he onse o coj_d sl¡mp oms.
G oup II: 30 pa i_en s (17 emal-es and .l-3 males) mean ag.e 33 _
ea men begun be ween 24 and 4g hou s a e he
onse o col,d symp oms.
G oup II : 17 pa ien s (Ì1 emales and 6 males) mean age 37 -
ea men begun la e , 48, j2 o mo e houxs a e
hq onse o sympioms.
p cebo q qup: 41 pa ien s (25 emales and L6 males) mean age
36.
Resul s
The esul s ob ained in he a ious g oups a e summa j-zed in
Tables L, 2,3 and 4, hus allowing he cou se o col-ds ea .ed
w. h i amin C o be compa ed wi h ha o colds ea ed wi h
o:he d ugs.
S a is ical anal is o he esul- s
îhe i s ema k on his s udy conce ns he c l e ion used o
es ablish he du a ion o he cold. This is oo subjec l e and
,,- doub edly subjec o la ge a ia ions, pa icul_a y slnce
iìe e is no exac de ini j-on o wha exac ly ma ks he beginning
o end o he "cold".
Howe e , wi h he accep ance o he adop ed c i e ion i is
possible o es i amin c wi h ega d o a possible supe io i y
o e o he d ugs commonly used in he ea men o co1ds.
'-he s a is ical- me hod employed is S uden 's " " es , which
anaiyses he di e ence be i¡/een he wo means.
The esul s ob ained !, e e as ollows:
I. Fo Table I - ea men wi h 6 g pe day o i amin C o
i e (5) consecu i e days; ea men begun ea ly, ì_n he
i s 24 hou s a e he onse o s).mp oms.
)1À
))Ê,
Tab. l. Pa len s ea .ed ¡i- h 6 g i amin c pex day o 5 consecu i e
days. T ea men begun ea ly, in he i s 24 hou s a e he onse o
s)mpnoms. compa ison o he du a ion o co d.s c ea ed. wi h i amin c
and Èhose ea ed wi h o he d ugs (aspi in, phenace in, an ihis anines,
e c.) No. o cases: 45.
Vi amin CO he d ugs
Nane Sex Du aÈi-on o cold in
days a e ini ia ion
o ea men
Du a .ion o p e ious
colds in days a Èe
ini iâ ion o eaÈmen
I
20; de eloped bac e ial
conplica ions
2
2
l5; de eloped bac e i-al
complica ions
2
I
8; de eloped bac e ial-
compl-icaÈions
2
I
2
I
2
3
2
I
I
4
2
3
I
30; de eloped bac e ial-
complj-ca ions
2
5
15 co 20; equen bac e-
ial complica ions
5
6 o l0 equen . bac e-
ial complica .ions
I5; equen bacce ial-
compl j-ca j-ons
2
l0 o 15; eguen bac e-
laI complica 'ions
8 o I0; equen bac e-
ial complica ions
5 o6
4 o5
5
3 o4
4
3
8 o 15; equen bac e-
ial compl.icèÈions
5
5
4
5
6
4 o5
20 o 30; equen . bac e-
j-al conplica ions
8 o 15; equen bac e-
ial complicaÈions
aÞ
M.S.C.L
38
35
37
2B
M
F
M
F
M
M
,.F
c. L.
¡.u
22'-
.c. . 15
y s J.C.l L4
25
63*
M. L.P.A
M.J, D. S
A.G. S.
M.L.P.S.
9
51
ao
M2
I
8; de eloped bac e ial
complj-ca ions
I
2
I
)
I
1
I
10; de eloped bac e ial
complica .ions
I
I
2
I
2
4 o5
5
l0; equen bac e la
complica ions
4
8; equen bac e ial
complica ions
I0; equen bac e ial
complica ions
5 o6
l0 o 12; equen bac e-
i-al complica ions
4Lo5
I o l0; equen bac¿e-
ial complica ions
5
4
5 o6
4
4 o5
I0 o 12; equen bac e-
ial compJ-ica .ions
3
4
4
6
7 o l0; equen bac e-
ial compl-ica ions
ÁÔ
46
F
2
F
F
F
¡'
M
M
F
Ão
I5
89
F
M
M
F
M
M
F
F
F
F
M
M
F
2
S. R.
M. G. S.
J. C. V.
N.Q.
L8
)A
29
22
44
43
39
51
47
43
46
57
24
IB
J.A.A.
H. H.A.
M. C. L.
s. H. A.
<¡M
A. J.M. L
J.A.A.
l.L. -A
J.S.A.M
L. G.
J. P. À. S.
!. A. F.
G.F.S
I5
L4
L4
23
18
1A
20*
40*
34
52
27
L7
I5
4
F
I
F
M
M
M
F
F
M
F
M
F
M
M
-À
. .L.
c. R.
F. D. F.
H.H.Ã.
pq
*Passed a numbe o d.ia hoeic s ools du ing ea mên wi h i amj-n C
Mean du a i-on o he col-d a e s a o ea men
days in he g oup ea ed ^/i h i amin C. I was 6.
in he g oup ea ed wi h o he d ugs.
/as 3.6
9 days
226 227
F om hls compa ison h¡e ob ain:
= 3.54, D,F. = 88 and P <0.01-.
Takj-ng P <0.05 as he le el o sj-gni icance, /e ind ha
he sho ening o he du a ,i-on o he cold i h i amin C
in ela íon o o he d ugs is s a is ically signi ican .
II. Fo Table 2 - ea men i h 6 g pe day o i amin C o
3 consecu Í e days; ea men . ini ia ed be ^ een 24 and 48
hou s a e he onse , o s)¡mp oms.
In ,he g oup ea .ed wi h i amin C he mean du a .ion o
cold a e s a o ea men /as 5.3 days. I was 7.5 days
in he g oup ea ed wi h o he d ugs.
Îab. 2. PaÈien s ea ed wi h 6 9 pe day o i amin C o 5 consecu i e
days. T ea men ini ia ed be ween 24 and 48 hou s a e he onse Õ
sl¡mp oms. Compa ison o he du a .ion o colds ea ed wiÈh i amin C and
col-ds ea ed wi h o he d ugs (aspi in. phenace in. an ihis ami-ne, e c.)
No. o cases: 30.
Vi amin CO he d ugs
Name
.G.M.**
c. s.
L.A.
J. A.
M. D. P. S.
J.N.S.
o . G.L.
I. J.G. L.
J.M.A.
J. C. L. .
A.P. S.
c. s.
M.J.
E.M.L.
À Þa
L.A.A.
M. Þ. D.
M. C. L.
.c.L.
N.G. F.
39M2
4
3
15; de el"oped bac e ia]-
complica ions
I0 Èo l5; equên bac e-
lal complica ions
3 o4
3
l0 o 15; equen bac e-
ial- complica ions
20; equen bac e ial
compl j-ca .ions
2 o3
J
5 o6
6 o /
8 o l0; g equen bac e-
ial co nplica j-ons
7
8; equen bacÈe Íal
complica ions
I o 12; equen bac e-
ial complica ions
4
10; equen bac e ial
complica iôns
4 o5
4 o5
15 o 20i equen bac e-
ial complica ions
3 o4
3 o4
I Èo I0; equen bac e-
ial complica ions
5 o6
4Eo5
20 o 30; equen bac e-
ial complica .ions
5l
AO
L6
F
F
40F3
5
3
2
2
M
F
M
M
M
M
M
F
F
F
4L
50
2L
l_6
38
15
50
5I
28
4L
F
F
F
M
F
M
F
F
F
I
4
8; de eloped bac e ial
complicaÈions
4
Age
y s Sex Du. a ion o coLd in
days a .e s a o
ea men
Du a j-on o p e ious
colds in days a e s a
o ea men
)^
48
32
27
33
I
2
20; de eloped bac e ial
complica ions
3
4
15; de eloped bac e ial
compLica ions
I
2
30; de eloped bac e ia.l-
complica ions
A.L.J.
J.A. S.
o. s.G. R
51 M3
L8F4
L7M 8; de eloped
complica .ions
I
2
5
5
I o l0; equen bac ê-
ial complica j-ons
4 o5
8 Eo I2 equen . bac e-
ial complica ions
l0 o 15; equen bac .e-
ial conplica ions
24
L7
29
N.E.S. l8
27
27
M
F3**EpigasÈ ic pain du ing ea men wi h i amin C.
*Passed a numbe o dia hoeic s ools du ing c ea men wi¿h i amin c
228 229
F om .his compa ison we ob ain:
= I.45, D.F. = 58 and P >0.1.
The di e ence is no s a j-s ically signi ican .
IlI. Fo Table 3 - ea men wi h 6 g pe day o i ami_n C c|¡
5 consecu i e days; ea men co nmenced la e han 48
hou s a e onse o s]¡mp oms.
Mean du a ion o he cold a e s a o ea men ¡ as
9.0 days in he g oup ea ed wi h i amin C. I was 7.8
days j-n he g oup ea ed i h o he d ugs.
F om his compa ison we ob ain:
= 0.62, D.E. = 32 and P >0.5.
The di e ence j-s no s a is ically sigini ican .
Îab. 3. Pa ien s ea ed wi h 6 g pe day o iÈamin C o 5 consecu i e
days. T ea men begun la e. i.e. 48, 72 o mo e hou s a e he onse o
sl'mp oms. Compa ison o he du a ion o he cold . ea ed wi h i amj-n C
and colds ea ed wi h o he d ugs (aspi in, phenace in, an ihis amj-nes,
e c.) No. o cases: L7.
Vi amin CO he d ugs
Name
**Epigas ic pain du ing ea men wi h j- amin c.
*Passed a n unbe o dia hoeic s ools du ing ea nen wj- h i anin c
'lâb. 4. c oup which ecei ed placebo. Compa ison wi h he use o oÈhe
. ugs in p e ious colds. No. o cases: 41.
Placebo o he d ugs
c50M l2; de eloped bac e ial
complica ions
7
i0; de eloped bac e ial
complicã ions
15; de eloped bac e ial
complica ions
6
30; de eloped bacÈe ial
complicaÈions
5
3
3
I0; de eloped bac e ial
complica ions
l0 o 15; eq en bac e-
ial compl-j-ca ions
4 o5
5 o6
15; equen bac e ial
complica . ions
6
15 o 20; equen bac e-
ial complicaÈions
4 o6
3co5
3 Õ4
L0; equenc bac e ial
complicaÈions
i.s.
38 M
/
M
F
F
M
I6
33
F
M
F
F
P.L
s.c.
0.
âÀ
39 .-
29
44
2L
I9
Age
y s Sex Du a ion o cold in
days a e s a o
ea men
Du a ion o p e ious
colds in days a e s a
o ea men
sex Du a ion o cold in
days om s a o
using placebo
Du a ion o p e ious
colds in days om
s a o ea men
Name Age
y s
l0; de eloped bac e j-al-
compl-ica ions
15; de eloped bac e ial
complicaÈions
7
5
5 o6
7 o l0; equen bac e-
j-al complj-ca ions
l0 o 20; equen bac e-
ial complica ions
5 o7
5 ob
3 .o4
Mo e han 5.
Bac e ial complica ions
Mo e han 5
Clea ed up on 3 d day
Mo e han 5.
Bac e ial conplicaÈ j-ons
Mo e han 5.
Bac e ia-l- complicaÈions
clea ed up on 2nd day
Clea eci up on 5 h day
5 o8
3 o4
10; equen bac e ial
complica . j-ons
2 o3
4 o5
c Þ À )c, M5
À
A.P. *
M. V. S-
G.M
L7
27
51
3
6
6
F
M
F
F
F
F
F'
5l. A.o
D.O.S
D.s.s
o
35
29
23
65
F
F
M
F
il
F
68
J.R.F. 77
o. 36
48
53 M,C.A.J
230 23
L.M.C 2LF !4.c.L.
E.H.s.M
5]
L7
39
36
ò. .J. )/ Mo e .han 5.
Bac e ial complica ions
Mo e han 5.
Bac .e j,äI compl ica lons
Mo e han 5.
Bac e ial complica ions
Mo e han 5.
Bac e ial complica ions
Clea ed up on 3 d day
Mo e han 5.
Bac e ial compl j"ca ions
Mo e han 5.
Bac e ial complica ions
Mo e han 5
Mo e han 5.
Bac e ial- comp.Lica .ions
C.Lea ed up on 5Èh day
Mo¡e han 5
Mo e han 5
8; equen bac e ial
complica ions
4 o5
l0 o l-2; equen bac e-
ial- compÌica ions
3 o4
4 o5
l0 o 15; êquen bacÈe-
ial- co nplica ions
5
8 o 12; equen bac e-
ial complica .ions
4 o5
-7
8 o l0; equen bac .e-
ial complica ions
4 o5
4
5
5
4
l0 o 12; equen bac e-
ial co nplica ions
I Lo l0; eguen bac e-
ial compl.ica ions
4 o5
15 o 20; equen bac e-
ial conplica ions
3
Clea ed up on 4 h day
Mo e han 5
Mo e han 5
Clea ed up on 3 d day
Mo e 'han 5
Mo e han 5
Mo e han 5.
3 o4
5
l0 o 15; equen bac e-
ial co nplica ions
3 o4
4 o5
5
20; equen bac .e ial
conplica ions
M
F
F
"l
M
M
M
3
M.J.S.W. 22 M
c.c.s. 42 M
M.
M. G.M
J.A..A
M. F. B.
. G. c.
S. B.
s.
L'7
40
34
22
6L
F
F
M.L.B. 23 F
Bac e ial compl j-ca ions
I . is di icul o speci y Èhe du a ion o he col"d in his plâcebo
g oup, since oughly 503 o he pa ienÈs changed o e o o he d ugs
om he 5 h day onwa ds;
Conclusions
he basic conclusion o be d awn is ha . i he cold is o be
o sho e du a .ion han when o he d ugs a e used, i amin C
mus be adminis e ed in he i s 24 hou s a .e he onse o
s 'mP .oms.
I. G. F.
M.C. L.
49
45
s. J. F.
A. S.
M"L.A.S
19
24
L7
F
F
M
M
F'
s.M.s. 26 F
F Mo e han 5
F Clea ed up on 3 d day
F Cl-ea ed up on 5 h day
M Mo e hãn 5
M Clea ed up on 5 h day
F Mo e han 5,
Bac e j-al complica ions
Mo e han 5.
Bac .e ial complica ions
Mo e han 5.
Bac e ial complica ions
Mo e han 5.
Bac e j-al complica ions
Mo e han 5
C.Lea¡ed up on 5 h day
Mo e han 5.
Bac e ial compl ica ions
Mo e han 5
56
50
2I
58
60
50
J. R.W.
55
N. E.
c.M.
ÞÀ
42
18
9
7
M
F
I
F
J.R.B. 16 F
232 233
Li e a u e
l. Ande son, T.W. Rèid. D.D.ll., Bea on, G.H.: Canad.med.Ass.J. I07,
so3 (1972)
2. And ewes, C.: The Comnon CoId: p ospec s o i s Con ol W.W. No on
& Company, Ne!' Yo k (1965).
3. Cha l-es on, S., Clegg, K.M.: The I,ance L,7765 (1972).
4. Cowan, D.W., Diehl, H,S., Bake . A.B.: J.Ame .Med.Ass. LzO, L268 (L942
5. Deb é, R., Cele s, J.: Clinical Vi ology, W.B. Saund.e s Company
PhiJ.adelphia (1970).
6. HaÌ ison, T.R.: In P inciples o In e nal Mêdicine, Blakis one Com-
pany, Nee, Yo k (1950).
7. Ho nig, D., {eise , H., À ebe , F., Wiss, O.: In .J.Vi .Nu .Res.43,
28 (L9731
8. Pauling, L.: Vi aIoin C and he Comnon Col-d, F eeman and Company, San
F ancisco (1970),
9. Pauling, L.: Ame .J.clin.Nu . LI, L294 ( 97 ).
10. Régnie , E.: Re .Alle gy 22, 835 (1968).
11. Ri zel, G.: Iïel .med.Ac a 28, 63 (196I).
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(1969) .
13. SCone I.3 The Healing Fac o . Vi amj-n C agains Disease, G osse &
Dunlap, New Yo k (L972',).
P o .J.As o a, FaculÈy o Medicine o he Fede al Uni e si y o pe naÍlbuco,
Reci e, Pe nambuco, B azil-
. -1-!
234
