*Co esponding au ho : T.Gaya h i.
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Fo mula ion and e alua ion o he bal hand wash
T. Gaya h i *, B. Raja Na ende , B. Sindhuja and A iaNazmeen
Depa men o Pha maceu ics, CVM College o Pha macy, Velichala, Ko hapally, Ka imnaga , Telangana, India. 505 451
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(01), 171-179
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 02 Sep embe 2025; e ised on 08 Oc obe 2025; accep ed on 10 Oc obe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wjbphs.2025.24.1.0895
Abs ac
Hands a e he P ima y Modes o T ansmission o Mic obes and In ec ions. Hand washing is C i ical in Food, Heal h ca e
and Daily Ca e P epa a ion. Hand wash is used as Daily li e ou ine as Sani iza ion. The Main Aim o he P esen wo k is
o Fo mula e and E alua e He bal Handwash Using a Combina ion o Na u al Ex ac s. The Fo mula ion Comp ised
Ex ac s o Bee oo peel, lemon juice, AloeVe a Gel, Min , Honey, Tu me ic Rose oil e c. Physical and Chemical
Pa ame e s such as Colo , Odo , pH, Viscosi y, Foam Heigh , Foam Re en ion we e Used o E alua e He bal Handwash.
The Ob ained Resul s we e ound Wi hin he desi ed anges wi hou he p esence o any ad e se e ec s. Thus, he
P oposed scheme o S udy may be ega ded as an Excellen app oach Due o hei Ing edien s and E ec i eness.
Keywo ds: Handwash; T ansmission; Sani iza ion; Ad e se E ec s; Viscosi y; E ec i eness
1. In oduc ion {1.6.7}
Hand washing (o hand washing), also known as hand hygiene, is he ac o cleaning one's hands wi h soap o handwash
and wa e o emo e i uses/bac e ia/mic oo ganisms, di , g ease, o o he ha m ul and unwan ed subs ances s uck
o he hands.
Hand hygiene is now ega ded as one o he mos impo an elemen s o in ec ion con ol ac i i ies. In he wake o he
g owing bu den o heal h ca e associa ed in ec ions (HCAIs), he inc easing se e i y o illness and complexi y o
ea men , supe imposed by mul i-d ug esis an (MDR) pa hogen in ec ions, heal h ca e p ac i ione s (HCPs) a e
e e sing back o he basics o in ec ion p e en ions by simple measu es like hand hygiene. This is because enough
scien i ic e idence suppo s he obse a ion ha i p ope ly implemen ed, hand hygiene alone can signi ican ly educe
he isk o c oss- ansmission o in ec ion in heal hca e acili ies (HCFs)
The Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO) ecommends washing hands o a leas 20 seconds be o e and a e ce ain
ac i i ies. These include he i e c i ical imes du ing he day whe e washing hands wi h soap is impo an o educe
ecal-o al ansmission o disease: a e using he oile ( o u ina ion, de eca ion, mens ual hygiene), a e cleaning a
child's bo om (changing diape s), be o e eeding a child, be o e ea ing and be o e/a e p epa ing ood o handling aw
mea , ish, o poul y.
Con amina ed hands o heal hca e p o ide s a e a p ima y sou ce o pa hogenic sp ead. P ope hand hygiene dec eases
he p oli e a ion o mic oo ganisms, hus educing in ec ion isk and o e all heal hca e cos s, leng h o s ays, and
ul ima ely, eimbu semen .
Acco ding o he Cen e s o Disease Con ol and P e en ion (CDC), hand hygiene is he single mos impo an p ac ice
in he educ ion o he ansmission o in ec ion in he heal hca e se ing. Despi e his e idence, s udies ha e epea edly
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(01), 171-179
172
shown ha he impo ance o hygiene has no been adequa ely ecognized amongs heal hca e p o essionals and
compliance emains low.
The ime du a ion anged on a e age as sho as 15 o 30 seconds, including ubbing he backs o hands, w is s, be ween
inge s, and unde inge nails Hand washing wi h Poly he bal hand washesand wa e is 25% mo e e ec i e han
washing wi h wa e alone in emo ing bac e ia.
Acco ding o s udies, only abou 40% o heal h ca e wo ke s, home owne s and o ice s ollow hand washing
p ocedu es. Managemen mus each ood p oduc ion labo e s and ood se ice pe sonnel how o wash hei hands and
inge ip in p epa a ion o wo k. Any heal h ca e ake , o indi idual in ol ed in di ec pa ien ca e mus be conce ned
hand hygiene and be able o pe o m i lawlessly.
1.1. Types o hand washing{ 5.19.20}
G owing up, we a e all augh o wash ou hands egula ly. Wash you hands be o e ea ing dinne . Wash
you hands a e using he ba h oom. Pa icula ly in he comme cial se ing, i is impo an o keep hese heal hy hand
washing habi s in mind. The e a e h ee sepa a e ypes o hand washing. They a e social hand washing, an isep ic hand
washing, and su gical hand washing. Why a e each o hese ypes o hand washing impo an and how a e hey di e en
om each o he ? The e a e se e al impo an poin s ha e e yone should keep in mind.
1.1.1. Social Hand washing
Social handwashing is mean o clean he hands o all physical di and deb is and o igh bac e ial
g ow h and in ec ious diseases. I also emo es ansien mic oo ganisms om he su ace o he skin. This is an
impo an in ec ion con ol p ocedu e and is a social no m ha is designed o educe he sp ead o ha m ul pa hogens
h oughou socie y. This ype o hand washing should be pe o med p io o ea ing, a e using he ba h oom, and
whene e someone is going o come in o physical con ac wi h someone else. Social hand washing is pe o med
using wa m wa e and an ibac e ial soap. People should sc ub hei we hands o hi y seconds in a ci cula mo ion as
a p ope hand washing me hod o clean ho oughly. People should hen d y hands wi h a pape owel o a clean owel.
The indi idual is hen le wi h clean hands a e a pu pose ul hand wash.
1.1.2. An isep ic Hand washing
An isep ic hand washing is a mo e s ingen p ocedu e o washing hands when compa ed o social hand washing. This
p ocedu e is used o des oy mic oo ganisms on he su ace o he skin. I also educes esiden bac e ia o i uses ha
ypically li e on he su ace. This ype o hand washing p ocedu e is usually pe o med be o e coming in o con ac wi h
someone in he medical o heal hca e se ing. I is also commonly used in he ood se ice indus y. In addi ion o ho
wa e , an isep ic agen s a e used o clean he su ace o he skin. Examples include chlo hexidine and iodine.
1.1.3. Su gical Hand washing
Su gical hand washing is he mos s ingen ype o handwashing p ocedu e wi h signi ican di e ences. As he name
sugges s, his is a cleaning p ocedu e ha is used p io o s e ile ope a ions, including su gical p ocedu es. This hand
washing p ocedu e emo es esiden mic oo ganisms ha li e on he su ace o he skin in addi ion o ansien
mic oo ganisms. Immedia ely a e inishing his hand washing p ocedu e, su gical glo es a e usually donned o
p e en mic oo ganisms om e u ning o he su ace o he skin. Du ing su gical hand washing, he hands and
o ea ms a e sc ubbed up o he elbow. Wa e is ope a ed using senso s ins ead o physical con ac . An isep ic de e gen
is used o wash he skin o one ull minu e be o e insing ho oughly. Only s e ile owels a e used o clean he skin. This
ensu es ha medical p ocedu es a e conduc ed p ope ly and ha he pa ien and medical de ices s ay ee o any c oss
con amina ion o c oss in ec ion.
1.2. S eps o washing hands
• S ep 1: We you hands wi h clean, unning wa e , u n o he ap.
• S ep 2: Apply soap and la he well o 20 seconds (o longe i he di is ing ained).
• S ep 3: Rub hands oge he apidly ac oss all su aces o you hands and w is s.
• S ep 4: Use one hand o ub he back o he o he hand and clean in be ween he inge s. Do he same wi h he
o he hand.
• S ep 5: Rub you hands oge he and clean in be ween you inge s.
• S ep 6: G ip he inge s o each hand oge he wi h he backs o you inge s agains he palms o you o he
hand. Rub you inge ips oge he and ub he back o you inge s agains you palms.
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• S ep 7: Rub one humb using you o he hand. Do he same wi h he o he humb.
• S ep 8: Rub he ips o you inge s on he palm o you o he hand. Do he same wi h o he hand.
• S ep 9: Rinse you hands wi h wa e .
• S ep 10: D y you hands comple ely wi h a disposable owel.
• S ep 11: Use he disposable owel o u n o he ap.
1.3. Impo ance and bene i s o hand wash{6,18,20}
• Hand washing is a simple ac ha sa es li es om many h ea ening diseases.
• Hand wash p e en s ge ms om en e ing ou body.
• I p e en s us om diseases like dia hea and in luenza.
• I also p e en s om communicable diseases and bac e ial in ec ions.
• I has educed in an mo ali y a e by up o 50% in de eloping coun ies.
• I is e y help ul in p e en ing people om a weakened immune sys em om ge ing in ec ed.
• I keeps he child en s ay ou o diseases and concen a e on hei s udies.
• I sa es a lo o money and esou ces on being spen o e heal h conce ns.
• By equen ly washing you hands you wash away and elimina e he ge ms ha you ha e picked up om-o he
people, o om con amina ed su aces, and a oid ans e ing he bac e ia o o he people and o you sel .
• Washing you hands is one o he mos e ec i e ways o main ain heal h, con ol, educe and p e en he sp ead
o in ec ion.
1.4. Bene i s o p ope hand washing:{2,8.10}
Bac e ia accumula e on ou hands cons an ly, so i is impossible o keep hem comple ely ge m- ee. Bu washing you
hands p ope ly, and o en, limi s he ans e o ge ms and has many g ea bene i s.
• Keeps you wo kplace heal hy: Anyone who has e e had a job knows how easy i is o sickness o sp ead in
he wo kplace. Once a co-wo ke ge s sick, i ’s no long be o e e e yone else is unde he wea he . P ope hand
washing by all employees can d as ically cu down on he sp ead o illness – and e en helps wi h no ge ing
in ec ed in he i s place.
• Less ood-bo ne illnesses: Nea ly all ood-bo ne illnesses a ise om imp ope hand washing. And his doesn’
jus happen in un amilia es au an ki chens. A home, you also need o be igilan abou washing you hands
be o e and a e meal p epa a ion and se ing ood.
• Lowe s su i al a e o linge ing bac e ia: Bac e ia ha e been on his plane o billions o yea s. They a e
mas e s a s aying ali e. So don’ expec hem o simply die o i you don’ wash you hands. They can h i e on
you hands o days, seeking e uge in you inge nails and cu icles.
• Helps comba he ise in an ibio ic esis ance: P ope hand washing can p e en s omach- ela ed and
espi a o y illnesses by o e 30 pe cen . An ibio ics a e o en unnecessa ily p esc ibed o comba hese
in ec ions, which in many cases a e caused by i uses, no bac e ia. Widesp ead o e use o an ibio ics leads o
bac e ial esis ance, making illnesses mo e di icul o cu e a ound he globe.
• Keeps kids heal hie : Teaching child en how o p ope ly wash hei hands can cu way down on he sp ead o
sickness in dayca e cen e s, schools and a home. Tiny hands come in o con ac wi h hund eds o di e en
su aces and objec s on a daily basis. Keeping hose hands clean and ge m- ee helps kids, eache s, pa en s and
e e yone s ay well!
• P e en s in ec ions h ough eyes, nose and mou h: Whe he we ealize i o no , we ouch ou eyes, nose and
mou h up o ou imes an hou . This adds up o dozens o oppo uni ies o bac e ia o happily en e ou bodies
and cause in ec ion. Tho ough hand washing educes he odds ha hese nas y mic obes will make i anywhe e
nea you ace.
1.5. Ad an ages
• I emo es and kills many pa hogens om ou hands, hus p o ec ing us om many in ec ious diseases, such
as dia hea and o he in es inal condi ions, eye in ec ions and in ec ious espi a o y condi ions.
• I inhibi s ansmission o many con agious diseases om one pe son o ano he .
• I helps in dec easing he chances o an ibio ic esis ance as dependency on an ibio ic dec eases.
• C ea ing sa e wo k en i onmen o medical s a and he pa ien .
• Reduc ion o bac e ia con en on you hands.
• Keeping you wo k place ee om bac e ia.
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1.6. Disad an ages
• We ge p one o skin alle gies and ashes due o equen washing by soaps.
• Excessi e cleanliness makes ou immune sys em weak.
• I emo es he bene icial mic obes p esen in ou body as a esul o which we all sick mo e o en.
• Ou skin loses i s mois u e and ge s d y due o equen washing.
1.7. Aim& objec i es
The aim o he p esen wo k is o o mula e and e alua e he bal hand wash by using bee oo , min , u me ic, honey,
aloe- e a, lemon juice. To make o mula ion has less side e ec s and be e cleaning o hands.
The pu pose o he p esen wo k is o o mula e and e alua e he bal hand wash using na u al ing edien s o p omo e
he pe sonal hygiene. The o mula ed hand wash was e alua ed o di e en pa ame e s like PH, colo , oaming
e iciency, iscosi y, and s abili y.
• To c ea e a hand wash ha minimizes po en ial side e ec s while p o iding ho ough cleaning o hands.
• To kill Ge ms and mic oo ganisms ha can ha m ou body.
• The he bal hand washes ha e signi ican an ibac e ial ac ion.
• Reduce he a es o heal hca e associa ed in ec ions.
2. Ma e ials
Table 1 Fo mula ion able
Ing edien s
F 1
F 2
F 3
Uses
Bee oo
0.8g
-
2g
An ioxidan s
Lemon
2ml
0.8ml
4ml
An isep ic
Aloe e a
3ml
1.4ml
7ml
Healing agen
Sodium lau yl sul a e
1g
1.5g
7.5gm
Foaming agen
La ende oil
2-3 d ops
-
-
F ag ance
Me hyl pa aben
0.2g
0.4g
0.4g
P ese a i es
Glyce in
2ml
2ml
2ml
Mois u izing agen
Wa e
QS
QS
QS
Base ma e ial
Min
-
1.6ml
8ml
An i-oxidan
Tu me ic
-
0.6g
3g
An i-oxidan , an i-in lamma o y
Rose oil
-
2-3 d ops
2-3 d ops
F ag ance
2.1. Me hod
F esh bee oo s a e collec ed om local ma ke and a e washed, peeled, shade-d ied, and g ound in o ine powde ,
which is hen ex ac ed using dis illed wa e and il e ed o ob ain he bee oo ex ac . F esh aloe e a gel is ex ac ed
and il e ed o emo e any lumps and esh lemon juice is p epa ed by squeezing and il e ing he juice. In a clean beake ,
he he bal ing edien s including bee oo ex ac , lemon juice, aloe Ve a gel and a small quan i y o u me ic powde
a e mixed wi h dis illed wa e and s i ed ho oughly . o his mix u e sodium lau yl sulpha e is added slowly wi h
cons an s i ing o impa oaming p ope ies. Glyce in is hen added as mois u izing agen . o his 2-3 d ops o
la ende oil and ose oil a e added o p o ide ag ance. Me hyl Pa aben was inco po a ed as p ese a i e; he en i e
o mula ion is placed on magne ic s i e and s i ed con inuously o 1 hou o ensu e uni o m mixing and p ope
iscosi y. A e homogeniza ion, he inal he bal hand wash was s o ed in sui able con aine a oom empe a u e o
u he use.
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3. Resul s and discussions
3.1. E alua ion pa ame e s
• O ganolep ic E alua ion pa ame e s like colo , odo , ex u e was ca ied ou Colo and ex u e we e e alua ed
by isual and ouch sensa ion espec i ely. The Odo was inspec ed by sensing he o mula ion
• Appea ance and Homogenei y: Appea ance and Homogenei y was e alua ed by isual inspec ion.
• G i iness: 1ml o hand wash was aken on inge ips and ubbed be ween wo inge ips, hen he o mula ion
was e alua ed.
• Skin I i a ion Tes was e alua ed by applying He bal Hand wash on skin and le o 30 min, a e 30 minu es
o washing does no obse e any i ching, ashes, o edness on skin by senso y and isual inspec ion.
• Sp ead abili y: 0.5gm o Sample o He bal Hand wash was p essed be ween wo slides and le o abou 5
minu es whe e no mo e sp eading was expec ed. Diame e o speeded ci cle was measu ed in cm and was aken
as compa a i e alues o sp ead abili y.
• Foam Heigh : 0.5gm o sample o He bal handwash was aken and dispe sed in 25 ml dis illed wa e . Then,
ans e ed i in o 500 ml s oppe ed measu ing cylinde ; olume was made up o 50 ml wi h wa e . 25 s okes
we e gi en & s and ill aqueous olume measu ed up o 50 ml & measu ed he oam heigh ; abo e he aqueous
olume.
• Foam Re en ion: 50 ml o he He bal hand wash was aken in o a 200ml g adua ed cylinde & shaken 10 imes.
The olume o oam a 1-minu e in e als o 4 minu es was eco ded.
• 8.pH: 1ml O Sample o He bal Hand Wash Was Taken and Dissol ed I In o 50 ml Dis illed Wa e . The pH o
Solu ion was aken In P e iously S anda dized Digi al pH Me e
• Cleaning Ac ion
A beake con aining 200 ml o wa e and 1g o Hand Wash sample was illed wi h 5g o wool, which was hen placed in
g ease and agi a ed o 4 minu es. The sample was aken ou o he solu ion, d ied, and weighed. The o mula was used
o de e mine how much g ease was aken ou .
Pe cen age o De e gency powe = 100 * (1 - Wool Weigh o o mula ed p oduc / Wool Weigh o ma ke ed p oduc )
• Di dispe sion es
10 ml o dis illed wa e was added in o a es ube be o e 1 ml o Hand Wash was added. A e adding a d op o Indian
ink, he es ube was s opped and hen shaken. Es ima ion o he ink con en o he oam was done.
• Skin I i a ion Tes
To check he skin’s i i abili y, he he bal handwash was applied o e he skin and was allowed o emain o 30
minu es. A e he 30 minu es had passed, he skin was checked o i ching, ashes, o edness using bo h senso y and
isual me hods.
• An i-mic obial ac i i y
The An imic obial ac i i ies we e ca ied ou acco ding o he Con en ional disc di usion es , using cul u es o E. coli,
Bacillus sub ilis. The bac e ial s ains we e cul u ed on nu ien medium. Fo p epa a ion o pla e inocula ion 0.5ml o
cul u ed media was inocula ed o he 50ml aga media and mixed by simple in e sion. he aga was pou ed in o 120mm
pe i dish and allowed o cool a oom empe a u e. The mic obial g ow h inhibi ion zone was measu ed a e
incuba ion a 30-35℃ o 24 hou s.
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3.2. Resul s o p epa ed o mula ions
Figu e 1 Fo mula ion ial 1
Figu e 2 Fo mula ion ial 2
Figu e 3 Fo mula ion ial 3
3.3. Resul s o e alua ion pa ame e s
Table 2 Resul s o E alua ion pa ame e s
S.NO
E alua ion pa ame e s
Obse a ions
1
Colo
Ma oon
2
Oduo
Pleasan odo
3
pH
5.2
4
Foam heigh
3.5ml
5
Skin i i a ion es
No i i a ion
6
G i iness
Non g i y
7
Appea ance and Homogenei y
T anslucen
8
Tex u e
Smoo h
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Figu e 4 Zone o Inhibi ion o Lac obacillus
Figu e 5 Zone o Inhibi ion o E.coli
The esul s indica e ha he o mula ed he bal hand wash demons a ed signi ican an imic obial ac i i y which was
concen a ion-dependen . A lowe olumes (20µL and 40 µL), minimal inhibi ion zones we e eco ded, while
inc easing he concen a ion o 100µL esul ed in he maximum inhibi o y e ec o bo h es o ganisms.
The zone o inhibi ion agains E.coli a 100 µL was 20 mm, simila ly agains lac obacillus a 19mm.
Table 3 Zone o inhibi ion o he bal hand wash a di e en concen a ions
Tes o ganism
Sample ype
20µL
40µL
60µL
80µL
100µL
E.coli
He bal
o mula ion
8
11
14
17
20
Lac o bacillus
He bal
o mula ion
7
10
13
16
19
Figu e 6 Final o mula ed hand wash
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4. Conclusion
A lo o soaps and hand washes a e in he ma ke cosme ics a e widely used. Now a days people p e e o ganic p oduc
ea lie a ew he bs and oo s we e used in Ayu eda he bs and oo s a e main con ain. The expe imen ha was
conduc ed and he indings whe e i gi es an i-bac e ial, , an i-sep ic and would clean all he aspec s The o mula ion
and e alua ion o he he bal hand wash inco po a ing bee oo , aloe Ve a, lemon, min , honey and u me ic p o ed
success ul. The hand wash exhibi ed desi able physical cha ac e is ics, including a pleasan appea ance, ag ance, and
sui able pH and iscosi y. Fu he mo e, i demons a ed signi ican an imic obial e icacy agains es mic oo ganisms.
Use pe cep ion e alua ions indica ed high le els o sa is ac ion in e ms o cleansing e icacy, ag ance, and o e all
expe ience. Thus, i can be concluded ha he he bal hand wash o mula ion is an e ec i e and well-accep ed al e na i e
o con en ional hand washes, o e ing na u al an imic obial p ope ies while p o iding a e eshing and pleasan
senso y expe ience.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
Re e ences
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In e na ional Jou nal O C ea i e Resea ch,2021,9, (12)pp.22
[2] Sandeep Ds, Na ayana Cha yulu R Fo mula ions O An imic obial Polyhe bal Hand Wash, Resea ch Jou nal O
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