INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE HUMANITY & MANAGEMENT RESEARCH
ISSN (p in ) 2833-2172, ISSN (online) 2833-2180
Volume 04 Issue 11 No embe 2025
DOI: 10.58806/ijsshm .2025 4i11n17, Impac Fac o : 6.79
Page No. 2186-2195
IJSSHMR, Volume 04 Issue 11 No embe 2025 www.ijsshm .com Page 2186
Fai use and T ans o ma i e Wo ks in Reac ion and Re iew Videos:
Compa a i e Insigh s om Indonesia and he Uni ed S a es
Rahandy Rizki P ananda1, Umai a Hayuning Anggayas i2, Moh. Feb ian Syuku 3
1,2,3Facul y o Law, Diponego o Uni e si y
ABSTRACT: In he digi al age, eac ion and e iew ideos ha e e ol ed in o one o he main o ms o use -gene a ed con en
(UGC) ha is inc easingly popula on a ious online pla o ms. This phenomenon has spa ked an in e es ing deba e abou he line
be ween c ea i e exp ession and copy igh in ingemen . This s udy examines how copy igh law in Indonesia and he Uni ed S a es
ea s his ype o con en , highligh ing he applica ion o he ai use doc ine and he concep o ans o ma i e wo ks.
Th ough a compa a i e legal app oach, his s udy compa es he no ma i e p o isions, cou decisions, and ele an policies in bo h
coun ies o unde s and how each legal sys em seeks o balance he p o ec ion o he mo al and economic igh s o c ea o s wi h
eedom o public exp ession. In he Uni ed S a es, he ai use doc ine p o ides conside able in e p e i e leeway o ans o ma i e
wo ks, he eby encou aging inno a ion and new c ea i e exp ession. In con as , he sys em o es ic ions and excep ions in he
Indonesian Copy igh Law is s ill ela i ely igid and has no ully adap ed o he apidly e ol ing dynamics o digi al cul u e.
Th ough his compa ison, he s udy iden i ies no ma i e and s uc u al gaps in Indonesia's copy igh legal sys em, especially in
dealing wi h new o ms o c ea i i y ha eme ge om in e ac ion, collabo a ion, and ac i e communi y pa icipa ion in he digi al
space. The e o e, his a icle p oposes he adop ion o a mo e con ex ual and adap i e ai use p inciple as a s ep owa ds balancing
he p o ec ion o c ea o s' igh s and suppo o he digi al c ea i e ecosys em. These indings a e expec ed o en ich he global
discou se on he ela ionship be ween c ea i i y, eedom o exp ession, and copy igh p o ec ion in an inc easingly pa icipa o y
digi al socie y.
KEYWORD: Fai Use Doc ine; T ans o ma i e Wo ks; Copy igh Law; Compa a i e S udy; Indonesia; Uni ed S a es.
A. INTRODUCTION
One o he mos popula social media pla o ms accessed by ne izens in Indonesia is YouTube. This pla o m o e s a collabo a i e
space o i s use s o upload, wa ch, download, and sha e ideo con en di ec ly and o ee. YouTube use s a e di ided in o wo
ca ego ies. The i s is con en c ea o s, who ac i ely upload ideo ma e ial o comme cial o non-comme cial pu poses. The second
is iewe s, who enjoy he con en wi hou being di ec ly in ol ed in he p oduc ion p ocess (1).
Fo con en c ea o s who wan o ea n income om hei ac i i ies, YouTube implemen s a con en mone iza ion policy, which is a
mechanism o u ilizing da a and ideo popula i y o gene a e economic p o i s. The popula i y o a piece o con en is usually
measu ed by he numbe o iews and subsc ibe s, which hen a ac s income om ad e ising e enue (AdSense) (2). Howe e ,
no all ideos uploaded a e o iginal wo ks belonging o he uploade . In p ac ice, many use s u ilize o he pa ies' con en o c ea e
new ma e ial, whe he in he o m o pa odies, compila ions, o eac ion ideos.
The phenomenon o eac ion ideos has become one o he mos p ominen o ms o use -gene a ed con en (UGC) on YouTube.
This ac i i y in ol es eco ding a pe son's exp essions and commen s on a ideo made by ano he pa y, which is hen e-uploaded
o hei own channel and can e en be mone ized. F om a copy igh law pe spec i e, his p ac ice aises se ious ques ions as o
whe he he ac o eco ding and e-uploading pieces o o he people's wo k, e en i accompanied by pe sonal eac ions and e iews,
can be ca ego ized as copy igh in ingemen o a he a o m o legi ima e c ea i e exp ession.(3)
The exis ence o YouTube as a UGC pla o m has changed he c ea i e economy and opened up g ea oppo uni ies o public
pa icipa ion in digi al cul u e p oduc ion. Howe e , on he o he hand, i s p esence also p esen s new legal challenges. When he
line be ween c ea o s and use s becomes blu ed, he legal sys em is equi ed o balance he p o ec ion o he mo al and economic
igh s o c ea o s wi h he public's eedom o exp ession. This is whe e he need o e iew he applicable legal amewo k a ises,
especially in he con ex o Indonesia, which s ill adhe es o a closed lis sys em in copy igh es ic ions.
The de elopmen o digi al echnology has p o oundly changed he way people c ea e, consume, and dis ibu e c ea i e wo ks. The
p esence o a ious UGC pla o ms such as YouTube, TikTok, and Twi ch has gi en ise o new o ms o exp ession ha e ec i ely
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blu he adi ional bounda ies be ween c ea o s and use s o wo ks. One o he mos p ominen examples is he exis ence o eac ion
ideos and e iew ideos, which ewo k o he people's wo ks, such as ilms, music, o ideos, o he pu pose o p o iding
commen a y, e alua ion, o en e ainmen . This phenomenon aises a no ma i e dilemma in copy igh law: o wha ex en can he
euse o a wo k be conside ed a o m o ans o ma i e use, and when does i cons i u e in ingemen ?
This dilemma e lec s he ension be ween wo equally undamen al legal alues, namely he p o ec ion o he economic and mo al
igh s o c ea o s, and, on he o he hand, eedom o exp ession and public inno a ion. In he Indonesian con ex , he euse o
copy igh ed wo ks is egula ed in a es ic i e manne h ough A icle 43 o Law No. 28 o 2014 on Copy igh , which s ipula es
excep ions only o he pu poses o educa ion, esea ch, o news epo ing. This app oach di e s pa adigma ically om he US legal
sys em, which, h ough he doc ine o ai use, p o ides a b oad scope o in e p e a ion o he use o o he s' wo ks o
ans o ma ion, commen a y, c i icism, o pa ody (4).
The absence o a doc ine equi alen o ai use shows how Indonesian copy igh law has no been able o ully keep up wi h he
dynamics o digi al cul u e, which is cha ac e ized by collabo a ion and b oad use pa icipa ion. Con en c ea o s o en ope a e in
a g ey a ea, whe e hei wo k may be socially accep ed as a o m o aluable c ea i i y, bu s ill isks being conside ed a copy igh
in ingemen unde he law. In con as , in he Uni ed S a es, eac ion and e iew ideos a e o en ecognized as a o m o
ans o ma i e exp ession ha con ibu es o public discou se and popula cul u e.
This di e ence in pa adigms is in e es ing o s udy compa a i ely, no only o unde s and he no ma i e s uc u es o he wo legal
sys ems, bu also o assess how he law can adap o he inc easingly luid landscape o digi al c ea i i y. The e o e, his s udy seeks
o c i ically examine how he copy igh egimes in Indonesia and he Uni ed S a es espond o he p ac ice o eac ion and e iew
ideos on UGC pla o ms, and o wha ex en he legal sys em can balance legal ce ain y o c ea o s wi h eedom o exp ession
o digi al c ea i es.
B. THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The de elopmen o use -gene a ed con en (UGC) has ma ked a majo shi in he landscape o con en p oduc ion in he digi al
age. Whe eas in he pas , he p oduc ion and dis ibu ion o in ellec ual wo ks we e hie a chical, monopolized by media ins i u ions,
publishe s, o o mal c ea i e indus ies, he p ocess has now become mo e open and pa icipa o y(5). Pla o ms such as YouTube,
TikTok, and Twi ch allow o dina y indi iduals o p oduce, modi y, and dis ibu e wo ks o a wide audience wi hou in e media ies.
In his ecosys em, he bounda ies be ween c ea o s and consume s become blu ed. Use s no only consume wo ks, bu also
pa icipa e in c ea ing and modi ying he meaning o hose wo ks. The phenomenon o eac ion ideos and e iew ideos is a clea
mani es a ion o he logic o pa icipa o y cul u e as desc ibed by Hen y Jenkins (2006), namely a cul u e in which he audience
plays an ac i e ole in he p oduc ion, in e p e a ion, and dissemina ion o con en , a he han being passi e ecipien s o
in o ma ion.(6)
In he con ex o copy igh law, his pa adigm shi challenges adi ional concep s o owne ship and use o wo ks. The legal sys em
designed o p o ec indi idual c ea o s om unau ho ized copying is now con on ed wi h collabo a i e and emix p ac ices ha a e
o en di icul o ca ego ize in bina y e ms as “in ingemen " o "c ea i e ans o ma ion.”(7). To unde s and his issue, his s udy
uses se e al complemen a y heo e ical ounda ions.
Fi s , he heo y o ai use was de eloped in he Uni ed S a es legal sys em. Based on he Copy igh Ac o 1976, ai use assesses
he legali y o he use o copy igh ed wo ks h ough ou main ac o s: (1) he pu pose and cha ac e o he use, including whe he
i is comme cial o o educa ional pu poses; (2) he na u e o he wo k used; (3) he p opo ion o he wo k used in ela ion o he
whole; and (4) he e ec on he po en ial ma ke o he o iginal wo k(8). In p ac ice, ai use is casuis ic and has de eloped h ough
ju isp uden ial p eceden . The impo an uling in Campbell . Acu -Rose Music (510 U.S. 569, 1994) became a miles one because
i emphasized he impo ance o he elemen o ans o ma i e use, namely, whe he he use adds new meaning, new exp ession, o
new pe spec i e o he o iginal wo k (9). This heo y o ans o ma i e use a i ms ha he euse o ano he pe son's wo k canno
always be classi ied as copy igh in ingemen , as long as i s use is capable o p esen ing new meaning, alue, o messages ha a e
di e en om he o iginal wo k. In o he wo ds, i a de i a i e wo k adds new con ex o en iches public discou se, hen i s use can
be conside ed legally alid. This concep o ms he basis o he applica ion o he ai use doc ine, which places eedom o
exp ession as an in eg al pa o he copy igh sys em i sel . This concep hen became he basis o jus i ying many de i a i e
con en p ac ices, including pa odies, c i iques, and analy ical o e lec i e eac ion ideos.(10)
In con as , Indonesia adop s a mo e es ic i e app oach h ough excep ions and limi a ions in Law No. 28 o 2014 on Copy igh ,
speci ically in A icles 43 and 44. These wo a icles p o ide limi ed space o unau ho ized use, such as o educa ional, esea ch,
o news epo ing pu poses. Howe e , he lis o excep ions is a closed lis , meaning ha i canno be expanded h ough analogy o
e olu iona y in e p e a ion, as is he case wi h ai use. As a esul , new o ms o digi al exp ession, such as eac ion o e iew
ideos, o en all in o a legal g ey a ea, whe e hey a e no ully p o ec ed, bu also canno always be conside ed a clea iola ion.(11)
To b idge he ension be ween copy igh p o ec ion and eedom o exp ession, his s udy also d aws on balance heo y. Copy igh
law does no me ely unc ion as an ins umen o p o ec ing he exclusi e igh s o c ea o s, bu also as a legal mechanism designed
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o main ain a balance be ween he exclusi e igh s o c ea o s and he igh s o he public o bene i om he dissemina ion o wo ks
(Copy igh as a balance sys em). In his case, Copy igh mus be able o p o ec in ellec ual wo ks wi hou hinde ing he low o
knowledge, inno a ion, and c ea i i y in socie y (12). Law ence Lessig (2004), in his wo k F ee Cul u e, emphasizes ha o e ly
igid es ic ions on access and use o wo ks ac ually isk dampening he collabo a i e po en ial ha is cha ac e is ic o digi al
cul u e. When legal p o ec ion is applied excessi ely, i can ans o m om a p o ec i e ins umen in o a ba ie o he g ow h o
pa icipa o y inno a ion and c ea i e exp ession.(13)
By combining ai use heo y and balance heo y, his s udy posi ions he phenomenon o eac ion and e iew ideos as a o m o
ans o ma i e c ea i i y ha e lec s a cul u al shi owa ds collec i e pa icipa ion. Wi hin his amewo k, he law should no be
unde s ood solely as a es ic i e ool, bu as an adap i e mechanism ha ensu es ha c ea o s' igh s a e p o ec ed wi hou s i ling
he dynamics o digi al cul u e ha g ow om public in e ac ion, ein e p e a ion, and collabo a ion.
The no el y o his esea ch lies in i s app oach, which combines compa a i e legal analysis wi h an unde s anding o con empo a y
digi al cul u e. Subs an i ely, h ee o ms o o iginali y con ibu e o his esea ch.
Fi s , his esea ch o e s a compa a i e analysis o copy igh egimes in he con ex o use -gene a ed con en (UGC). Un il now,
s udies in Indonesia ha e gene ally ocused on aspec s o copy igh in ingemen and he p o ec ion o digi al wo ks, bu ew ha e
examined in dep h he posi ion o eac ion ideos and e iew ideos as c ea i e p ac ices ha exis in a g ey a ea be ween
in ingemen and ans o ma ion. By placing Indonesia (which uses a closed lis excep ion sys em) and he Uni ed S a es (which
applies he p inciples o ai use and ans o ma i e use) in a compa a i e amewo k, his s udy seeks o explain how di e ences
in legal s uc u es can a ec he eedom o exp ession o digi al c ea o s.
Second, his s udy p oposes an in e disciplina y analysis be ween law and digi al cul u e, posi ioning eac ion ideos no only as
legal e en s bu also as o ms o cul u al exp ession. This app oach opens up a new unde s anding ha copy igh law does no exis
in a acuum bu in e ac s di ec ly wi h he social, economic, and echnological alues ha shape he beha iou o digi al pla o m
use s.
Thi d, his s udy o e s an ini ial concep ualiza ion o "Fai Use Con ex ualiza ion" o he Indonesian legal sys em. This idea is no
in ended o adop he ai use doc ine o he Uni ed S a es wholesale, bu a he o adap i s essence wi hin he con ex o Indonesian
na ional law. Th ough a ans o ma i e alue-based app oach, his s udy p oposes ha policymake s ha e mo e lexible oom o
in e p e a ion in assessing whe he he use o a wo k should be iewed as an in ingemen o as a o m o exp ession ha is legi ima e
and has social alue.
Thus, his s udy no only p o ides a compa a i e desc ip ion o he wo legal sys ems bu also o e s a concep ual con ibu ion o
he e o m o copy igh law in Indonesia o make i mo e adap i e o inc easingly dynamic and pa icipa o y digi al cul u al p ac ices.
The phenomenon o eac ion ideos and e iew ideos aises complex legal deba es. On he one hand, his ype o con en clea ly
uses o he people's wo ks as i s main ma e ial; on he o he hand, he e a e elemen s o o iginali y and new exp ession ha ac ually
en ich he social con ex o he wo k. This dilemma is he s a ing poin o his s udy.(14)
Subs an i ely, he e a e ou ques ions o be answe ed. Fi s , wha a e he cha ac e is ics and p ac ices o eac ion and e iew ideos
in he con ex o use -gene a ed con en , and how a e hey posi ioned om he pe spec i e o copy igh law? Second, how do he
copy igh legal sys ems in Indonesia and he Uni ed S a es egula e, es ic , and assess he legali y o hese p ac ices? Thi d, wha
a e he implica ions o he di e en app oaches be ween he closed lis excep ion sys em in Indonesia and he ai use sys em in he
Uni ed S a es on copy igh p o ec ion and eedom o exp ession in he digi al ealm? Fou h, wha legal in e p e a ion models can
be used o balance copy igh p o ec ion wi h space o ans o ma i e c ea i i y in he con ex o Indonesian law?
The objec i es o his s udy a e in line wi h he abo e p oblem o mula ion, namely:
1) To desc ibe he phenomenon o eac ion and e iew ideos as a o m o c ea i e exp ession bo n om digi al pa icipa o y
cul u e;
2) To compa a i ely analyze he di e ences in he p inciples o copy igh p o ec ion and excep ions be ween Indonesia and he
Uni ed S a es;
3) To e alua e he esponsi eness o he Indonesian legal sys em in dealing wi h ans o ma i e c ea i i y p ac ices in he digi al
ealm, and
4) Fo mula ing a concep ual model o he enewal o Indonesian copy igh law ha is mo e adap i e o de elopmen s in digi al
cul u e, d awing inspi a ion om he spi i o ai use and he alues o ans o ma i e use.
Thus, his esea ch is expec ed o con ibu e heo e ically o he de elopmen o copy igh law in Indonesia, while p o iding an
a gumen a i e basis o policymake s o balance legal ce ain y wi h eedom o exp ession in he e a o he digi al c ea i e economy.
C. RESEARCH METHOD
Legal esea ch is a scien i ic ac i i y aimed a es ing he alidi y and deg ee o u h o legal knowledge, wi h an emphasis on
accu a e explana ions o legal issues ha exis in socie y. Acco ding o Black's Law Dic iona y, legal esea ch aims o ind and
assemble au ho i ies ha bea on ques ions o law (15). Pe e Mahmud Ma zuki a gues ha legal esea ch is a know-how ac i i y,
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so ha legal esea ch is ca ied ou o sol e legal issues ha a e aced. The e o e, i can be in e p e ed ha he main ocus o legal
esea ch is o answe o p o ide solu ions o p oblems caused by doub s in applying exis ing posi i e legal ules.(16)
This s udy uses a compa a i e no ma i e legal esea ch app oach, ocusing on he analysis o no ms, p inciples, and doc ines o
copy igh law ha egula e he use o wo ks in he con ex o use -gene a ed con en (UGC). This app oach was chosen because he
main p oblem o he esea ch lies in he di e ences in no ma i e cons uc ion be ween he Indonesian and US legal sys ems in
assessing he legali y o he ans o ma i e use o o he people's wo ks in he digi al space.
The no ma i e legal app oach is used o examine he p inciples, ules, and p o isions o posi i e law ela ed o copy igh and hei
in e p e a ion in p ac ice. This s udy includes an analysis o na ional legisla ion (Law No. 28 o 2014 on Copy igh ), he Copy igh
Ac o 1976 in he Uni ed S a es, as well as ele an doc ines and ju isp udence, such as Campbell . Acu -Rose Music (1994) and
Ca iou . P ince (2013).
Meanwhile, a compa a i e app oach is used o iden i y simila i ies and di e ences in how he wo legal sys ems in e p e he line
be ween in ingemen and ans o ma i e c ea i i y. This compa ison is no only ex ual bu also concep ual, highligh ing how he
cul u al alues and legal s uc u es o each coun y shape hei copy igh egula ion logic.
The legal ma e ials used include:
1) P ima y legal ma e ials, in he o m o legisla ion (Indonesian Copy igh Law, US Copy igh Ac ), in e na ional con en ions
(Be ne Con en ion, WIPO Copy igh T ea y), and ele an cou decisions.
2) Seconda y legal ma e ials, in he o m o academic li e a u e, epu able jou nal a icles (Scopus-indexed), and expe opinions
discussing he issues o ai use, ans o ma i e wo k, and copy igh balance.
3) Te ia y legal ma e ials, such as legal dic iona ies, epo s om in e na ional ins i u ions (e.g., WIPO, UNESCO), and
go e nmen policy documen s ha p o ide con ex o he de elopmen o he digi al c ea i e economy.
The analysis was conduc ed using desc ip i e and in e p e i e quali a i e me hods. The i s s age was he iden i ica ion and
classi ica ion o ele an no ms in bo h legal sys ems. The second s age was no ma i e in e p e a ion, which in ol ed assessing he
meaning and a ionale behind hese no ms, aking in o accoun he unde lying social, cul u al, and economic con ex s. The hi d
s age is compa a i e syn hesis: c i ically assessing he e ec i eness o each sys em's app oach in balancing copy igh p o ec ion
and eedom o exp ession in he digi al ealm.
This in e p e i e app oach is in line wi h he amewo k o legal esponsi eness heo y (17), which emphasizes he need o law o
adap o social and echnological dynamics. The analysis does no s op a he no ma i e aspec , bu also assesses he ex en o which
he law is able o espond o he pa icipa o y and apidly changing eali y o digi al c ea i i y.
The compa ison ocuses on wo ju isdic ions:
1) Indonesia, wi h i s closed lis excep ion sys em as s ipula ed in A icles 43– 44 o he 2014 Copy igh Law, which emphasizes
s ic p o ec ion o he exclusi e igh s o c ea o s;
2) The Uni ed S a es has i s ai use and ans o ma i e use doc ines, which p o ide b oade in e p e i e space o seconda y
c ea i i y and cul u al c i icism.
The scope o he analysis co e s:
1) legal concep s ega ding ai use;
2) ju isp uden ial assessmen s o digi al con en (e.g., pa ody, c i icism, eac ion ideos); and
3) implica ions o public policy and he c ea i e indus y.
Thus, his me hod allows he esea ch o no only compa e legal no ms o mally bu also o examine he esponse o he legal sys em
o conc e e challenges in he digi al age, he eby p oducing concep ual p oposals o copy igh law e o m in Indonesia.
D. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Cha ac e is ics and Dynamics o Reac ion and Re iew Video Con en
The phenomenon o eac ion ideos and e iew ideos has eme ged as a mani es a ion o pa icipa o y cul u e in he digi al e a. In
use -gene a ed con en (UGC) ecosys ems such as YouTube, TikTok, and Twi ch, he bounda ies be ween c ea o s and consume s
o wo ks a e becoming inc easingly blu ed. Use s no longe consume con en , bu also ac i ely pa icipa e in p oducing new
meanings o exis ing wo ks (12).
Reac ion ideos a e eco dings o a pe son's esponse o a ideo, mo ie, song, o o he digi al wo k. Re iew ideos, on he o he
hand, ocus mo e on e iewing o e alua ing he wo k. Bo h ypes o con en o en use pa o all o he o iginal wo k, whe he in
he o m o clips, images, o audio, o suppo he na a i e o commen a y p o ided (1).
Howe e , om a copy igh law pe spec i e, he euse o such wo ks c ea es ension be ween wo legal alues: he p o ec ion o he
c ea o 's exclusi e igh s and he eedom o public exp ession. In many cases, eac ion ideos and e iew ideos ha e he po en ial
o be conside ed copy igh in ingemen because hey upload o edis ibu e wo ks wi hou pe mission. Howe e , on he o he hand,
such wo ks can also be conside ed a o m o ans o ma i e c ea i i y, adding new alue, new in e p e a ions, o di e en social
dimensions o he o iginal wo k.
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2. Fai Use Doc ine
The concep o ai use is a key pilla o he US copy igh law sys em ha se es as a balancing mechanism be ween he exclusi e
igh s o c ea o s and he public in e es in accessing and de eloping c ea i e wo ks. Based on he US Copy igh Ac o 1976 (17
U.S.C. §107), ai use p o ides legal de ense o he use o copy igh ed wo ks wi hou pe mission, as long as i mee s he p inciple
o ai ness and does no iola e he economic p o ec ion o he c ea o .
The ou main ac o s ha se e as benchma ks o ai use include:(18)
1) Pu pose and cha ac e o he use, including whe he he use is comme cial o o educa ional and esea ch pu poses. This ac o
became inc easingly impo an a e he Campbell . Acu -Rose Music, Inc. (1994) uling, in which he Sup eme Cou
emphasized he impo ance o ans o ma i e use, namely, use ha adds new meaning, message, o exp ession o he o iginal
wo k.
2) Na u e o he copy igh ed wo k, which conside s whe he he o iginal wo k is c ea i e o ac ual.
3) The amoun and subs an iali y o he po ion used means ha he g ea e he p opo ion aken, he less likely i is o be p o ec ed
by ai use, unless he e is signi ican ans o ma i e alue.
4) The e ec o he use on he po en ial ma ke o he o iginal wo k.
Th ough hese ou ac o s, he ai use doc ine assesses no only quan i a i e aspec s bu also quali a i e ans o ma ion. Fo
example, in Au ho s Guild . Google, Inc. (2015), he cou ecognized Google's digi iza ion o books as ai use because i c ea ed
a new unc ion, namely a ex sea ch engine, wi hou eplacing he o iginal book ma ke (19). This means ha ai use is dynamic
and con ex ual, allowing o adap a ion o new o ms o cul u al exp ession and digi al echnology
The impo an case o Campbell . Acu -Rose Music (1994) expanded he meaning o ai use h ough he concep o ans o ma i e
use, which is use ha “adds some hing new, wi h a di e en pu pose o new meaning, and does no me ely eplace he o iginal
wo k.”(20). This doc ine opens up space o seconda y c ea i i y, including eac ion and e iew ideos, as long as he new wo k
has a clea , exp essi e, educa ional, o c i ical con ibu ion o he o iginal wo k.
In p ac ice, eac ion ideos a e o en conside ed ai use, especially when hey con ain commen a y, c i icism, o e alua ion o he
o iginal wo k. Fo example, YouTube channels ha show mo ie eac ions o music e iews can be ca ego ized as ans o ma i e
commen a y, as long as hey do no copy he en i e wo k o eplace i s o iginal comme cial unc ion.
This app oach shows ha US law is adap i e and con ex ual, p o iding in e p e i e space o judges o assess he balance be ween
p o ec ion and eedom o exp ession.
3. The Dynamics o Ju isp udence and he Flexibili y o Judicial In e p e a ion in Responding o Digi al Change
One o he main s eng hs o he ai use sys em in he Uni ed S a es lies in he ole o ju isp udence as a li ing law. The ai use
p o ision in 17 U.S.C. §107 i sel is open-ended; i does no p o ide s ic limi a ions o ixed o mulas bu lea es he assessmen
o judges h ough ou main ac o s. The e o e, his doc ine e ol es h ough in e p e a ion and cou p eceden s, making i an
adap i e ool o echnological changes and new o ms o cul u al exp ession.
The o igins o he ai use doc ine can be aced back o he case o Folsom . Ma sh (1841), in which Judge Joseph S o y
emphasized he impo ance o “ ai and easonable use” as a c i e ion o assessing copy igh in ingemen (21). Al hough a ha
ime he e was no explici amewo k such as he ou ac o s known oday, he uling became he ounda ion o he p inciple ha
no all unau ho ized use au oma ically cons i u es in ingemen .
Du ing he 20 h cen u y, cou s expanded he applica ion o his doc ine in a ious con ex s, including educa ion, jou nalism,
pa ody, and scien i ic esea ch. Howe e , he peak o concep ual ans o ma ion occu ed in he case o Campbell . Acu -Rose
Music, Inc. (1994), in which he Sup eme Cou in oduced and a i med he concep o ans o ma i e use. The cou uled ha he
pa ody o he song "P e y Woman" by he g oup 2 Li e C ew did no in inge on copy igh because i c ea ed a new exp ession
ha commen ed on he o iginal wo k. Since hen, he elemen o ans o ma i e cha ac e has become a de e mining ac o ha
anscends he bounda ies o he ou classic ac o s.(22)
In assessing whe he a pa icula use quali ies as ai , cou s i s look a he pu pose and cha ac e o he use, speci ically, whe he
comme cial mo i es d i e i o se e educa ional, esea ch, o o he socially bene icial pu poses. This ac o gained pa icula
impo ance a e he Campbell . Acu -Rose Music, Inc. (1994) decision, whe e he U.S. Sup eme Cou unde sco ed he alue o
ans o ma i e use, ha is, a use ha adds new meaning, message, o exp ession o he o iginal wo k a he han me ely eplica ing
i .
Ano he key conside a ion lies in he copy igh ed wo k. Wo ks ha a e c ea i e in o m, such as no els, songs, o pain ings,
gene ally ecei e s onge p o ec ion han ac ual o in o ma ional wo ks, since c ea i i y embodies a highe deg ee o o iginal
exp ession.
Cou s also weigh he amoun and subs an iali y o he po ion used. The mo e o he o iginal wo k ha is aken, bo h in quan i y
and signi icance, he less likely i is o all unde ai use, unless he bo owed po ion is essen ial o achie ing a meaning ul,
ans o ma i e pu pose.
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Finally, he analysis u ns o he e ec o he use on he po en ial ma ke o he o iginal wo k. I he new use diminishes he ma ke
alue o subs i u es o he o iginal, i is less likely o be conside ed ai . Howe e , suppose he use con ibu es some hing new, such
as commen a y, c i icism, o pa ody, wi hou ha ming he o iginal wo k’s comme cial p ospec s. In ha case, i is mo e likely o be
p o ec ed unde he doc ine o ai use.
En e ing he 21s cen u y, cou s inc easingly emphasized ans o ma i e pu pose as he dis inc ion be ween in ingemen and
cul u al inno a ion. In Au ho s Guild . Google, Inc. (2015), he digi iza ion o millions o books o he Google Books p ojec was
deemed ai use because i c ea ed “new alue” ha enabled ull- ex sea ch wi hou eplacing he economic unc ion o he o iginal
wo k (23). The same occu ed in Bill G aham A chi es . Do ling Kinde sley L d. (2006) (24), whe e he use o conce pos e
images o a music his o y book was deemed ai use because i had a documen a y con ex di e en om he o iginal comme cial
pu pose.
This lexibili y o in e p e a ion was also e iden in he case o Ca iou . P ince (2013) (25), whe e he appeals cou ecognized
Richa d P ince's collage a as a ans o ma i e wo k, e en hough he e was no explici commen a y on he o iginal wo k. This
means ha he cou no longe equi es sa i ical in en o di ec c i icism, bu only he demons a ion o al e ed meaning o new
exp ession. This app oach expands he legal legi imacy o con empo a y a is ic p ac ices such as emixes, mash-ups, and an-based
c ea ions.
Th ough he de elopmen o ju isp udence, i is appa en ha judges ac as a balance be ween he in e es s o c ea o s and he public.
Fai use is no an absolu e jus i ica ion, bu a he an assessmen mechanism ha conside s he social con ex , he pu pose o
exp ession, and he po en ial impac on he ma ke . Thus, ai use is an elas ic bu no a bi a y concep ; i always adap s o social
and echnological ans o ma ions wi hou losing i s basic p inciples: ai ness and p opo ionali y (26).
This lexibili y enables he ai use sys em o accommoda e new c ea i e phenomena such as use -gene a ed con en (UGC), memes,
an ic ion, o Al e na i e Uni e se (AU), which essen ially ely on he ep oduc ion and ein e p e a ion o exis ing wo ks as a o m
o pa icipa o y cul u al exp ession. In his con ex , Ame ican ju isp udence shows ha copy igh law can unc ion no only as an
ins umen o economic p o ec ion bu also as a space o dialogue be ween law, echnology, and eedom o exp ession (27).
4. Indonesian Sys em: Closed lis excep ions (A icles 43–44 o he Copy igh Law).
Unlike he open-ended model in he Uni ed S a es, he Indonesian sys em adop s a “closed lis excep ions” app oach as s a ed in
A icles 43–44 o Law Numbe 28 o 2014 conce ning Copy igh (UUHC). This means ha only uses explici ly men ioned in he
law a e conside ed excep ions o copy igh in ingemen .
A icle 43 egula es excep ions o :
1) educa ion and esea ch;
2) news epo ing;
3) he pe o mance o eligious ac i i ies; and
4) used o s a e pu poses.
Meanwhile, A icle 44 allows limi ed ep oduc ion by lib a ies and educa ional ins i u ions on a non-comme cial basis. Howe e ,
he UUHC does no ecognize he concep o ans o ma i e wo k as i does in he Uni ed S a es. The Indonesian sys em s ill ocuses
on he au ho 's consen p inciple, a he han on social jus i ica ion o he added alue o euse.(28)
As a esul , in he con ex o digi al wo ks such as an ic ion, Al e na i e Uni e se (AU), o emix cul u e, he legal posi ion o use s
is e y weak because he e is no in e p e i e space ha allows o de ense based on new unc ions o di e en exp essi e alues.
This aises undamen al ques ions abou he balance be ween copy igh p o ec ion and eedom o exp ession in a pa icipa o y
cul u al ecosys em.(29)
The di e ence be ween ai use (US) and he limi a ion and excep ion sys em (Indonesia) lies in he philosophy o copy igh
p o ec ion. The Ame ican sys em is oo ed in common law, which emphasizes lexibili y, judicial in e p e a ion, and adap a ion o
social change. Meanwhile, he Indonesian sys em, which is oo ed in he ci il law adi ion, emphasizes legal ce ain y and no ma i e
enume a ion.
Aspec
Uni ed S a es (Fai Use)
Indonesia (Closed Lis Excep ion)
Legal basis
17 U.S.C. §107
A icles 43–44 o Law No. 28/2014
Cha ac e
Open-ended, based on judicial in e p e a ion
Closed lis , based on legisla ion
Focus
T ans o ma ion and public in e es
P o ec ion o c ea o s' economic igh s
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Flexibili y
High – adap i e o cul u al inno a ion
Low – equi es egula o y e ision o
adap a ion
Key p inciples
Con ex ual ai ness ( ai ness,
ans o ma i eness)
Legal ce ain y and c ea o pe missions
Thus, his compa ison shows ha he di e ence be ween ai use and he Indonesian sys em is no only a ma e o legal
echnicali ies, bu also a ma e o pa adigm. The Uni ed S a es emphasizes he social unc ion o copy igh as a ca alys o
inno a ion and cul u al dialogue, while Indonesia places copy igh as an exclusi e economic igh wi h s ic excep ions. In he
con ex o use -gene a ed con en , his means ha ans o ma i e digi al exp essions o en lack legal legi imacy in Indonesia, e en
hough hey con ibu e cul u ally and socially o he c ea i e dynamics o socie y.(30)
5. Fai use s. ai dealing/limi a ion-excep ion
In he e ol ing global copy igh law ecosys em, one o he mos undamen al concep ual deba es lies in he pa adigm di e ence
be ween he ai use doc ine (adop ed by he Uni ed S a es) and he ai dealing model (used by many coun ies wi h a Con inen al
Eu opean and Commonweal h legal adi ion, including Indonesia h ough i s closed limi a ion and excep ion sys em). This
di e ence is no me ely echnical, bu conce ns he basic philosophy o how he law unde s ands he ela ionship be ween in ellec ual
p ope y and he public in e es .
The ai use sys em con ained in 17 U.S.C. §107 is open and e olu iona y. The wo ding o he law only p o ides ou assessmen
ac o s, namely he pu pose o use, he na u e o he wo k, he p opo ion o use, and he impac on he ma ke , wi hou limi ing he
ypes o ac i i ies ha can be conside ed ai . Thus, ai use gi es judges b oad disc e ion o assess each case based on he social
con ex , exp essi e unc ion, and ans o ma i e alue o a pa icula use. Philosophically, his model is oo ed in he Ame ican
legal adi ion o p agma ism, which places lexibili y and adap a ion o social de elopmen s as key alues. Law ence Lessig (2004)
and Julie Cohen (2007) emphasize ha ai use is no me ely an “excep ion o exclusi e igh s,” bu a dynamic mechanism o
main aining he ecosys em o c ea i i y, so ha he law does no s i le inno a ion unde he bu den o copy igh monopoly (31).In
con as , he ai dealing and limi a ion–excep ion sys em adop ed by Indonesia h ough A icles 43–44 o Law No. 28 o 2014 on
Copy igh is a closed lis . This means ha only uses explici ly men ioned by law, such as quo a ions o educa ion, news, o esea ch,
a e conside ed legi ima e wi hou he c ea o 's pe mission (29). Ou side o his lis , he use o ano he pe son's wo k is au oma ically
classi ied as an in ingemen , ega dless o he in en o c ea i e con ex . The philosophy behind his sys em ends o be o ien ed
owa ds p o ec ing he economic igh s o c ea o s, a he han social lexibili y (5). I s ems om an absolu e p ope y igh s
pa adigm (p ope y-based app oach), in which es ic ions on exclusi e igh s a e iewed as na ow excep ions ha mus be
egula ed enume a i ely. As a esul , his sys em ends o be less adap i e o new o ms o exp ession, especially in he con ex o
pa icipa o y, emixed, and collabo a i e digi al cul u e (32).
Concep ually, ai use ep esen s a unc ional and open app oach, while ai dealing and limi a ion, excep ion ep esen a o malis ic
and closed app oach. In ai use, he main emphasis is on he “social pu pose o he use” and he “ ans o ma i e added alue” o
he o iginal wo k; in ai dealing, he emphasis is on he “ ype o ac i i y” pe mi ed by law (33).
F om a policy pe spec i e, his di e ence has impo an implica ions. The ai use sys em allows o he e olu ion o law h ough
p eceden , enabling i o adap o new phenomena such as eac ion ideos, e iew con en , o an edi s. Con e sely, he limi a ion,
excep ion sys em equi es legisla i e e ision e e y ime a new o m o exp ession eme ges, as he judges' oom o in e p e a ion
is limi ed by he wo ding o he law (31).
The limi a ions o he closed sys em in he Indonesian Copy igh Law c ea e a egula o y dilemma amid he de elopmen o he
digi al ecosys em. On he one hand, s ic copy igh p o ec ion is necessa y o ensu e legal ce ain y o c ea o s. On he o he hand,
he igidi y o he no ms can limi he mo emen o c ea i e economy ac o s, especially in a landscape ha now elies hea ily on
use -gene a ed con en .
The e o e, se e al academics (34) (35) ha e p oposed he need o con ex ualize he p inciple o ai use, namely he applica ion o
ans o ma i e use alues ha a e adap ed o he cha ac e is ics o he na ional legal sys em. This app oach is no in ended o eplica e
he common law model in i s en i e y, bu a he o encou age a mo e p og essi e in e p e a ion o he excep ions in copy igh law.
Such a model opens up oppo uni ies o Indonesian law o mo e owa ds a mo e adap i e and esponsi e balance egime, as
p oposed in he heo y o esponsi e law by None and Selznick (1978). Wi h his pe spec i e, he law does no s op a no ma i e
ex s alone. Howe e , i con inues o adap o he social, cul u al, and echnological dynamics ha shape new c ea i e p ac ices in
he digi al space.
F om a no ma i e pe spec i e, he undamen al di e ence be ween he Indonesian and US legal sys ems lies in he deg ee o
in e p e i e lexibili y in assessing he euse o copy igh ed wo ks.
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In he Uni ed S a es, he ai use doc ine, egula ed in Sec ion 107 o he US Copy igh Ac (1976), allows judges o assess each
case based on ou main ac o s:
a) he pu pose and cha ac e o he use;
b) he na u e o he wo k used;
c) he p opo ion o he wo k used; and
d) he e ec on he po en ial ma ke o he o iginal wo k.
These ou ac o s a e no cumula i e, bu a he con ex ual and complemen a y, p o iding b oad disc e ion in assessing he in en
and ans o ma i e alue o a use.
In con as , Law No. 28 o 2014 on Copy igh (UUHC) adop s a closed lis sys em o limi a ions and excep ions, as e lec ed in
A icles 43–44, whe e only uses o educa ional, esea ch, news epo ing, o c i icism and e iew pu poses a e explici ly ecognized.
The e a e no e alua i e pa ame e s such as pu pose, amoun , o ma ke e ec as in he ai use sys em. As a esul , he scope o
in e p e a ion by judges is limi ed, and new o ms o c ea i i y, such as eac ion ideos o e iew-based con en , a e di icul o
assess p og essi ely wi hou legisla i e amendmen s. The case o Hosseinzadeh . Klein (2017) (36), also known as he H3H3
P oduc ions case, is one o he impo an p eceden s in he de elopmen o ai use doc ine in he digi al age. In his case, H3H3
P oduc ions (E han and Hila Klein) we e sued o using ideo clips belonging o Hosseinzadeh (c ea o o he sho ilm "The Bold
Guy") in hei eac ion ideos con aining sa i ical commen s and c i icism.
The Sou he n Dis ic Cou o New Yo k uled ha his use cons i u ed “ ans o ma i e ai use” because H3H3 did no me ely
copy he oo age bu changed i s con ex and added new exp ession and meaning h ough commen a y and analysis. Judge Ka he ine
Fo es emphasized ha he wo k “adds some hing new, wi h a u he pu pose o di e en cha ac e , al e ing he i s wi h new
exp ession, meaning, o message”. This uling ein o ces he posi ion o eac ion ideos as a legally alid o m o exp ession when
hey ul ill ans o ma i e alue and do no damage he ma ke o he o iginal wo k.
Con e sely, in he Indonesian legal sys em, he e a e no ju isp uden ial cases ha di ec ly examine he legali y o eac ion ideos.
Howe e , an analogy can be d awn om he case o he Cen al Jaka a Comme cial Cou Decision No. 82/Pd .Sus-HKI/2018 (37),
which in ol ed he euse o audio isual ma e ial wi hou he c ea o 's pe mission. In ha case, he cou a i med he o mal p inciple
ha any euse o audio isual wo ks wi hou he c ea o 's pe mission is an in ingemen , wi hou conside ing he con ex , in en , o
po en ial added alue o such use.
A compa ison o hese wo cases e eals a di e ence in legal pa adigms: US cou s assess social unc ion and ans o ma ion o
meaning, while Indonesian cou s ocus on o mal compliance wi h he c ea o 's pe mission.
Aspec
Uni ed S a es (Fai Use)
Indonesia (Limi a ion–Excep ion)
Sou ce o Law
17 U.S.C. §107
Law No. 28 o 2014 (A icles 43–44)
Flexibili y
Open; con ex -based
Closed; lis -based
Role o Judges
Disc e iona y; can assess ans o ma i e
alue
Limi ed o li e al in e p e a ion o he law
Basic Values
Balance be ween he igh s o c ea o s
and public exp ession
P o ec ion o he c ea o 's exclusi e igh s
Ju isp udence
H3H3 P oduc ions is conside ed
ans o ma i e
Judgmen 82/Pd .Sus-HKI/2018 con i ms
in ingemen wi hou conside ing con ex
Concep ually, eac ion and e iew ideos can be ca ego ized as ans o ma i e wo ks, as long as he use o he o iginal wo k adds
new meaning, commen a y, o di e en in e p e a ions. This o m o exp ession is no me ely ep oduc ion, bu a dialogic p ocess
be ween he c ea o and he audience, whe e eac ions, c i icism, o humo se e as a o m o cul u al communica ion. Howe e ,
he ans o ma i e aspec mus be measu ed by he ex en o which he new wo k changes he pu pose and unc ion o he o iginal
wo k. I a eac ion ideo me ely copies wi hou a new con ex , hen i loses i s ans o ma i e na u e and can be conside ed an
in ingemen (10).
The main weakness o he Indonesian sys em lies in i s no ma i e igidi y. Wi hou oom o in e p e a ion, such as ai use, digi al
c ea i e p ac ices o en all in o a legal g ey a ea.
Some o he obs acles ha can be iden i ied include (28):
1) The absence o ans o ma i e alue pa ame e s in posi i e law.
2) A endency owa d o malis ic ju isp udence, which assesses in ingemen ex ually wi hou conside ing c ea i e in en .
3) An adminis a i e legal cul u e ha emphasizes o mal pe missions o e he social unc ion o he wo k.
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4) The lack o so law mechanisms o implemen a i e guidelines o digi al pla o ms such as YouTube.
This si ua ion has he po en ial o hampe he de elopmen o he na ional c ea i e economy, as digi al c ea o s ace legal unce ain y
and high li iga ion isks. A ein e p e a ion o Indonesian copy igh law is needed o be mo e esponsi e o he phenomenon o use -
gene a ed con en . This app oach does no mean ully adop ing ai use, bu a he conduc ing “con ex ual adap a ion” h ough
s eng hening he in e p e a ion o A icles 43–44. The Sup eme Cou and policymake s can de elop a con ex ual ou - ac o
lexibili y es , o example:
1) Social pu pose and exp essi e added alue;
2) Le el o ans o ma ion o meaning;
3) Impac on he ma ke ;
4) Con ibu ion o public cul u e.
Such an app oach would main ain a balance be ween he p o ec ion o exclusi e igh s and eedom o exp ession, as is he essence
o he heo y o copy igh as a balance sys em and esponsi e law heo y.
E. CONCLUSION
This s udy shows ha he undamen al di e ences be ween he Indonesian and US copy igh legal sys ems a e no only s uc u al
bu also philosophical. Fai use emphasizes social unc ion and ans o ma i e alue, while limi a ion–excep ion ocuses on explici
o mal limi s on use.
The case o H3H3 P oduc ions . Hosseinzadeh con i ms ha eac ion ideos can be a legi ima e o m o c ea i i y as long as hey
a e ans o ma i e and do no diminish he economic alue o he o iginal wo k. Con e sely, he Indonesian legal sys em does no
ye p o ide an assessmen mechanism ha allows o he ecogni ion o such ans o ma i e alue.
Se e al no ma i e ecommenda ions can be p oposed o enhance he lexibili y and esponsi eness o Indonesia’s copy igh egime
in he digi al e a. One impo an s ep is o s eng hen he p og essi e in e p e a ion o A icles 43 and 44 o he Copy igh Law
h ough clea judicial guidelines, such as a Sup eme Cou Ci cula (SEMA) o a Sup eme Cou Regula ion (PERMA), o ensu e
ha ans o ma i e use is be e accommoda ed wi hin judicial easoning.
In addi ion, de eloping a model o he so adop ion o he ai use es in judicial p ac ice could se e as a ansi ional mechanism
owa d a mo e adap i e and con ex -sensi i e sys em. Such an app oach would allow cou s o g adually inco po a e compa a i e
insigh s while emaining aligned wi h Indonesia’s legal adi ions.
Equally c ucial is os e ing collabo a ion be ween egula o s and digi al pla o ms, such as YouTube, TikTok, and o he s, in
es ablishing con en use guidelines ha e lec na ional legal p inciples while add essing he eali ies o digi al c ea i i y.
Finally, expanding digi al legal educa ion o con en c ea o s is essen ial o building awa eness o copy igh e hics and he
esponsible euse o c ea i e wo ks. By equipping c ea o s wi h his knowledge, he legal sys em can p omo e a cul u e o espec
o in ellec ual p ope y wi hou s i ling inno a ion and exp ession.
Wi h his app oach, Indonesian copy igh law can ans o m om a p o ec i e sys em o a balanced, pa icipa o y legal egime ha
is esponsi e o digi al inno a ion, which is in line wi h he ision o p og essi e law in a 21s -cen u y c ea i e socie y.
REFERENCE
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