The Cairo International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and Other Landmarks in Demographic History

DEMOGRAPHIC CALENDAR
Copy igh Tkachenko AA. This isan open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o  he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion
License (CC-BY 4.0), which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion inany medium, p o ided he o iginal
au ho and sou ce a e c edi ed
The Cai o In e na ional Con e ence onPopula ion
and De elopmen (ICPD) and O he Landma ks
inDemog aphic His o y
Alexande A. Tkachenko 1
1 Financial Uni e si y unde he Go e nmen o he Russian Fede a ion, Moscow, 125167, Russia
Recei ed
31May 2025 ♦
Accep ed
14Augus 2025 ♦
Published
25No embe 2025
Ci a ion:
Tkachenko AA(2025) The Cai o In e na ional Con e ence onPopula ion and De elopmen (ICPD)
and O he Landma ks inDemog aphic His o y. Popula ion and Economics 9(4):128-142. h ps://doi.o g/10.3897/
popecon.9.e160794
Abs ac
This pape discusses anni e sa y e en s ha we conside impo an in he ield o  demog aphy
in2024–2025, including he bi hdays o no able igu es and signi ican con e ence da es, such as he
In e na ional Con e ence on Popula ion and De elopmen (ICPD) held in Cai o, Egyp in 1994,
aswell asno able publica ions.
Keywo ds
in e na ional con e ences onpopula ion, anni e sa ies o  esea che s, publica ions, demog aphic in-
s i u ions
JEL codes: B10, B20, J10
In oduc ion
The yea 2024ma ks he 30 h anni e sa y o  he las in e na ional con e ence onpopu-
la ion held inCai o, Egyp in1994, which undoub edly wen down inhis o y. Asno ed
inDemog aphic Encyclopaedia (Demog a icheskaya ehnciklopediya 2013: 136), he expan-
sion o  he con e ence i le compa ed op e ious simila con e ences ep esen ed wo hy-
pos ases (ὑπό-στᾰσις) a once, al hough only one wo d was added, “de elopmen ”. Fi s ly,
his isa new emphasis bybo h he Uni ed Na ions and he in e na ional communi y on he
p oblems o social and economic de elopmen in he con ex o a g owing wo ld popula-
ion on he one hand, and he demog aphic ageing o  he popula ion o  he wo ld’s leading
economies, on he o he . Secondly, i  ecognises he high dependence o de elopmen and
economic g ow h ingene al on he quan i a i e and quali a i e cha ac e is ics o popula ion
Popula ion and Economics 9(4): 128–142
DOI 10.3897/popecon.9.e160794
Popula ion and Economics 9(4): 128–142 129
g ow h. Asigni ican pa o  he pape ocuses on he Cai o Con e ence onPopula ion and
De elopmen , and hen welis some impo an e en s in he his o y o demog aphy– anni-
e sa ies o scien is s and memo able s udies ha ha e gone down in he his o y o demo-
g aphic science.
Key poin s o  he Cai o Con e ence
In e na ional con e ences onpopula ion ha e been held o 70yea s, which isalmos equal
o he wo ld’s popula ion’s a e age li e expec ancy a bi h. Asan impo an in e na ional in-
s i u ion o he exchange o  iews be ween expe s and o icials/go e nmen s om a ound
he wo ld, hey a e a aluable pla o m o discussion. The mos ecen con e ence, he In-
e na ional Con e ence onPopula ion and De elopmen , he eina e e e ed oas ICPD,
was held exac ly 30yea s ago inCai o, Egyp . I had ap o ound impac on he social de e-
lopmen o coun ies and egions, wi h a - eaching consequences in e ms o bo h ime and
space. The ICPD added he e m and concep o de elopmen o he i le o  he o um i sel ,
becoming acon e ence onpopula ion and de elopmen , hus poin ing oa pa adigm o he
u u e app oach opopula ion issues, which should beconside ed h ough he lenses o de-
elopmen o socie y, he economy, he en i onmen , social ins i u ions and go e nmen
policy onpopula ion.
An ambi ious heme was chosen o he con e ence: “Popula ion, sus ained economic
g ow h and sus ainable de elopmen .” Looking back o e he las 30yea s, wecan see ha
he con e ence’s guidelines ha e gene ally been implemen ed and he popula ion de elop-
men plans ha e been ul illed. Howe e , ecen discussions wi hin he UNsys em e eal
ha , e en be o e he onse o  he COVID-19pandemic, he p inciple o sus ainable de el-
opmen had been iola ed, esul ing ina depa u e om he p e iously achie ed ou comes.1
The ICPD can be iewed asa p ecu so o he UNSus ainable De elopmen Agenda,
adop ed 20yea s la e , which se s ou 17goals, 169 a ge s and 232unique indica o s.2
The ICPD o mula ed aglobal s a egy and ac ion plan onpopula ion issues o he
beginning o  he 21s cen u y. These issues encompass all sphe es o human li e, including
amily, household, and popula ion o a e i o y o coun y. The e o e, se ing a ge s and
speci ic de elopmen goals on his scale will ine i ably enc oach on he de elopmen ob-
jec i es o socie y and he coun y. This isindependen o  he na u e o popula ion ep o-
duc ion and he ideological ounda ions o  he na ional economic de elopmen /g ow h
model.
I isno ewo hy ha he ICPD adop ed he P og amme o Ac ion (Uni ed Na ions 1995)
designed o 20yea s and app o ed byall he 179pa icipa ing coun ies, and 20yea s la -
e , in2015, he UNadop ed anew p og amme o ac ion, he 2030Agenda o Sus ainable
De elopmen (The Sus ainable De elopmen Goals Repo 2018), encompassing he o ali y
o human li e: en i onmen , economy, amily well-being, social de elopmen and social in-
clusion. The se en een UNSus ainable De elopmen Goals o 2030adop ed aspa o  he
Agenda eplaced he UNMillennium De elopmen Goals (MDGs). I is also wo h no ing
1 Shulla K(2021) The COVID-19pandemic and he achie emen o  he SDGs. In: Vi ual In e -agency Expe
G oup Mee ing onImplemen a ion o  he Thi d Uni ed Na ions Decade o he E adica ion o Po e y (2018-
2027) “Accele a ing Global Ac ions o aWo ld wi hou Po e y” 24-27May 2021. URL: h ps://www.un.o g/
de elopmen /desa/dspd/wp-con en /uploads/si es/22/2021/05/Shulla_pape 1.pd
2 UNSDGs, which ha e been ci ed inall pape s on he Cai o Con e ence w i en a e 2014.
A.A. Tkachenko: The Cai o In e na ional Con e ence onPopula ion and De elopmen (ICPD) and O he Landma ks inDemog aphic His o y
130
ha inhonou o  he ICPD’s 20 h anni e sa y, he P og amme o Ac ion was epublished
in2004wi h anew In oduc ion (Uni ed Na ions 2014: 221-296).
The ICPD was ecognised asa landma k ha enabled coun ies o each auni e sal con-
sensus byplacing human igh s abo e all else. Following he ICPD, he goals se ou in he
P og amme o Ac ion, namely ensu ing uni e sal educa ion and educ ion o in an , child,
and ma e nal mo ali y, we e moni o ed by he UNagencies and summa ised in epo s
submi ed e e y i e yea s.
The ICPD was he las one ina se ies o con e ences held o e se en y yea s.3 The e we e
many easons o his, including he i anic e o s equi ed om no only he UNand i s
agencies, bu also om hos coun ies inp epa ing o and ecei ing somany go e nmen
delega ions, aswell asnew UNini ia i es add essing popula ion issues, and he eme gence
o new echnologies o communica ion and o ganisa ion o summi s.
Ra he han asubs i u ion o he ICPD, in e na ional con e ences o pa liamen a ians
began obe held o ollow upon he implemen a ion o  he ICPD’s P og amme o Ac ion.
In2002, he pa liamen a ians adop ed he O awa S a emen o Commi men , posi ioning
hemsel es as ep esen a i es o public in e es s, legisla o s, and execu i e o ice s, whe eby
hey commi ed owo k owa ds he ICPD P og amme ona sys ema ic basis and ac i ely
moni o he p og ess in he popula ion sec o .
Since 2002, eigh In e na ional Pa liamen a ians’ Con e ences on he Implemen a ion
o  he ICPD P og amme o Ac ion ha e been held: O awa (2002), S asbou g (2004), Bang-
kok (2006), Addis Ababa (2009), Is anbul (2012), S ockholm (2014), O awa (2018).4
In Bangkok, he pa liamen a ians ei e a ed ha he in e na ional communi y had
aken aconce ed decision oalloca e unds onan annual basis o he implemen a ion
o p og ammes in he popula ion and ep oduc i e heal h sec o inde eloping coun ies.
I should be emembe ed, howe e , ha ep oduc i e heal h issues conce n he popula ions
o all coun ies, including highly de eloped ones. Wewould also like ohighligh wo s a e-
men s made inBangkok: oday, mo e han 350million ma ied couples dono ha e ull
access o amily planning se ices, and popula ion g ow h inde eloping coun ies con inues
oinc ease he bu den on he en i onmen .5 Wedeem hese eali ies obe impo an o
be e unde s anding he posi i e shi s in he mindse o  he global communi y and deci-
sion-make s ha ha e aken place since he ICPD.
In 2024, acon e ence o pa liamen a ians om all egions o  he wo ld was held inOslo,
No way, ashighligh ed in he Oslo S a emen o Commi men , which ook s ock o  he hi -
y yea s ha passed since he ICPD. The mee ing adop ed he Oslo S a emen o Commi -
men unde he s iking i le “Li e o Dea h isa Poli ical Decision,” which no ed he p og ess
made inadop ing new legisla ions, policies, and p og ammes.
One can ag ee wi h he main message o  he s a emen : “Ou successes ha e placed in-
di idual digni y and human igh s a  he cen e o de elopmen ”6 bu a  he same ime, he
indica o s o abo e men ioned successes a e no ewo hy as hey a e– hey include women’s
access ocon acep i es, he numbe o gi ls ha ing access oeduca ion, educ ion in he
3 This isno coun ing he i s Wo ld Popula ion Con e ence held inGene a in1927. See: (Demog a icheskaya
ehnciklopediya 2013: 564-565).
4 Clea ly, O awa’s decision ohold he con e ences once e e y wo yea s has no been implemen ed asin ended.
5 The e a e signi ican di e ences o  opinion be ween de eloped and de eloping coun ies on issues
o en i onmen al balance (Tkachenko 2021: 24-27).
6 Oslo S a emen o Commi men . The 8 h In e na ional Pa liamen a ians’ Con e ence on he Implemen a ion
o  he ICPD P og amme o Ac ion (IPCI/ICPD) (2024) URL: h ps://ipcicon e ence.o g/.
Popula ion and Economics 9(4): 128–142 131
numbe o child ma iages. These la gely pe ain no e en ode eloping coun ies assuch,
bu o he poo es among hem. Webelie e ha he UN(UNFPA) isp ima ily ocused
on he wo ld’s poo es and mos ulne able coun ies and e i o ies, while he common
p oblems o  he global communi y a e pushed in o he backg ound.
The Eigh h Pa liamen a y Con e ence demons a ed he con e gence o issues ela ed
o he implemen a ion o  he ICPD P og amme o Ac ion and he UNSDGs on he pa h
owa ds 2030.7 Howe e , he main objec i e isde ined asmobilising esou ces and c ea ing
a ou able condi ions o sexual and ep oduc i e heal h and igh s. Webelie e ha his
a he na ows he main idea o  he Cai o Summi onDe elopmen , al hough ep oduc i e
igh s8 a e one o  he componen s o de elopmen in he popula ion sec o .
The ICPD is he subjec ma e o special epo s byUNFPA published in2004(S a e
o  Wo ld Popula ion 2004) and in 2011 (S a e o  Wo ld Popula ion 2011); besides, he
UNmoni o s p og ess inachie ing he ICPD goals on11indica o s ac oss all coun ies
o  he wo ld, he indings o which a e published egula ly. UNFPA con e ences ha e p o-
ided i e-yea implemen a ion e iews o  he P og amme o Ac ion, wi h inpu s no only
om na ional ins i u ions bu also om adi e se ange o s akeholde s who we e in ol ed
in he discussions h ough UN-held e en s and dialogues.
Expe s on he ole and signi icance o  he ICPD
John Wilmo h and Julia Bun ing,9 leading UNexpe s onpopula ion, summa ised he ou -
comes o  he hi y yea s since he ICPD. They belie e ha new leade s need o ea i m
hei commi men o he ICPD agenda. They no ed ha he ollowing ha e become in eg al
componen s o add essing popula ion issues o all pa icipa ing go e nmen s: sexual and
ep oduc i e heal h, ep oduc i e igh s, gende equali y, en i onmen al sus ainabili y, and
in e na ional coope a ion, which we e ecognised asin eg al componen s o add essing po-
pula ion issues and achie ing he de elopmen goals o mula ed bygo e nmen s.10
Th ee decades la e , he ou comes o  he ICPD, p ima ily he P og amme o Ac ion, a e
conside ed obe anou s anding success based on he e olu ion o key indica o s such asin-
an mo ali y, which has been hal ed; ma e nal mo ali y, which has allen by34% o e he
pe iod; and he numbe o women using con acep ion, which has doubled.11 The UNex-
pe s emphasise ha popula ion issues ha e been inco po a ed in o na ional de elopmen
s a egies incoun ies a ound he wo ld, and ha go e nmen s’ commi men s ocollec ing
demog aphic da a ha e enabled policymake s omake in o med decisions.
7 Oslo S a emen o Commi men “Li e o Dea h isa Poli ical Decision”. URL: h ps://www.ep web.o g/si es/
de aul / iles/2024-04/Oslo%20S a emen %20o %20Commi men _12%20Ap il%202024%2012_00%20pm%20
-%20wi h%20logo%20%281%29.pd
8 This may beone o  he mos p essing issues, pa icula ly in he de eloping wo ld, bu i is no akey de elopmen
issue o he global popula ion asa whole.
9 John Wilmo h isDi ec o , Popula ion Di ision, Uni ed Na ions Depa men o Economic and Social A ai s
(UN DESA). Julia Bun ing isDi ec o , P og amme Di ision, UNFPA.
10 Wilmo h J, Bun ing J(2024) Thi y Yea s On, Leade s Need oRecommi o he In e na ional Con e ence
onPopula ion and De elopmen Agenda. UNCh onicle. 26Ap il 2024. h ps://www.un.o g/en/un-ch onicle/
hi y-yea s-leade s-need- ecommi -in e na ional-con e ence-popula ion-and-de elopmen .
11 Uni ed Na ions Depa men o  Economic and Social A ai s, Popula ion Di ision (2022). Wo ld Family
Planning 2022: Mee ing he changing needs o amily planning: Con acep i e use by age and me hod.
UNDESA/POP/2022/TR/NO. 4. Р. i.
A.A. Tkachenko: The Cai o In e na ional Con e ence onPopula ion and De elopmen (ICPD) and O he Landma ks inDemog aphic His o y
132
The ole o  he ICPD ega ding ep oduc i e heal h, he de ini ion o which, asno ed
byV.Sake ich, was o mula ed and in oduced in o in e na ional p ac ice p ecisely by he
ma e ials o  his global o um, iso his o ical signi icance (Sake ich 2018). Family plan-
ning was a  he cen e o  he mos hea ed and o en i econcilable deba es. Despi e he sub-
le in e p e a ion o  his inmany ways undamen al concep o e en phenomenon by he
UNSec e a ia expe s, opponen s o  amily planning assuch ha e a gued ha amily plan-
ning aims olimi e ili y incoun ies whe e i is high, and his poin o  iew iss ill no
in equen 12. This inco ec asse ion allows o amily planning obe cha ac e ised asa s a e
in e en ion, implemen ed h ough o icial policy, which in inges upon he ep oduc i e
igh s o  he amily.
The e isg owing ecogni ion among expe s o  he impo ance o local/municipal au-
ho i ies inadd essing he complex issues in he implemen a ion o  he ICPD P og amme
o Ac ion. E ec i e local go e nance and equi able deli e y o local public se ices a e c u-
cial o ailo ing ac ions o he unique needs o communi ies, ensu ing sus ainable de el-
opmen and p omo ing inclusi i y. Wealso belie e ha he uniqueness o local au ho i ies/
municipali ies inadd essing he p oblems o local popula ion s ems om he highe e ec-
i eness o  hei ac ions esul ing om hei be e knowledge o p oblems and needs o  he
local popula ion.
In 2024, he UNexpe s w o e: “While ou demog aphic ends di e ge, ou a es emain
in e wined.”13 Webelie e ha “in e wined a es” and “suppo ing hose ha des o each”
dono sugges ane e -inc easing eliance onsuppo om he mos de eloped coun ies
o he leas de eloped, no anescala ing demand o such suppo . Ra he , hey should e-
e o he mos socially ulne able membe s o socie y. Fo example, ino de o ul il he
UNSDG onen i onmen al sus ainabili y, he Fund o Responding oLoss and Damage
was es ablished a COP2814 (2023) ohelp ulne able popula ions in he leas de eloped
coun ies. The Fund isexpec ed oalloca e app oxima ely К100billion annually o hose
coun ies ohelp hem cope wi h he e ec s o clima e change. The Fund’s o al commi -
men s exceed К660million, which isconside ed insu icien oadd ess he ine i able and
i e e sible consequences o  he clima e eme gency. Some es ima es o  he equi ed inancial
co e age a e signi ican ly highe , eaching up o К400billion pe yea (Vaidyana han 2024).
A b ie his o y o demog aphic ins i u ions and socie ies
I is he 95 h anni e sa y o  he Popula ion Associa ion o Ame ica (PAA), anon-p o -
i esea ch p o essional associa ion ha s udies issues associa ed wi h popula ion and de-
mog aphy. The PAA was ounded byH.P. Fai child,15 a esea che on ace ela ions, abo -
ion, con acep ion, immig a ion, one o  he ounde s o Planned Pa en hood, p esiden
o  he Ame ican Eugenics Socie y (1929–1931), and F.H.Osbo n, awell-known eugenics
esea che in he pos -WWII pe iod. The Milbank Memo ial Fund, acha i able und o-
12 Fo example, he Ins i u e o Family S udies has le elled such a acks a  he Uni ed Na ions Fund o Popula ion
Ac i i ies epo (S a e o Wo ld Popula ion 2023).
13 Wilmo h J, Bun ing J(2024) Thi y Yea s On, Leade s Need oRecommi o he In e na ional Con e ence
onPopula ion and De elopmen Agenda. UNCh onicle. 26Ap il 2024. h ps://www.un.o g/en/un-ch onicle/
hi y-yea s-leade s-need- ecommi -in e na ional-con e ence-popula ion-and-de elopmen .
14 Annual Uni ed Na ions Clima e Change Con e ence, o Con e ence o  he Pa ies - COP.
15 In2025, wecommemo a e he 145 h anni e sa y o his bi h.

Popula ion and Economics 9(4): 128–142 133
cusing onpublic heal h policy, p o ided he unding. Du ing i s ea ly yea s, he PAA was
acoali ion o popula ion scien is s, ad oca es o ac i e bi h con ol measu es, suppo e s
o immig a ion es ic ions, and eugenicis s. I holds annual con e ences, he i s o which
was held inNew Yo k inAp il 1932. The PAA has sponso ed such no able con e ences as he
Con e ence onPopula ion Es ima es held inNew Yo k Ci y in1935, which was a ended
byEleano Roose el , and he con e ence “In eg a ing Gene ics and he Social Sciences”
held a  he Ins i u e o Beha io al Science on he Uni e si y o Colo ado Boulde campus
in2013. The PAA publishes Demog aphy, ap emie jou nal es ablished in1964, issued six
imes annually byDuke Uni e si y P ess, and ecognised globally o i s au ho i a i e e-
sea ch onpopula ion dynamics and demog aphic ends.
L’Ins i u na ional d’é udes démog aphiques (INED, The F ench Ins i u e o Demog aph-
ic S udies), which was es ablished bya dec ee o  he F ench go e nmen unde DeGaulle
in1945, isceleb a ing i s 80 h anni e sa y.16 The Ins i u e iswo ld- enowned asone o  he
main cen es o demog aphic esea ch and has collabo a ed wi h Russian esea che s and
demog aphic ins i u ions. Monog aphs byINED s a membe s ha e been published inRus-
sia, among o he s, ondemog aphic p ocesses inRussia. The INED’s con ibu ion o esea ch
in o Russian demog aphic his o y and iden i ica ion o  many gaps he e is pa icula ly
no ewo hy. The F ench go e nmen ’s in e es inan ins i u ion like he INED, ase idenced
bygo e nmen dec ees o 1945and 198617 , may se e asa ole model o o he coun ies.
The Eu opean Doc o al School o Demog aphy celeb a es i s 20 h anni e sa y. Each yea ,
s uden s wi h di e se academic backg ounds anging om ma hema ics and s a is ics obiol-
ogy and his o y en ol in he School’s 11-mon h p og amme oacqui e high-quali y knowledge
indemog aphy as hey ge p epa ed o hei doc o al s udies. The aining akes place a  wo
leading Eu opean demog aphy esea ch ins i u ions: he basic p epa a o y cou ses ake place
a  he Max Planck Ins i u e o Demog aphic Resea ch while he co e cou ses, a  he F ench In-
s i u e o Demog aphic S udies. Apa om aining pe se, he School conside s i impo an
ha he s uden s enjoy excellen ne wo king oppo uni ies in he communi y o  ecognised
demog aphe s ac oss Eu ope. The School ope a es unde he auspices o  he Eu opean Associ-
a ion o Popula ion S udies. The aining p og amme isalso suppo ed by17leading Eu ope-
an o ganisa ions in he ield o demog aphy, including uni e si ies and esea ch cen es, who
p o ide eache s, adminis a i e s a , consul ing men o s, schola ships, and co e age o  ela -
ed expenses. Each yea , 15-20doc o al s uden s g adua e om he School wi h anexpe ise
inma hema ical demog aphy, heo y, and policy. The anni e sa y will beceleb a ed a  he Eu-
opean Popula ion Con e ence 2026, obe held inBologna, I aly, on3-6June 2026.
Miles ones inResea ch: Celeb a ing His o ic Publica ion
Anni e sa ies
I is130yea s o  he s udy byE ns Engel (Engel, Ch is ian Lo enz E ns ) “Die Lebensko-
s en belgische A bei e -Familien ühe und je z ”. In1895, his amous Ge man s a is i-
cian18 who augh s a is ics a  he Uni e si y o Be lin alongside his main wo k, published
16 O donnance n°45-2499du24oc ob e 1945c ea ion del’Ins i u qui sesubs i ue ala“ onda ion ancaise pou
l’e ude des p oblemes humains”.
17 Déc e n°86-382 du 12 ma s 1986 po an o ganisa ion e  onc ionnemen de l’Ins i u na ional d’é udes
démog aphiques.
18 Fo mo e de ails see: (Tkachenko 2017).
A.A. Tkachenko: The Cai o In e na ional Con e ence onPopula ion and De elopmen (ICPD) and O he Landma ks inDemog aphic His o y
134
aseminal pape on he cos o li ing o Belgian wo king-class amilies. The au ho , based
onan analysis o  amily budge s o Belgian wo ke s using da a p o ided byE.A. on Duc-
pe iaux, iden i ied pa e ns ha became known in esea ch and p ac ice asEngel’s law
(Engel 1895). I was i s o mula ed in1857and s ill plays animpo an ole in he s udy
o income di e en ia ion among amilies and households. Engel’s esea ch aimed o ind
condi ions o he balanced de elopmen o p oduc ion and consump ion ha would
co espond opopula ion g ow h, i.e. he so-called law o popula ion. To his end, Engel
s udied Mal husian popula ion heo y and he sec o al dis ibu ion o labou . Reg e ul-
ly, he au ho s o nume ous de ini ions o  he “socialis law o popula ion” did no seem
oha e been amilia wi h E. Engel’s wo ks. Con empo a y demog aphe s, sociologis s,
and economis s should beg a e ul oEngel, who was he i s o o mula e in he abo e
pape he “adul consump ion equi alen ” (G ings 2007) byweighing he consump ion
o indi idual household membe s acco ding oage and gende . This s udy iss ill ele an
oday o es ima ing he household income elas ici y o ood (Benda-P okeino á e al.
2017).
170yea s ago, abook by he F ench s a is ician and demog aphe Achille Guilla d
was published inPa is, whe e heused he wo d “demog aphy” o he i s ime. The
e y i le o  he book, Elémen s des a is ique humaine oudémog aphie compa ée oùson
exposés les p incipes dela science nou elle, e con on és, d’ap ès les documen s les plus
au hen iques, l’é a , les mou emen s géné aux e les p og ès dela popula ion dans les pays
ci ilisés (Guilla d 1855), s a es ha i se s o h he p inciples o  he new ield o science,
compa a i e demog aphy. Two yea s be o e he book was published, Guilla d spoke
a  he i s session o  he In e na ional S a is ical Cong ess inB ussels, Belgium, ou -
lining he p inciples o o ganisa ion o popula ion s a is ics. The book has been epub-
lished in he Fo go en Books se ies; he la es edi ion was ou in2019. The book has no
been ansla ed in o Russian19.
I is80yea s since he publica ion o  he book Oche ki pois o ii s a is iki 17-18 eko
(Essays on he His o y o S a is ics in he 17 h and 18 h Cen u ies) byMikhail Vasilye ich
P ukha (P ukha 1945), co esponding membe o  he USSR Academy o Sciences (1943),
ounde and di ec o o  he Ins i u e o Demog aphy o  he Academy o Sciences o Uk aine
(1919-1934). The book speci ically ocuses ondemog aphic de elopmen inF ance om he
mid-18 h o he ea ly 19 h cen u y (Sec ion VII), popula ion s a is ics o Sweden (Sec ion
VI) and he wo ks bypoli ical a i hme icians20.
55 yea s ago, Bo is U lanis w o e his amous pape Be egi e muzhchin! (Take Ca e
o Men!)21 in oducing he concep o male supe mo ali y in o he Russian demog aphy.
In1968, he yea o i s publica ion, he gap inli e expec ancy be ween men and women
in he USSR was eigh yea s. By he yea his p ominen Russian demog aphe died, he gap
had g own o10.2yea s, and he maximum gap o 13.6yea s occu ed in2005. The gap was
nea ly he same a 13.5yea s in1995and 2004, which was he clea sign o  he demog aphic
c isis. The p oblem aised in he abo e pape and he challenge o mula ed byB.U lanis
ega ding male supe mo ali y emain acu e and highly ele an mo e han hal acen u y
la e .
19 A copy o  he o iginal (422 pages) is a ailable a : h ps://dn790002.ca.a chi e.o g/0/i ems/
lmen sdes a is 01guilgoog/lmen sdes a is 01guilgoog.pd .
20 The book isa ailable a : h ps://www.booksi e. u/ ull ex /184377/index.h ml.
21 U lanis B(1968) Be egi e muzhchin [Take Ca e o Men]. Li e a u naya gaze a N30. 24July 1968.
Popula ion and Economics 9(4): 128–142 135
Honou ing Miles ones: Anni e sa ies o Resea che s
WhoShapedDemog aphy
I is405yea s since he bi h o John G aun (1620-1674), he ounde o demog aphic e-
sea ch, anEnglish s a is ician who was asuccess ul habe dashe be o e G ea Fi e o Lon-
don in1666(Demog a icheskaya ehnciklopediya 2013: 198-199). G aun ’s book Na u al
and Poli ical Obse a ions Made upon he Bills o Mo ali y (G aun 1662), which analysed
s a is ics on he na u al mo emen o London’s popula ion, isconside ed oha e had asig-
ni ican in luence on he pionee ing demog aphic wo k o William Pe y and, e en mo e
impo an ly, asB i annica poin s ou ,22 ha o Edmond Halley. Analysing mo ali y eco ds
inLondon pa ishes based onda a since 1532, hedisco e ed a egula i y ince ain phe-
nomena inmo ali y s a is ics, which inspi ed his amous wo k. The book wen h ough
ou edi ions du ing he au ho ’s li e ime, he hi d o which was published in1665by he
Royal Socie y, o which G aun was a ounding membe . The i h edi ion, published a e
he au ho ’s dea h in1676, con ained ano e added o he i le: [Some imes a ibu ed oSi
W.Pe y]. G aun classi ied mo ali y a es acco ding ocauses o dea h and showed ha
mo ali y a es inci ies exceed hose in u al a eas, and ha he highe a e o men’s bi hs
iso se bymen’s highe mo ali y. The mo ali y able isconside ed obe his mos impo an
inno a ion: byusing only wo su i al indica o s, up o 6and up o 76yea s, hep ojec ed
he pe cen ages o people who li ed o each each subsequen age and hei li e expec ancy.
I is270yea s since he bi h o I an Filippo ich He man (bo n Benedik F anz Johann
on He mann), a o eign (Aus ian) hono a y membe o  he Russian Impe ial Academy
o Sciences (1786), who was also amembe o se en o he o eign academies and socie ies.
Ascien is and enginee possessing e sa ile and p o ound knowledge, hewas inRussian
se ice since 1782. Heis he au ho o  he wo k He mann Benedik F anz Johann (1790)
S a is ische Schilde ung on Russland, inRücksich au Be ölke ung, Landesbescha enhei ,
Na u p oduk e, Landwi scha , Be gbau, Manu ak u en und Handel. S . Pe e sbu g; Leip-
zig. 488s.) (“S a is ical Desc ip ion o Russia inTe ms o Popula ion, Land Cha ac e is ics,
Na u al P oduc s, Ag icul u e, Mining, Manu ac u ing and T ade”)23. Healso pu o wa d
he idea o “single-day popula ion egis a ion,” which was implemen ed du ing he Fi s
Gene al Census o  he Russian Empi e in1897. In1806, he Academy o Sciences’ S a is-
ical Jou nal published his wo k Ona odonaselenii. Osos a lenii Iupo eblenii na odnykh
abli s (“On Popula ion. On he Compila ion and Use o Popula ion Tables”). Hew o e he
his o y o s a is ics onna u al popula ion mo emen , s a ing wi h he ime o Pe e I, inhis
wo k “Memoi onBi hs, Ma iages and Dea hs inSome P o inces and Ci ies o Russia”
(in F ench), poin ing ou he impo ance o  he uni y o  hese s a is ics wi h o he b anches
o s a is ics o maximum bene i .24
I is190yea s since he bi h o Yuliy Edua do ich Yanson, esea che , educa o , s a is i-
cian, poli ical economis and demog aphe (popula ion s a is ics), Doc o o Poli ical Econ-
22 John G aun . URL: h ps://www.b i annica.com/biog aphy/John-G aun
23 A ailable om he Elec onic Lib a y o  he S a e Public His o ical Lib a y o Russia a : h p://elib.shpl. u/
u/nodes/26397-he mann- - -j-s a is ische-schilde ung- on- ussland-in- ucksich -au -be olke ung-
landesbescha enhei -na u p oduk e-landwi hscha -be gbau-manu ak u en-und-handel-s -pe e sbu g-
leipzig-1790.
24 250 le so dnya ozhdeniya I ana Filippo icha Ge mana (1755 - 1815) [250 h anni e sa y o  he bi h
o  I an Filippo ich Ge man]. Demoscope Weekly. N 205-206, 2005. URL: h ps://www.demoscope. u/
weekly/2005/0205/nauka01.php.
A.A. Tkachenko: The Cai o In e na ional Con e ence onPopula ion and De elopmen (ICPD) and O he Landma ks inDemog aphic His o y
136
omy and S a is ics (1871), p o esso (1873), co esponding membe o  he Russian Impe ial
Academy o Sciences (1892), membe o  he In e na ional S a is ical Ins i u e. Du ing his
nea ly 30yea s o  eaching inS . Pe e sbu g, hewas dean o  he Facul y o Law and se ed
as ec o o  he Impe ial S . Pe e sbu g Uni e si y. In1872, a  he Eigh h In e na ional S a-
is ical Cong ess (S . Pe e sbu g), hep esen ed a epo en i led “On he Regis a ion and
Publica ion o Fac s o Na u al Popula ion Mo emen .”25 In1873, hepublished ou wo ks
ondemog aphy in he jou nal Znanie (Knowledge): onbi h a es, onmo ali y ( wo), and
onma iages. In1878, he i s olume o Yanson’s Compa a i e S a is ics, ocusing onpop-
ula ion s a is ics, was published. The Theo y o S a is ics (1891, hi d edi ion) was awa ded
he ull p ize o  he Impe ial Academy o Sciences and Coun D.A. Tols oy Gold Medal
(1892). Hees ablished sani a y s a is ics a  he S . Pe e sbu g Ci y Duma (Council) and in-
i ia ed acampaign o he o ganisa ion o public elie o he poo . Ha ing o ganised and
headed he S . Pe e sbu g S a is ical Bu eau, hein oduced aca d-based sys em o collec -
ing economic and demog aphic da a onpopula ion b oken down bysocial s a a. Heo -
ganised he 1881and 1890popula ion censuses inS . Pe e sbu g, which we e success ul
ina ema kable way, “unlike o he ci ies inRussia o indeed many ci ies inWes e n Eu ope”
(Geo gie sky 1893). The me hodology used in hese censuses se ed asa basis o he pape s
hew o e o he magazine Se e ny Ves nik, en i led “Ob us oys e pe episey go odakh”
(On he o ganisa ion o censuses inci ies) and “O ekhnike pe episey naseleniya p imene-
nii k usskim go odam” (On he popula ion census echnique asapplied oRussian ci ies)
(1891).
I is130yea s since he bi h o G igo y Ab amo ich Ba kis, co esponding membe
o  he USSR Academy o Medical Sciences (1945), heal hca e o icial in he 1930s–1950s,
specialis in social hygiene and sani a y s a is ics. In he 1920s, he laid he ounda ion
o acou se onSo ie social hygiene inuni e si y educa ion (Moscow S a e Uni e si y).
Hepublished asumma y o his me hodological wo k du ing his c ea i e li e in“Anamnes-
icheskiy me od demog a icheskoy s a is ike” (The Anamnes ic Me hod inDemog aphic
S a is ics) (Ba kis 1959).
I is120yea s since he bi h o Mikhail Veniamino ich Ku man. Hes a ed his ca ee
ins a is ics unde he guidance o S.A. No oselsky and V.V. Pae sky. De elopmen o  a-
bles ep esen ing he demog aphic ca as ophe in he USSR in he 1930s was his his o i-
cal achie emen . Bycombining economic and sociological app oaches o he s udy o s a
u no e inen e p ises, hecoined he e m social mig a ion. Hewas aunique pe sonali y–
a e hewas ep essed o his ex ao dina ily bold beha iou and emo ed om socie y o
18.5yea s, hewas mo ally and physically s ong enough o esume c ea i e wo k in esea ch,
eaching, and se ice ins a is ical agencies. His ep ession was igge ed byhis memo de-
ending he indings o  he 1937census. His las monog aph was published in1976deal-
ing wi h opical issues indemog aphy. Du ing his las yea s, hepa icipa ed indiscussions
onme hodological app oaches o he publica ion o  he wo ld’s i s demog aphic encyclo-
paedic dic iona y.
I is 120 h anni e sa y o  he bi h and 50 h anni e sa y o  he dea h o  Vladimi
Nikono ich S a o sky, co esponding membe o  he USSR Academy o Sciences (1958),
long-se ing head o  he USSR s a is ical se ice (1940-1975), who made asigni ican con-
ibu ion o he p epa a ion and conduc o popula ion censuses, s a ing wi h he 1939cen-
25 The o iginal i le “En egis emen e publica ion des ai s ela i s aumou emen dela popula ion”was published
in he Cong ess Repo .