New ichneumonid (Hymenop e a) pa asi oids o he ig- ee
skele onise mo h, Cho eu is nemo ana (Hubne , 1799)
(Lepidop e a, Cho eu idae), an in asi e pes o Cen al Eu ope
Anna Teski1,2, Zol án Vas3, A ila Takács4, Balázs Kiss1, Gábo Bozsik1, Gábo Szőcs1
1 HUN-REN Cen e o Ag icul u al Resea ch, Plan P o ec ion Ins i u e, Fehé á i s . 132-144, H-1116, Budapes , Hunga y
2 Depa men o In eg a ed Plan P o ec ion, Ins i u e o Plan P o ec ion, Hunga ian Uni e si y o Ag icul u e and Li e Sciences, Pá e Ká oly
s . 1, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hunga y
3 Hunga ian Na ional Museum Public Collec ion Cen e – Hunga ian Na u al His o y Museum, Depa men o Zoology, Hymenop e a Collec ion,
H-1088 Budapes , Ba oss u. 13., Hunga y
4 Depa men o E olu iona y Zoology and Human Biology, Uni e si y o Deb ecen, Egye em é 1, H-4032 Deb ecen, Hunga y
Co esponding au ho : Anna Teski ([email p o ec ed]en.hu)
Academic edi o : Se ena Magagnoli ♦
Recei ed
5 Sep embe 2025 ♦
Accep ed
29 Oc obe 2025 ♦
Published
25 No embe 2025
Abs ac
The ig- ee skele onise mo h, Cho eu is nemo ana (Hubne , 1799), in he cou se o sp eading om he Medi e anean Region
owa ds Cen al Eu ope, was i s de ec ed as a pes in Hunga y in 2011. Es ablished popula ions h ea en ig cul i a ion, a newly
inc easing b anch o ho icul u e, lacking any licensed pes icides. In o de o in es iga e whe he local pa asi oids o he na i e
mic olepidop e ous species ha e s a ed o accep C. nemo ana as a new hos , we collec ed C. nemo ana la ae and cocoons
om a ious si es in Hunga y and ea ed hem on ig lea es. Le els o pa asi iza ion we e eco ded and eme ged pa asi oids
we e collec ed o iden i ica ion. The o e all le els o pa asi iza ion anged om 9.4% o 52.6%. Th ee ichneumonid (Hyme-
nop e a: Ichneumonidae) pa asi oid species we e ound as new associa ions o C. nemo ana: Oio hinus pallipalpis Wesmael,
1845 (Ichneumoninae), Scambus inanis (Sch ank, 1802) (Pimplinae), and Enc a eola lae iga a (Ra zebu g, 1848) (C yp inae);
he la e species is also known as a acul a i e pseudohype pa asi oid. Mesocho us i a o (Ze e s ed , 1838) (Ichneumonidae,
Mesocho inae), a ue hype pa asi oid, was also ea ed p esumably om a koinobion la al pa asi oid such as Diadegma sp.
Apa om hose wo al eady known pa asi oids o C. nemo ana we e also ound: Scambus elegans (Wolds ed , 1877) (Pimplinae)
and Diadegma sp. (Campopleginae). These esul s a e discussed in e ms o he po en ial u u e ole o local pa asi oids in a ec -
ing popula ions o C. nemo ana. Many pa asi oids belonging o g oups o he han Ichneumonidae we e also ea ed and will be
he subjec o la e pape s.
Key Wo ds
Alien pes , bene icial pa asi oids, biological con ol agen s, Ficus ca ica, new hos -pa asi oid ela ionship
In oduc ion
Fig ees (Ficus ca ica L.) (Mo aceae) ha e been plan ed in
Hunga y since he 16 h cen u y. In he pas decades i s pop-
ula i y inc eased due o milde win e s and ela i ely ew
known pa hogens and pes s. Recen ly, some o i s pes s s a -
ed o appea in Hunga ian o cha ds and ga dens, like he ig-
ee skele onize mo h (also called as ig-lea skele onize ,
o ig-lea olle ; EPPO Global Da abase), Cho eu is nemo-
ana (Hubne , 1799) (Lepidop e a: Cho eu idae) (Bodo e
al. 2011), he black ig ly, Silba adipa a McAlpine, 1956
(Dip e a: Lonchaeidae) (Kon chán and Med e 2024), he ig
lea hoppe , Ficocyba ica ia (Ho a h, 1897) (Hemip e a:
Cicadellidae) (Koczo e al. 2025a, 2025b), and he Med-
i e anean ig psyllid, Homo oma icus (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Hemip e a: Homo omidae) (Fazekas e al. 2022).
Copy igh Alma Ma e S udio um – Uni e si à di Bologna. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License (CC BY 4.0), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and sou ce a e c edi ed.
Bulle in o Insec ology 78 2025, 137–140
DOI 10.3897/bull.insec ology.171229
Resea ch A icle
Bulle in o
Insec ology
bulle ino insec ology.o g
Anna Teski e al.: New ichneumonid pa asi oids o he Cho eu is nemo ana mo h Cen al Eu ope138
Es ablished popula ions o hese pes s h ea en ig
cul i a ion, a newly inc easing b anch o ho icul u e
in Hunga y, lacking any licensed pes icides. Pa asi -
oids, which may egula e popula ions o pes s wi h-
in he na i e ange o occu ence, only excep ionally
ollow he sp ead o pes s. Mo e likely, some na i e
pa asi oids may accep he newly a i ed alien pes as
a hos . In he case o he abo e-men ioned incoming
pes s o he ig, C. nemo ana may ep esen he highes
chance o his, ega ding he longes ime om se le-
men . The e o e, we s a ed a su ey o e eal whe he
local pa asi oids o he na i e mic olepidop e an spe-
cies ha e s a ed o accep C. nemo ana as a new hos .
The i s esul s o his su ey, selec ing ichneumon
wasps (Hymenop e a: Ichneumonidae) a e p esen ed in
his pape . The many o he pa asi oids ea ed a e s ill
unde analysis (see Discussion).
Ma e ials and me hods
Timing o collec ions
In 2023 and 2024 i h ins a la ae o C. nemo ana we e
collec ed om bo h gene a ions, in he s age jus be o e
pupa ion, as well as pupae in cocoons om ig lea es
in se e al locali ies o Hunga y and we e ea ed in he
labo a o y. As o seasonal de elopmen in Hunga y, he
species de elops wo gene a ions. O e win e ing adul s
became ac i e in sp ing, when milde wea he a i es.
Females soon lay hei eggs on he ig lea es, whe e la -
ae comple e hei de elopmen unde a web. They spin a
cocoon and hen pupa e in a old on he lea es. The adul s
o he i s gene a ion a e on he wing om he end o
June un il he end o July. The second gene a ion’s la ae
eed on he hos plan om July un il Oc obe (Fazekas
2015); hen, o e win e ing adul s eme ge om Augus
un il Oc obe . Fo compa ison, mo e o he sou h, in C o-
a ia, he e a e h ee gene a ions (Maceljski 2002) and
depending on la i ude and clima e in Russia and Cen al
Asia he e a e eco ds o h ee, o e en ou , gene a ions
pe yea (Aizpu úa 1997).
Collec ion si es
We collec ed la ae and pupae om ig ees si ua -
ed mos ly in p i a e ga dens in Pilis ö ös á (GPS:
47°61'70"N, 18°89'15"E), Gödöllő (GPS: 47°58'15"N,
19°37'56"E), Kis a csa (GPS: 47°54'78"N, 19°25'62"E)
(Pes Coun y) and Deb ecen (GPS: 47°50'69"N,
21°63'57"E) (Hajdú–Biha Coun y). The la ges num-
be s, howe e , we e collec ed a he expe imen al a m
o he Hunga ian Uni e si y o Ag icul u e and Li e
Sciences in Szá í ópusz a (Gödöllő; GPS: 47°58'16"N,
19°37'56"E). Pa asi ized la ae and pupae we e only
ound in Gödöllő and Pilis ö ös á .
Handling o samples
Cocoons a ached o ig lea es con aining ei he ma u e
la a o pupa we e collec ed along wi h lea cu ings and
placed in o anspa en plas ic con aine s o 30 mL a he
si es, hen anspo ed o he labo a o y. Lea cu ings
we e kep esh wi h mois ened il e pape a ached o he
ein o s em. The su ounding web was gen ly dissec -
ed and he pupae we e indi idually placed in small glass
sample con aine s o 12 mL un il ha ching. The eme ged
pa asi oids we e p ese ed in 96% e hanol.
Taxonomy and nomencla u e o Ichneumonidae ollow
Yu e al. (2016). The collec ed specimens we e moun ed on
pinned iangula ca ds and we e iden i ied by he second
au ho using a Nikon SMZ645 s e eoscopic mic oscope.
Ichneumon wasp specimens men ioned in his pape a e
deposi ed in he Hymenop e a Collec ion o he Hunga ian
Na ional Museum Public Collec ion Cen e – Hunga ian
Na u al His o y Museum, Budapes . Hos -pa asi oid ela-
ionships we e checked mainly h ough Yu e al. (2016),
as well as in Shaw (2006, 2017), and Shaw e al. (2016).
Resul s and discussion
In he i s gene a ion o C. nemo ana in 2023, a o al o
192 cocoons we e collec ed in Gödöllő, o which 18 we e
pa asi ized (9.4%), 3 o hem we e ichneumonid species
which is 16.7% o he pa asi ized cocoons. Du ing he sec-
ond gene a ion o he same yea , 343 cocoons we e collec -
ed om he same si e, o which 41 we e pa asi ized (12%),
one o hem was an ichneumon wasp which is 2.4% o he
pa asi ized cocoons. F om he i s gene a ion in 2024, a
o al o 208 cocoons we e collec ed in Gödöllő, o hem 53
we e pa asi ized (25.5%) 9 o hem we e ichneumonid spe-
cies which is 17% o he pa asi ized cocoons. Du ing he
second gene a ion ou o 38 cocoons collec ed in Gödöllő,
20 we e pa asi ized (52.6%) none o hem we e ichneu-
monid species; addi ionally, 12 cocoons we e collec ed in
Pilis ö ös á , o hem 5 we e pa asi ized (42%), none o
hem we e ichneumonid species. Thus, p e alence o pa -
asi iza ion a ied by si es and yea s, anged om 9.4% o
52.6%. The o e all o o al pa asi a ion ac oss all si es in
cou se o he en i e su ey was 8%, while he o e all pa a-
si a ion accoun ed o ichneumonids was 1.64%.
A o al o 13 cocoons we e pa asi ized by ichneumon
wasps, ep esen ing 6 species, belonging o 5 sub ami-
lies (Campopleginae, C yp inae, Ichneumoninae, Meso-
cho inae, Pimplinae). Th ee o hese pa asi oid species
a e new o he hos C. nemo ana: Oio hinus pallipalpis
Wesmael, 1845 (Ichneumoninae, 1 emale), Scambus
inanis Sch ank, 1802 (Pimplinae, 1 emale), and En-
c a eola lae iga a Ra zebu g, 1848 (C yp inae, 4 e-
males). Rega ding hese, O. pallipalpis is known om
o he species o Cho eu idae such as Cho eu is pa iana
(Cle ck, 1759) and An hophila ab iciana (Linnaeus,
1767) (Gó ska-D abik 2007; Yu el al. 2016; Shaw 2017).
Bulle in o Insec ology 78 2025, 137–140
bulle ino insec ology.o g
139
Scambus inanis is known o de elop in se e al species
o Lepidop e a (Shaw 2006; Yu el al. 2016). Enc a eola
lae iga a is also known o pa asi ize se e al lepidop e an
hos s such as P ocho eu is sehes ediana (Fab icius, 1777)
and P. mylle ana (Fab icius, 1794) and is also a acul a-
i e pseudohype pa asi oid (pa asi ising Ichneumonidae
and B aconidae cocoons) (Yu el al. 2016; Shaw 2017).
Fu he mo e, Mesocho us i a o (Ze e s ed , 1838)
(Mesocho inae, 2 emales), a ue hype pa asi oid spe-
cies, was also ea ed in his s udy om cocoons o
C. nemo ana; which is also a newly eco ded ela ion
o C. nemo ana. Howe e , M. i a o is a known ue
hype pa asi oid de eloping in se e al b aconid and ich-
neumonid species, including Diadegma Fö s e , 1869, o
which se e al species de elop in cho eu id mo hs (Mus-
aţă and Mus aţă 2007; Yu el al. 2016; Shaw 2017) Thus,
M. i a o undoub edly a ge ed he la a o he p ima y
pa asi oid a he han ha o he mo h.
P e iously known pa asi oids o C. nemo ana we e
also inden i ied in ou samples: 3 emales o Scambus ele-
gans (Wolds ed , 1877) (Pimplinae) (Aube 1958) de el-
oped in he coccons, as well as 2 males o Diadegma sp.
(Yu e al. 2016); un o una ely, he collec ed Diadegma
specimens could no be eliably iden i ied a species le el
due o he lack o any emale specimen in he samples,
al hough Shaw (2017) eco ded D. a milla um (G a en-
ho s , 1829) om C. nemo ana.
Besides ichneumon wasps, he e we e se e al o he
pa asi oid axa ound in his s udy, some in la ge num-
be s. Six specimens belonged o Dip e a, while he as
majo i y o Hymenop e a: P oc o upoidea sensu la o
(1 specimen), B aconidae (3 specimens), Be hylidae
(5 specimens), and Chalcidoidea (mo e han 100 speci-
mens). The iden i ica ion o hese axa is ongoing.
P e ious s udies documen ed se e al o he pa asi oids
o C. nemo ana, ep esen ing a ious axa (see e.g., Bouček
and Askew 1968; Cuscianna 1927; Ka a e al. 2003; Luque
2004; Papp 2015; Shaw e al. 2016, 2017; Abdinbeko a e
al. 2017; Fazekas 2019; Ka allie a os e al. 2019), no (o
no ye ) ound o iden i ied om ou samples.
Summing up he esul s, se e al pa asi oid species ac-
cep he in asi e C. nemo ana as hos in Hunga y. Some
o hese pa asi oids we e no known wi hin he o iginal
ange o dis ibu ion o C. nemo ana, while some o he s
we e. Many pa asi oids known om he Medi e anean
a ea ha e no been ound in he ecen s udy. Fu he sam-
pling will be needed o e eal hei possible occu ence in
Hunga y. Al hough he highes pa asi a ion le el eco ded
in his s udy eached 50%, his alue esul s om g adual
accumula ion o e mo e han a decade ollowing he pes ’s
es ablishmen . This sugges s ha pa asi oids may no be
expec ed o p o ide an e icien con ol o his upcoming
pes in he u u e. In combina ion wi h new en i onmen al-
ly sa e, species-speci ic con ol me hods o be de eloped in
he u u e, like hose based on sex phe omones o hos plan
kai omones, pa asi oids could make a con ibu ion o con-
ol his pes , in he ame o in eg a ed pes managemen .
Acknowledgemen s
We would like o exp ess ou hanks o he s a o he
Hunga ian Uni e si y o Ag icul u e and Li e Sciences
expe imen al a m in Szá í ópusz a o pe mi ing us o
collec expe imen al insec s in hei ex ensi e ig plan a-
ion. Thanks a e also due o se e al p i a e ga den owne s
o allowing us o make collec ions.
This esea ch was unded pa ly by he s ipendium
om he Doc o al School o Plan Sciences a Hunga -
ian Uni e si y o Ag icul u e and Li e Sciences and he
Junio Resea che 2025 g an o HUN-REN Cen e o
Ag icul u al Resea ch (0309B1431P) o A. Teski.
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