Co esponding au ho : Ch is ian Onose ale Ugege
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Assessmen o he ela ionship be ween oxida i e s ess ma ke s and an i-oxida i e
co- ac o s in subjec s wi h diabe es melli us
Ch is ian Onose ale Ugege 1, 4, *, Ma hew Fola anmi Olaniyan 1, Caleb AKhe e Aigbokhan1, 3, Edwa d Eghonghon
Imadojemu 1, 5, Ekomobong E iong Idem 2, 4, Da id Olu emi Adebo 1 and Odekunle Bola Odegbemi 1
1 Depa men o Medical Labo a o y Science, Edo Uni e si y, Facul y o Applied Heal h Science, Uzai ue, Edo S a e, Nige ia.
2 Depa men o Medical Labo a o y Science, Facul y o Basic Medical Science, Uni e si y o Benin, Benin Ci y, Edo S a e,
Nige ia.
3 Depa men o Medical Labo a o y Science, Facul y o Allied Heal h Science, Benson Idahosa Uni e si y, Benin Ci y, Edo
S a e, Nige ia
4 Chemical Pa hology Depa men , Medical Labo a o y Se ices, Edo Specialis Hospi al, Benin Ci y, Edo S a e, Nige ia
5 Chemical Pa hology Depa men , Medical Labo a o y Se ices, Fai h Mediplex Hospi al, Benin Ci y, Eod S a e, Nige ia
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 2131-2143
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 14 July 2025; e ised on 26 Augus 2025; accep ed on 28 Augus 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.2.3056
Abs ac
Diabe es melli us is cha ac e ized by impai ed glucose me abolism and a esul an e ec o pe sis en hype glycaemia.
Type 2 diabe es also known as adul -onse diabe es is majo ly caused by insulin esis ance. The objec i e o his s udy
is o de e mine he ela ionship be ween oxida i e s ess ma ke s and an i-oxida i e co- ac o s in subjec s wi h diabe es
melli us in Edo Sou h Sena o ial dis ic o Edo s a e. A o al o 150 pa icipan s (100 subjec s wi h diabe es melli us
and 50 appa en ly heal hy indi iduals used as con ol) we e ec ui ed in o his s udy. Oxida i e s ess ma ke s,
glu a hione pe oxidase (Gpx), ca alase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) we e analyzed using chemiluminiscence
echniques. While he ace elemen s; magnesium, zinc, selenium and coppe we e analyzed using a omic abso p ion
spec opho ome y. The da a we e analyzed using s a is ical so wa e o social science e sion 23 (IBM, Chicago IL,
USA). The mean alue o he oxida i e s ess ma ke s shows ha he e was a s a is ically signi ican inc ease in MDA in
diabe ic subjec s as compa ed o hei non-diabe ic coun e pa s (P=0.014) while Gpx and CAT expe ienced a signi ican
dec ease in diabe ic g oup han he con ols (P=0.000 and P=0.000 espec i ely). Fo he ace elemen s, only
magnesium showed a signi ican dec ease in he subjec g oup when compa ed o he con ol g oup (P=0.007), wi h
zinc, coppe and selenium depic ing no s a is ical signi icance. The ela ionship be ween an i-oxida i e co-
ac o s(Coppe , Zinc, Magnesium and Selenium) and edox pa ame e s (CAT, MDA and GSH) depic ed no signi ican
co ela ion.
Keywo ds: Oxida i e S ess; Oxida i e Ma ke s; An i-Oxida i e; Diabe es Melli us; Glu a hione Pe oxidase (Gpx);
Ca alase (CAT); Malondialdehyde (MDA)
1. In oduc ion
Diabe es melli us is a me abolic diso de cha ac e ized by ele a ed blood glucose le els due o he body's inabili y o
p oduce o e ec i ely u ilize insulin (Ame ican Diabe es Associa ion, 2023). This ch onic condi ion can lead o a ious
complica ions, including dys hy oidism, in lamma o y esponses, and oxida i e s ess. Explo ing he ela ionship
be ween hese ac o s and he ole o an i-oxida i e co- ac o s could be pi o al in he managemen o diabe es melli us.
The co-exis ence o hese condi ions can exace ba e me abolic dis u bances, leading o poo glycemic con ol and an
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 2131-2143
2132
inc eased isk o complica ions (Kuo e al., 2019). The unde lying mechanisms in ol e al e a ions in insulin sensi i i y,
glucose me abolism, and hy oid ho mone egula ion (Kal a and Sahay, 2022).
Oxida i e s ess, cha ac e ized by an imbalance be ween he p oduc ion o eac i e oxygen species (ROS) and he body's
an i-oxidan de ense mechanisms, plays a signi ican ole in he pa hogenesis o diabe es melli us (Ya ibeygi e al.,
2020). Hype glycemia, a hallma k o diabe es, p omo es he o ma ion o ROS, which can damage cellula componen s,
including p o eins, lipids, and DNA. This oxida i e s ess con ibu es o he de elopmen o a ious diabe ic
complica ions, such as neu opa hy, neph opa hy, and e inopa hy. Hype glycemia and dyslipidemia con ibu e o he
inc eased p oduc ion o ROS, which can damage cellula componen s, including lipids, p o eins, and DNA (Newsholme
e al., 2016). Oxida i e s ess is also implica ed in he de elopmen o diabe ic complica ions, such as neph opa hy,
neu opa hy, and e inopa hy (Newsholme e al., 2016). To comba he de imen al e ec s o oxida i e s ess, he body
elies on a ious an i-oxidan de ense mechanisms, including enzyma ic and non-enzyma ic an i-oxidan s.
An i-oxida i e co- ac o s, such as i amins C and E, ca o enoids, and ace elemen s like zinc and selenium, play a i al
ole in coun e ac ing oxida i e s ess and mi iga ing i s dele e ious e ec s (Asemi e al., 2015). These co- ac o s ac as
sca enge s o ROS, enhancing he body's an i-oxidan de ense mechanisms and po en ially educing he isk o diabe ic
complica ions (Asemi e al., 2015). Howe e , he e icacy o an i-oxidan supplemen a ion in managing diabe es melli us
emains a subjec o ongoing esea ch and deba e (Asemi e al., 2015).
These co- ac o s can help neu alize ROS, p e en oxida i e damage, and po en ially mi iga e he p og ession o diabe ic
complica ions. Unde s anding hese in ica e ela ionships is c ucial o de eloping e ec i e s a egies o manage and
p e en diabe ic complica ions. The inco po a ion o an i-oxida i e co- ac o s, in conjunc ion wi h app op ia e medical
in e en ions, may hold p omise in mi iga ing he dele e ious e ec s o oxida i e s ess and imp o ing o e all ou comes
o indi iduals wi h diabe es melli us.
The objec i e o his s udy is o de e mine he ela ionship be ween oxida i e s ess ma ke s and an i-oxida i e co-
ac o s in subjec s wi h diabe es melli us in Edo Sou h Sena o ial dis ic o Edo s a e.
2. Resea ch me hodology
2.1. S udy A ea and Popula ion
This s udy was ca ied ou a Edo Specialis Hospi al, Benin Ci y, Edo S a e. The s udy popula ion o his esea ch is
diabe ic pa ien s a ending he endoc inology clinic o Edo Specialis Hospi al, Benin Ci y, Edo S a e. Appa en ly heal hy
male and emale subjec s; wi h a good glucose me abolism and no his o y o es ing posi i e o ube culosis, HIV,
Hepa i is B and C i us se ed as he con ol g oup. The e o e, a minimum o 100 es samples and 50 con ols we e
used o his s udy.
2.2. S udy C i e ia
Adul male and emale subjec s wi h labo a o y e idence o diabe es melli us, adul male and emale subjec s who ga e
an in o med consen o pa icipa e in hese wo k and adul male and emale subjec s wi h no labo a o y e idence o
eac i i y o ube culosis, Human Immunode iciency Vi us(HIV), Hepa i is B and C we e included in he s udy. While,
adul male and emale subjec s wi h no e idence o impai ed glucose me abolism, adul male and emale subjec s who
e used o g an in o med consen o pa icipa ion and adul male and emale subjec s who es ed posi i e o
ube culosis, HIV, hepa i is B and C we e excluded om he s udy.
2.3. Sample Collec ion
Spu um o s udy pa icipan s we e collec ed in o s e ile uni e sal con aine o Acid Alcohol Fas Bacili(AAFB)
sc eening. Abou i e millili es o blood was collec ed asep ically om he cubi al ossa o each subjec by an
expe ienced phlebo omis using an asep ic collec ion p ocedu e as desc ibed by Cheesb ough (2000), dispensed in o
plain sample con aine and allowed o clo . A e clo e ac ion, samples we e cen i uged and he supe na an was
collec ed in o ano he plain con aine . Sample was hen s o ed a eezing empe a u e un il analysis.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 2131-2143
2133
3. Labo a o y analyses
3.1. Sc eening o ube culosis using Gene Xpe me hod
3.1.1. P inciple
The GeneXpe es is a molecula diagnos ic es ha uses eal- ime polyme ase chain eac ion (PCR) echnology o
de ec he gene ic ma e ial (DNA o RNA) o pa hogens such as bac e ia, i uses, and pa asi es. The es is pe o med
using a small ca idge ha con ains all he necessa y eagen s, so he e is no need o complex labo a o y equipmen
o ex ensi e sample p epa a ion.
3.1.2. Me hod
• The sample was ob ained om he spu um o he pa ien
• The sample was added o a small ca idge ha con ains all he necessa y eagen s o he es .
• The ca idge was inse ed in o he GeneXpe ins umen , which pe o ms he es au oma ically.
The ins umen hea s and cools he sample, which causes he gene ic ma e ial o be ampli ied (copied) millions o imes.
The ins umen also de ec s he ampli ied gene ic ma e ial in eal- ime, allowing o he apid and accu a e de ec ion o
he pa hogen.
The esul s a e au oma ically in e p e ed by he ins umen and can be p in ed ou o iewed on a compu e sc een.
3.2. Sc eening o HIV, Hepa i is B and C using ELISA
3.2.1. P inciple
Enzyme-linked immunoso ben assay (ELISA) is a commonly used me hod o sc eening o HIV and hepa i is in ec ions.
The p inciple o he ELISA me hod in ol es he use o speci ic an ibodies ha can ecognize and bind o i al an igens
in a pa ien 's blood o se um.
3.2.2. Me hod
A mic o i e pla e was coa ed wi h speci ic i al an igens, such as HIV o hepa i is an igens, ha a e immobilized on he
su ace o he pla e.
• A small amoun o he se um was added o he coa ed mic o i e pla e.
• The pla e was incuba ed o allow he pa ien 's an ibodies o bind o he i al an igens on he pla e.
• The pla e was washed o emo e any unbound an ibodies
• A seconda y an ibody ha ecognizes and binds o he pa ien 's an ibodies was added o he pla e.
• The pla e was incuba ed once mo e o allow he de ec ion an ibody o bind o he pa ien 's an ibodies ha a e
bound o he i al an igens.
• An enzyme subs a e was added o he pla e ha eac s wi h he enzyme conjuga ed o he de ec ion an ibody.
This p oduces a colo change ha indica es he p esence o an ibodies.
• The colo change was measu ed using a spec opho ome e , and he in ensi y o he colo is p opo ional o he
numbe o an ibodies p esen in he pa ien 's sample.
3.3. De e mina ion o Ca alase, Glu a hione pe oxidase and Malondialdehyde Using Abbo Au o-analyze
3.3.1. P inciple
Abbo Au o-analyze is an au oma ed clinical chemis y analyze used o he analyses o a wide ange o biochemical
ma ke s in pa ien ’s blood and se um samples. The p inciple o ope a ion o he Abbo Au o-analyze is based on
chemiluminescence. Ac i a ed ions ge s exci ed by abso bed ene gy and mo e om hei espec i e g ound s a es o
highe ene gy le els. Upon e u n o hei ini ially occupied g ound s a e, hese ions emi hei abso bed ene gy.
3.3.2. Me hod
The pa ien 's blood was p epa ed by cen i uga ion o sepa a e he cells om he se um. The se um was hen loaded
on o he ins umen .
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 2131-2143
2134
The Abbo Au o-analyze uses p e-packaged eagen ki s ha con ain all he necessa y eagen s o he analysis o
speci ic biochemical ma ke s. These eagen s we e loaded in o he ins umen , along wi h calib a o s and quali y
con ol samples.
The ins umen au oma ically dispenses a measu ed olume o he pa ien 's sample in o a eac ion essel con aining
he app op ia e eagen s. The eac ion be ween he sample and he eagen s p oduced a colou ed compound, he
in ensi y o which is p opo ional o he concen a ion o he analy e being measu ed.
The eac ion essel was placed in o he ins umen , which measu es he abso bance o he colou ed compound a a
speci ic wa eleng h o ligh . The abso bance measu emen is compa ed o a calib a ion cu e gene a ed using he
calib a o s, and he concen a ion o he analy e in he pa ien 's sample was de e mined.
3.3.3. Quali y con ol
The Abbo Au o-analyze also includes buil -in quali y con ol ea u es o ensu e he accu acy and p ecision o he
analysis. These ea u es include he use o quali y con ol samples, au oma ed calib a ion, and ins umen main enance
checks.
3.4. De e mina ion o Coppe , Zinc, Selenium and Magnesium using A omic Abso p ion Spec opho ome y
3.4.1. P inciple
A omic abso p ion spec opho ome y (AAS) is a commonly used analy ical echnique o he quan i a i e analysis o
ace elemen s in a wide ange o samples, including en i onmen al, clinical, and biological specimens. The p inciple o
he AAS me hod in ol es he measu emen o he abso bance o ligh by ee a oms in a gaseous s a e.
3.4.2. Me hod
The sample was p epa ed by acid diges ion ha con e he sample in o a solu ion ha can be aspi a ed in o he AAS
ins umen . The solu ion con aining he analy e was aspi a ed in o a lame, usually a lame p oduced by bu ning
ace ylene and ai , whe e he sample is apo ized and he a oms o he analy e was exci ed o highe ene gy le els. A
beam o ligh , usually om a hollow ca hode lamp ha emi s ligh a he speci ic wa eleng h co esponding o he
elemen being analyzed, was passed h ough he lame. The a oms o he analy e in he lame abso b some o he ligh ,
esul ing in a dec ease in he in ensi y o he ansmi ed ligh . The amoun o ligh abso bed by he analy e was
measu ed by a de ec o , and he abso bance was con e ed o concen a ion using a calib a ion cu e gene a ed using
s anda d solu ions o known concen a ion.
3.4.3. Quali y con ol
AAS ins umen s include buil -in quali y con ol ea u es o ensu e he accu acy and p ecision o he analysis. These
ea u es include he use o blank solu ions, e e ence s anda ds, and con ol samples.
4. Resul
Table 1 Showing he esul s o he demog aphic cha ac e is ics o s udy pa icipan s
Table 1 Demog aphic Cha ac e is ics o S udy Pa icipan s
Pa ame e s
Diabe ics
Con ol
No. o Sample
100
50
Age o Subjec
6.25 ± 1.70
6.25 ± 1.52
Cu (Mg/L)
0.81 ± 0.03
0.86 ± 0.02
Zn (Mg/L)
1.08 ± 0.05
1.26 ± 0.06
Mg (Mg/L)
19.07 ± 0.47 *
20.96 ± 0.49 *
Se (Mg/L)
0.09 ± 0.01
0.11 ± 0.01
Ca alase (u/mg)
7.57 ± 0.57 *
16.89 ± 0.99 *
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 2131-2143
2135
GPx (u/mg)
4.72 ± 0.52 *
11.49 ± 0.93 *
MDA (µM/g)
0.54 ± 0.03 *
0.44 ± 0.01 *
The able below po aying he an i-oxidan s analysis shows ha he e is signi ican inc ease (P<0.05: P=0.014) o he
MDA alues o he diabe ic g oup when compa ed wi h he non-diabe ic g oup while a signi ican dec ease was
eco ded o he ca alase and GPx le els when he diabe ic g oup was compa ed wi h non-diabe ic g oup. This depic s
ha accompanied by hype glycemia in diabe es melli us is he induc ion o oxida i e s ess as shown by he esul
algo i hm.
Table 2 Compa ison o oxida i e s ess ma ke s among s udy pa icipan s
Va iables
Diabe ics
(Tes ) n=100
Non-Diabe ics
(Con ol) n=50
- alue
P- alue
Ca alase
7.5736±4.0878
16.8934±7.01801
8.114
0.000
MDA
0.5499±0.2806
0.4422±0.1108
-2.524
0.014
GPx
4.7212±3.7003
11.4898±6.6404
6.296
0.000
Resul s o he an i-oxida i e co- ac o s, only magnesium showed a signi ican (P<0.05: P=0.007) dec ease o he
diabe ic g oup when compa ed o he non-diabe ic g oup while Cu, Zn and Selenium we e no signi ican . This in a iably
implies ha accompanied by impai ed glucose me abolism as seen in diabe es melli us is hypomagnesemia.
Table 3 Compa ison o an i-oxida i e co- ac o s among s udy pa icipan s
Va iables
Diabe ics
(Tes ) n=100
Non-Diabe ics
(Con ol) n=50
- alue
P- alue
Coppe
0.8126±0.2219
0.8626±0.1950
1.197
0.234
Magnesium
19.0702±3.3523
20.9584±3.5065
2.752
0.007
Zinc
1.2318±0.4492
1.1140±0.4055
-1.377
0.172
Selenium
0.0986±0.0357
0.1118±0.0377
1.796
0.076
Table 4 shows he ela ionship be ween oxida i e s ess ma ke s and an i-oxida i e co- ac o s, wi h a non-signi ican
co ela ion being es ablished amongs hese espec i e pa ame e s.
Table 4 Co ela ion be ween Oxida i e S ess Ma ke s and An i-Oxida i e Co-Fac o s
MDA and GPx
An i-oxida i e Co- ac o s
- alue
P- alue
Rema k
MDA
GPx
Coppe
-0.044
0.761
NWNSC
Magnesium
-0.004
0.978
NWNSC
Selenium
-0.201
0.162
NWNSC
Zinc
0.030
0.838
PWNSC
GSH
Coppe
0.139
0.337
PSNSC
Magnesium
-0.047
0.748
NWNSC
Selenium
0.162
0.260
PSNSC
-Zinc
0.213
0.138
PWNSC
Key: NWNSC= Nega i e Weak Non-Signi ican Co ela ion; PWNSC= Posi i e Weak Non-Signi ican Co ela ion
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 2131-2143
2136
5. Discussion
The e is signi ican inc ease (P<0.05: P=0.014) o he MDA alues o he diabe ic g oup when compa ed wi h he non-
diabe ic g oup while a signi ican dec ease was eco ded o he ca alase and GPx le els when he diabe ic g oup was
compa ed wi h non-diabe ic g oup. This depic s ha accompanied by hype glycemia in diabe es melli us is he
induc ion o oxida i e s ess as shown by he esul algo i hm. The indings o his s udy a e consis en wi h hose o
T i edi e al., (2024) in hei s udy on "E alua ion o an i-oxidan enzyme ac i i y and malondialdehyde le els in
pa ien s wi h diabe es melli us." They also epo ed a signi ican inc ease in malondialdehyde (MDA) le els among
diabe ic subjec s compa ed o non-diabe ic pa ien s. Ea lie s udies sugges ha glycemic balance appea s o impac
plasma MDA le els, leading o inc eased p oduc ion o ee adicals. This phenomenon likely occu ed due o ei he
enhanced glycosyla ion and pla ele agg ega ion o impai men o cellula an i-oxidan p o ec i e sys ems. The
heigh ened p oduc ion o ee adicals may con ibu e o he de elopmen o me abolic asculopa hy. Thei s udy on
"The in es iga ion o he oxida i e s ess- ela ed pa ame e s in ype 2 diabe es melli us" also epo ed a signi ican
educ ion in ca alase and glu a hione pe oxidase (GPx) le els. The changes in an i-oxidan s a us may s em om
heigh ened oxida i e s ess induced by ac o s such as hype glycemia.
Ba bagallo and Dominguez (2015) no ed a decline in se um magnesium le els co ela ed wi h inc eases in HbA1c le els
and he du a ion o Type 2 Diabe es Melli us, which co esponds wi h he indings o his s udy. Likewise, he dec ease
in magnesium le els could be a consequence o heigh ened u ina y exc e ion igge ed by hype glycemia.
S udies ha e showed ha in diabe ic melli us pa ien s, ace elemen s like selenium, zinc, and coppe play c ucial oles
in modula ing edox pa ame e s such as an i-oxidan enzyme ac i i ies and oxida i e s ess le els. Al e a ions in ace
elemen s a us can dis up he balance be ween oxidan and an i-oxidan de enses, con ibu ing o inc eased oxida i e
s ess and issue damage obse ed in diabe es. Con e sely, supplemen a ion o op imiza ion o ace elemen le els
may help es o e edox balance and mi iga e complica ions associa ed wi h diabe es.
Based on he esul s o his s udy, diabe ic subjec s exhibi ed a signi ican dec ease in magnesium, ca alase, and
glu a hione pe oxidase compa ed o con ol subjec s. Con e sely, a signi ican inc ease in malondialdehyde le els was
obse ed in diabe ic subjec s compa ed o con ol subjec s. The esul s o his s udy ega ding magnesium le els a e
consis en wi h hose o A paci e al., 2017, whose esea ch on "Associa ions o se um Magnesium le els wi h diabe es
melli us and diabe ic complica ions" iden i ied a signi ican magnesium deple ion. They sugges ha hype insulinemia-
ela ed u ina y magnesium exc e ion, insu icien nu i ion, and possibly a pa icula enal de ec migh con ibu e o
his occu ence. Consis en wi h he ou comes o his s udy, Mish a and Mish a (2017) epo ed a no able ise in MDA
le els and a signi ican dec ease in glu a hione pe oxidase le els among diabe ic subjec s compa ed o non-diabe ic
indi iduals.
The ela ionship be ween age, ace elemen s and oxida i e s ess ma ke s in diabe ic melli us pa ien s is complex.
Aging exace ba es oxida i e s ess. These ac o s collec i ely con ibu e o he pa hogenesis and p og ession o diabe es
melli us, impac ing i s managemen and complica ions.
In in es iga ing he in luence o age on a ious ac o s including ace elemen s and oxida i e s ess ma ke s in pa ien s
wi h Diabe es Melli us, as obse ed in he esul s e ealed ha age led o a signi ican inc ease in Fas ing Se um Glucose
and Malondialdehyde. Con e sely, age was associa ed wi h a signi ican dec ease in Magnesium, Ca alase and
glu a hione pe oxidase. The co ela ion obse ed in his s udy ega ding Fas ing Se um Glucose aligns wi h he esul s
o Animaw and Seyoum (2017), whose Mul iple logis ic eg ession es s simila ly indica ed a signi ican di e ence
among age ca ego ies. Indi iduals aged 37 o 50 yea s old we e app oxima ely six imes mo e likely o ha e diabe es,
wi h an adjus ed odds a io (AOR) o 5.5 (95% CI: 1.5–19.6), compa ed o hose aged 18–23 yea s old. The likelihood o
ha ing diabe es inc eases o o e six- old as pa icipan s age beyond 50 yea s. The esul s ega ding magnesium in his
s udy a e consis en wi h hose o Liamis e al., 2014, who obse ed hypomagnesemia in pa ien s wi h diabe es melli us.
They sugges ed ha glome ula hype il a ion migh be esponsible o his occu ence. Rega ding an i-oxidan s a us,
he esul s o his s udy a e en i ely consis en wi h hose o Rani and My hili, (2014), whose esea ch on "S udy on o al
an i-oxidan s a us in ela ion o oxida i e s ess in ype 2 diabe es melli us" no ed a no able inc ease in
malondialdehyde le els and a signi ican dec ease in glu a hione pe oxidase and ca alase le els among diabe ic subjec s
compa ed o con ol subjec s. The ele a ion in malondialdehyde le els could be a ibu ed o heigh ened pe oxida i e
damage o lipids esul ing om oxida i e s ess expe ienced du ing diabe es. Fu he mo e, he educ ion in glu a hione
pe oxidase and ca alase le els among diabe ic subjec s may be linked o inc eased oxida i e s ess, as e idenced by
lipid pe oxida ion. The dec ease in an i-oxidan s e lec s he ba le hey wage agains oxida i e s ess o minimize he
esul ing damage.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 2131-2143
2137
6. Conclusion
Diabe ic subjec s display inc eased oxida i e s ess, indica ed by ele a ed malondialdehyde le els and dec eased an i-
oxidan enzyme le els such as ca alase and glu a hione pe oxidase. I has also been es ablished ha he e is
hypomagnesemia in subjec s wi h diabe es melli us, wi h no signi ican e ec on coppe , zinc and selenium.
Unde s anding hese ela ionships may in o m a ge ed he apeu ic in e en ions o mi iga e he complica ions
associa ed wi h diabe es melli us.
Based on he indings o his s udy, Magnesium le els o diabe ic pa ien s should be ou inely analyzed and de angemen
should be commensu a ely managed using necessa y die s and/o supplemen a ion. Also, le els o Oxida i e s ess
ma ke s such as ca alase, glu a hione pe oxidase and malondialdehyde in diabe ics should be equen ly de e mined.
Li es yle modi ica ions, he apeu ic in e en ions and die a y adjus men s should be ecommended by heal hca e
p o ide s o cushion he e ec o oxida i e s ess on he pa hogenesis o diabe es melli us.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
• I wan o specially acknowledge he schola ly guidance gi en me by my inde a igable supe iso , P o . Ma hew
Fola anmi Olaniyan, du ing he cou se o his esea ch wo k. Wo ds a e no enough o exp ess he dep h o my
g a i ude.
• My belo ed wi e and Child en; Shiph ah and Shim a h Ugege, many hanks o you pa ience and unwa e ing
suppo s in all sense o he wo d.
• I do also app ecia e my Head o Depa men , D . G.I. Iya e, who con inually p o ided needed suppo and
encou agemen .
• I wan o also acknowledge he imely suppo o my o me Dean, P o . M.A. Muhibi and cu en Dean, D . Pius
Omosigho. You guidance was a s imulan .
• Since e g a i ude o M . Ilenagbe Teddy, Igu e Baba unde Augus ine and Agbonghai Chinedu o hei massi e
suppo s du ing he sojou n.
• The g ea es hanks goes o Jeho ah; he p o ide and sus aine o li e.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic -o -in e es o be disclosed.
S a emen o e hical app o al
The app o al o his s udy was gi en by he e hical commi ee o Heal h Resea ch. E hics Commi ee o Edo S a e
Minis y o Heal h, Benin Ci y, Edo S a e, Nige ia.
S a emen o in o med consen
In o med consen was ob ained om each pa icipan p io o specimen collec ion.
Au ho s’ Con ibu ions
• Concep ion and design he wo k/idea: Ch is ian Onose ale Ugege and Ma hew Fola anmi Olaniyan
• Collec da a/ob aining esul s: Ch is ian Onose ale Ugege and Aigbokhan Akhe e Caleb
• Manusc ip w i ing: Ch is ian Onose ale Ugege
• Analysis and in e p e a ion o da a: Da id Olu emi Adebo and Odekunle Bola Odegbami
• C i ical e ision o he manusc ip : Ekomobong E iong Idem and Edwa d Eghonghon Imadojemu
• Final esea ch e iew: Ma hew Fola anmi Olaniyan
Funding
This esea ch did no ecei e any g an om unding agencies in he public, comme cial, o no - o -p o i sec o s.
A ailabili y o Da a and Ma e ials
The au ho s decla e consen o all a ailable da a p esen in his s udy.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 2131-2143
2138
Re e ences
[1] Ame ican Diabe es Associa ion. (2023). S anda ds o medical ca e in diabe es—2023. Diabe es Ca e, 46(1):1-
229.
[2] Animaw, W., and Seyoum, Y. (2017). Inc easing p e alence o diabe es melli us in a de eloping coun y and i s
ela ed ac o s. PloS one. 12(11): 187670.
[3] A paci, D., Tocoglu, A. G., E genc, H., Ko kmaz, S., Uca , A., and Tame , A. (2015). Associa ions o se um Magnesium
le els wi h diabe es melli us and diabe ic complica ions. Hippok a ia. 19(2): 153.
[4] Asemi, Z., Ka amali, M., and Esmaillzadeh, A. (2015). E ec s o calcium- i amin D co-supplemen a ion on
glycaemic con ol, in lamma ion and oxida i e s ess in ges a ional diabe es: A andomised placebo-con olled
ial. Diabe ologia, 58(9): 1919-1928.
[5] Ba bagallo, M., and Dominguez, L. J. (2015). Magnesium and ype 2 diabe es. Wo ld Jou nal o
Diabe es,6(10):152-1157.
[6] Chee sbo ough, M.(2000). Dis ic Labo a o y P ac ice Manual in T opical Coun ies. Camb idge Uni e si y P ess,
Camb idge. 178-179
[7] Kal a, S., and Sahay, R. (2022). Diabe es and hy oid diso de s. Jou nal o he Pakis an Medical Associa ion, 72(4):
813-817.
[8] Kuo, I. C., Lin, H. Y., Shau, W. Y., Huang, C. F., Lee, P. L., Hsieh, M. S., and Lee, I. T. (2019). Thy oid dys unc ion in
diabe ic pa ien s wi h me abolic synd ome. The Jou nal o Endoc inology and Me abolism, 9(1-2): 22-29.
[9] Liamis, G., Libe opoulos, E., Ba kas, F., and Elisa , M. (2014). Diabe es melli us and elec oly e diso de s. Wo ld
Jou nal o Clinical Cases: WJCC. 2(10):488.
[10] Mish a, S., and Mish a, B. B. (2017). S udy o lipid pe oxida ion, ni ic oxide end p oduc , and ace elemen s a us
in ype 2 diabe es melli us wi h and wi hou complica ions. In e na ional Jou nal o Applied and Basic Medical
Resea ch.7(2): 88-93.
[11] Newsholme, P., C uza , V. F., A uso, F., and Keane, K. (2016). Nu ien egula ion o insulin sec e ion and ac ion.
The Jou nal o Endoc inology, 231(1):105-120.
[12] Rani, A. J., and My hili, S. (2014). S udy on o al an ioxidan s a us in ela ion o oxida i e s ess in ype 2 diabe es
melli us. Jou nal o clinical and diagnos ic esea ch: JCDR. 8(3): 108.
[13] T i edi, S., Lal, N., Mahdi, A. A., Mi al, M., Singh, B., and Pandey, S. (2014). E alua ion o an ioxidan enzymes
ac i i y and malondialdehyde le els in pa ien s wi h ch onic pe iodon i is and diabe es melli us. Jou nal o
pe iodon ology. 85(5):713-720.
[14] Ya ibeygi, H., A kin, S. L., Simen al-Mendía, L. E., Ba e o, G. E., and Sahebka , A. (2020). Molecula mechanisms
by which hype glycemia induces oxida i e s ess in diabe es. Jou nal o Cellula Physiology, 235(11):7594-7607.
7. Appendix
Figu e 1 The Rela ionship Be ween Malondialdehyde And Magnesium
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 2131-2143
2139
Figu e 2 The Rela ionship Be ween Malondialdehyde And Coppe
Figu e 3 The Rela ionship Be ween Malondialdehyde And Selenium
Figu e 4 The Rela ionship Be ween Ca alase And Zinc
