Co esponding au ho : Alan Omondi Odoyo.
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Lscense 4.0.
Expanding he Role o Communi y Pha macies in Kenya: In eg a ing Diabe es,
Hype ension, and Men al Heal h Ca e
Alan Omondi Odoyo 1, *, Hilda Ndunge Nyamai 2 and Ke a Obwama Makokha 3
1 Depa men o Pha macy, Facul y o Heal h Sciences, Uni e si y o Nai obi, P.O. Box 19676 - 00202, Nai obi, Kenya.
2 Facul ies o Heal h Sciences, School o Nu sing and Midwi e y, Eas A ica, Aga Khan Uni e si y, Nai obi, Kenya.
3 Nalan Pha macy, Nai obi, Kenya.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(02), 088-094
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 26 Sep embe 2025; e ised on 02 No embe 2025; accep ed on 04 No embe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wjbphs.2025.24.2.0983
Abs ac
Kenya aces a ising bu den o non-communicable diseases (NCDs), accoun ing o 39% o Kenyan dea hs, which
ep esen s a 12% inc ease since 2014. Hype ension a ec s abou 24% o adul s, and he p e alence o diabe es s ands
a 3%. Cu en ly, despi e he legal pe mission o communi y pha macies in Kenya o dispense medicines, counsel
pa ien s, adminis e some accina ions, and manage mino ailmen s, hey emain unde u ilized in he p e en ion and
managemen o a ious NCDs. The e is g owing a ionale o in eg a e NCD ca e in o pha macies since, acco ding o
WHO, pha macis s a e accessible “ i s poin o con ac ” p o ide s, and pha macy-based models elsewhe e ha e
imp o ed NCD con ol and e iciency. This commen a y p oposes an implemen a ion amewo k whe ein pha macies
a e a he o e on o p o iding NCD heal h se ices, en ailing ou ine sc eening (blood p essu e, blood glucose, PHQ-
9 dep ession sc eens), li es yle counseling, d ug egimen adhe ence and e ill suppo , medica ion he apy
managemen , and digi ally linking pa ien s o heal h acili ies. Realizing his equi es pha macis upskilling, policy
e o ms o expanded scope o p ac ice, inancing ia Social Heal h Insu ance Fund eimbu semen s o co e pha macy
e ills and sc eenings, and digi al in eg a ion and in e ope abili y o such heal h se ices (mobile apps, e- e e als). Key
ecommenda ions include pilo p og ams o es pha macy-led NCD heal h ca e, egula o y changes o pe mi clinical
se ices, aining p og ams, and sus ainable inancing (public/p i a e pa ne ships, insu ance eimbu semen ).
Expanded pha macy oles could imp o e ea ly de ec ion and con ol o diabe es, hype ension, and men al heal h
diso de s, deconges hospi als, and s eng hen Kenya’s p og ess owa d Uni e sal Heal h Co e age (UHC).
Keywo ds: Communi y pha macy; Hype ension; Men al heal h Illnesses; Diabe es; Policy in e en ion; Pha macy
aining
1. In oduc ion
Mos coun ies in sub-Saha an A ica a e acing an unp eceden ed o e haul o hei disease p o ile, om communicable
diseases such as mala ia, ube culosis, and HIV o an epidemiological ansi ion cha ac e ized by an inc easing
p edominance o ch onic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Acco ding o Gouda e al. [1], he e is a g owing bu den
o diabe es, ch onic kidney disease, ch onic espi a o y diseases, ca dio ascula disease, cance s, and men al and
subs ance use diso de s in sub-Saha an A ica. In Kenya, NCDs ha e escala ed and led o many mo ali ies and
mo bidi ies. Acco ding o Ka ugu e al. [2], an es ima ed 1.8 million Kenyan adul s (3.1%) had diabe es in 2019
(p ojec ed o exceed 2.2 million by 2030), whe eas hype ension p e alence is app oxima ely 24%. NCDs, including
ca dio ascula diseases and diabe es, a e now he majo i y o Kenya’s disease bu den, con ibu ing 39% o dea hs [3].
Men al heal h diso de s, including dep ession, gene alized anxie y diso de s, and subs ance use diso de s, also
con ibu e signi ican ly o mo bidi ies; he Kenya Demog aphic and Heal h Su ey (2022) epo ed 3.8% o Kenyan
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adul s (15–49) o be ha ing dep ession and anxie y symp oms [4]. Despi e all hese, 4 ou o 5 hype ensi es globally
a e unde ea ed, and mos Kenyans lack access o adequa e men al heal h se ices [4].
Wo k o ce sho ages and esou ce cons ain s c ea e he mos signi ican limi a ion o access o NCD ca e in Kenya's
public heal h sys em. The e a e a ew clinics ha handle a huge pa ien wo kload, hus discou aging many pa ien s wi h
non-communicable diseases om seeking hei se ices. Such pa ien s may p e e o seek such se ices om
communi y pha macies, which a e o en close o hem and ha e c ea ed a good appo and unde s anding wi h he
pha macis s. These p o ide an un apped po en ial, because hese pha macies can be used o se e as local heal hca e
hubs o managing hype ension, diabe es, men al heal h diso de s, and o he NCDs. This commen a y akes a di e in o
explo ing he possible pa hways ha he go e nmen and o he s akeholde s can use o expand he scope and in eg a e
communi y pha macies in he managemen o NCDs, d awing om ends and pa e ns while being in o med by he
exis ing gaps.
2. Backg ound and Con ex
Acco ding o esea ch by Gouda e al. [1], a la ge po ion o he NCD bu den in sub-Saha an A ica is caused by
ca dio ascula diseases, neoplasms, men al diso de s, diabe es, and u ogeni al, blood, and endoc ine diseases. S okes
a e he leading cause o ca dio ascula disease bu den, which is explained by high a es o hype ension and a lack o
e ec i e ea men and con ol in he egion [1]. Da a shows ha sou he n sub-Saha an A ica has he highes NCD
bu den, poin ing o an u gen need o p epa e and ans o m heal h se ices and deli e y o alle ia e he p oblem [1].
The p ima y posi ion o a pha macy o e he yea s has been o dispense medicine, o en p esc ibed by a physician o
based on p esen ing condi ions o uncomplica ed cases. Pha macis s also ha e a du y o ensu e ha hey dispense sa e,
e ec i e, and quali y medicine. Howe e , as no ed by Mish iky e al. [5], pha macis s now ha e an expanded ole ha
may include gi ing ad ice o pa ien s and playing he ole o consul ing on pha maco he apy. An impo an poin o
no e is ha o mos ch onic illnesses, medicines emain he p ima y modali y o ea men . This places pha macis s a
an ine i able posi ion in he managemen o NCDs, especially gi en he documen ed success o pha macis s’
in e en ions and medica ion managemen in imp o ing medicine use, ad e se e ec and e en de ec ion, and o e all
adhe ence o p esc ibed egimen [5]. Kenya’s Pha macy and Poisons Boa d (PPB) is esponsible o licensing and
egula ing communi y pha macies and ou le s, which p o ide quick access o o e - he-coun e medica ions o many
Kenyans. These pha macies p o ide co e se ices: dispensing medicines and ad ising on hei use, ensu ing d ug sa e
s o age and documen a ion, and counseling pa ien s on medica ion adhe ence. Many also pe o m public heal h oles
such as accina ions and basic heal h educa ion. Fo common mino ailmen s o p e en i e needs (e.g., accines, wound
ca e), Kenyans o en i s consul a pha macy. Howe e , cu en p ac ice a ely includes ch onic disease sc eening o
managemen , which emains cen e ed in clinics and hospi als.
The policy en i onmen is e ol ing. Kenya’s NCD S a egic Plan 2020/21–2025/26 (launched 2021) commi s o
b oade NCD sc eening and managemen in he heal h sys em [6]. Kenya’s Uni e sal Heal h Co e age (UHC) Policy
2020–2030 which emphasizes equi y and s eng hening p ima y ca e and new inancing schemes (Social Heal h
Insu ance Fund) explici ly plan pha macy in ol emen : ecen announcemen s no e ha ch onic pa ien s such as
diabe ics may e ill p esc ip ions a egis e ed pha macies, and ha he basic bene i packages will co e sc eenings o
diabe es, hype ension and men al heal h diso de s, among o he NCDs.
While signi ican s ides ha e been made o b ing sec o al e o ms in add essing he a ious challenges and ocusing
on b inging heal hca e close o he people, gaps s ill exis . Resea ch shows ha limi ed da a exchange be ween
pha macies and clinics, he in eg a ion and use o digi al ools such as elec onic eco ds, and ha ing a uni ied,
comp ehensi e, and consis en way o cap u ing and sha ing pa ien heal h da a be ween all he heal h sec o ac o s
would help s eamline heal hca e deli e y coun ywide. Pha macies a e no cu en ly inco po a ed in o he b oade
heal hca e sys em, poin ing no only o he gaps bu also o he oppo uni ies o u ilize hem.
3. Ra ionale o In eg a ion
The e is a high need o in eg a ing communi y pha macies in he managemen o NCDs in Kenya, as he e ha e been
o e whelming inc eases in such cases, while mos e o s ha e been dedica ed owa ds he managemen o
communicable diseases, such as mala ia and ube culosis, in Kenya. Despi e he UN SDG implemen a ion plan o educe
p ema u e dea h by 30% by 2030, NCD policy indica o s ou lined in he ac ion plan indica e ha coun ies in Sub-
Saha an A ica lack he p ope measu es o achie e hese a ge s [7,8]. This makes ea ly de ec ion and diagnosis o
hese diseases mo e likely [7,8]. The app oach o decen alizing NCD managemen o communi y pha macies also o e s
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economic incen i es in e ms o e iciency. Issues such as hype ension and i s complica ions, like s oke, equi e
immedia e, specialized in e en ion, as his could be a ma e o li e o dea h.
Since mos hospi als and clinics a e o en o e whelmed wi h high pa ien loads, edi ec ing s able ch onic illness
pa ien s o pha macies can educe his bu den and allow heal h acili ies o ocus on o he ea men s. Measu es such
as ad ice on li es yle in e en ions, egula sc eening, and gene al medical checkups can be pe o med a communi y
pha macies, as hese do no need specialized equipmen . A good example o his is Sou h A ica's CCMDD p og am,
which uses p i a e pha macies as pick-up s a ions o ch onic medica ions. This ini ia i e signi ican ly eased he s ain
on heal hca e acili ies and inc eased he numbe o s able pa ien s collec ing hei HIV medica ions om pha macies
by 88%, demons a ing i s e ec i eness [9]. Addi ionally, he p ojec saw a la ge majo i y o pa ien s choosing o pick
hei medica ions om hese pha macies. Simila s udies in low and middle-income coun ies show ha he e is a
ema kable success o he use o pha macy-based managemen o diabe es and hype ension, such as he one in Uganda,
which signi ican ly imp o ed he con ol o blood p essu e among he gene a ions [7].
As he i s line o ac ion and en y o many pa ien s in o he heal hca e sys em, communi y pha macies a e he e o e
poised as he bes s a ing poin o he managemen o hype ension, men al heal h diso de s, and diabe es, among
o he NCDs. A epo by Med onic Labs [3] no es ha he e a e also a ious social bene i s o empowe ing pha macies,
no jus in e ms o policy bu by ac ion and o ien a ion. This is because mos pha macis s a e ound in p oximi y o
pa ien s, making ollow-up, pha maco he apy, and supe ision mo e e ec i e. The e o e, in ol ing communi y
pha macies as a on line de ense in managing hype ension, men al heal h diso de s, and diabe es is an idea whose
ime has come, especially in LMICs such as Kenya, whose disease bu den p o ile is apidly shi ing.
4. P oposed In eg a ion F amewo k
Implemen ing he in eg a ion o pha macy-based NCD ca e should be mul i- ie ed and can s a om sc eening and
moni o ing, medica ion managemen , digi al heal h in eg a ion, heal h p omo ion and counselling, and e e al linkages.
Go e nmen s and heal h minis ies should ocus on ensu ing adequa e sc eening and moni o ing, which will no only
imp o e access o heal h da a and eco ds bu also p o ide a p omising a enue o NCD mapping. Communi y
pha macies should be empowe ed o ou inely check blood p essu e and blood glucose using po able de ices, and o e
alida ed men al heal h sc eens such as PHQ-9 o dep ession. WHO and coun y guidelines suppo ask-shi ing basic
sc eening o non-physicians. Using hei p oximi y and equen , uno icial in e ac ions wi h pa ien s, communi y
pha macies could use ha oppo uni y o ca y ou quick blood glucose es s o pa ien s on an i-hype ensi es egula ly
acking hei blood p essu es. The same moni o ing would also enable be e managemen o men al heal h diso de s.
This can s a as a sho , in o mal con e sa ion wi h clien s and hen mo e o illing ou a sho ques ionnai e
adminis e ed in a pha macy consul a ion.
Among he challenges ha ace he heal hca e sec o is he managemen o medica ion. This is a c ucial pa o he
pha maceu ical supply chain managemen as i s success es s on ensu ing ha he dese ing pa ien s ge hei d ugs
on ime, use he d ugs as ad ised, and he e is su icien ollow-up o ensu e adhe ence. Pha macies ha e con inued o
be a he o e on in dispensing all kinds o medicines, and his ole can secu ely and seamlessly be in eg a ed in o he
managemen o NCDs. By gi ing hem au ho i y, pha macies may ake on his ole by managing ch onic he apy h ough
e ill p og ams and adhe ence suppo [10].
One c i ical s ep ha he Kenyan go e nmen has ini ia ed wi hin i s Uni e sal Heal h Ca e scheme is he inclusion o
communi y heal h olun ee s in add essing common communicable diseases. This e o has led o a g ea e numbe o
immuniza ions and accines ac oss he coun y. This po en ial is eno mous, pa icula ly in u al a - isk popula ions
who s ill hold mis us o medicines and accina ions [11]. This same model could be scaled up o pha macis s wi hin
he con ex o hei p ac ice. They a e educa ed and ained pe sonnel o a leas a g ea e deg ee han heal h olun ee s
a e, o y o assis pa ien s in iden i ying and sel -managing ch onic NCDs. Pha macis s could also counsel and be on
he on lines suppo ing ea ly de ec ion o men al heal h diso de s, as well as assis wi h de-s igma iza ion o egula
men al heal h pa ien s. The communi y heal h olun ee s ha e helped e ode his skep icism and emo ed igno ance
h ough ci ic educa ion, building on he amewo k o social cohesion and us ha exis s among membe s o he
communi y [12]. Addi ionally, pha macis s can ensu e p ope managemen and adhe ence o he li e ime o aking
medicines and moni o ing pa ien s since pha maco igilance is inhe en o pha macis s’ dispensing ole.
Technology plays a signi ican ole in he in eg a ion o pha macies in o he con ol o NCDs. The e is an inc easing
adop ion o digi al and inno a i e echnologies in he d ug supply chain and in en o y managemen . E idence shows
ha mobile digi al ools, such as e-heal h pla o ms like he Digi al Heal h Ac ’s sanc ioned sys ems, can bes be used o
eco d and sha e pa ien me ics and da a (wi h consen ) wi h clinics. Ou comes o such in eg a ion would in ol e
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pa ien s en e ing hei home blood p essu e eadings in o a sma phone app (o ia USSD code) ha he pha macy
moni o s, and ale ing pha macis s i le els become unsa e. Pha macies could also o e o egis e pa ien s o mHeal h
se ices such as SMS eminde s, and M-TIBA heal h walle o paymen s, as pilo ed in Kenya [13]. No ably, a Kenyan
digi al pilo showed ha when pa ien s sel -moni o blood p essu es a home and sha e da a, con ol imp o ed
signi ican ly ( om 42% o 50% o hype ensi es achie ing a ge ) [14]. Le e aging Kenya’s expanding digi al heal h
in as uc u e h ough eleheal h guidelines and pa ien egis ies will be key in scaling and ensu ing quali y assu ance
in he managemen o NCDs.
O he pa s o he in eg a ion amewo k include heal h p omo ion and counselling, and e e al linkages. By aking
ad an age o he close ela ionship and ease o access ha pha macies o e a he communi y le el, pha macis s should
no only be empowe ed o educa e pa ien s on li es yle changes such as exe cise, die change, and smoking and alcohol
cessa ion, bu also be empowe ed o make o mal ollow-up and epo s ha can be in eg a ed in o he na ional sys em
and policy implemen a ions [15]. The same should apply o men al heal h wellness, which will ocus on building on hei
exis ing counselling oles. Fu he inco po a ion o non-pha macological managemen modali ies, such as
psycho he apy, in ou ine ca e is also c ucial. On e e al linkages, he e al eady exis s an in o mal sys em whe e
pha macis s in o mally e e pa ien s o clinics. The in eg a ion should ocus on o malizing his e e al, whe e
pha macies main ain di ec o ies o local p ima y ca e clinics and specialis s. Such would be made easie h ough he
use o a o m o an e-pla o m o con ex awa eness.
5. Implemen a ion Conside a ions
In eg a ion should conside policy egula ion, aining, capaci y building, and inancial sus ainabili y o enhance
heal hca e deli e y [16]. T aining is he i s and mos c ucial pa o his p ocess. I is impo an o no e ha communi y
pha macies in Kenya a e highly di e se in e ms o size, specializa ion, aining, and in eg a ion. The e a e hose small
pha macies, which ea u e limi ed d ug op ions, and ocus mainly on common communicable diseases. These a e o en
indi idually un and ope a e a he mos basic le el o heal hca e p o ision and mainly sell d ugs based on a doc o 's
p esc ip ion. The e a e, howe e , la ge pha macies ha a e mo e ad anced; hey no only sell a b oad spec um o
d ugs bu also ca y ou ou ine diagnos ic es s such as HIV, mala ia, and blood suga , among o he s. Such
es ablishmen s ea u e indi iduals wi h a Bachelo o Pha macy deg ee o simila quali ica ions (Pha mD). Such
adequa ely ained pha macis s will be bes placed o gi e p o essional and da a-d i en ad ice on non-pha macological
ways o managing some o hese NCDs, including weigh educ ion, inc eased physical exe cise, and die ing, among
o he s [17]. Diabe es managemen in e en ions could include aining on medical nu i ion in e en ions, insulin
injec ions (essen ially no a commonplace o pha macis s locally), wound ca e ulce managemen , diabe ic oo
managemen , elease o p essu e on he plan a su ace, and e e als as necessa y.
Regula o y change is needed o b oaden pha macis s’ scope. Kenya’s Pha macy and Poisons Ac (PPB) cu en ly limi s
pha macis s o dispensing medica ions and counseling, which wo ks agains NCD managemen . The e should be a
e ision in policy o allow pha macies o pe o m basic NCD sc eening explici ly, issue epea p esc ip ions o s able
pa ien s (unde SHA/SHIF plans), and sha e in o ma ion elec onically unde co ec guidelines and sa egua ds. The
new ules unde Kenya’s Digi al Heal h Ac [18] p o ide a amewo k o pa ien da a p o ec ion, which is a good
s a ing poin , bu implemen ing e- e e als will need clea p o ocols on consen .
Finally, he in eg a ion canno be e ec i e wi hou he assessmen and econside a ion o inancial models and iabili y.
As Gen ilini e al. [7] no e, he e is a need o inancial incen i es o empowe pha macies o ake up and manage NCDs,
he eby ac ing as he i s line o de ense. Pha macies should be in eg a ed in o he SHA sys em so ha e ills o NCD
medica ions can be made om communi y pha macies while p ope eimbu semen s a e made by he go e nmen . This
can also be made possible h ough he expansion o he heal h capi a ion o include ch onic ca e h ough ini ia i es such
as subsidies and dono unding.
6. Challenges and Mi iga ion
In eg a ing communi y pha macies in o he NCD ca e en i onmen aces closely-linked legal, p o essional, da a-
go e nance, and in as uc u al ba ie s ha can only be esol ed h ough collabo a i e policy ac ion. These ba ie s
include exis ing egula o y condi ions ha limi pha macis s' clinical ac i i ies (e.g., p esc ibing, epea dispensing),
equi ing he app op ia e scope o p ac ice e o ms and explici guidelines a ound whe he epea p esc ibing can be
p o ided o clinically s able pa ien s [9]. The e is likely o be opposi ion om o he physicians a guing o he dilu ion
and con usion o p o essional oles. This opposi ion om some physicians can be mi iga ed h ough manda ed in e -
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p o essional educa ion and collabo a i e clinical go e nance a angemen s, alongside public educa ion ha ames
pha macy se ices as a co ne s one in pa ien ca e.
Da a go e nance is ano he conce n, especially o he p oposed in eg a ion, which will mean ha pha macis s a e
handling mo e pa ien da a han be o e. This may aise conce ns as p esen ly, an elabo a e amewo k o he handling
o da a om pha macies is lacking. Robus , p i acy-p ese ing heal h-in o ma ion exchange and s anda dized da a-
handling p o ocols, unde pinned by Kenya’s Digi al Heal h Ac , a e essen ial o secu e sha ing o pa ien eco ds and
ou comes acking, hus [18]. This can be ex ended o encompass pha macies ha will be manda ed o handle such
pa ien heal h da a.
Finally, he e is a challenge o he une en and highly di e si ied s uc u e o pha macies in Kenya. As no ed ea lie ,
pha macies a y signi ican ly in e ms o expe ise, in as uc u e, managemen , and size. The e a e, he e o e,
challenges in ha ing an all-encompassing amewo k o in eg a ion o all he pha macies in o NCD managemen . While
some pha macies a e la ge, well-equipped, and un by quali ied pha macis s wi h some mode n equipmen o ou ine
diagnosis, he e a e o he smalle , mo e emo e ones ha some imes e en lack basic ameni ies such as wa e and
elec ici y. This may aise conce ns abou he in eg a ion p epa edness. To coun e he challenge o une en pha macy
in as uc u e, we a gue o a phased oll-ou beginning wi h well-equipped si es suppo ed by go e nmen , insu e s,
o dono inancing and accompanied by moni o ing and e alua ion o e ine scale-up [19]. This can be done in ie s, as
is seen wi h hospi als, whe e he e a e le els s a ing om communi y heal h cen e s o na ional e e al hospi als.
7. Conclusion
The disease pa e n in sub-Saha an A ica, as well as o he low and middle-income coun ies, has been shi ing o e he
yea s om communicable diseases o noncommunicable diseases. The e is an inc easing numbe o NCD- ela ed
mo ali y and mo bidi y, wi h ca dio ascula diseases, men al heal h illnesses, cance , and diabe es being among he
leading causes. Mos de eloping coun ies, Kenya included, lack a obus heal h in as uc u e o handle he inc easing
disease bu den, wi h bo h public and p i a e acili ies being o e whelmed. The cu en policy en i onmen limi s he
ole o communi y pha macies in helping ackle he NCD bu den. This emo es a c ucial piece in he igh agains hese
ch onic diseases since, as he i s line o de ense and i s con ac poin be ween pa ien s and he heal hca e sys em,
pha macies a e bes placed o manage no only he dispensing o medicine bu also in pha maco he apy, ea ly diagnosis
and de ec ion, as well as counselling and ensu ing medica ion adhe ence in NCD ca e. This makes hese es ablishmen s
aluable asse s by i ue o hei accessibili y, in eg a ion in o communi ies, s ong us and ela ionships, and good
dis ibu ion.
Kenya has made signi ican s eps in decen alizing heal hca e p o ision o u al a eas h ough i s uni e sal heal hca e.
Inco po a ing pha macies in o he managemen o NCDs is he nex and c ucial s ep in b idging he gap be ween he
managemen o communicable and noncommunicable diseases. This can be done h ough policy change o empowe
and inc ease he scope o he communi y pha macies in he managemen o diabe es, hype ension, and men al heal h
illnesses, so ha communi y pha macis s can make use o he us and p oximi y o pa ien s o imp o e pha maceu ical
ope a ions. Changes in pha macy aining, inco po a ion in o he na ional insu ance sys em, and changes in policy a e
he impo an conside a ions o enable his in eg a ion. Regula o y challenges, p o essional esis ance, and da a
managemen and p i acy issues can be handled h ough in e -p o essional aining, igh e da a managemen sys ems,
and expansion and e ision o egula o y scope o u he empowe communi y pha macis s.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
Special hanks o he in i ed e iewe s.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla e ha he e a e no con lic s o in e es ela ed o he p epa a ion and publica ion o his manusc ip .
No inancial, pe sonal, academic, o ins i u ional ela ionships ha e in luenced he conduc , in e p e a ion, o epo ing
o his s udy. All au ho s con i m ha he esea ch was ca ied ou objec i ely and independen ly, wi h no compe ing
in e es s o disclose.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(02), 088-094
93
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