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The po en ial o seaweed ex ac s om Suli Beach, Cen al Maluku: An ioxidan and
pho op o ec i e ac i i ies o na u al cosme ic applica ions
M. Munawil ul Umam, Delianis P inggenies * and S i Sedja i
Depa men o Ma ine Science, Facul y o Fishe ies and Ma ine Science Diponego o Uni e si y. Sema ang, Indonesia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(03), 086-092
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 24 July 2025; e ised on 29 Augus 2025; accep ed on 02 Sep embe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.3.3116
Abs ac
Excessi e ul a iole (UV) adia ion exposu e is one o he main causes o p ema u e aging, sunbu n, and an inc eased
isk o skin cance . Many comme cial sunsc eens con ain syn he ic ing edien s such as oxybenzone and oc inoxa e,
which a e epo ed o ac as endoc ine dis up o s and ha m co al ee ecosys ems. The e o e, na u al and eco- iendly
al e na i es a e needed. This s udy aimed o e alua e he an ioxidan ac i i y, o al phenolic con en (TPC), and sun
p o ec ion ac o (SPF) o me hanolic ex ac s o seaweeds om Suli Beach, Cen al Maluku. An ioxidan ac i i y was
de e mined using he DPPH me hod, TPC was measu ed by he Folin–Ciocal eu assay, and SPF alues we e calcula ed
in i o using UV–Vis spec opho ome y. The esul s showed ha Tu bina ia sp. ex ac exhibi ed highe an ioxidan
ac i i y (112.47 ± 2.13 mg AEAC/g) han Sa gassum sp. (100.69 ± 2.29 mg AEAC/g). Howe e , Sa gassum sp. con ained
highe TPC (18.71 mg GAE/g) compa ed o Tu bina ia sp. (9.69 mg GAE/g). The SPF alues inc eased wi h
concen a ion, wi h he highes p o ec ion a 200 ppm (12.45 o Tu bina ia sp. and 10.22 o Sa gassum sp.).
Phy ochemical sc eening con i med he p esence o la onoids, s e oids, saponins, and annins in bo h ex ac s, while
alkaloids we e de ec ed only in Sa gassum sp. Thin laye ch oma og aphy e ealed dis inc me aboli e p o iles,
sugges ing species-speci ic di e ences. These indings iden i y seaweed ex ac s, pa icula ly Tu bina ia sp., as
p omising candida es o he de elopmen o eco- iendly cosme ic ing edien s wi h an ioxidan and pho op o ec i e
p ope ies.
Keywo ds: Tu bina ia sp.; Sa gassum sp.; An ioxidan Ac i i y; Phlo o annins; Pho op o ec i e Ac i i y; To al
Phenolic Con en
1. In oduc ion
Excessi e ul a iole (UV) exposu e has long been ecognized as one o he majo causes o skin damage, anging om
p ema u e aging (pho oaging), sunbu n, hype pigmen a ion, o an inc eased isk o skin cance [12]. Sunsc eens a e
conside ed one o he mos e ec i e measu es o p o ec he skin om he ha m ul e ec s o UV adia ion. Howe e ,
he use o chemical-based sunsc eens has aised g owing conce ns. Se e al commonly used ac i e ing edien s, such as
oxybenzone and oc inoxa e, ha e been epo ed o ac as endoc ine dis up o s and con ibu e o co al ee deg ada ion
[4]. This si ua ion emphasizes he u gen need o al e na i e sunsc eens de i ed om na u al sou ces ha a e sa e o
human heal h and en i onmen ally iendly.
Indonesia, as he la ges a chipelagic coun y in he wo ld, possesses excep ionally high ma ine biodi e si y, including
a ious seaweed species ha se e as po en ial sou ces o bioac i e compounds. Seaweeds ha e long been u ilized in
ood, pha maceu icals, and cosme ics, bu hei applica ion as pho op o ec i e ac i e ing edien s emains
unde de eloped. One o he p omising a eas is Suli Beach in Cen al Maluku, which hos s abundan b own algae such
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(03), 086-092
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as Tu bina ia sp. and Sa gassum sp. [15]. These species h i e in opical wa e s wi h high adap abili y, making hem
sus ainable biomass esou ces o explo a ion and de elopmen .
B own seaweeds a e pa icula ly ich in bioac i e compounds, especially phenolics wi h unique o ms known as
phlo o annins. Phlo o annins a e polyphenols exclusi ely ound in b own algae, exhibi ing s ong an ioxidan ac i i y
as well as UV abso p ion capaci y [18]. These p ope ies no only p o ide ecological ad an ages o seaweeds in
p o ec ing hemsel es agains sola adia ion and oxida i e s ess bu also make hem p omising candida es o na u al
skin p o ec ion. In addi ion o phlo o annins, b own algae a e also epo ed o con ain la onoids, ca o enoids,
xan hophylls, and i amins ha may syne gis ically enhance hei an ioxidan and pho op o ec i e e ec s. The e o e,
b own seaweeds hold signi ican po en ial o de elopmen as aw ma e ials o na u al sunsc eens and an i-aging
cosme ics.
P e ious s udies ha e highligh ed he bioac i e po en ial o Tu bina ia and Sa gassum gene a in a ious biological
ac i i ies, including an ioxidan , an imic obial, and UV-p o ec i e e ec s [8,16]. Howe e , comp ehensi e s udies ha
simul aneously in eg a e an ioxidan ac i i y, o al phenolic con en (TPC), and Sun P o ec ion Fac o (SPF) analysis o
seaweed species om Cen al Maluku wa e s emain e y limi ed. Fu he mo e, he phy ochemical p o iles and
seconda y me aboli e di e si y o algae om Suli Beach ha e no ye been sys ema ically e alua ed. The e o e, his
s udy aimed o analyze an ioxidan ac i i y, o al phenolic con en , SPF alues, and phy ochemical p o iles o me hanolic
ex ac s o Tu bina ia sp. and Sa gassum sp. The indings a e expec ed o p o ide scien i ic e idence suppo ing he
u iliza ion o Indonesian ma ine biodi e si y as sus ainable aw ma e ials o na u al cosme ic applica ions.
2. Ma e ial and me hods
Seaweed samples (Tu bina ia sp. and Sa gassum sp.) we e collec ed on Oc obe 23, 2023, a Suli Beach, Cen al Maluku,
a coo dina es 3°37'32.02"S 128°18'10.56"E. Samples we e subsequen ly iden i ied and p epa ed a he Ma ine Science
Labo a o y, Diponego o Uni e si y. Ex ac ion, e apo a ion, and all chemical analyses (phy ochemical sc eening, DPPH
an ioxidan assay, o al phenolic con en , and SPF de e mina ion) we e conduc ed a he Chemical Oceanog aphy
Labo a o y and Mic obiology Labo a o y, Facul y o Fishe ies and Ma ine Science, Diponego o Uni e si y.
The seaweed samples we e washed wi h seawa e and eshwa e o emo e deb is and epiphy es, hen o en-d ied a
40 °C un il a cons an weigh was achie ed. The d ied samples we e g ound in o powde . A o al o 100 g ams o powde
om each species was ex ac ed wi h analy ical g ade me hanol using he mace a ion me hod o 3 × 24 hou s. The
esul ing il a es we e concen a ed using a o a y e apo a o a 40 °C un il a hick ex ac was ob ained. The
concen a ed ex ac s we e s o ed in da k ials and used o all subsequen analyses.
An ioxidan ac i i y was e alua ed using he DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-pic ylhyd azyl) me hod ollowing a modi ied
p ocedu e om A yan i e al. (2021). A o al o 1 mg o DPPH was dissol ed in 25 mL o me hanol o p epa e a 0.1 mM
s ock solu ion. Sample ex ac s we e dissol ed in me hanol o p epa e a se ies o concen a ions (12.5, 25, 50, 100, and
200 ppm). One millili e o each sample solu ion was mixed wi h 1 mL o he DPPH solu ion, incuba ed in he da k o
30 minu es, and he abso bance was measu ed a 517 nm using a UV-Vis spec opho ome e
The o al phenolic con en was de e mined using he Folin–Ciocal eu me hod. A o al o 0.1 mL ex ac (1 mg/mL) was
added o 0.5 mL Folin–Ciocal eu eagen (1:10) and allowed o s and o 5 minu es. Then, 1 mL o 7.5% Na₂CO₃ solu ion
was added, and he mix u e was incuba ed in he da k o 60 minu es. The abso bance was measu ed a 770 nm. To al
phenolics we e exp essed as millig ams o gallic acid equi alen s pe g am o ex ac (mg GAE/g) based on a gallic acid
calib a ion cu e (0–100 µg/mL). To al phlo o annins we e measu ed using he same me hod and exp essed as
millig ams o phlo oglucinol equi alen s pe g am o ex ac (mg Flo oglucinol/g).
SPF alues we e de e mined in i o using UV-Vis spec opho ome y acco ding o Yanua i e al. (2021). Ex ac s we e
dissol ed in me hanol a a ious concen a ions (12.5–200 ppm). The abso bance o each solu ion was eco ded a
wa eleng hs o 290–320 nm a 5 nm in e als.
Quali a i e phy ochemical sc eening was pe o med o de ec alkaloids (D agendo ’s eagen ), la onoids (Shinoda
es ), annins (FeCl₃), s e oids (Liebe mann–Bu cha d es ), and saponins ( o hing es ). Thin-laye ch oma og aphy
(TLC) was conduc ed using silica gel GF254 pla es and a sol en sys em o n-hexane:e hyl ace a e (1:1). Spo s we e
isualized unde UV ligh a 254 nm and 356 nm, and a e sp aying wi h FeCl₃ eagen .
All expe imen s we e ca ied ou in iplica e (n = 3). Da a ob ained we e analyzed desc ip i ely and p esen ed as mean
± s anda d de ia ion (SD).
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3. Resul s and discussion
The an ioxidan ac i i y o Tu bina ia sp. and Sa gassum sp. ex ac s is p esen ed in Table 1. The ex ac o Tu bina ia
sp. exhibi ed signi ican ly highe pe cen age inhibi ion and AEAC alues compa ed o Sa gassum sp., indica ing a
s onge abili y o neu alize DPPH ee adicals.
Table 1 An ioxidan Ac i i y o Tu bina ia sp. and Sa gassum sp. Ex ac s
Sample
% Inhibisi (Mean ± SD)
AEAC (µg/mL)
Tu bina ia
59.7 ± 0,4
94.2
Sa gassum
50.4 ± 0.4
78.0
DPPH Con ol
0.742
The measu emen s o TPC and o al phlo o annins e ealed a end ha di e ed om he an ioxidan ac i i y. As
p esen ed in Table 2, Sa gassum sp. exhibi ed nea ly wice he o al phenolic con en (gallic acid equi alen ) and
phlo o annin con en (phlo oglucinol equi alen ) compa ed o Tu bina ia sp.
Table 2 To al phenolic con en (TPC) o h ee seaweed species measu ed as gallic acid and phlo oglucinol equi alen s.
Values ep esen he concen a ion o s anda d equi alen s and he calcula ed TPC pe g am o ex ac
Sample
Gallic Acid (µg/mL)
TPC (mg GAE/g)
Phlo oglucinol (µg/mL)
TPC (mg Phlo oglucinol/g)
Tu bina ia sp.
38.738
7.748
51.899
10.380
Sa gassum sp.
74.849
14.970
97.859
19.572
The SPF alues o bo h ex ac s showed a linea ela ionship wi h inc easing concen a ions (Figu e 1). A all
concen a ion le els, he ex ac o Tu bina ia sp. consis en ly exhibi ed highe SPF alues han Sa gassum sp. A a
concen a ion o 200 ppm, Tu bina ia sp. eached an SPF alue o 12.45, which alls in o he medium p o ec ion ca ego y,
while Sa gassum sp. eached 10.22.
Figu e 1 Concen a ion and Sun P o ec ion Fac o (SPF) o E hanol Ex ac o Tu bina ia sp
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Figu e 2 Concen a ion and Sun P o ec ion Fac o (SPF) o E hanol Ex ac o Sa gassum s
The esul s o he quali a i e phy ochemical sc eening (Table 3) showed ha bo h ex ac s con ained la onoids,
s e oids, saponins, and annins. Alkaloids we e de ec ed only in Sa gassum sp. TLC analysis unde UV ligh a 254 nm
and 356 nm, as well as a e sp aying wi h FeCl₃ eagen , con i med he p esence o se e al pola and non-pola
compounds in bo h ex ac s, wi h dis inc spo pa e ns indica ing di e se seconda y me aboli e p o iles.
Table 3 Thin-laye ch oma og aphy (TLC) p o iles o Sa gassum sp. and Tu bina ia sp. ex ac s. The able shows he
numbe o spo s, hei app oxima e posi ions on he TLC pla e, he obse ed colo s, and he calcula ed R alues,
indica ing di e ences in seconda y me aboli e composi ion be ween he wo b own algae species
Sample
Spo No.
Posi ion (cm)
Spo Colo
R
Sa gassum
1
~2.4
Ligh b ownish yellow
0.28
2
~3.1
Ligh b own / pale yellow
0.42
3
~4.4
Da k eddish b own
0.68
Tu bina ia
1
~2.7
Fain b ownish yellow
0.34
2
~3.6
Da k yellowish-o ange
0.52
3
~5.0
Da k eddish b own
0.80
This s udy highligh s he complex dynamics be ween phenolic compound con en and biological ac i i y in wo b own
algae species, namely Tu bina ia sp. and Sa gassum sp. In gene al, Tu bina ia sp. ex ac s exhibi ed highe an ioxidan
ac i i y (112.47 ± 2.13 mg AEAC/g) compa ed o Sa gassum sp. (100.69 ± 2.29 mg AEAC/g), al hough he o al phenolic
con en o Sa gassum sp. was nea ly wice as high (18.71 mg GAE/g s 9.69 mg GAE/g). This dispa i y indica es ha
biological e ec i eness is no solely de e mined by phenolic quan i y, bu also by he quali y, chemical s uc u e, and
speci ic ypes o bioac i e compounds p esen [11,6]. In o he wo ds, he quan i a i e TPC alue only e lec s he o al
amoun , bu does no ep esen he di e si y and eac i i y o he molecules hemsel es.
Thin Laye Ch oma og aphy (TLC) analysis u he suppo s hese indings by e ealing di e ences in me aboli e
p o iles be ween he wo species. Tu bina ia sp. p oduced h ee spo s a R 0.34, 0.52, and 0.80, whe eas Sa gassum sp.
showed h ee spo s a R 0.28, 0.42, and 0.68. The di e en elu ion pa e ns indica e a ia ions in pola and non-pola
compounds p esen . Pola compounds, such as la onoid glycosides and hyd olyzable annins, end o appea a low R
alues, while less pola compounds, such as la onoid aglycones, e penoids, o s e oids, end o appea a high R alues
[7]. The ac ha bo h species p oduced he same numbe o spo s bu wi h di e en R alues and in ensi ies sugges s
ha each has a dis inc seconda y me aboli e “ inge p in .” These a ia ions a e likely in luenced by en i onmen al
ac o s such as ligh in ensi y, nu ien a ailabili y, salini y, and he physiological condi ion o he o ganisms [2].
Al hough Sa gassum sp. has a highe TPC, he highe an ioxidan ac i i y o Tu bina ia sp. can be explained by he
p esence o ce ain phlo o annins ha a e mo e eac i e in elec on dona ion. Phlo o annins a e polyme s o
phlo oglucinol uni s ound exclusi ely in b own algae, wi h s uc u al a ia ions a ec ing an ioxidan capaci y [20].
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Low molecula weigh phlo o annins, o example, in e ac mo e eadily wi h ee adicals and exhibi highe
sca enging ac i i y [18]. The e o e, Tu bina ia sp. likely p oduces phlo o annins wi h speci ic spa ial con igu a ions o
molecula weigh s ha a e mo e e ec i e han hose in Sa gassum sp. Addi ionally, he con ibu ion o non-phenolic
compounds such as ca o enoids, ucoxan hin, xan hophylls, as well as i amins C and E may u he enhance an ioxidan
ac i i y h ough syne gis ic mechanisms [12,13].
This ela ionship is also e iden in SPF es ing, whe e Tu bina ia sp. consis en ly p o ided highe SPF alues han
Sa gassum sp. a all concen a ions. A 200 ppm, Tu bina ia sp. eached an SPF o 12.45, which alls unde mode a e
p o ec ion, while Sa gassum sp. only eached 10.22. This p o ec i e mechanism wo ks syne gis ically h ough wo
pa hways: i s , physically by abso bing UV adia ion a wa eleng hs o 290–320 nm; second, chemically by neu alizing
ee adicals gene a ed by UV exposu e [9,19]. P e ious s udies ha e also epo ed ha combining phenolic compounds
wi h o he pigmen s in algal ex ac s can imp o e pho op o ec i e e ec i eness, meaning ha SPF alues no only
e lec he abso p i e capaci y o compounds bu also hei an ioxidan p o ec ion [14,5]. Howe e , in i o SPF alues
emain indica i e, as he inal e ec i eness o sunsc eens is highly in luenced by o mula ion sys ems, emulsion ypes,
pho ochemical s abili y, and in e ac ions o he ex ac wi h he cosme ic ma ix [3].
The p ac ical implica ions o hese indings a e signi ican . F om a cosme ic pe spec i e, Tu bina ia sp. ex ac s can
se e dual unc ions as an i-aging agen s h ough hei an ioxidan ac i i y and as UV p o ec an s h ough hei SPF
alues. This o e s a compe i i e ad an age o e syn he ic sunsc eens, which gene ally only ac as UV il e s wi hou
addi ional bene i s [10]. Fu he mo e, he use o b own algae ex ac s as na u al ac i e cosme ic ing edien s aligns wi h
he global end owa ds “g een beau y” p oduc s ha emphasize sa e y, sus ainabili y, and en i onmen al iendliness
[17].
Beyond de ma ological implica ions, hese indings also ha e socio-economic signi icance. Tu bina ia sp. om Suli
Beach, Cen al Maluku, which was p e iously unde u ilized comme cially, has he po en ial o become a new lagship
commodi y o coas al communi ies. U iliza ion h ough sus ainable aquacul u e sys ems can c ea e job oppo uni ies,
educe dependence on impo ed aw ma e ials, and help conse e ma ine ecosys ems [15]. This highligh s ha
de eloping a bioindus y based on Tu bina ia sp. is no only bene icial o he cosme ic indus y bu also aligns wi h
sus ainable de elopmen and blue economy agendas.
Ano he impo an inding is he p esence o alkaloids de ec ed exclusi ely in Sa gassum sp. Ma ine alkaloids a e known
o possess a wide ange o biological ac i i ies, including an imic obial, an i-in lamma o y, and e en an icance e ec s
[3]. This opens oppo uni ies o u he esea ch o explo e he pha macological po en ial o Sa gassum sp. beyond i s
ole as a pho op o ec an . Fo bo h species, he nex c ucial esea ch s eps a e he isola ion and cha ac e iza ion o pu e
compounds con ibu ing o an ioxidan ac i i y and SPF, ollowed by oxici y and in i o e icacy es s. Consequen ly,
hese indings can se e as a ounda ion o de eloping sa e, e ec i e, and en i onmen ally iendly b own algae-based
pho op o ec i e cosme ic p oduc s in Indonesia.
4. Conclusion
Based on he esul s o his s udy, i can be concluded ha he me hanol ex ac o Tu bina ia sp. om Suli Beach, Cen al
Maluku exhibi s g ea e po en ial as a na u al cosme ic ac i e ing edien compa ed o Sa gassum sp. This is e idenced
by i s highe an ioxidan ac i i y (AEAC alue o 112.47 ± 2.13 mg/g) and supe io Sun P o ec ion Fac o (SPF) alue
(12.45 a a concen a ion o 200 ppm). Al hough Sa gassum sp. showed a highe o al phenolic con en (18.71 mg
GAE/g), hese indings indica e ha biological ac i i y is no solely dependen on he quan i y o o al phenolic
compounds, bu a he on he quali y, ype, and speci ic s uc u e o he bioac i e cons i uen s. Thin Laye
Ch oma og aphy (TLC) analysis e ealed dis inc seconda y me aboli e p o iles be ween he wo species, wi h
Tu bina ia sp. displaying less pola compounds ha a e p esumed o con ibu e o i s supe io biological ac i i y.
Phy ochemical sc eening con i med he p esence o la onoids, s e oids, saponins, and annins in bo h species, wi h
alkaloids de ec ed exclusi ely in Sa gassum sp. O e all, his s udy iden i ies Tu bina ia sp. as a p omising candida e o
he de elopmen o na u al pho op o ec i e and an i-aging cosme ic p oduc s.
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Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgemen
The au ho s would like o hank D . Meigy Nelce Mailo, S.Pi., M.Si., and he eam a Uni e si as Pa imu a, Ambon,
Indonesia, o hei assis ance in ensu ing he smoo h conduc o his esea ch.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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