Co esponding au ho : Allassane KONE
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Phy ochemical p o ile and acu e oxici y s udy o an aqueous ex ac o Pe oselinum
c ispum (Apiaceae) lea es
Le o Ange ZOGBE, Wahon Ma ie-Odile TOVI, Allassane KONE *, Ma ie-Clai e Gnamien DJINANDJI and
N’guessan E nes ZOUGROU
Biology and Heal h Labo a o y, UFR Biosciences, Félix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY Uni e si y, Abidjan, Cô e d’I oi e.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(03), 1677-1682
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 18 Augus 2025; e ised on 23 Sep embe 2025; accep ed on 26 Sep embe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.3.3332
Abs ac
This wo k aims o p omo e A ican pha macopoeia. To his end, he composi ion and acu e oxici y o he aqueous
ex ac o Pe oselinum c ispum (Apiaceae) lea es, a plan used in a ious adi ional medicine ea men s, we e
de e mined. This s udy began wi h he p epa a ion o he aqueous ex ac o Pe oselinum c ispum lea es by mace a ion
in dis illed wa e and il a ion. The esul ing ex ac was hen used o phy ochemical analysis using known me hods.
Quali a i e phy ochemical es s pe o med wi h his ex ac e ealed he p esence o s e ols, poly e penes, polyphenols,
ca echin annins, la onoids, alkaloids, quinones, and saponins. Subsequen ly, an acu e oxici y s udy was conduc ed on
emale Wis a mice by o ce- eeding hem wi h single doses o 2000 o 5000 mg/kg body weigh , ollowing he OECD
423 guideline. I e ealed ha he ex ac was no oxic o ally a he doses s udied.
Keywo ds: Aqueous Ex ac ; Pe oselinum c ispum; Phy ochemical; Acu e Toxici y; OECD 423
1. In oduc ion
Since ancien imes, humans ha e used plan s o mee hei basic needs, including ood, clo hing, and medical needs.
Cu en ly, o e 80% o he wo ld's popula ion uses medicinal plan s o ea men , due in pa o hei e ec i eness
and, in pa , o he lack o access o medica ions p esc ibed by mode n medicine [1]. This is he case wi h pa sley
(Pe oselinum c ispum (Mill.) is a biennial a oma ic plan o he Apiaceae amily [2]. All pa s and he essen ial oil o
pa sley ha e been shown o be diu e ic, spasmoly ic, and ha e an i-u oli hiasis ac i i y. P epa a ions based on pa sley
lea es ha e demons a ed hypoglycemic, an ioxidan , an i-in lamma o y, an ibac e ial, and hypoglycemic p ope ies
[3]. Fu he mo e, hese mode n medica ions, al hough e ec i e, a e no wi hou ad e se e ec s [4]. This esea ch aims
o e alua e he phy ochemical p ope ies and assess he acu e oxici y o Pe oselinum c ispum lea es, which a e
necessa y o be e a ionalize hei use.
2. Ma e ial and me hods
2.1. Ma e ial
2.1.1. Plan Ma e ial
Pe oselinum c ispum (Apiaceae) lea es pu chased a he Gou o ma ke in Adjamé (Abidjan, Cô e d’I oi e) we e used as
plan ma e ial. This plan was iden i ied a he FÉLIX HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY Uni e si y a he Na ional Flo is ic Cen e
(CNF).
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2.1.2. Animal Ma e ial
The animal ma e ial consis ed o Swiss s ain Mus musculus (Mu idae) mice, weighing be ween 18 g and 25 g, om he
animal acili y o he Highe No mal School (ENS) a he Félix Houphouë -Boigny Uni e si y (Abidjan, Cô e d’I oi e).
2.2. Me hods
2.2.1. P epa a ion o he o al aqueous ex ac o Pe oselinum c ispum (Apiaceae) lea es
The Pe oselinum c ispum lea es we e d ied away om sunligh a oom empe a u e (30 +/- 2°C) o 21 days and hen
g ound using an elec ic g inde o ob ain a powde . One hund ed (100) g ams o he Pe oselinum c ispum powde
we e g ound h ee imes in a blende o 3 minu es in 1.5 L o dis illed wa e . The esul ing g ound p oduc was il e ed
h ough abso ben co on and hen h ough Wha man No. 1 il e pape . The collec ed il a e was o en-d ied a 68.5°C
o 72 hou s. A e d ying, he aqueous ex ac o Pe oselinum c ispum lea es (EAPc) was in powde o m.
2.2.2. Phy ochemical s udy o he o al aqueous ex ac o Pe oselinum c ispum (Apiaceae) lea es
Seconda y me aboli es we e de ec ed using he analy ical echniques desc ibed in he wo k o [5]. Fo hese es s, a
solu ion o he aqueous ex ac was p epa ed by dissol ing 5 g o he ex ac in 50 ml o dis illed wa e .
2.2.3. De ec ion o s e ols and poly e penes
To de ec s e ols and poly e penes, 5 ml o EAPc solu ion was e apo a ed o d yness, wi hou ca bonizing he esidue,
in a dish o e a sand ba h. The esidue was hen dissol ed while ho in 1 ml o ace ic anhyd ide and ca e ully added o
0.5 ml o concen a ed sul u ic acid along he wall o he es ube con aining he solu ion. The appea ance o a pu ple
o iole ing, u ning blue and hen g een, indica es a posi i e eac ion. Polyphenol De ec ion
One d op o an alcoholic solu ion o e ic chlo ide (FeCl3 2%) was added o 2 ml o he solu ion. Fe ic chlo ide, in he
p esence o polyphenol de i a i es, causes a mo e o less da k blue-black o g een colo , indica ing he p esence o
polyphenol de i a i es.
2.2.4. Fla onoid de ec ion
In a capsule, 2 ml o he o al aqueous ex ac o Pe oselinum c ispum we e e apo a ed o d yness, and he esidue was
aken up in 5 ml o hyd ochlo ic alcohol. The solu ion was pou ed in o a es ube, and 2 o 3 magnesium sha ings we e
added. The esul ing o ange-pink o pu plish colo indica es a posi i e eac ion. The colo was compa ed o ha o
s anda d que ce ol (0.05 mg/ml) ea ed wi h he same amoun o eagen o demons a e he p esence o la onoids.
2.2.5. Alkaloid de ec ion
The cha ac e iza ion o alkaloids begins wi h he e apo a ion o d yness o 6 ml o he o al aqueous ex ac o
Pe oselinum c ispum in a dish. The esidue is aken up in 6 ml o 60°C alcohol. The esul ing alcoholic solu ion is di ided
in o wo es ubes. Two d ops o D agendo 's eagen a e added o he i s ube. The appea ance o a eddish-b own
p ecipi a e indica es a posi i e eac ion. Two d ops o Boucha da 's eagen a e added o he second ube. The
appea ance o a eddish-b own p ecipi a e o colo indica es a posi i e eac ion.
2.2.6. Saponin de ec ion
This in es iga ion is based on he p ope y o aqueous solu ions con aining saponins o oam a e shaking. 15 ml o he
aqueous solu ion is placed in a es ube 16 mm in diame e and 16 cm high. The ube is capped be o e igo ously
shaking e ically o 10 seconds, hen allowed o s and o 10 minu es. I , a e his s anding ime, he oam heigh is
g ea e han 1 cm, hen saponins a e p esen .
2.2.7. Tannin de ec ion
Tannins a e di ided in o wo g oups:
• Ca echol annins, non-hyd olyzable in na u e, o med om ca echol polyme s in condensed o m.
• Gallic annins, de i ed om gallic acid and combined in he o m o hyd olyzable glycosides.
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2.2.8. Ca echol Tannin De ec ion
To he emaining 5 ml o he e apo a ed EA solu ion, 15 ml o S iasny's eagen (30% o malin, concen a ed HCl) we e
added. The mix u e was kep in a wa e ba h a 80°C o 30 minu es, hen cooled. The obse a ion o a la ge lake
p ecipi a e indica es he p esence o ca echol annins.
2.2.9. De ec ion o gallic annins
Ano he 5 ml o he p e ious solu ion o he o al aqueous ex ac o Pe oselinum c ispum is il e ed and sa u a ed wi h
sodium ace a e. The addi ion o h ee d ops o e ic chlo ide (2% FeCl3) causes he appea ance o an in ense blue-black
colo , indica ing he p esence o gallic annins in he medium. A con ol es is pe o med wi h gallic acid.
2.2.10. De ec ion o quinone compounds
F ee o combined quinone compounds a e de ec ed using he Bo n aege eac ion. 2 ml o he EAPc solu ion a e
e apo a ed o d yness in a dish, and he esidue is aken up wi h 5 ml o hyd ochlo ic acid dilu ed 1/5. The esul ing
solu ion is pou ed in o a es ube and kep in a boiling wa e ba h o 30 minu es. A e cooling comple ely, 20 ml o
chlo o o m a e added. The chlo o o m phase is hen eco e ed, o which 0.5 ml o hal -s eng h ammonia (Bo n aege 's
eagen ) is added. The appea ance o a colo anging om ed o pu ple is p oo o he p esence o quinone compounds.
De ec ion o s e ols and poly e penes
To de ec s e ols and poly e penes, 5 ml o he aqueous ex ac solu ion is e apo a ed o d yness, wi hou ca bonizing
he esidue, in a dish o e a sand ba h. The esidue is hen dissol ed while ho in 1 ml o ace ic anhyd ide and ca e ully
added o 0.5 ml o concen a ed sul u ic acid along he wall o he es ube con aining he solu ion. The appea ance o
a pu ple o pu ple ing, u ning blue and hen g een, indica es a posi i e eac ion. A con ol es is pe o med wi h a
chlo o o m choles e ol solu ion.
2.2.11. Acu e oxici y s udy o he ex ac in mice
The acu e oxici y class me hod is a s udy ha allows us o assess he dose le els ha can cause he dea h o a labo a o y
animal, o de e mine he symp oms o acu e poisoning, and he ci cums ances o dea h. I was conduc ed in acco dance
wi h he acu e o al oxici y me hod desc ibed in OECD Guideline 423 [6]. This acu e o al oxici y s udy was conduc ed
on mice weighing be ween 18 g and 25 g. The limi es me hod was adop ed in his s udy. Th ee g oups o h ee mice
we e c ea ed. The i s g oup (con ol) was ea ed wi h dis illed wa e , and he second g oup ecei ed a dose o 2000
mg/kg body weigh in a olume o 1 ml pe 100 g o body weigh o cPAE. Adminis a ion was ca ied ou using a sui able
gas ic ube, and he animals we e as ed he day be o e wi h ee access o wa e .
The animals we e obse ed indi idually a leas once du ing he i s 30 minu es and egula ly du ing he i s 24 hou s
a e ea men . Special a en ion was paid o hem du ing he i s 4 hou s a e he obse a ion session, when hey
we e gi en ood again. Obse a ions con inued daily o 14 days. The pa ame e s obse ed we e: emo s, con ulsions,
sali a ion, dia hea, le ha gy, sleep, and coma. The skin, hai , eyes, and mucous memb anes, as well as he espi a o y
sys em, we e examined.
• In case o dea h, he lowe dose o 300 mg/kg o body weigh was used.
• In he absence o dea h in he ea ed g oup, he es was epea ed a a dose o 5000 mg/kg o body weigh ,
adminis e ed o ano he g oup o 3 mice.
3. Resul s
3.1. Phy ochemical s udy o he o al aqueous ex ac o Pe oselinum c ispum lea es
Phy ochemical analysis o he o al aqueous ex ac o Pe oselinum c ispum lea es e ealed he p esence o s e ols and
poly e penes, polyphenols, la onoids, and saponins. I also e ealed he p esence o alkaloids and ca echol annins.
Howe e , gallic annins and quinone compounds we e no p esen in he aqueous ex ac o Pe oselinum c ispum (Table
1).
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Table 1 Resul s o he phy ochemical s udy o he aqueous ex ac o Pe oselinum c ispum lea es
Resea ched Compounds
Tes o Reagen s
Resul
S e ols and Poly e penes
Liebe mann
+
Polyphenols
Fe ic Chlo ide
+
Fla onoids
Cyanidine
+
Saponins
Vigo ous Shaking
+
Quinonic Compounds
Bo n aege
-
Alkaloids
D agendo
+
Boucha da
+
Tannins
Ca echol
S iasny
+
Gallic
Hyd ochlo ic Acid
-
(+): P esence o he compound (–): Absence o he compound
3.2. Acu e oxici y s udy o he aqueous ex ac o Pe oselinum c ispum lea es
Ga age o he aqueous ex ac o Pe oselinum c ispum lea es a a dose o 2000 mg/kg body weigh did no al e he
beha io o he mice. Du ing he 14-day obse a ion pe iod, he 2000 mg/kg body weigh dose did no cause any mouse
dea hs. Thus, he maximum dose o 5000 mg/kg body weigh was adminis e ed. I esul ed in dec eased mo o skills
and g ouping in he co ne s o he cage immedia ely a e adminis a ion. Du ing he 14-day obse a ion pe iod, nei he
he 2000 no he 5000 mg/kg body weigh doses caused any mouse dea hs. The 50% le hal dose (LD50) is he e o e
g ea e han 5000 mg/kg o body weigh (Table 2).
Table 2 Numbe o mice and pe cen age o mo ali y o mice ea ed wi h aqueous ex ac o Pe oselinum c ispum
lea es (EAPc)
Doses o EAPc (mg/kg BW)
Numbe o mice es ed
Numbe o dea hs
1
Dis illed wa e
3
0
2
2000
3
0
3
5000
3
0
4. Discussion
Quali a i e phy ochemical es s pe o med wi h he aqueous ex ac o Pe oselinum c ispum (Apiaceae) lea es e ealed
he p esence o s e ols, poly e penes, polyphenols, ca echol annins, la onoids, alkaloids, and saponins. Howe e , he
absence o gallic annins and quinone compounds was no ed in his ex ac . A s udy by Akh a e al. [7] on he
hyd oalcoholic ex ac o Pe oselinum c ispum lea es e ealed he same compounds obse ed in EAPc, wi h he
excep ion o s e ols and poly e penes. In he li e a u e, he chemical composi ion o EAPc a ies acco ding o he
au ho s Koua e al. [8], du ing a compa a i e s udy o he phy ochemical composi ion o he lea es o Pe oselinum
c ispum, Tymus sa u eioides, and Spi ulina pla ensis ca ied ou in Mo occo, had con i med he p esence o annins,
la onoids, s e ols, and i e penes. Howe e , ou esul s a e consis en wi h hose o Fejes e al. [9] and F ancis e
Isaksen [10], who ob ained he same esul s.
The s udy o he acu e oxici y o he aqueous ex ac o Pe oselinum c ispum lea es in emale mice p o ided an
es ima e, acco ding o he OECD Guidelines and Recommenda ions 423 [6], o he 50% le hal dose (LD 50). The esul s
showed ha he adminis a ion o EAPc a doses o 2000 and hen 5000 mg/Kg o body weigh did no cause any animal
dea hs in 24 hou s and du ing 14 days o obse a ion. Acco ding o he OECD Globally Ha monized Sys em o
Classi ica ion (GHS), EAPc is classi ied in ca ego y 5 o no classi ied as non- oxic p oduc s by o al ou e [6]. The LD50
is he e o e g ea e han 5000 mg/kg o body weigh by o al ou e. This lack o oxici y has also been obse ed wi h
o he plan s o he adi ional A ican pha macopoeia such as he lea es o Mo inga olei e a (Mo ingaceae), Mi agyna
inennis ( ubiaceae) by his same ou e on mice. This is con i med by he s udies ca ied ou by Asiedu-Gyekye e al. [11]
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and hose o Ossou e al. [12] who ob ained he same esul s. A s udy by Kablan e al. [13] showed simila esul s wi h
EAPc a 5000 mg/kg body weigh , con i ming i s non- oxic po en ial e en a high single doses.
5. Conclusion
In he con ex o plan esou ce de elopmen , he Apiaceae amily s ands ou as one o he mos s udied due o he
ichness o i s bioac i e compounds wi h no able phy o he apeu ic p ope ies. Quali a i e analysis o an aqueous
ex ac o Pe oselinum c ispum lea es, ca ied ou using phy ochemical sc eening, e ealed he p esence o a ious
seconda y me aboli es, he p esence o which in he ex ac is belie ed o be esponsible o many o he he apeu ic
p ope ies a ibu ed o his plan . Fu he mo e, oxici y assessmen showed ha his ex ac is non- oxic o ally,
sugges ing ha his adminis a ion me hod is a p e e ed app oach o po en ial pha macological use.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho s exp ess hei g a i ude o he membe s o he eaching and esea ch Uni o hei aluable con ibu ion o
his s udy, as well as o he adminis a ion o he Highe No mal School which made he animal acili y a ailable o
ca ying ou he a ious manipula ions.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es in ou documen .
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