Co esponding au ho : Ibim Abba G een.
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Ad ances in g een hyd a e inhibi o s
Ibim-Abba-G een *, Dulu-Appah, Mike-Onyekonwu, Toyin-Olabisi-Odu ola and Uche-Osokogwu
Pe oleum and Gas Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Po Ha cou , Ri e s S a e, Nige ia.
Global Jou nal o Enginee ing and Technology Ad ances, 2025, 24(01), 007-015
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 23 May 2025; e ised on 29 June 2025; accep ed on 01 July 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/gje a.2025.24.1.0205
Abs ac
Gas hyd a e blockage is a majo issue ha he p oduc ion and anspo a ion p ocesses in he oil/gas indus y aces.
The o ma ion o gas hyd a es in pipelines esul s in signi ican inancial losses and se ious sa e y isks. To ackle he
low assu ance issues caused by gas hyd a e o ma ion in he pipelines, some physical me hods and chemical inhibi o s
a e applied by he oil/gas indus y. The physical echniques in ol e subjec ing he gas hyd a es o he mal hea ing and
dep essu iza ion. The al e na i e me hod, on he o he hand, elies on injec ing chemical inhibi o s in o he pipelines,
which a ec s gas hyd a e o ma ion. Chemical inhibi o s a e classi ied in o high dosage hyd a e inhibi o s
( he modynamic hyd a e inhibi o s (THI)) and low dosage hyd a e inhibi o s (kine ic hyd a e inhibi o s (KHI) and an i-
agglome a es (AAs)). Each chemical inhibi o a ec s he gas hyd a e om a di e en pe spec i e. The mode n-day
inhibi o s a e majo ly syn he ic, expensi e and lead o en i onmen al pollu ion, he e o e, he e is need o less
expensi e and en i onmen ally iendly inhibi o s. This a icle e iews ecen ad ances in he use o locally sou ced
bio-deg adable ma e ials o e ec i ely inhibi gas hyd a e o ma ion. The inhibi ion e iciency o plan ma e ials will be
alida ed side by side wi h syn he ic hyd a e inhibi o s. The pe o mance o hese g een inhibi o s will p o ide e ec i e
echniques o gas hyd a e managemen .
Keywo ds: Hyd a e Fo ma ion; Tempe a u e; P essu e; Gas; Chemical Inhibi o s
1. In oduc ion
Millions o dolla s a e spen annually in he oil and gas indus y o inhibi he p oduc ion o gas hyd a es in he pipelines
o assu e an unin e up ed low o na u al gas in he pipelines. Gas hyd a es a e conside ed among he mos ca as ophic
p oblems ha ace he low o na u al gas in he pipelines. Signi ican economic losses and se e e sa e y h ea s a e
caused by gas hyd a e o ma ion in he pipelines. The o ma ion o gas hyd a es in he pipelines may occu du ing he
p oduc ion, p ocessing, o anspo a ion o hyd oca bons, depending on he he modynamics o he su ounding
en i onmen . Thus, hei p oduc ion inhibi ion is a necessi y o a mo e e icien na u al gas p oduc ion p ocess. Gas
hyd a es a e ice c ys alline-like s uc u es consis ing o gas and wa e molecules. The wa e molecules o m a cage-like
c ys al la ice s uc u e ia hyd ogen bonding, and he gas molecules occupy he in e s i ial acancies (cages) in he
la ice wi hou possessing a la ice posi ion. These gues molecules include he small-sized hyd oca bon molecules by
na u e (e.g., CH4, C2H6, C3H8, e c.), as well as H2S, N2, and CO2. The e a e h ee undamen al gas hyd a e s uc u es
ha ha e been iden i ied so a , based on he s uc u e and he numbe o hyd a e ca i ies and he size o he gues
molecule, and include cubic s uc u e I (sI), cubic s uc u e II (sII), and hexagonal s uc u e H. Gas hyd a es a e s able
a low empe a u es and high-p essu e en i onmen . Gas hyd a es can e icien ly con ain gas molecules, since hey a e
non- lowing c ys alline solids.
Gas hyd a e o ma ion causes disas ous issues. Hence, hei emo al is a mus . Gas hyd a e can be p e en ed by
emo ing ee wa e in he gas s eam, insula ion o pipeline, hea ing/dep essu izing he sys em and injec ion o
chemicals - he modynamic inhibi o s and Low Dosage Hyd a e Inhibi o s (LDHIs). Injec ion o chemicals wi h much
Global Jou nal o Enginee ing and Technology Ad ances, 2025, 24(01), 007-015
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emphasis on he use o LDHIs is a common p ac ice in he emo e and o sho e en i onmen . Bu hese mi iga ions a e
e y cos ly o sus ain and possesses en i onmen al consequences. Subsequen ly, esea che s a e now shi ing owa ds
ob aining eco- iendly LDHIs o be e gas hyd a e managemen .
2. Expe imen s Wi h Ag o-Based Hyd a e Inhibi o s
Elechi e al (2019) in es iga ed Plan Family Cos aceae Ex ac as Gas Hyd a e Inhibi o in a Simula ed O sho e
En i onmen . They p epa ed Cos aceae ex ac om eshly cu s ems and subjec ed i o phy ochemical sc eening. The
expe imen s we e conduc ed in a mini low hyd a e appa a us a a ying weigh pe cen ages o 1w %, 2w % and 3w %
o he ex ac inhibi ed hyd a e o ma ion. Acco ding o Vi ue e al (2019), he weigh pe cen age o he Cos aceae
Family Ex ac (CFE) wi h he highes inhibi ion capaci y was 2w % wi h p essu e d op o 107 psia as compa ed wi h
he con en ional Mono E hylene Glycol (MEG) ha had p essu e d op o 105 psia (Figu e 1). Thei esul indica ed ha
CFE showed inhibi o y capaci y in all weigh pe cen ages and pe o med a o ably well when compa ed o MEG.
P esence o bioac i e compounds like phenols, annins, alkaloids, la onoids and saponins could be esponsible o he
an i-oxida ion and inhibi o y pe o mance o he CFE. Gi en he ac ha Cos aceae Family Ex ac (CFE) is locally
a ailable and go en om Plan amily, ha makes i cos e ec i e and en i onmen ally iendly (in he sense ha i is
biodeg adable), Vi ue e al (2019) s a ed ha i should be conside ed and de eloped as an inhibi o o gas hyd a e in
a ou o MEG which is expensi e and oxic o bo h humans and he en i onmen .
Figu e 1 P essu e e sus Time o 2w % Cos acaea Family Ex ac (CFE) and Mono E hylene Glycol (MEG)
Figu e 2 Chemical s uc u e o Fla onoids (Elechi e al 2019)
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Figu e 3 Chemical s uc u e o Tannins (Elechi e al 2019)
Figu e 4 Chemical s uc u e o Phenols (Elechi e al 2019)
Okon e al (2018) expe imen ally s udied Locally Fo mula ed Inhibi o om Ag o Was e o Gas Hyd a e Inhibi ion in a
Mini Flow Loop. They compa ed he inhibi o y capaci y o con en ional kine ic hyd a e inhibi o s (KHIs), N-
inylcap olac am (N-VCap) and 2-(Dime hylamino) e hylme hac yla e (2-DMEM) wi h Locally Fo mula ed Kine ic
Hyd a e Inhibi o (LFKHI) p oduced om ag o was e-based s a ch. Expe imen al uns we e ca ied ou on a mini low
loop using di e en weigh pe cen ages o 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 o he a ious inhibi o s. The plo s o p essu e,
empe a u e and ime clea ly showed ha in all he weigh pe cen ages, he LFKHI pe o med be e (Figu e 5). The
LFKHI is eco- iendly and biodeg adable since i is p oduced om ag o was e-based s a ch. I is cheap and wa e -
soluble. Okon e al (2018) ecommended LFKHI o ield ial.
Figu e 5 P essu e e sus ime o 0.01w % LFKHI, 2-DMEM, N-VCap and Uninhibi ion
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Figu e 6 P essu e e sus ime o 0.02w % LFKHI, 2-DMEM, N-VCap and Uninhibi ion
Figu e 7 P essu e e sus ime o 0.03w % LFKHI, 2-DMEM, N-VCap and Uninhibi ion
Odu ola e al (2019) expe imen ally in es iga ed modi ied s a ch om whi e co n as a kine ic inhibi o o gas hyd a e.
They modi ied he s a ch om whi e co n by oxida ion and applied in low dosages (0.01w %, - 0.05w %) in a cons an
olume expe imen conduc ed in a labo a o y hyd a e low loop used o simula e subsea pipelines. The p essu e ime
p o ile (Figu e 8) o he expe imen s conduc ed was e alua ed based on he gas dissolu ion ime, nuclea ion ime and
hyd a e g ow h ime. The e ec i eness o he modi ied s a ch was indica ed by how much gas was used up in o ming
hyd a es du ing he expe imen s conduc ed. 0.04w % o modi ied s a ch was he op imal dosage o inhibi o in his
s udy as i showed less educ ion in p essu e implying less gas was used. When he pe o mance o modi ied co n s a ch
was compa ed wi h he pe o mance o simila expe imen s done in he same equipmen using poly inylpy olidone
(PVP), N- inylcap olac am (PVCap), and 2-(dime hylamino)e hylme hac yla e (DMEM) as hyd a e inhibi o s, Modi ied
s a ch pe o med bes . Odu ola e al (2019) ecommended modi ied co n s a ch as an e icien , inexpensi e and
en i onmen ally iendly hyd a e inhibi o .
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Figu e 8 Compa a i e analysis o p essu e d op e sus elapsed ime o 0.00w % - 0.05w % o modi ied s a ch
Elechi e al (2022) in es iga ed he in luence o a Plan Ex ac (PE) on he phase beha iou and equilib ium o s uc u e
I (SI) gas hyd a e and i s inhibi ion e iciency. The PE was sc eened using a mini low loop. F om he p essu e-
empe a u e phase diag am, he a ious weigh pe cen ages o he PE we e able o dis up he he modynamic
equilib ium condi ions o he wa e and gas molecules o lowe empe a u es and inc ease p essu es, which caused a
shi in he equilib ium cu e o an uns able hyd a e o ma ion zone. The p essu e e sus ime plo (Figu e 9) as well
as he inhibi ion e iciency plo s o he PE and Mono E hylene Glycol (MEG) we e e alua ed. O e all, he inhibi ion
e iciency o he PE was highe han ha o MEG o 1 w % (60.53%) and 2 w % (55.26%) bu had he same e iciency
a 3 w % (73.68%). The PE a 1 w % had he g ea es inhibi ion e ec and adjudged he op imum weigh pe cen wi h
a well- egula ed phase equilib ium cu e. This shows ha PE is a be e gas hyd a e inhibi o han MEG, which is oxic
o bo h human and aqua ic li e; he e o e, Elechi e al (2022) ecommended his solu ion o ield ials.
Figu e 9 P essu e and Tempe a u e e sus Time o 1, 2 and 3 w % Plan Ex ac (PE)
Elechi e al (2018) expe imen ally s udied he in luence o bio-deg adable gas hyd a e inhibi o om locally sou ced
ma e ials as compa ed o a con en ional hyd a e inhibi o Mono e hylene glycol (MEG). Expe imen s we e conduc ed
using a mini low loop. I in ol ed mi iga ing hyd a e o ma ion using a ying weigh pe cen ages o he inhibi o
(1w %, 2w % and 3w %) and hen e alua e hei e ec on hyd a e inhibi ion in he mini low loop. Sensi i i y cha s
(Figu e 10) o p essu e, empe a u e and ime o bo h he local inhibi o and MEG we e made. F om he analysis, 1 and
2 weigh pe cen ages o he local plan ex ac (PE) showed be e inhibi o y capaci y han MEG while 3 weigh
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pe cen ages o plan ex ac (PE) and MEG had a close ma ch. Based on he esul ob ained, Elechi e al (2018)
ecommended PE o ield ial.
Figu e 10 Plo o P essu e and Time o uninhibi ed, 1w %, 2w % and 3w % o PE and MEG
Raimond e al (2010) expe imen ally showed ha an i eeze p o eins (AFPs) possess he abili y o modi y s uc u e II
(sII) e ahyd o u an (THF) hyd a e c ys al mo phologies by adhe ing o he hyd a e su ace and inhibi ing g ow h in
a simila ashion o he kine ic inhibi o poly-N inylpy olidone (PVP). The e ec s o AFPs on he o ma ion and g ow h
a e o high-p essu e sII gas mix hyd a e demons a ed ha AFPs a e supe io hyd a e inhibi o s compa ed o PVP
(Figu e 11). These esul s indica e ha AFPs may be sui able o he s udy o new inhibi o sys ems and ep esen an
impo an s ep owa ds he de elopmen o biologically based hyd a e inhibi o s.
Figu e 11 P essu e summa y o sII me hane/e hane/p opane gas hyd a e wi h 0.1 mM addi i es. P essu e ends
plo ed agains ime o Type III AFP, Type III AFP-GFP, LpAFP-GFP, GFP, PVP and con ol wa e samples. Absolu e
p essu e d ops a e p opo ional o he quan i y o moles o gas consumed
Mo eza e al (2023) demons a ed ha c ys al g ow h inhibi ion (CGI) me hods ha e been used o assess he KHI
pe o mance o aqueous ood g ade apple pec in o pu e me hane and a mul icomponen na u al gas, wi h esul s
compa ed o he comme cial biodeg adable KHI polyme Lu icap Bio. Resul s show ha Lu icap Bio can o e signi ican
inhibi ion o high subcoolings (e.g 9.1°C o he comple e inhibi ion egion in he na u al gas sys em). In con as , da a
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show ha pec in lacks he abili y o signi ican ly inhibi hyd a e c ys al g ow h, wi h i only showing some an i-
nuclea ion p ope ies, namely, h ough he abili y o emo e hyd a e “his o y” ( elic nuclei/wa e s uc u ing). This
analysis highligh s why i is c ucial o ensu e he p esence o seeds (nuclei/wa e s uc u es) and ideally iable hyd a e
c ys als, ahead o a e-cooling cycle o he eliable assessmen o KHIs by CGI ype me hods. An inad e en lack o such
“seeding” could po en ially esul in misleadingly s ong appa en inhibi ion pe o mance esul s, as ecen ly ound in
ela ed s udies o some comme cial KHIs.
E ani e al (2020) conduc ed expe imen s o de e mine he pe o mance o s a ch (Figu e 2.1) in hyd a e inhibi ion.
They obse ed ha he anhd oglucose segmen o s a ch con ains hyd a e s uc u e like ha o hyd ophilic pendan
lac am g oup. They also s a ed ha s a ch eac s wi h hyd ogen in he wa e molecules du ing hyd a e p ocess. They
concluded ha he p esence o s a ch gene a es signi ican o ce ha inhibi hyd a e o ma ion.
Elechi e al (2021) expe imen ally in es iga ed he e ec o ca icaceae plan (Figu e 2.2) as gas hyd a e inhibi o . The
expe imen was done in a locally ab ica ed hyd a e loop. P essu e p o ile om he expe imen al uns we e used o
compa e he inhibi ion e iciency o ca icaceae ex ac (CE) and monoe hylene glycol (MEG). The ou comes indica ed
ha less gas was used up in he p esence o ca icaceae ex ac compa ed o ha o monoe hylene glycol. This is also
e iden in he p essu e p o ile which indica ed less educ ion in he p esence o ca inceae ex a compa ed o ha o
monoe hylene glycol. Elechi e al (2021) ecommended he use o ca icaceae ex ac as hyd a e inhibi o in ield
applica ions.
Shu ui e al (2016) expe imen ally in es iga ed he inhibi ion e iciency o Es-PVCap-OH (addi ion o es e g oup and
hyd oxy g oup o he molecula chai end o poly ingl cap olac am). Gel pe mea ion Ch oma og aphy and Fou ie
ans o m in a ed spec oscopy echniques we e used o cha ac e ize bo h Es-PVCap-OH and PVCap. The inhibi o
e iciency o bo h PVCXap and Es-PVCap-OH on me hane hyd a e o ma ion was in es iga ed. The cha ac e izes o
o med me hane hyd a e we e de e mined wi h C yogenic Scanning Elec on Mic oscopy (C yo-SEM), Powde X- ay
di ac ion and Raman Spec oscopy. The ou comes o he expe imen al in es iga ion indica ed ha Es-PVCap-OH
pe o med be e han PVCap in inhibi ing he me hane hyd a e. The esul s also showed ha Es-PVCap-OH
demons a ed highe maximum sub-cooling han PVCap a he same concen a ion le els. They said ha Es-PVCap-OH
pa icula ly ac ed on speci ied hyd a e c ys al planes and weakens i s g ow h capaci y. They ecommended he use o
Es-PVCap-OH as hyd a e inhibi o s because o i s abili y o mi iga e he numbe and impac o me hane molecules in
cases o hyd a e la ice. Acco ding o Shu ui e al (2016), Es-PVCap can change he mic os uc u e o hyd a es om
submic on po es o a scaly clus e .
Abdol eza e al (2020) expe imen ally in es iga ed hyd a e o ma ion and dissocia ion in a 4inch labo a o y low loop.
The analysis was used o de e mine he impac o p essu e, empe a u e, densi y and di e en ial p essu e on hyd a e
o ma ion and dissocia ion. They also e alua ed he e ec o di e en eloci ies and liquid loading on hyd a e o ma ion
and g ow h o 100% wa e cu . In he expe imen , me hane gas was used. A signi ican p essu e d op was eco ded
du ing hyd a e o ma ion in he low loop. I was obse ed ha he p essu e d op was a ec ed by liquid loading and
sal solu ion. The p essu e d op was also obse ed o be di ec ly p opo ional o he eloci y.
3. Conclusion
F om he analysis gi en so a , na u al plan ma e ials compe ed a ou ably well wi h he con en ional syn he ic
hyd a e inhibi o s in hyd a e managemen . Gi en he ac ha hese ag o-based ma e ials a e locally a ailable and can
be ob ained om Plan amily, i will be en i onmen ally iendly (in he sense ha i is biodeg adable). Less und will
be equi ed o ob ain and p epa e local plan ma e ials as hyd a e inhibi o s han he con en ional syn he ic hyd a e
inhibi o s ha a e usually expensi e o sus ain. Some o he local plan s wi h po en ial hyd a e inhibi o y a e igno an ly
abandoned o o and which cons i u es nuisance o ou immedia e en i onmen . I should he e o e be conside ed and
de eloped as inhibi o s o gas hyd a e con ol in a ou o con en ional syn he ic hyd a e inhibi o s which a e oxic o
bo h humans and he en i onmen .
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