Co esponding au ho : Wali Elekwachi
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Liscense 4.0.
The impac o he Nige del a en i onmen on EIA ollow-up o oil and gas p ojec s
S ephen Hemba 1, * and Wali Elekwachi 2
1 Depa men o Geog aphy, Facul y o Social and Managemen Sciences, Fede al Uni e si y Bi nin Kebbi, Kebbi S a e,
Nige ia.
2 Depa men o En i onmen al Managemen and Pollu ion, Facul y o En i onmen al Managemen , Nige ia Ma i ime
Uni e si y, Oke enko o, Del a S a e, Nige ia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(03), 1683-1691
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 16 Augus 2025; e ised on 23 Sep embe 2025; accep ed on 25 Sep embe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.3.3319
Abs ac
En i onmen al Impac Assessmen (EIA) Follow-Up o oil and gas p ojec s in he Nige Del a is epo ed o be weak and
inadequa e. This s udy used seconda y da a analysis o examine he impac o he Nige Del a en i onmen on he weak
implemen a ion o EIA ollow-up o oil and gas p ojec s in he egion. The s udy compa ed he ollow-up pe o mance
o p ojec s loca ed be ween wo geopoli ical en i onmen s o Bayelsa and Ri e s s a es and be ween he ecological
en i onmen s o upland and he i e ine. Resul s showed no s a is ically signi ican di e ence be ween he p ojec s
loca ed in Bayelsa s a e and Ri e s s a e (U = 14, P= 0.505) al hough median pe o mance sco e was highe o p ojec s
loca ed in Bayelsa s a e (Mdn = 53) han o p ojec s in Ri e s s a e (Mdn = 28). Also, while median pe o mance sco e
was highe o p ojec s loca ed in i e ine en i onmen (Mdn = 61.1) han o p ojec s loca ed in he upland
en i onmen (Mdn = 31) he di e ence in hei pe o mance was no s a is ically signi ican (U = 9.500, P= 0.157). The
s udy concluded ha he loca ion o oil and gas p ojec s ac oss di e en geopoli ical and ecological en i onmen s wi hin
he Nige Del a egion has no signi ican impac on EIA ollow-up o he p ojec s.
Keywo ds: En i onmen al Impac Assessmen (EIA); EIA-Follow-Up; Nige Del a; En i onmen al and Social
Managemen Plan (EMP)
1. In oduc ion
The adop ion and applica ion o En i onmen al Impac Assessmen a ound he wo ld is conside ed popula because o
i s capaci y o con ibu e o quali y en i onmen al managemen decisions and d i e sus ainabili y. The ollow-up
componen in ol ing he implemen a ion o En i onmen al Managemen Plan (EMP) is ega ded as he engine oom
o achie ing he goals o EIA [1, 2, and 3]. The implemen a ion and e ec i eness o EIA and indeed ollow-up ha e been
esea ched a ound he wo ld beginning wi h wo k o [4]. Repo s ha e shown implemen a ion o be inadequa e o all
componen s o EIA wi h he implemen a ion o EMP desc ibed as he weakes componen [5, 6]. Resea che s ha e also
a emp ed o iden i y ac o s esponsible o weak implemen a ion [7]. Howe e , acco ding o [8] been sensi i e o a
egion’s con ex is essen ially necessa y o unde s anding he pe o mance o EIA sys em and i s e alua ion. S udies on
EIA and indeed EMP ha e shown ha he le el and quali y o implemen a ion a y om one ju isdic ion o ano he and
sugges ha local ac o s comp ising social and en i onmen al ac o s could ha e signi ican impac on he
implemen a ion p ocess. While his may be mo e signi ican a a wide le el o an EIA ju isdic ion, unde s anding hese
dynamics wi hin speci ic sub- egions and sec o s wi hin an EIA ju isdic ion is equally impo an . A emp s ha e been
made by di e en esea che s o e alua e he implemen a ion o ollow-up a a ious scales wi h [9] and [10]
di e en ia ing be ween he mic o and mac o scales. They a gue ha unde s anding p ac ices a di e en scales will
enhance applica ion o co ec i e measu es o imp o e p ac ices and achie e success.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(03), 1683-1691
1684
The Nige Del a egion o Nige ia is one o he mos ecologically di e se and economically signi ican a eas in sub-
Saha an A ica. Rich in biodi e si y and home o as ese es o c ude oil and na u al gas, he egion has long a ac ed
oil and gas de elopmen p ojec s. Howe e , he implemen a ion o En i onmen al Managemen Plans (EMPs)- EIA
ollow-up in his ecologically sensi i e egion has been a ed as weak and inadequa e o p o ec he en i onmen and
d i e owa ds sus ainabili y [11]. The wo k by [11] exempli ies sub- egional and sec o -speci ic e alua ion o he
implemen a ion o EMP wi hin an EIA ju isdic ion. Howe e , he s udy ailed o p o ide in o ma ion on he speci ic
ela ionship be ween he egion’s dynamics, in his case, he peculia geopoli ical and ecological en i onmen s wi hin
he Nige Del a and he implemen a ion o EMP o he oil and gas p ojec s. Fu he in es iga ion is he e o e necessa y
o ill his gap and un a el his ela ionship. Whe eas he weak o inadequa e pe o mance o EMP could be blamed on
he complex coun y-wide con ex , unde s anding he link wi h he peculia i ies o he Nige Del a en i onmen is a
c i ical esea ch need capable o suppo ing he applica ion o measu es o imp o e p ac ice owa ds ensu ing
en i onmen al sus ainabili y, communi y well-being, and egula o y compliance. This s udy ocused on Ri e s and
Bayelsa S a es, wo co e s a es in he Nige Del a ha exempli y he egion’s socio-poli ical di e si y and ecological
complexi y. By compa ing case p ojec in hese wo s a es, his esea ch seeks o unde s and how geopoli ical and
geophysical eali ies o he Nige Del a con ibu e o he weak and inadequa e implemen a ion o EIA ollow- up o oil
and gas p ojec s in he egion.
1.1. S udy A ea
The Nige Del a egion e e s o he a ea be ween La i udes 40 and 80 No h o he Equa o and Longi udes 50 and 90
Eas o he G eenwich Me idian (Figu e 1). I is ecognized by Nige ian law as oil p oducing egion and he s a es a e
e e ed o as oil p oducing s a es which includes; Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Bayelsa, C oss Ri e , Del a, Edo, Imo, Ondo and
Ri e s S a es. The a ea co e ed by Bayelsa and Ri e s s a es is loca ed be ween La i udes 040 15` No h, 050 23` Sou h
and longi udes 050 22` Wes and 070 85` Eas . I sha es bounda ies wi h Imo and Del a S a es in he No h, Akwa Ibom
s a es in he Eas and he A lan ic Ocean in he Wes and Sou h (Figu e 1). They a e he sou he nmos s a es and ha e
he longes his o y o oil and gas p oduc ion ac i i ies.
Figu e 1 Nige Del a indica ing Bayelsa and Ri e s S a es; Map o Nige ia inse
2. Ma e ial and Me hods
This s udy combines seconda y analysis and Key In o man In e iew (KII) o i s in es iga ion. I builds upon indings
om a p e ious in es iga ion conduc ed by [11] which examined he implemen a ion o EMP o 12 oil and gas p ojec s
in Ri e s and Bayelsa s a es (Table 1). The published pe o mance (sco e) o he oil and gas p ojec s we e adop ed and
used as p ima y da a o his s udy (Table 2). Two dis inc i e en i onmen s based on he loca ion o he p ojec s we e
conside ed o he s udy which a e he s a e o loca ion o p ojec s ep esen ed as he geo-poli ical en i onmen o he
p ojec s and he ecological en i onmen comp ising he i e ine and upland loca ions o he p ojec s. The s a es o he
p ojec s as men ioned ea lie a e Bayelsa and Ri e s S a es (Table 4). The case s udy p ojec s’ geog aphic loca ion we e
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(03), 1683-1691
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iden i ied and he p ojec s we e clus e ed acco ding o he ecological en i onmen o loca ion be ween upland and
i e ine a eas (Table 3 and Figu e 2). The a eas conside ed as i e ine a e gene ally low lying wi h a elie ange o
be ween 2m and 5m abo e sea le el. Such a eas ha e been epo ed o accoun o abou 39% o Ri e s s a e’s land
mass (www.nige del abudge .o g). The i e ine a eas a e gene ally conside ed as di icul e ain wi h poo ly
de eloped anspo a ion sys em, poo li ing condi ions, high le els o insecu i y and poo ly de eloped in comme cial
ac i i ies [12, 13, 14]. Highe a eas abo e 5m (abo e sea le el) we e conside ed as uplands. The epo ed EIA Follow
up pe o mance sco es o all he p ojec s in a pa icula loca ion we e summed and he a e age conside ed as he sco e
o he loca ion. Consequen ly, he a e age was calcula ed o Bayelsa s a e, Ri e s s a e, i e ine and upland loca ions.
To de e mine he impac o he en i onmen on he implemen a ion o EIA ollow-up o he p ojec s, he a e age sco es
be ween wo opposi e loca ions (be ween upland and i e ine and be ween Bayelsa and Ri e s s a es) we e compa ed,
and he Mann-Whi ney U Tes was pe o med o es i hei di e ence was s a is ically signi ican . Mann-Whi ney U
Tes was chosen because o he size o he da a and dis ibu ion o he sco es. In addi ion, key in o man s comp ising
wo each om he Di ec o a e o EIA o he Fede al Minis y o En i onmen , HSE uni s o oil and gas company and
communi y leade s we e in e iewed o acqui e addi ional in o ma ion o aid he in e p e a ion o he esul o he
analysis. The in o ma ion om KII was analyzed using hema ic analysis.
Table 1 Case s udy Oil and Gas P ojec s
1
Case 1: Diebu C eek Explo a o y D illing P ojec - SPDC in Bayelsa S a e: The p ojec was planned o
imp o e hyd oca bon p oduc ion wi h an expec a ion o o e 250 Million Ba els o Oil Equi alen (MMBOE).
The p ojec scope included he d illing o one e ical o sligh ly de ia ed well wi hin he Diebu C eek.
2
Case 2: Nimbe Field De elopmen P ojec . By NAOC in Bayelsa S a e The Nimbe Field de elopmen p ojec
in ol ed d illing de elopmen wells wi h i s associa ed ac i i ies. The de elopmen d illing comp ised he
d illing o wo wells on an exis ing well loca ion. In addi ion, h ee wells we e d illed a h ee o he loca ions a
Obiama, ano he a E ima and he hi d one a Amapogu.
3
Case 3: Explo a o y d illing in Ekedei Field in Oil Mining Lease (OML) 63 P ojec by NAOC in Bayelsa
S a e The p ojec was he d illing o explo a o y wells a he Ekedei oil ield in Oil Mining Lease (OML) 63 in
Bayelsa S a e). The p ojec in ol ed he d illing o a e ical well o a To al Ve ical Dep h (TVD) o 5113m wi h
an impac a ge o all he a ea o in e es .
4
CASE 4: Nembe C eek T unk Line (NCTL) Replacemen P ojec by SPDC Bayelsa S a e. The lines we e buil
in 1981 and had eached end o i s design li e. The p ojec in ol ed addi ional land acquisi ion along exis ing
Righ O Way (ROW) o accommoda e a new line.
5
CASE 5: Eke emo Field De elopmen P ojec by Excel Explo a ion and P oduc ion in Bayelsa S a e The
p ojec in ol ed he wo k o e o exis ing wells, d illing o new wells and hook up o hese wells o o h acili ies
a Ogbo obo h ough low lines and pipelines. The ield is loca ed wi hin OML 46.
6
Case 6: Tebidaba Eas - A Explo a o y Well D illing P ojec By NAOC in Bayelsa S a e. I is si ua ed in he
Oil Mining Lease (OML) 63; The p ojec was designed as a ield de elopmen p ojec o inc ease he p oduc i i y
o wells. I in ol ed d illing ac i i ies o he e-en y and de elopmen o Tebidaba 11ST om he exis ing
Tabidaba 11.
7
CASE 7: 20” x 37 Km Kolo C eek T unk Line Replacemen P ojec by SDPC in Ri e s S a e. Kolo C eek and
Rumuekpe a e loca ed abou 42Km -68Km No h Wes o Po -Ha cou , he p ojec ans e ses i e Local
go e nmen A ea; Ogbia in Bayelsa, Abua/Odual, Ahoada wes , Ahoada Eas and Emohua in Ri e s s a e. A 20”
x 37 Km Kolo C eek – Rumueke TL which was commissioned in 1994 was o be eplaced wi h a ca bon s eel
pipeline due o co osion. The pipeline i sel is a eplacemen o an ea lie one which was commissioned in 1974.
8
Case 8: Agbada Non Associa ed Gas (Nag) P ojec by SPDC in Ri e s S a e The p ojec in ol ed he d illing
o 2 Non Associa ed Gas (NAG) wells and laying o a bulk line. The p ojec is loca ed a he Dodo-No h Field
which is abou 12km No hwes o Po hacou . The Non Associa ed Gas p ojec in ol ed side acking om
exis ing app aisal wells o he wo new (DN 001 and DN 002) NAG wells.
9
CASE 9: Asa ama o u Oil and gas Field P ojec by SPDC in Ri e s S a e The p ojec in ol ed he e –en y
o wo suspended wells (ASRA 01 & 02), he cons uc ion o low lines and pipelines o he e acua ion o he
p oduced oil and gas om he ield o Bonny Flow S a ion o p ocessing and ansmission o Bonny Te minal
o expo . Also, es ablishmen o 25m by 10km long pipeline Righ O Way (ROW) om he ield o he SPDC
Bonny low s a ion and Ba hyme ic su ey o he Opobo Channel om Bonny Ri e o Andoni Ri e o
anspo o equipmen in and ou o ield.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(03), 1683-1691
1686
10
CASE 10: Bonny Te minal In eg a ed P ojec by SPDC in Ri e s S a e The expansion was planned o
imp o e on he quali y and capaci y o he exis ing acili ies which comp ised 23 s o age anks a anged in o six
anks g oups. Smalle anks we e emo ed and eplaced wi h la ge anks. New ank in e nals we e ins alled
on he emaining old anks. Among o he upg ades he wo ks included modi ica ion o he pipe wo ks. Also,
new ea hen ank bunds and impe meable loo s we e p o ided.
11
CASE 11: P oduced Wa e Re-Injec ion In Ebocha Field in OML 61 by NAOC in Ri e s S a e P oduced wa e
Re-injec ion in he pe oleum indus y is gene ally ecognized as an en i onmen ally esponsible me hod o
disposing p oduced wa e . The e-injec ion p ojec was designed o dispose he p oduced wa e om he
Ebocha oil cen e in an en i onmen ally sa e way by ea ing and e-injec ing he wa e om Ak i, Kwale, I i,
Mbde, Ebocha and Obia u and Ob ikom ields ha a e collec ed a Ebocha Oil Cen e h ough dedica ed wells
wi hin unde g ound o ma ions.
12
Case 12: Swamp A ea Gas Ga he ing P ojec by NAOC in Ri e s S a e The p ojec was concei ed wi h a goal
o inc ease and supply addi ional gas o 312MMsc d o he NLNG’s 4 h and 5 h ain. The p ojec in ol ed: The
ins alla ion o comp esso s, pumps, gene a o s and sepa a o s a Ogbainbi i and Tebidaba low s a ions and
OB/OB Gas Plan . Pipeline ne wo ks we e laid as ollows: 12’’x 35Km pipeline om Tebidaba o Ogbainbi i
Flow-s a ion on exis ing Righ -O -Way (ROW) and 24”x 121Km pipeline om Ogbainbi i o OB/OB Gas plan on
pa ly exis ing and pa ly new Righ -O -Way (ROW).
Sou ce: Adop ed om [11]
Table 2 EMP Implemen a ion sco e o case s udy p ojec s
S/N
P ojec i le
S a e
Pe o mance
(%)
1
Diebu C eek Explo a o y D illing P ojec
Bayelsa
55.5
2
Nimbe Field De elopmen P ojec .
Bayelsa
50
3
Explo a o y d illing in Ekedei
Field in Oil Mining Lease (OML) 63
Bayelsa
33.3
4
Nembe C eek T unk Line (NCTL) Replacemen P ojec
Bayelsa
66.6
5
E emo Field De elopmen P ojec
Bayelsa
55.5
6
Tebidaba Eas - A Explo a o y Well D illing P ojec
Bayelsa
27.7
7
20” x 37 KM kolo c eek T unk line eplacemen P ojec (Ri e s s a e s e ch)
Ri e s
27.7
8
Agbada Non Associa ed Gas (Nag) P ojec In Obio Akpo Lga, Ri e s S a e
Ri e s
27.7
9
Asa ama o u Oil and Gas Field P ojec Ri e s S a e
Ri e s
27.7
10
Bonny Te minal In eg a ed P ojec
Ri e s
77.7
11
P oduced wa e e-injec ion p ojec in Ebocha ield in NAOC OML 61 in Ogba
Egbema
Ri e s
27.7
12
Swamp A ea Gas Ga he ing P ojec .
Ri e s
77.7
Sou ce: Adop ed om [11]
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(03), 1683-1691
1687
Figu e 2 Spa ial dis ibu ion o case s udy p ojec s.
3. Resul s and Discussion
I was ound ha , al hough he pe o mances o he p ojec s we e gene ally low (Table 3), he a e age pe o mance o
he p ojec s in Bayelsa s a e was highe han he a e age pe o mance o he p ojec s in Ri e s s a e.
Table 3 Pe o mance acco ding o s a es
Bayelsa S a e
Ri e s S a e
S/N
P ojec
Sco e
(%)
P ojec
Sco e
(%)
1
Diebu C eek Explo a o y D illing
P ojec
55.5
20” x 37 KM kolo c eek T unk line eplacemen
P ojec
27.7
2
Nimbe Field De elopmen P ojec .
50
Agbada Non Associa ed Gas (Nag) P ojec In
Obio Akpo LGA, Ri e s S a e
27.7
3
Explo a o y d illing in Ekedei Field in
Oil Mining Lease (OML) 63
33.3
Asa ama o u Oil and gas Field P ojec Ri e s
S a e
27.7
4
Nembe C eek T unk Line (NCTL)
Replacemen P ojec
66.6
Bonny Te minal In eg a ed P ojec
77.7
5
Ek emo Field De elopmen P ojec
55.5
PRODUCED wa e e-injec ion in Ebocha ield
in NAOC OML 61 in Ogba Egbema
27.7
6
Tebidaba Eas - A Explo a o y Well
D illing P ojec
27.7
Swamp A ea Gas Ga he ing P ojec .
77.7
A e age Sco e (s a e pe o mance)
48.1
A e age Sco e (S a e Pe o mance)
44.36
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(03), 1683-1691
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As shown in Table 3, Ri e s s a e p ojec s sco ed 44.36% while Bayelsa s a e p ojec s sco ed 48.1%, his indica es ha
he p ojec s in Bayelsa S a e pe o med highe in EMP implemen a ion han he p ojec s in Ri e s S a e (Figu e 3).
Figu e 3 Follow-up implemen a ion sco e o p ojec in Bayelsa and Ri e s S a e
On he o he hand, he ecological en i onmen s o he p ojec s conside ed as i e ine and uplands we e compa ed. The
a e age pe o mance o all case s udy p ojec s loca ed in he i e ine a eas (in Bayelsa and Ri e s s a es) was aken and
compa ed wi h he a e age sco e o all p ojec s loca ed in he upland a eas. The esul is shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Implemen a ion sco e o Upland and Ri e ine case p ojec s
Upland
Ri e ine
S/N
P ojec
Sco e
(%)
P ojec
Sco e
(%)
1
Diebu C eek Explo a o y D illing P ojec
55.5
Ek emo Field De elopmen P ojec
55.5
2
Nimbe Field De elopmen P ojec .
50
Tebidaba Eas - A Explo a o y Well
D illing P ojec
27.7
3
Explo a o y d illing in Ekedei Field in Oil Mining
Lease (OML) 63
33.3
Asa ama o u Oil and gas Field
P ojec Ri e s S a e
27.7
4
20” x 37 KM kolo c eek T unk line eplacemen
P ojec
27.7
Bonny Te minal In eg a ed P ojec
77.7
5
Agbada Non Associa ed Gas (Nag) P ojec
27.7
Nembe C eek T unk Line (NCTL)
Replacemen P ojec
66.6
6
PRODUCED wa e e-injec ion in Ebocha ield in
NAOC OML 61 in Ogba Egbema
27.7
Swamp A ea Gas Ga he ing P ojec .
77.7
Mean Sco e
36.98
A e age Sco e
55.48
I was ound ha , he i e ine p ojec s had a e age sco e o 55.48% while he upland p ojec s had an a e age sco e o
36.98 (Table 4 and Figu e 4). Acco ding o he classi ica ion by [11] he sco e o 55.45% s ands o good pe o mance
and he sco e o 36.98% s ands o inadequa e pe o mance, his applies o he i e ine and upland loca ions
espec i ely.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(03), 1683-1691
1689
Figu e 4 Follow-up implemen a ion sco e o P ojec s in Upland and Ri e ine loca ions
Fu he , esul s o he Mann-Whi ney U es showed ha he di e ence was no s a is ically signi ican , U = 9.500, P=
.157 (Table 5). Median pe o mance sco e was highe o Ri e ine (Mdn = 61.1) han o Upland p ojec s (Mdn = 31),
bu his di e ence was no s a is ically signi ican . The e ec size was mode a e ( = .41). While he di e ence in
pe o mance was no s a is ically signi ican , he mode a e e ec size ( = .41) sugges ha he Ri e ine p ojec s
pe o med no iceably be e han he upland p ojec s. This di e ence may ha e p ac ical implica ions, especially in
en i onmen al p o ec ion o wi h a la ge sample.
Table 5 Mann-Whi ney es esul s o Upland and Ri e ine Loca ions
P ojec Sco e
Mann-Whi ney U
9.500
Wilcoxon W
30.500
Z
-1.417
Asymp. Sig. (2- ailed)
0.157
Exac Sig. [2*(1- ailed Sig.)]
0.180b
Whe eas, di icul e ains like i e ine loca ions a e conside ed challenging in e ms o access and expec ed o a ec
implemen a ion p ocess leading o poo implemen a ion, poo access may make social issues o secu i y complex
a ec ing moni o ing and may impac he pe o mance o EMP. In such si ua ion, he implemen a ion could be expec ed
o be be e in a eas wi h ela i ely be e access and secu i y. Howe e , indings show o he wise wi h he p ojec s in
he i e ine a ea pe o ming e en be e . This sugges s ha he challenges associa ed wi h i e ine e ain do no ha e
e ec on EMP implemen a ion in he egion. Risk pe cep ion may ha e in luenced he high pe o mance o
implemen a ion in he i e ine loca ion. The delica e na u e o he i e ine en i onmen in e ms o i s ecological
ulne abili y may in luence isk pe cep ion ha could aise social p essu e and in luence implemen a ion pe o mance.
The ea ha poo en i onmen al managemen may agg a a e he secu i y challenges in he i e ine a ea could be a
sou ce o social p essu e ha may lead o a be e EMP implemen ed in he a ea.
Simila ly, Mann-Whi ney U Tes was conduc ed o es i he di e ence be ween p ojec s loca ed in Bayelsa s a e and
Ri e s s a e was signi ican (Table 6). Resul s showed ha he di e ence was no s a is ically signi ican (U = 14, P=
.505). Median pe o mance sco e was highe o p ojec s loca ed in Bayelsa s a e (Mdn = 53) han o p ojec s loca ed
in Ri e s s a e (Mdn = 28), bu his di e ence did no each s a is ical signi icance. The e ec size was small ( = .19)
indica ing a sligh endency o Bayelsa s a e o ou pe o m Ri e s s a e, hough he di e ence was no meaning ul in
p ac ical e ms.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(03), 1683-1691
1690
Table 6 Mann-Whi ney U es esul o case p ojec s in Bayelsa and Ri e s S a es.
P ojec Sco e
Mann-Whi ney U
14.000
Wilcoxon W
35.000
Z
-0.667
Asymp. Sig. (2- ailed)
0.505
Exac Sig. [2*(1- ailed Sig.)]
0.589b
I is al eady known ha EMP in speci ic loca ion in he egion may be in luenced by local ac o s. Some o hese ac o s
may include, public pa icipa ion, ease wi h which o ca y ou impac mi iga ion moni o ing and he a ailabili y o
unds. These ac o s ha e been epo ed by [15] in comme cial p ojec s in Kenya and ound o ha e posi i e co ela ion
wi h implemen a ion o ecommenda ions o EIA which a e essen ially con ained in he EMP. Public pa icipa ion in
EMP happens in many e y impo an ways which can suppo he p ocess and p o ide he con ex wi hin which he
implemen a ion o EMP may di e ac oss geopoli ical loca ion. Howe e , his s udy could no ind signi ican di e ence
in he implemen a ion ac oss he di e en s a es o loca ion o he p ojec s. The implica ion o his inding is ha , EMP
implemen a ion in he Nige Del a is likely he same ega dless o he loca ion o he p ojec .
4. Conclusion
The indings o he s udy ha e led o he conclusion ha he loca ion o oil and gas p ojec si e wi hin he Nige Del a
egion has no impac on he EIA ollow up o he p ojec s. EIA ollow-up in he Nige Del a is no signi ican ly a ec ed
by he e ain and geopoli ical en i onmen o he egion. The implemen a ion o EMP in he Nige -Del a apply la gely
uni o m and occu in much he same way ac oss p ojec s’ geopoli ical and ecological en i onmen . The obse ed highe
sco es in some p ojec loca ions is likely due o chance. Al hough i was indica ed by bo h egula o and p oponen ’s
key in o man s ha logis ic a angemen s and equency o inspec ion o p ojec s in i e ine loca ions was mo e
challenging, he gene al pe o mance o he EMP did no indica e signi ican di e ence be ween he wo loca ions. Also,
his esea ch is unable o es ablish ha he di icul e ain associa ed wi h i e ine a eas as well as di e ences in
geopoli ical en i onmen a ec he implemen a ion o EMP in he egion. While i is impo an o ecommend he
expansion o his in es iga ion o co e mo e p ojec s and s a es, i is belie ed ha he insigh s gained om his analysis
a e essen ial o policymake s, en i onmen al consul an s, p ojec de elope s, and communi y s akeholde s who aim
o imp o e en i onmen al go e nance and sus ainable de elopmen in he Nige Del a.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The e is no con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
Re e ences
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