Thi dchai Sa ayapanich; Piyapong Janmaimool; Ja uwan Chon anawa
A icle
Fac o s a ec ing communi y pa icipa ion in
en i onmen al co po a e social esponsibili y p ojec s:
E idence om mang o e o es managemen p ojec
Jou nal o Open Inno a ion: Technology, Ma ke , and Complexi y
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Socie y o Open Inno a ion: Technology, Ma ke , and Complexi y (SOI mC)
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Thi dchai Sa ayapanich; Piyapong Janmaimool; Ja uwan Chon anawa (2022) :
Fac o s a ec ing communi y pa icipa ion in en i onmen al co po a e social esponsibili y p ojec s:
E idence om mang o e o es managemen p ojec , Jou nal o Open Inno a ion: Technology,
Ma ke , and Complexi y, ISSN 2199-8531, MDPI, Basel, Vol. 8, Iss. 4, pp. 1-28,
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/joi mc8040209
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Ci a ion: Sa ayapanich, T.;
Janmaimool, P.; Chon anawa , J.
Fac o s A ec ing Communi y
Pa icipa ion in En i onmen al
Co po a e Social Responsibili y
P ojec s: E idence om Mang o e
Fo es Managemen P ojec . J. Open
Inno . Technol. Ma k. Complex. 2022,8,
209. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
joi mc8040209
Recei ed: 12 Oc obe 2022
Accep ed: 26 No embe 2022
Published: 30 No embe 2022
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Jou nal o Open Inno a ion:
Technology, Ma ke , and Complexi y
A icle
Fac o s A ec ing Communi y Pa icipa ion in En i onmen al
Co po a e Social Responsibili y P ojec s: E idence om
Mang o e Fo es Managemen P ojec
Thi dchai Sa ayapanich 1, Piyapong Janmaimool 2,* and Ja uwan Chon anawa 1
1Depa men o Social Sciences and Humani ies, School o Libe al A s, King Mongku ’s Uni e si y o
Technology, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
2ASEAN Ins i u e o Heal h De elopmen , Mahidol Uni e si y, Salaya 73170, Thailand
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +66-098-9199559
Abs ac :
Communi y pa icipa ion in an en i onmen al co po a e social esponsibili y (CSR) p ojec
can help business en e p ises e ec i ely de elop p ojec s ha espond o he ac ual demands o
he communi y and e ec i ely u ilize a i m’s esou ces. This s udy aims o in es iga e ac o s ha
a ec communi y pa icipa ion in each s age o en i onmen al co po a e social esponsibili y p ojec
de elopmen . The en i onmen al co po a e social esponsibili y p ojec explo ed in his s udy is a
sus ainable mang o e o es managemen p ojec in he Pakp asae sub-dis ic o Rayong p o ince in
Thailand. This s udy has es ed whe he en e p ise- ela ed ac o s (such as pe cei ed CSR c edibili y
and o ganiza ion–public ela ionship (OPR) quali y) and pa icipan - ela ed ac o s (such as ecological
knowledge, pe cei ed ecological alues, and expec ed bene i s om pa icipa ion in he p ojec ,
bo h mone a y and non-mone a y ela ed bene i s) could p edic communi y pa icipa ion in an
en i onmen al co po a e social esponsibili y p ojec de elopmen ini ia ed by a business en e p ise.
Ques ionnai e su eys we e adminis e ed o 355 communi y membe s who we e he a ge g oup o
his en i onmen al co po a e social esponsibili y p ojec om June o July 2022. The collec ed da a
we e inspec ed and analyzed using an in e en ial s a is ical echnique. Mul iple eg ession analyses
we e pe o med o es signi ican ac o s ha a ec ed communi y membe s’ pa icipa ion in planning,
implemen ing, and moni o ing he p ojec . The esul s e ealed ha pe cei ed ecological alues we e
he s onges p edic o o pa icipa ion in all s ages o he p ojec , including planning, implemen ing,
and moni o ing he p ojec . Pe cei ed CSR c edibili y and OPR quali y also signi ican ly a ec ed
pa icipa ion in all s ages, whe eas ecological knowledge signi ican ly a ec ed pa icipa ion only
in he moni o ing s age. These indings sugges ha o p omo e communi y pa icipa ion in each
s age o en i onmen al co po a e social esponsibili y p ojec de elopmen , i is impo an o enhance
communi y membe s’ pe cei ed ecological alues, and communi y membe s should be educa ed in
ecology o enhance pa icipa ion in he moni o ing s age.
Keywo ds:
en i onmen al co po a e social esponsibili y; public pa icipa ion; ecological conse a ion;
communi y engagemen ; sus ainable mang o e o es managemen
1. In oduc ion
Cu en ly, many business i ms ope a e co po a e social esponsibili y (CSR) ac i i-
ies and ini ia i es o exhibi hei esponsibili y o socie y and hei s akeholde s. This
is because he business sec o has been acing social and poli ical p essu es agains i s
p ac ices ha po en ially cause social and en i onmen al impac s such as clima e change,
en i onmen al deg ada ion, esou ce deple ion, public heal h p oblems, and social inequal-
i ies [
1
–
3
]. Acco ding o he Wo ld Business Council o Sus ainable De elopmen [
4
], CSR
is de ined as “ he con inuing commi men by business o beha e e hically and con ibu e
o economic de elopmen while imp o ing he quali y o li e o he wo k o ce and hei
J. Open Inno . Technol. Ma k. Complex. 2022,8, 209. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/joi mc8040209 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/joi mc
J. Open Inno . Technol. Ma k. Complex. 2022,8, 209 2 o 28
amilies as well as o he local communi y and socie y a la ge” [
5
]. The p ac ice o CSR ac-
i i ies o e s se e al o ms o ad an ages o business i ms, including economic bene i s [
6
].
Fo ins ance, Dilling [
7
] explained ha CSR ope a ions could enhance a i m’s inancial
pe o mance. By ope a ing CSR ac i i ies, business i ms will y o sa is y s akeholde s’
needs and ca e mo e abou socie y. As a esul , hose business i ms can gain epu a ion,
cus ome loyal y, and cus ome sa is ac ion, which could help imp o e inancial pe o -
mance. Many i ms employ esou ces and make in es men s in CSR ini ia i es wi h he
goal o c ea ing alue o hemsel es, he en i onmen , and socie y [
6
,
8
]. B amme e al. [
9
]
e ealed ha o ganiza ions ha ha e posi i e images and a epu a ion o ca ing o social
causes can a ac mo e po en ial employees han hose ha lack hese a ibu es. Many
business leade s ha e also pe cei ed ha business i ms wi h a good eco d o ca ing abou
social causes ha e a a o able epu a ion among hei s akeholde s, such as employees,
cus ome s, and consume s. In Thailand, CSR p ac ices a e manda o y o publicly lis ed
companies, which mus epo hei sus ainabili y o CSR ac i i ies in an annual pe o -
mance epo o he Secu i ies and Exchange Commission [
10
]. The epo mus include
disclosu e o companies’ en i onmen al, social, and co po a e go e nance in o ma ion.
In p ac icing CSR, business en e p ises can c ea e se e al ypes o ac i i ies, and
se e al public issues can be add essed o a ac public a en ion. Many business en e p ises
in eg a e hei CSR ini ia i es in o hei co e business ac i i ies by a ge ing hem o bene i
hei in e nal s akeholde s, such as cus ome s, consume s, employees, in es o s, and
s ockholde s. Many o ganiza ions ocus on add essing social and en i onmen al issues.
Acco ding o Le y and Pa k [
11
], CSR in ol es an o ganiza ion’s e o s o imp o e o
enhance he quali y o li e o i s in e nal s akeholde s, such as i s employees and hei
amilies and a ec ed communi ies, enhance business–communi y ela ions, and add ess
di e se social and en i onmen al issues (such as ec ui ing membe s o mino i y g oups as
employees, pa icipa ing in cha i y ac i i ies, p oducing g een p oduc s, educing was e,
and ecycling).
Many CSR s a egies de eloped by business en e p ises a e conce ned abou c i ical
en i onmen al issues. Smi h [
12
] ound ha conce n o he en i onmen due o in ensi e
business de elopmen began in he 18 h cen u y, as many de elopmen ac i i ies caused
se ious en i onmen al deg ada ion such as na u al esou ce deple ion, clima e change, and
en i onmen al con amina ion. Cu en ly, many business o ganiza ions a e s ill in eg a ing
a c i ical en i onmen al issue in o hei CSR s a egies because c i ical en i onmen al
p oblems s ill exis and en i onmen al issues could also a ac public a en ion. As s a ed
by Le y and Pa k [
11
] and Tu ke [
13
], he g owing public awa eness o clima e change
and he signi ican ad e se impac o human ac i i ies on he na u al en i onmen led
many business en e p ises o c ea e hei CSR ac i i ies based on a c i ical en i onmen al
p oblem. In addi ion, many business o ganiza ions a e awa e ha hei business ac i i ies
could gene a e some nega i e impac s on socie y and he na u al en i onmen ; hus, i
is impo an o hem o de elop CSR s a egies ha aim o p o ec and conse e he
en i onmen [13].
In Thailand, he Cha oen Pokphand Foods Public Company Limi ed (CPF), one o he
majo publicly lis ed companies in Thailand, also ealizes he impo ance o de eloping
an en i onmen al conse a ion p ojec as a CSR ac i i y. Since 2014, CPF, in coope a ion
wi h go e nmen agencies, academic ins i u ions, and local communi ies, has ini ia ed
mang o e o es conse a ion and es o a ion p ojec s called he G ow-Sha e-P o ec Man-
g o e Fo es a ion (GSPMF) in se e al a eas in Thailand [
14
]. The p ojec aims o es o e
mang o e o es s and ela ed ecological sys ems, and expec s esiden s li ing nea by man-
g o e o es s o sus ainably u ilize mang o e esou ces bo h di ec ly and indi ec ly o
hei li es and li elihoods while aking pa in mang o e p o ec ion and conse a ion.
Eco ou ism in communi ies nea he mang o e o es is also p omo ed unde he GSPMF.
Communi y esiden s a e g ea ly encou aged by CPF o pa icipa e in all ac i i ies o he
p ojec , including mang o e es o a ion and conse a ion as well as he communi y’s eco-
ou ism de elopmen . Pa icipa ion in all ac i i ies in ol es planning, implemen ing, and
J. Open Inno . Technol. Ma k. Complex. 2022,8, 209 3 o 28
moni o ing he p ojec . Communi y esiden s’ bene i s om pa icipa ion in he p ojec a e
also gi en impo ance by he company.
CPF ecognizes he impo ance o ac i e public pa icipa ion in CSR p ojec s and
has endea o ed o p omo e ac i e and long- e m pa icipa ion o communi y membe s
in he GSPMF. This is because he ac i e pa icipa ion o communi y membe s can c ea e
a communi y’s sense o owne ship o he p ojec , which, in u n, con ibu es o commu-
ni y membe s’ e o s o comple e he goals o he p ojec by sha ing hei esou ces o
capabili ies. In his way, he CPF can minimize in es ing esou ces in he p ojec while he
communi y can ake pa in he de elopmen o he p ojec based on local communi ies’
desi es and help main ain he p ojec . As s a ed by Njo oge e al. [
15
], business en e p ises
should u ilize hei esou ces in a manne ha would be bene icial o bo h he owne and
socie y as a whole. Many schola s ha e also add essed he di e se bene i s o ac i e pa ici-
pa ion o communi y membe s in CSR p ojec s [
16
–
20
]. Fo ins ance, Leach e al. [
16
] and
Sen e al. [
17
] indica ed ha he public iews and judges business o ganiza ions based on
hei appa en social ai s and mo i es, and om hose pe cep ions, i cons uc s opinions
abou he o ganiza ions’ capabili y o con ibu e o communi ies. Communi y pa icipa ion
in CSR p ojec s allows he communi y o pe cei e he social ai s o a business en e p ise,
which consequen ly leads o a social license o ope a e. Owen and Kemp [
21
] added ha
communi y pa icipa ion is an essen ial ool o a business i m o ecei e a social license o
ope a e in he mining sec o . Though CPF has been p omo ing he pa icipa ion o commu-
ni y membe s in he GSPMF, communi y membe s s ill hesi a e o ully pa icipa e in all
p ojec de elopmen p ocesses. The e o e, mang o e o es es o a ion and conse a ion in
some a eas a e no success ul.
To encou age he pa icipa ion o business en e p ises’ s akeholde s in a CSR p ojec ,
i is impo an o conside bo h business en e p ise- ela ed ac o s and pa icipan - ela ed
ac o s. En e p ise- ela ed ac o s include o ganiza ions–public ela ionships (OPR) and a
business en e p ise’s CSR c edibili y [
22
]. OPR e e s o he mu ual ela ionship be ween
one o ganiza ion and i s public, and he quali y o he ela ionship can be assessed based on
le els o us and mu ual in luence be ween one ano he [
23
]. A high-quali y ela ionship
be ween a business i m and communi y esiden s can in luence communi y esiden s’
decisions o pa icipa e in CSR. CSR c edibili y e e s o one’s eeling o con idence and
us in an o ganiza ion’s abili y o ul ill i s claims [
24
]. Communi y esiden s who pe cei e
he c edibili y o CSR a e likely o pa icipa e in he p ojec . The pa icipan - ela ed ac o s
include pa icipan s’ abili y o pa icipa e in he CSR p ojec [
25
], pe cei ed alues o he
CSR p ojec [
26
], and pa icipan s’ expec ed economic and non-economic bene i s om
pa icipa ion [
27
]. Fo ins ance, Moh e al. [
26
] ound ha people who ecognize he con i-
bu ion o CSR o socie y a e mo e ac i e in pu chasing he p oduc s o en e p ises, which
po en ially posi i ely in luence socie y. Mo al people end o be awa e o he pe cei ed
social and en i onmen al alues o CSR and o make decisions o engage in CSR p ojec s.
In he case o ha ing a na u al conse a ion p ojec as a CSR, Raposo e al. [
25
] ound ha a
lack o ele an knowledge and capabili y can ha e a nega i e impac on he willingness
o pa icipa e in wa e conse a ion. Chen and Liu [
28
] concluded ha i is di icul o
ci izens who ha e insu icien ecological knowledge o espond o ecological conse a ion.
Thus, hey a e likely o hesi a e o pa icipa e in CSR p ojec s. Finally, he decision o
engage in CSR migh be based on how pa icipan s pe cei e he bene i s o hei pa icipa-
ion. Di e en people can ha e di e en expec a ions, which can be bo h expec a ions o
economic bene i s (e.g., inc eased incomes and wages) and expec a ions o non-economic
bene i s (e.g., happiness, social ne wo ks, imp o ed communi y en i onmen s), and hese
expec a ions could lead o mo i a ion o pa icipa e in he CSR p ojec .
This s udy ocuses on communi y membe s’ pa icipa ion in an en i onmen al CSR
p ojec , mang o e o es managemen , which included es o a ion and conse a ion. This
ype o p ojec equi es communi y membe s’ pa icipa ion in se e al s ages, including
planning, implemen ing, and moni o ing, and each s age en ails di e en e o s and
capabili ies o communi y membe s. The e o e, he po en ial ac o s ha may in luence
J. Open Inno . Technol. Ma k. Complex. 2022,8, 209 4 o 28
esiden s’ pa icipa ion in each s age would be di e en . This s udy aims o in es iga e
de e minan s o communi y pa icipa ion in each s age o mang o e o es managemen ,
which included a es o a ion and conse a ion p ojec — he GSPMF P ojec in Rayong
p o ince—which was ini ia ed by CPF. We examined business en e p ise- ela ed ac o s
and pa icipan - ela ed ac o s o hei powe o p edic communi y membe s’ pa icipa ion
in planning, implemen ing, and moni o ing he p ojec . Ou indings p o ide implica ions
o de elopmen s a egies o e ec i ely p omo e communi y membe s’ ac i e pa icipa ion
in each s age o CSR p ojec de elopmen .
2. Li e a u e Re iew
2.1. Co po a e Social Responsibili y (CSR)
Acco ding o he Commission o Eu opean Communi ies [
29
], CSR is de ined as a
concep whe eby o ganiza ions o business companies in eg a e social, e hical, and en i on-
men al issues in o hei business ope a ions and in hei connec ions wi h hei s akeholde s
on a olun a y basis because hey inc easingly ealize ha esponsible beha io po en ially
con ibu es o sus ainable business success. Simila ly, he de ini ion o CSR as de ined by
he Wo ld Business Council o Sus ainable De elopmen [
4
] is business o ganiza ions’
commi men o beha e e hically and o de elop economic ac i i ies while being conce ned
abou he imp o emen o he quali y o li e o hei wo k o ce and hei amily membe s
and o local communi ies and socie ies a la ge. Labuschagne e al. [
30
] di ided CSR s a e-
gies in o wo main app oaches, including socie al and ope a ional s a egies. Fo he i s
one, i e e s o co po a e social in es men s, which a e ela ed o ex e nal philan h opy,
while he second one is ela ed o in eg a ing social, e hical, en i onmen al, and human
igh s issues in o co e business ac i i ies. Acco ding o KPMG In e na ional [
31
], business
i ms’ in es men in people, communi ies, and he en i onmen is e y impo an o c ea -
ing a good business en i onmen . To u he imp o e i ms’ CSR s a egies and enhance he
posi i e con ibu ion o CSR p ac ices, i is impo an ha business i ms should measu e
and ac i ely manage he alue hey c ea e o socie y and he en i onmen , as well as
o sha eholde s.
2.2. En i onmen al CSR
Business en e p ises a e inc easingly in e es ed in exhibi ing en i onmen al esponsi-
bili y h ough he u iliza ion o CSR due o he en i onmen al c isis, which conce ns he
gene al public [
32
]. And ei e al. [
33
] s a ed ha business en e p ises should de elop CSR
s a egies ha aim o p omo e en i onmen al p o ec ion in o de o c ea e sus ainabili y
in business de elopmen . Simila ly, Sa an and Shokouhya [
34
] insis ha business en e -
p ises a e acing huge social p essu e o es ablish a sus ainable co po a e image because he
public has become mo e conce ned abou ecological and en i onmen al issues han be o e.
Business en e p ises’ CSR p ac ices based on en i onmen al issues could enhance hei
g een co po a e image and inally lead o g een compe i i eness [
32
]. Taking en i onmen al
and ecological issues in o accoun in CSR p ac ices can be di ided in o h ee app oaches,
including en i onmen al philan h opy, en i onmen al communi y in ol emen , and en i-
onmen al cus ome wellbeing [
35
]. En i onmen al philan h opy is ela ed o p o iding
inancial esou ces o ac i i ies ha can con ibu e o he be e men o socie y. En i on-
men al communi y in ol emen means CSR ac i i ies ha aim o make a con ibu ion o
sa egua ding he en i onmen h ough communi y engagemen [
36
,
37
]. En i onmen al
cus ome wellbeing e e s o p oducing and deli e ing good-quali y p oduc s and se ices,
p o iding app op ia e p oduc - ela ed in o ma ion, and c ea ing and dis ibu ing sa e and
en i onmen ally iendly p oduc s o he cus ome s [
13
]. Cu en ly, CSR p ac ices based
on en i onmen al communi y in ol emen app oach ha e been popula among business
en e p ises as his ype o p ojec di ec ly deals wi h c i ical en i onmen al p oblems ha
could widely a ac public in e es . In addi ion, hese CSR p ac ices can di ec ly con ibu e
o en i onmen al quali y imp o emen in a local le el. The e o e, he public can appa -
en ly pe cei e he con ibu ions o a business en e p ise o socie y and he en i onmen .

J. Open Inno . Technol. Ma k. Complex. 2022,8, 209 5 o 28
The s udy o Alam and Islam [
32
], o ins ance, e ealed ha en i onmen al communi y
in ol emen had he s onges in luence on business i ms’ g een co po a e image, which
inally had a posi i e impac g een compe i i eness.
In Thailand, CSR ela ed o en i onmen al communi y in ol emen has been widely
p ac iced by business en e p ises. The Cha oen Pokphand Foods Public Company Limi ed
(CPF), which basically ope a es in eg a ed ag o-indus ial and ood businesses and is one o
he la ges publicly lis ed companies in Thailand, has also ac i ely de eloped CSR ac i i ies
based on an en i onmen al communi y in ol emen app oach. Namely, CPF ecognized
he impo ance o he ecological alues con ibu ed by mang o e o es s and ound ha
se e al mang o e o es s in Thailand ha e been deg aded due o bo h human ac i i ies and
coas al e osion. CPF has, he e o e, ope a ed an ecological es o a ion and conse a ion
managemen p ojec called he “CPF G ow-Sha e-P o ec Mang o e Fo es a ion P ojec ”.
This p ojec aims o es o e and conse e mang o e o es s o p omo e eco- ou ism des i-
na ions and communi y-based p oduc s wi h he pu pose o c ea ing sus ainable income
o communi y membe s [
14
]. Since 2014, he p ojec has been de eloped in i e a eas
in Thailand whe e mang o e o es s ha e been deg aded. One a ea is in he Pakp asae
sub-dis ic , Rayong p o ince, which was selec ed o his s udy due o i s comple ion and
achie emen o he p ojec ’s goals. The e o e, lessons lea ned om his case can be applied
o ano he simila p ojec .
2.3. Sus ainable Mang o e Fo es Managemen
Mang o e o es s a e a unique ecosys em whe e e es ial and ma ine ecosys ems a e
in e connec ed. En i onmen al condi ions in a mang o e ecosys em a e a high concen a-
ion o salini y, high empe a u es, muddy sedimen s, s ong ides, and anae obic soils [
38
].
Di e se ecological se ices a e p o ided by his ype o ecosys em, and hey a e signi ican
o coas al communi ies’ likelihoods [
39
]. Signi ican ecological se ices p o ided by he
mang o e ecosys em include p o ec ion agains s o ms and sunamis [
40
,
41
], habi a p o i-
sion o a ious aqua ic animals [
42
], wa e sys em egula ion [
43
], a sou ce o biodi e si y
and wood, and aes he ic scene y sui able o ou ism [
42
]. Mos impo an ly, mang o e
ecosys ems cold s o e and seques e mo e ca bon han e es ial o es ecosys ems, pa ic-
ula ly in opical egions [
44
]. In sus ainably managing mang o e o es s, Kusmana [
45
]
s a es ha mang o e o es s should be managed in such a way ha he economic, social,
and ecological bene i s gene a ed om he mang o e ecosys em mus be op imized so as
o espond o he needs o he cu en gene a ion while he needs o he u u e gene a ions
can be ul illed as well. Acco ding o he Food and Ag icul u e O ganiza ion and he
Uni ed S a es Fo es Se ice T opical Fo es y [
46
], he concep o sus ainable mang o e
managemen was de ined as “ he applica ion o biological, manage ial, echnical, economic
and social knowledge, and manpowe esou ces o manage he use o mang o e esou ces
in a way ha will p o ide sus ainable bene i s o he g ea es numbe o people wi hou
impai ing he en i onmen ”. Addi ionally, se e al ecommenda ions ha e been p oposed
by he FAO o achie ing he goals o sus ainable mang o e managemen . These include
de eloping in eg a ed managemen plans and p omo ing he engagemen o communi ies
li ing nea mang o es. The In e na ional T opical Timbe O ganiza ion (ITTO) de ined
sus ainable o es managemen (SFM) as he managemen o o es s based on cu en sci-
en i ic ela ed knowledge and local knowledge ha allows mul iple goals and needs o
be achie ed wi hou deg ading he o es esou ces and quali y o ecosys ems [
47
]. These
de ini ions o sus ainable mang o e o es managemen e lec ha he ole o communi y
esiden s is signi ican o he achie emen o sus ainabili y in mang o e o es managemen .
2.4. Communi y Pa icipa ion in En i onmen al CSR (Sus ainable Mang o e Fo es Managemen )
As discussed abo e, communi y esiden s’ pa icipa ion in mang o e o es manage-
men is signi ican o encou age a sus ainable use o mang o e esou ces and o p omo e
sus ainable mang o e conse a ion. Tang-Lee [
48
] de ined “public pa icipa ion (PP) as
mechanisms o ools ha in en ionally in ol e he lay public o i s ep esen a i es in a
J. Open Inno . Technol. Ma k. Complex. 2022,8, 209 6 o 28
decision-making p ocess a he han p ocesses eme ging om he g ass oo s. The In e -
na ional Associa ion o Public Pa icipa ion (IAP2) iews PP as a p ocess ha in ol es
he public in decision-making and uses public inpu (such as opinions, demands, knowl-
edge, skill, and expe iences) o gene a e be e decisions” [
49
]. A ns ein [
50
] p oposed
“ he ladde o pa icipa ion”, which can be di ided in o h ee deg ees based on ci izens’
powe o in luence decisions. The op ung o he ladde is called “ci izen powe ”, in
which ci izens ha e he powe o in luence a decision and hei opinions a e aken in o
conside a ion when a decision is made. A he middle o his ladde is he “ okenis ic
pa icipa ion” ung. Tokenis ic pa icipa ion allows ci izens o know abou he p ojec and
possibly ha e a oice. Howe e , i does gua an ee ha hei oices will be conside ed by
he decision-make . The las deg ee o pa icipa ion is called “non-pa icipa ion”. A his
le el, ci izens a e no ac i ely in o med, and hei oices a e no hea d by he decision
make . Many schola s dis inguish he deg ee o PP in o h ee main ca ego ies: in o ma ion
supply, consul a ion, and ac i e in ol emen [
51
,
52
]. In “in o ma ion supply”, he public
is encou aged o access in o ma ion om compe en au ho i ies. “Consul a ion” equi es
in e ac i e communica ion be ween he public and public au ho i ies, and he public is
ac i ely encou aged o exp ess hei oices, no ions, and conce ns abou he issues. In
“ac i e in ol emen ”, he public is p o ided wi h he oppo uni y o ac i ely pa icipa e in
he decision-making p ocess [53].
In he con ex o communi y pa icipa ion in en i onmen al CSR, which is ela ed
o sus ainable mang o e o es managemen , local communi y membe s should be key
s akeholde s ha ake pa in his ype o p ojec due o hei possession o signi ican
esou ces (such as local knowledge, backg ound in o ma ion abou he communi y en i on-
men s, in o ma ion abou he cu en si ua ions o he communi y and mang o e o es s,
and in o ma ion abou acing p oblems and demands) and abili ies (such as ishing abili y,
plan ing skills, and wea he p edic ion skills), which po en ially con ibu e o he success
o he p ojec . Djose o and Behagel [
54
] s a ed ha he oles o local communi y membe s,
oge he wi h non-go e nmen al o ganiza ions, signi ican ly con ibu e o sus ainabili y in
managing mang o e o es s. Van La ie en e al. [
55
] explained ha he pa icipa ion o local
communi y membe s could p oduce an equi able dis ibu ion o mang o e bene i s, help
imp o e compliance wi h p o ec ion and conse a ion measu es, and help de elop a plan
o p og am ha suppo s local li elihoods. Conside ing ypes o communi y pa icipa ion
in any p ojec de elopmen , including mang o e o es managemen p ojec s, Upho [
56
]
p oposed ou ypes o pa icipa ion based on s ages o p ojec de elopmen : pa icipa ion
in he planning p ocess (such as iden i ying p oblems, planning s a egic op ions, and
alloca ing esou ces), pa icipa ion in he implemen a ion p ocess (such as ope a ing and
managing p og ams and pa icipa ing in ela ed ac i i ies), pa icipa ion in bene i sha ing,
and pa icipa ion in e alua ing and moni o ing p og ams o ac i i ies ela ed o he p ojec .
These s ages all equi e he pa icipa ion o local communi y membe s. To de e mine
s a egies o p omo e communi y pa icipa ion in na u al p o ec ion and en i onmen al
managemen , de e minan s o communi y pa icipa ion in planning, implemen ing, and
moni o ing p ocesses should be examined [
57
–
59
]. Fo ins ance, Mbeche e al. [
60
] explo ed
de e minan s o communi y pa icipa ion in each s age o pa icipa o y o es managemen ,
such as pa icipa ion in he planning, implemen ing, and moni o ing s ages.
In he con ex o sus ainable mang o e o es managemen , which is c ea ed as an
en i onmen al CSR p ojec by a business en e p ise, he oles o local communi y membe s
a e signi ican o each s a e o a sus ainable mang o e o es managemen p ojec , as
indica ed below.
(1)
Pa icipa ion in planning he p ojec . Local communi y membe s can collabo a e wi h
a business en e p ise and o he ela ed s akeholde s o ake pa in decision-making
o c ea ing ules o ag eemen s on ac i i ies o mang o e o es es o a ion and
conse a ion. Communi y membe s mus be encou aged o pa icipa e in decision-
making o he alloca ion o igh s, esponsibili ies, and esou ces o managing
mang o e o es s [
61
–
63
]. Reed e al. [
64
] s a ed ha he pa icipa ion o s akeholde s,
J. Open Inno . Technol. Ma k. Complex. 2022,8, 209 7 o 28
including di e se local communi y membe s, in planning allows hei needs, p io i-
ies, conce ns, and in e es s o be cap u ed and aken in o conside a ion h oughou
p ojec implemen a ion. Acco ding o Eddiwan [
63
], o a oid a communi y’s anxie y,
signi ican in o ma ion (such as objec i es, loca ion, a ea, ac i i ies, e c.) can be sha ed
wi h local communi y membe s h ough hei pa icipa ion in planning. Communi y
pa icipa ion in he planning s age can also enhance communi y membe s’ capaci ies,
which a e impo an o mang o e o es es o a ion and conse a ion. Signi ican
knowledge includes he e icien use o mang o e esou ces and mang o e ehabili-
a ion echniques, such as g owing condi ions, condi ions o g ow h, and e ec i e
ways o plan mang o es [63].
(2) Pa icipa ion in implemen a ion. Local communi y membe s a e esponsible o ac ing
in esponse o hei oles and esponsibili ies, as indica ed in he plan o ag eemen s.
Fo ins ance, hey can pa icipa e in mang o e plan ing ac i i ies, while encou aging
o he people o ake pa in plan ing mang o e ees [
63
]. Local communi y membe s
may also educa e o he people, pa icula ly ou is s and ou side s, abou ways o
a oid ha ming mang o e ecosys ems.
(3) Pa icipa ion in moni o ing. The moni o ing s age in ol es he assessmen o whe he
he main goals and end-poin s (such as he imp o emen o local li elihoods and
o es condi ions) ha e been achie ed when implemen ing a plan [
65
]. Acco ding
o Eddiwan [
63
], communi y membe s can conduc bo h egula and pe iodic moni-
o ing o ongoing ac i i ies du ing he implemen a ion o mang o e es o a ion and
conse a ion ac i i ies. Local communi y membe s may also ake pa in moni o ing
p oblems occu ing du ing ac i i ies and seeking sui able solu ions. The esul s o
moni o ing can be used o adjus o change ac ion plans.
The oles o he local communi y in sus ainable mang o e o es managemen a e
impo an as hey li e in he a eas. They ha e eadiness and signi ican po en ial ha can
con ibu e o he e ec i e managemen o mang o e o es s. Mos impo an ly, hey a e a
g oup ha would gain di e se o ms o bene i om he es o a ion and conse a ion o
mang o e o es s.
2.5. Fac o s A ec ing Communi y Pa icipa ion in En i onmen al CSR (Sus ainable Mang o e
Fo es Managemen )
Due o he de elopmen o a sus ainable mang o e o es managemen p ojec as
a CSR p ojec , de e minan s o communi y pa icipa ion in sus ainable mang o e o es
managemen p ojec mus conside bo h business en e p ises’ and communi y membe s’
aspec s. Po en ial de e minan s o communi y pa icipa ion in sus ainable mang o e o es
managemen can be di ided in o wo main g oups, including en e p ise- ela ed ac o s
and pa icipan - ela ed ac o s.
2.5.1. En e p ise-Rela ed Fac o s
En e p ise- ela ed ac o s a e ela ed o communi y membe s’ a i udes owa ds busi-
ness en e p ises and pe spec i es on he ela ionship wi h business en e p ises. Bo h
posi i e a i udes owa ds a business en e p ise’s capabili y o ope a e CSR and sa is ac ion
wi h i s ela ionship wi h he communi y can lead o communi y membe s’ mo i a ion o
pa icipa e in CSR ac i i ies. Based on li e a u e e iews, en e p ise- ela ed ac o s can be
di ided in o wo ypes as ollows.
•O ganiza ion-public ela ionship (OPR)
OPR has been sugges ed by many s udies ela ed o public ela ions as an impo an
en e p ise- ela ed ac o . OPR e e s o he mu ual ela ionship, in e ac ion, and in luence
be ween an o ganiza ion and i s public [66]. Quali y aspec s o OPR include he deg ee o
mu ual us [
23
,
67
], con ol mu uali y [
23
], ela ionship sa is ac ion wi h each o he [
23
],
ela ionship commi men [
23
,
67
], p o essional ela ionship [
68
], pe sonal ela ionship [
68
],
and communi y ela ionship wi h he o ganiza ion [
68
]. Howe e , many schola s ha e ac-
cep ed ha OPR quali y is a combina ion o mu ual us , con olled mu uali y, ela ionship
J. Open Inno . Technol. Ma k. Complex. 2022,8, 209 8 o 28
sa is ac ion wi h each o he , and ela ionship commi men [
69
–
71
]. Mu ual us e e s o
a le el o con idence ha each pa y would comple e i s obliga ions o oles and beha e
as p omised in he ela ionship [
72
], whe eas con ol mu uali y e e s o one pa y’s belie
abou how i s oice can be hea d by i s pa ne (ano he pa y) in he decision-making
p ocess and how i s oice would in luence he inal ou come [
73
]. Hon and G unig [
73
]
also de ined commi men as “ he ex en o ha each pa y belie es and eels ha he ela-
ionship wi h i s pa ne is wo h spending e o and ene gy o main ain and s eng hen”.
Rela ionship sa is ac ion in ol es one pa y’s a ec ion and emo ion, which a e ela ed o
how he pa y eels sa is ied wi h i s pa ne [
74
]. A s ong OPR be ween pa ies is e y
bene icial in in luencing one pa y’s beha io s in esponse o he expec a ions o ano he
pa y. Fo ins ance, Ki [75] e ealed ha bank cus ome s’ pe cei ed OPR can signi ican ly
p edic cus ome s’ beha io s. Simila ly, Du e al. [
76
] showed ha an o ganiza ion ha has
a s ong ela ionship wi h he public can in luence ad ocacy beha io s.
•CSR c edibili y
CSR c edibili y is de eloped om he heo y o sou ce c edibili y, which indica es
ha sou ces wi h mo e c edibili y can con ibu e g ea e pe suasi e powe han sou ces
wi h less c edibili y [
77
,
78
]. Many schola s ha e employed his heo y o explain he
c edibili y o o ganiza ion sou ces, including business o ganiza ions [
24
,
79
]. Co po a e
c edibili y, o he c edibili y o o ganiza ion sou ces, e e s o cus ome s’ pe cep ions
o how he business o ganiza ion has he knowledge and capabili y o ul ill i s claims,
as well as he cus ome s’ deg ee o us in he o ganiza ion’s s a emen s [
24
]. Many
schola s ha e ound ha co po a e c edibili y po en ially a ec s consume s’ a i udes and
in en ions o pu chase an o ganiza ion’s p oduc s [
79
–
81
]. In he con ex o CSR, Lee
e al. [
22
] explained ha co po a e c edibili y e lec s people’s pe cep ions o he business
o ganiza ion’s expe ise in p oducing i s p oduc s o se ices, whe eas CSR c edibili y
e lec s people’s pe cep ions o he i m’s social pe o mance and expe ise in pe o ming
social esponsibili y p ojec s. Lee e al. [
22
] also concluded ha CSR c edibili y signi ican ly
a ec s CSR pa icipa ion in en ion.
2.5.2. Pa icipan -Rela ed Fac o s
Pa icipan - ela ed ac o s a e ela ed o communi y membe s’ impo an esou ces
and hei indi idual mo i a ion o pa icipa e in CSR ac i i ies. Based on li e a u e e iews,
pa icipan - ela ed ac o s can be di ided in o ou ypes, as ollows.
•Ecological knowledge
Knowledge is conside ed a i al ac o when de e minan s o public beha io al in en-
ion a e examined, because people mos ly a oid pa icipa ing in ci cums ances o si ua ions
in which hei knowledge is insu icien o suppo hei beha io al decisions [
82
]. In-
su icien knowledge can limi people’s abili y o abso b aluable in o ma ion o assess
app op ia e op ions [
83
]. In con as , ha ing su icien ele an knowledge can help people
deeply p ocess o ma ion and make a ional decisions [
84
]. In he con ex o communi y
pa icipa ion in an en i onmen al CSR p ojec , such as sus ainable mang o e o es manage-
men , people may equi e p o essional knowledge o ensu e hei capabili y o pa icipa e
in CSR ac i i ies. This ecological knowledge includes he e icien use o mang o e e-
sou ces, mang o e ehabili a ion echniques, g owing condi ions, condi ions o g ow h,
and e ec i e ways o plan mang o es [
63
]. As s a ed by Raposo e al. [
25
], he lack o
ele an knowledge and capabili y can ha e a nega i e impac on communi y membe s’
willingness o pa icipa e in wa e conse a ion. Chen and Liu [
28
] concluded ha i is
di icul o ci izens who ha e insu icien ecological knowledge o e ec i ely espond o
ecological conse a ion. Thus, hey a e likely o hesi a e o pa icipa e in such CSR p ojec s.
Ma in e al. [
85
] e ealed ha insu icien knowledge o ma ine species hinde s ma ine
use s om pa icipa ing in ma ine esea ch p ojec s.
J. Open Inno . Technol. Ma k. Complex. 2022,8, 209 15 o 28
ponds”. These knowledge- ype ques ions we e adap ed om Ceb ián-Pique as e al. [
103
].
Sel - epo ed ecological and en i onmen al knowledge has been widely adop ed by many
p e ious s udies [109–111].
•Expec ed bene i s
Pa icipan s’ expec ed bene i s om he en i onmen al CSR p ojec we e di ided in o
ca ego ies, such as mone a y- ela ed bene i s and nonmone a y- ela ed bene i s. To measu e
pa icipan s’ expec ed mone a y- ela ed bene i s, pa icipan s we e asked o indica e hei
ag eemen on hese s a emen s: “I expec ed ha I would ecei e inancial bene i s om
he pa icipa ion in he CSR ac i i ies”, “I expec ed ha I would ha e an oppo uni y o
enhance my skills o ca ee om pa icipa ion in he CSR ac i i ies”, and “I expec ed ha
my pa icipa ion in he CSR p ojec would make my cu en job mo e s able”. Rega ding
pa icipan s’ expec a ions o nonmone a y- ela ed bene i s, pa icipan s we e asked o
indica e hei ag eemen wi h hese sample s a emen s: “I expec ed ha he pa icipa ion in
he CSR p ojec would make me ha e mo e iends” and “I expec ed ha he pa icipa ion
in he CSR p ojec would help en i onmen al quali y o he communi y imp o ed, and
made na u al esou ces in he communi y mo e plen i ul”. The esponses anged om 1 o
5, deno ing s ong disag eemen o s ong ag eemen . All ques ions we e adap ed om Lee
e al. [22] and Nusong [112].
4.4. Da a Collec ion and Da a Analysis
To e alua e he con en alidi y o all a iables, he con en alidi y o he ques ion-
nai e was e alua ed by h ee ele an expe s. Expe s ecommended some mino changes
o some i ems in o de o enhance he cla i y o he i ems o local communi y membe s.
The modi ied ques ionnai e shee was hen sen o 30 pa icipan s in hose a ge ed com-
muni ies as a pilo es . C onbach’s alpha (
α
) was calcula ed o measu e he eliabili y o
he ques ionnai e. Fo he en i e ques ionnai e, C onbach’s αwas 0.90, which was g ea e
han 0.70. This implies ha he i ems a e eliable [
113
]. Ques ionnai e su eys we e hen
conduc ed in ou a ge ed local communi ies du ing June–July 2022.
App oxima ely 400 ques ionnai e shee s we e dis ibu ed, bu only 370 shee s we e
e u ned. A e checking he comple ion o he esponded ques ionnai e shee s, 15 shee s
we e excluded due o incomple ion. Finally, he e we e 355 ques ionnai e shee s sui able
o he analysis. Then, mul iple linea eg ession analyses we e conduc ed o examine
signi ican de e minan s o communi y pa icipa ion in he en i onmen al CSR p ojec .
5. Resul s
5.1. Desc ip i e S a is ics o S udy Va iables
Table 2shows he a e age sco e o all s udy a iables. Conside ing he dependen
a iable, a le el o communi y pa icipa ion in each s age o he mang o e o es man-
agemen p ojec , he esul e ealed ha pa icipan s epo ed he highes engagemen in
he moni o ing s age (M = 2.95, SD = 1.091). The pa icipa ion in planning s age had an
a e age sco e o 2.65 (SD = 1.168), and he pa icipa ion in he implemen ing s age had an
a e age sco e o 2.84 (SD = 1.228). Conside ing independen a iables, o he en e p ise-
ela ed ac o s, OPR quali y has an a e age sco e o 3.74 (SD = 1.282), while pe cei ed
CSR c edibili y had an a e age sco e o 3.60 (SD = 1.176). Fo pa icipan - ela ed ac o s,
pa icipan s epo ed an a e age sco e o pe cei ed ecological alues o 3.84 (
SD = 1.095
)
and epo ed an a e age sco e o 3.22 (SD = 1.839) o ecological knowledge. The a iable
o expec a ion o mone a y- ela ed bene i s had an a e age sco e o 3.17 (SD = 1.173), while
he expec a ion o nonmone a y- ela ed bene i s had an a e age sco e o 3.48 (SD = 1.173).
C onbach’s alpha was calcula ed o measu e he eliabili y o scales used o measu ing
each a iable. The esul e ealed ha he alue o C onbach’s alpha o each a iable
was highe han a h eshold o 0.70 [113] (C onbach, 1951), indica ing he eliabili y o he
measu emen o each a iable.

J. Open Inno . Technol. Ma k. Complex. 2022,8, 209 16 o 28
Table 2. Desc ip i e s a is ics (n= 355).
Va iables Indica o s Mean/nSD C onbach’s Alpha
Dependen Va iable
1. Le el o pa icipa ion in
planning he CSR p ojec .
1. I ha e a ended mee ings and sha ed my opinions wi h
CPF Company abou he cu en p oblems in mang o e
o es s and abou ecological managemen p ojec in he
communi y a ea.
2.64 1.193
0.950
2. I ha e exp essed my desi es on ecological managemen
p ojec (CSR p ojec ) o CPF Company. Those p oposed
desi es we e such as expec ed ou comes and bene i s, ypes
o conse a ion ac i i ies, needed ca ee skills, e c.
2.69 1.486
3. I ha e been in i ed by CPF Company o ake pa in a
decision making p ocess o de eloping and planning
ac i i ies ele an o he CSR p ojec .
2.72 1.246
4. I ha e pa icipa ed in he planning he u iliza ion o
esou ces in he CSR p ojec such as pa icipa ing in
alloca ing inancial ecou se o managing olun ee s
in CSR ac i i ies.
2.55 1.049
A e age sco e 2.65 1.168
2. Le el o pa icipa ion in
implemen ing he CSR p ojec .
1. I ha e pa icipa ed in seeking plan seeds and young
plan s o he ecological conse a ion p ojec
in he communi y.
2.59 1.603
0.959
2. I ha e pa icipa ed in plan ing mang o e ees
in he communi y. 3.09 1.457
3. I ha e pa icipa ed in p epa ing spaces used o
conse a ion ac i i ies. 2.99 1.438
4. I ha e pa icipa ed in inspec ing whe he olun ee s
plan mang o e ees co ec ly. 3.21 1.337
5. I ha e pa icipa ed in managing solid was es
in mang o e a eas. 3.35 1.387
6. I ha e pa icipa ed in dona ing money used o ecological
conse a ion ac i i ies. 2.55 1.412
7. I ha e pa icipa ed in dona ing asse s, ma e ials, o
esou ces ha suppo conse a ion ac i i ies. Those asse s,
ma e ials, and esou ces a e such as oods, plan ing
ools, boa s, e c.
2.50 1.543
8. I ha e pa icipa ed in communica ing and
ad e ising he p ojec . 2.60 1.204
9. I ha e pa icipa ed in encou aging o he esiden s o
pa icipa e in he p ojec . 2.66 1.293
A e age sco e 2.84 1.228
3. Le el o pa icipa ion in
moni o ing he CSR p ojec .
1. A e he p ojec implemen a ion, I look a e mang o e
ees and o es s. 2.93 1.172
0.970
2. I ha e in o med esponsible s a o o ganiza ions when I
saw ha mang o e ees we e died o any p oblems in
mang o e o es s.
2.96 1.156
3. I ha e plan ed mang o e ees when I saw ha some
ees we e died o damaged. 2.90 1.190
4. I ha e looked a e mang o e o es s and ensu ed ha
he e is no in asion om imp ope human ac i i ies and no
des uc ion o he o es .
2.97 1.122
5. I ha e in o med esponsible s a o o ganiza ions when I
saw des uc ion o he o es o in asion om esiden s. 2.99 1.139
A e age sco e 2.95 1.091
J. Open Inno . Technol. Ma k. Complex. 2022,8, 209 17 o 28
Table 2. Con .
Va iables Indica o s Mean/nSD C onbach’s Alpha
Independen Va iables
X1. OPR quali y
1. I am ce ain ha he any ac i i ies de eloped by he CPF
company will be use ul o ou communi y. 3.79 1.217
0.980
2. I am ce ain ha he CPF company will ul ill i s oles
ollowing hei p omise wi h he communi y. 3.62 1.183
3. I am ce ain ha he CPF company will always ake my
conce ns and opinions in o conside a ion when a
decision is made.
3.67 1.317
4. When con ac ing wi h he communi y, he CPF company
is always no o e bea ing. 3.81 1.325
5. The CPF company always lis ens o he
communi y’s oices. 3.66 1.197
6. Whene e I need o alk o he CPF Company, I can
always con ac he company and alk. 3.79 1.44
7. I eel ha he CPF Company has ied o main ain a long
ela ionship wi h he communi y. 3.81 1.296
A e age sco e 3.74 1.282
X2. Pe cei ed CSR c edibili y
1. I clea ly unde s and he objec i es o he CSR p ojec and
belie e ha he company has su icien capabili y o
make i success.
3.65 1.238
0.955
2. I clea ly unde s and ypes o ac i i ies and ele an plans
o he CSR p ojec , and belie e ha he company is
compe en o make hem success.
3.55 1.258
3. In case ha I canno unde s and abou he CSR p ojec o
ha e some ques ions, he CPF company will be eage o
esponse my que y.
3.59 1.186
A e age sco e 3.60 1.176
X3. Pe cei ed
ecological alues
1. Mang o e o es s can help p o ec ing land om e osion. 4.00 1.025
0.964
2. Mang o e o es s can help minimizing wind speed and
weakening ocean cu en s. 4.01 1.132
3. Mang o e o es s can e esh ai and imp o e ai quali y.
4.07 1.381
4. Mang o e ees can be used o p oduce i ewood
and cha coal. 3.62 1.491
5. Mang o e ees can be used o cons uc ion o shel e s
and p oduc ion o u ni u e. 3.33 1.401
6. Mang o e o es s ha e di e se species o aqua animals
and some e es ial animals which a e human ood. 3.78 1.264
7. Mang o e o es s ha e di e se plan species which can be
consumed by human. 3.59 1.426
8. Mang o e o es s a e a p ima y habi an o
young aqua animals. 3.87 1.177
9. Mang o e o es s can be a ou is a ac ion. 3.96 1.245
10. Mang o e o es s can be used as a ec ea ional place. 4.12 1.311
11. Mang o e o es s can be a place whe e communi y
membe s connec and ge oge he . 3.92 1.308
12. Mang o e o es s a e a ached wi h communi y belie s,
alues, and spi i uali y. 3.81 1.403
13. Mang o e o es s can be a lea ning sou ce o
na u al ecosys ems. 3.89 1.368
A e age sco e 3.84 1.095
J. Open Inno . Technol. Ma k. Complex. 2022,8, 209 18 o 28
Table 2. Con .
Va iables Indica o s Mean/nSD C onbach’s Alpha
X4. Ecological knowledge
1. I know ha be o e plan ing ees in he a eas which used
o be sh imp ponds, i is necessa y o imp o e soil quali y
by emo ing accumula ed sedimen in he ponds.
223 (yes) 62.8%
0.826
132 37.2%
2. I know ha he bes ime o plan mang o e ees in he
communi y is du ing Sep embe -Feb ua y o he nex yea .
232 (yes) 65.4%
123 34.6%
3. I know majo causes o mang o e o es de e io a ion
in he communi y.
217 (yes) 61.1%
138 38.9%
4. I know ypes o plan species o mang o e o es s in
he communi y.
234 (yes) 65.9%
121 34.1%
5. I know ypes o animal species li ing in mang o e o es s.
237 (yes) 66.8%
118 33.2%
A e age sco e * 3.22 ±1.839
X5. Expec a ions o
mone a y- ela ed bene i s
1. I expec ed ha I would ecei e inancial bene i s om
pa icipa ion in CSR ac i i ies. 2.62 1.538
0.837
2. I expec ed ha I would ha e an oppo uni y o enhance
my skills o ca ee om pa icipa ion in CSR ac i i ies. 3.38 1.217
3. I expec ed ha my pa icipa ion in he CSR p ojec would
make my cu en job mo e s able. 3.52 1.274
A e age sco e 3.17 1.173
X6. Expec a ions o
nonmone a y- ela ed bene i s
1. I expec ed ha he pa icipa ion in he CSR p ojec would
make me ha e mo e iends. 3.15 1.245
0.968
2. I expec ed ha he pa icipa ion in he CSR p ojec would
help en i onmen al quali y o he communi y imp o ed,
and made na u al esou ces in he communi y
mo e plen i ul.
3.46 1.287
3. I expec ed ha he pa icipa ion in he CSR p ojec would
help s eng hening he communi y ela ionship. 3.68 1.346
4. I expec ed ha he pa icipa ion in he CSR p ojec would
make me joy ul and happy. 3.48 1.347
A e age sco e 3.48 1.277
No e: * To al sco e o 5.
5.2. De e minan s o Communi y Pa icipa ion in he En i onmen al CSR P ojec
A mul iple eg ession analysis was pe o med o examine how en e p ise- ela ed
ac o s and pa icipan - ela ed ac o s could p edic pa icipan s’ le els o pa icipa ion
in each s age o he en i onmen al CSR p ojec , including he planning, implemen ing,
and moni o ing s ages. To es whe he each independen a iable has a signi ican impac
on pa icipa ion in he planning s age, de ined as a dependen a iable, all independen
a iables we e i s included in he mul iple linea eg ession analysis. The esul s shown in
Table 3 e ealed ha pa icipan s’ ecological knowledge and expec a ions o nonmone a y-
ela ed bene i s we e no s a is ically signi ican . The e o e, hey we e excluded om he
analysis, and o he signi ican independen a iables, including pe cei ed ecological alues,
pe cei ed CSR c edibili y, OPR quali y, and expec a ion o mone a y- ela ed bene i s, we e
included in he analysis again o examine hei powe o p edic he dependen a iable.
The esul s illus a ed ha he linea combina ion o hese signi ican a iables signi ican ly
p edic ed pa icipa ion in he planning o he en i onmen al CSR p ojec (F = 115.238;
p= 0.000). The mul iple co ela ion coe icien (R) was 0.754, and R
2
was 0.568. This
indica es ha he linea combina ion o hese ou signi ican a iables p edic ed 56.8% o
he a iance in communi y pa icipa ion in planning he en i onmen al CSR p ojec . To es
mul icollinea i y among he a iables, ole ance and a iance in la ion ac o s (VIFs) we e
calcula ed. The esul s e ealed VIF alues anging om 1.970–2.603, and ole ance alues
anging om 0.288–0.881, indica ing ha mul icollinea i y did no exis . Conside ing he
J. Open Inno . Technol. Ma k. Complex. 2022,8, 209 19 o 28
powe o each signi ican a iable in p edic ing he dependen a iable, he esul s e ealed
ha pe cei ed ecological alues had he s onges powe o p edic pa icipa ion in he
planning s age (
β
= 0.409, p< 0.001). The expec a ion o mone a y- ela ed bene i s was he
second s onges powe (
β
= 0.365, p< 0.001). Pe cei ed CSR c edibili y had a be a alue o
0.285 (p< 0.001), and he be a alue o OPR quali y was −0.240 (p< 0.001).
Table 3.
Summa y o Reg ession Analysis o Va iables A ec ing Residen s’ Pa icipa ion in Planning
he En i onmen al CSR P ojec (n= 355).
Explo ed Fac o s B S.E. Be a pTole ance VIF
Cons an −0.292 0.168 −1.734 0.084
X1 OPR quali y −0.212 0.053 −0.225 −3.988 0.000 0.388 2.580
X2 Pe cei ed CSR c edibili y 0.298 0.057 0.301 5.192 0.000 0.368 2.717
X3 Pe cei ed ecological alues 0.431 0.055 0.406 7.836 0.000 0.459 2.180
X4 Ecological knowledge −0.026 0.024 −0.041 −1.089 0.277 0.881 1.134
X5 Expec a ion o mone a y- ela ed bene i s 0.387 0.061 0.386 6.370 0.000 0.336 2.973
X6 Expec a ion o nonmone a y- ela ed bene i s −0.039 0.061 −0.042 −0.636 0.525 0.288 3.478
R= 0.755; R2= 0.571; Adj.R2= 0.563; S.E.es = 0.772; F= 77.119; p- alue = 0.000
2nd S ep
Cons an −0.346 0.158 −2.192 0.029
X1 OPR quali y −0.226 0.051 −0.240 −4.446 0.000 0.424 2.359
X2 Pe cei ed CSR c edibili y 0.283 0.056 0.285 5.037 0.000 0.384 2.603
X3 Pe cei ed ecological alues 0.434 0.052 0.409 8.295 0.000 0.507 1.970
X5 Expec a ion o mone a y- ela ed bene i s 0.366 0.056 0.365 6.575 0.000 0.401 2.493
R= 0.754; R2= 0.568; Adj.R2= 0.563; S.E.es = 0.772; F= 115.238; p- alue = 0.000
Conside ing he de e minan s o communi y pa icipa ion in implemen ing he en-
i onmen al CSR p ojec , he esul s o mul iple linea eg ession analysis sugges ed ha
he ecological knowledge a iable should be emo ed due o i s lack o s a is ical signi -
icance (p= 0.617) (see Table 4). A e emo ing he ecological knowledge a iable, he
esul o he mul iple linea eg ession analysis e ealed R= 0.828 and R
2
= 0.685. The
linea combina ion o he i e signi ican a iables signi ican ly p edic ed pa icipa ion in
implemen ing he en i onmen al CSR p ojec (F = 151.789; p= 0.000). App oxima ely 68.5%
o he a iances in communi y pa icipa ion in implemen ing he p ojec we e p edic ed
by he linea combina ion o hese i e signi ican a iables. Among hese i e signi ican
a iables, pe cei ed ecological alues we e he s onges p edic o (
β
= 0.311, p< 0.001),
and pe cei ed CSR c edibili y was he second s onges p edic o (
β
= 0.266, p< 0.001). OPR
quali y had a signi ican nega i e e ec on he dependen a iable (
β
=
−
0.098,
p< 0.001
).
The esul s also e ealed VIF alues anging om 2.077–3.367, and ole ance alues anging
om 0.297–0.481, indica ing ha mul icollinea i y did no exis .
Fo he pa icipa ion in moni o ing he en i onmen al CSR p ojec , i s , he e-
sul o mul iple linea eg ession analysis sugges ed ha expec a ions o mone a y and
nonmone a y- ela ed bene i s should be emo ed due o hei lack o s a is ical signi icance
(p= 0.304) and (p= 0.090), espec i ely (see Table 5). A e emo ing hose wo a iables,
he esul o mul iple linea eg ession analysis e ealed R= 0.625; R
2
= 0.390. The linea
combina ion o hose ou signi ican a iables could signi ican ly p edic pa icipa ion
in moni o ing he en i onmen al CSR p ojec (F = 55.949; p= 0.000). App oxima e 39.0%
o a iances in communi y pa icipa ion in moni o ing he p ojec could be p edic ed by
he linea combina ion o hese ou signi ican a iables. Among hese ou signi ican
a iables, pe cei ed ecological alues was he s onges p edic o (
β
= 0.409, p< 0.001),
and ecological knowledge was he second s onges p edic o (
β
= 0.350, p< 0.001). OPR
quali y had a signi ican nega i e e ec on he dependen a iable (
β
=
−
0.216, p< 0.001),
and pe cei ed CSR c edibili y had a signi ican posi i e e ec on he dependen a iable
(
β= 0.281
,p< 0.001). Addi ionally, he esul e ealed VIF alues anging om 1.089–
J. Open Inno . Technol. Ma k. Complex. 2022,8, 209 20 o 28
2.155, and ole ance alues anging om 0.464–0.918, indica ing ha mul icollinea i y did
no exis .
Table 4.
Summa y o Reg ession Analysis o Va iables A ec ing Residen s’ Pa icipa ion in Imple-
men ing he En i onmen al CSR P ojec (n= 355).
Explo ed Fac o s B S.E. Be a pTole ance VIF
Cons an −0.665 0.151 −4.396 0.000
X1 OPR quali y −0.097 0.048 −0.098 −2.022 0.044 0.388 2.580
X2 Pe cei ed CSR c edibili y 0.280 0.052 0.268 5.414 0.000 0.368 2.717
X3 Pe cei ed ecological alues 0.341 0.050 0.306 6.886 0.000 0.459 2.180
X4 Ecological knowledge −0.011 0.021 −0.016 −0.500 0.617 0.881 1.134
X5 Expec a ion o mone a y- ela ed bene i s 0.265 0.055 0.251 4.844 0.000 0.336 2.973
X6 Expec a ion o nonmone a y- ela ed bene i s 0.214 0.055 0.219 3.899 0.000 0.288 3.478
R= 0.828; R2= 0.685; Adj.R2= 0.680; S.E.es = 0.695; F= 126.261; p- alue = 0.000
2nd S ep
Cons an −0.691 0.142 −4.864 0.000
X1 OPR quali y −0.097 0.048 −0.098 −2.032 0.043 0.388 2.579
X2 Pe cei ed CSR c edibili y 0.277 0.051 0.266 5.397 0.000 0.372 2.687
X3 Pe cei ed ecological alues 0.346 0.048 0.311 7.173 0.000 0.481 2.077
X5 Expec a ion o mone a y- ela ed bene i s 0.265 0.055 0.251 4.844 0.000 0.336 2.973
X6 Expec a ion o nonmone a y- ela ed bene i s 0.209 0.054 0.214 3.876 0.000 0.297 3.367
R= 0.828; R2= 0.685; Adj.R2= 0.680; S.E.es = 0.694; F= 151.789; p- alue = 0.000
Table 5.
Summa y o Reg ession Analysis o Va iables A ec ing Residen s’ Pa icipa ion in Moni o -
ing he En i onmen al CSR P ojec (n= 355).
Explo ed Fac o s B S.E. Be a pTole ance VIF
Cons an 0.531 0.186 2.860 0.004
X1 OPR quali y −0.250 0.059 −0.284 −4.260 0.000 0.388 2.580
X2 Pe cei ed CSR c edibili y 0.190 0.063 0.204 2.989 0.003 0.368 2.717
X3 Pe cei ed ecological alues 0.371 0.061 0.374 6.103 0.000 0.459 2.180
X4 Ecological knowledge 0.196 0.026 0.330 7.458 0.000 0.881 1.134
X5 Expec a ion o mone a y- ela ed bene i s 0.069 0.067 0.074 1.030 0.304 0.336 2.973
X6 Expec a ion o nonmone a y- ela ed bene i s 0.115 0.067 0.132 1.701 0.090 0.288 3.478
R= 0.633; R2= 0.401; Adj.R2= 0.391; S.E.es = 0.852; F= 38.810; p- alue = 0.000
2nd S ep
Cons an 0.496 0.185 2.672 0.008
X1 OPR quali y −0.191 0.054 −0.216 −3.525 0.000 0.464 2.155
X2 Pe cei ed CSR c edibili y 0.261 0.056 0.281 4.695 0.000 0.485 2.061
X3 Pe cei ed ecological alues 0.405 0.059 0.409 6.881 0.000 0.494 2.025
X4 Ecological knowledge 0.208 0.026 0.350 8.037 0.000 0.918 1.089
R= 0.625; R2= 0.390; Adj.R2= 0.383; S.E.es = 0.867; F= 55.949; p- alue = 0.000
6. Discussion and Conclusions
This s udy examined ac o s con ibu ing o communi y membe s’ pa icipa ion in he
GSPMF p ojec , which is an en i onmen al CSR p ojec ini ia ed by CPF. In gene al, he
esul s e ealed ha he signi ican p edic o s o communi y membe s’ pa icipa ion a each
s age o he p ojec we e signi ican ly di e en (see Table 6). As s a ed by Mbeche e al. [
60
],
he pa icipa ion o local people in o es managemen may di e ac oss he di e en s ages
o he o es managemen p og am, including planning, implemen a ion, and moni o ing,
and signi ican ac o s a ec ing pa icipa ion in each s age may also di e . Unde s anding
de e minan s o communi y pa icipa ion in each s age o he managemen p og am could
ha e implica ions o he de elopmen o communica ion s a egies o encou age he

J. Open Inno . Technol. Ma k. Complex. 2022,8, 209 21 o 28
ac i e pa icipa ion o local communi y membe s. Su p isingly, he pa icipan s’ pe cei ed
ecological alues we e he s onges p edic o o pa icipa ion in all s ages. This implies ha
local communi y membe s will ac i ely pa icipa e in all s ages o sus ainable mang o e
o es managemen i hey can pe cei e he alue o mang o e ecosys em se ices. This
inding is in line wi h Zhang e al.’s [
104
] s udy, which e ealed ha a me s’ pe cei ed
alues o a mland signi ican ly a ec ed hei pa icipa ion in ecological en i onmen al
p o ec ion on a mland. Simila ly, He nes and Me zge [
114
] showed ha he ac i e
pa icipa ion o s akeholde s in biosphe e managemen and conse a ion ac i i ies was
signi ican ly a ec ed by s akeholde s’ pe cei ed en i onmen al alues, such as wildli e
alues and he beau y o na u e. Local communi y membe s’ pe cei ed di ec and indi ec
alues o mang o e ecosys ems could g ea ly a ec hei mo i a ion o pa icipa e in all
s ages o managemen due o he ac ha mos communi y membe s’ li elihoods a e
ela ed o he u iliza ion o mang o e esou ces, such as ca ee s ela ed o eco ou ism in he
a ea, ishe ies, and ishe y- ela ed ac i i ies. Mos impo an ly, conside ing ha egula ing
he se ices o mang o e ecosys ems can mi iga e possible na u al disas e s in he a ea and
p o ec communi y land, communi y membe s who could pe cei e hese ypes o alue
could be mo e mo i a ed o pa icipa e in all s ages o he managemen p ojec . Pe cep ion
o he ecological alues o mang o e ecosys ems enables communi y membe s o ecognize
how he CSR p ojec has c ea ed alues o he wel a e o socie y and he en i onmen .
Communi y membe s could also pe cei e he social and en i onmen al esponsibili y o a
business i m, which can a ec hei decision o pa icipa e in a CSR p ojec . As indica ed
by T uong [
115
], people’s decision o engage in na u al esou ce managemen hinges on
hei desi e o p ese e he alues o ecological sys ems o u u e gene a ions, socie y, and
hei well-being.
Table 6. Summa y o he Resul s.
Explo ed Fac o s
Signi ican P edic o s o Communi y Membe s’ Pa icipa ion in he
En i onmen al CSR P ojec
Planning Implemen ing Mo ni o ing
X1 OPR quali y Nega i e signi icance Nega i e signi icance Nega i e signi icance
X2 Pe cei ed CSR c edibili y Posi i e signi icance Posi i e signi icance Posi i e signi icance
X3 Pe cei ed ecological alues Posi i e signi icance * Posi i e signi icance * Posi i e signi icance *
X4 Ecological knowledge Posi i e signi icance
X5 Expec a ion o mone a y- ela ed bene i s Posi i e signi icance Posi i e signi icance
X6 Expec a ion o nonmone a y- ela ed bene i s Posi i e signi icance
No e: * he s onges p edic o .
Simila o pe cei ed ecological alues, bo h business en e p ise- ela ed ac o s, includ-
ing pe cei ed OPR quali y and CSR c edibili y, signi ican ly a ec ed he pa icipa ion o
communi y membe s in all s ages o he mang o e o es managemen p ojec . Su p isingly,
howe e , pe cei ed OPR quali y signi ican ly and nega i ely a ec ed pa icipa ion in all
s ages o he p ojec . A s ong in e ela ionship be ween an en e p ise and communi y
membe s could make communi y membe s hesi an o pa icipa e in all s ages o he p ojec .
People migh ha e el con iden ha CPF would ul ill i s oles and beha e as p omised o
he communi ies. This esul con adic s many p e ious s udies ha ound ha mu ual
us and a s ong ela ionship be ween pa ies could p omo e ac i e pa icipa ion in he
p ojec [
116
–
119
]. Fo ins ance, S e n and Coleman [
118
] and Smi h e al. [
119
] ound
ha people’s pa icipa ion in a biosphe e ese e managemen p ojec was signi ican ly
in luenced by hei pe cei ed us in local au ho i ies, who we e mainly esponsible o
he managemen . Rega ding he a iable o pe cei ed CSR c edibili y, he esul s e ealed
ha pe cei ed CSR c edibili y signi ican ly and posi i ely a ec ed communi y membe s’
pa icipa ion in all s ages o he mang o e o es managemen p ojec . This implies ha
communi y membe s’ pe cei ed compe ence in ope a ing he en i onmen al CSR p ojec
and hei con idence in he success o he p ojec may mo i a e ac i e pa icipa ion om
J. Open Inno . Technol. Ma k. Complex. 2022,8, 209 22 o 28
local communi y membe s. The e o e, i is impo an ha an en e p ise clea ly in o m
communi y membe s abou conc e e objec i es, goals, and p ocesses o ensu e ha he
CSR p ojec can be comple ed. As epo ed by Josephs and Humph ies [
120
], people’s
clea unde s anding o managemen objec i es and ele an in o ma ion would esul in
con idence in he p ojec and a eadiness o ac in esponse o he p ojec .
Conside ing he pa icipan s’ expec ed bene i s, only expec ed mone a y- ela ed ben-
e i s had a signi ican e ec on he pa icipa ion o communi y membe s in he planning
s age, whe eas nonmone a y- ela ed bene i s had no signi ican e ec . This implies ha
communi y membe s’ ini ial decision o ake pa in he planning s age o he CSR was
based on hei expec a ion o imp o e hei economic s a us by gaining mo e income and
ha ing a s able job. In deg aded ecological sys ems, local people’s jobs ela ed o he
u iliza ion o na u al esou ces, such as ishe ies and eco ou ism- ela ed se ices, could
su e ; hus, people cons uc hei expec a ions o mone a y bene i s om he en i on-
men al CSR p ojec and decide o i s pa icipa e in he planning s age. As s a ed by Sa i
e al. [
121
], economic incen i es highly in luence communi y membe s’ decisions o engage
in a na u al esou ce managemen p ojec because communi y membe s always expec o
imp o e hei household’s economic si ua ion. Li elihoods o local communi ies adjacen o
na u al esou ce a eas a e mos ly ela ed o na u al esou ce u iliza ion; hus, CSR p ojec s
ha in ol e inc easing ag icul u al p oduc i i y, main aining o es s, imp o ing access o
wa e o li es ock and c oplands, and imp o ing soil quali y would be e y in luen ial
in p omo ing he pa icipa ion o local communi ies. Mbeche e al. [
60
] also e ealed ha
communi y membe s’ expec ed economic bene i s had a posi i e e ec on hei engagemen
in pa icipa o y o es managemen in Kenya.
Conce ning communi y pa icipa ion in implemen ing he en i onmen al CSR p ojec ,
he cu en s udy e ealed ha bo h expec ed mone a y- and nonmone a y- ela ed bene i s
had a signi ican e ec on pa icipa ion. This sugges s ha o p omo e pa icipa ion in
he implemen a ion s age, in addi ion o expec ed mone a y bene i s, communi y mem-
be s’ pe cep ions o nonmone a y bene i s (such as inc eased social cohesion, amusemen
in he pa icipa ion p ocess, and imp o ed communi y en i onmen al quali y) mus be
p omo ed. As s a ed by Kanel and Dahal [
122
], pa icipa o y o es managemen wi h he
ac i e pa icipa ion o local communi ies, including he poo and mino i y g oups, can
enhance social cohesion and social suppo due o hei social in e ac ion, which in u n
inc eases communi y secu i y. These pe cei ed alues om pa icipa ion in implemen ing
he en i onmen al CSR p ojec should also be p omo ed h ough c ea i e pa icipa o y
p ocesses, such as communi y olun ee ing o mang o e ee plan ing o communi y
olun ee ing o eco ou ism ac i i ies. Howe e , ega ding pa icipa ion in he moni o ing
p ocess, he cu en s udy ound ha bo h expec ed mone a y and nonmone a y- ela ed
bene i s we e no signi ican p edic o s. I is possible ha mos moni o ing ac i i ies we e
indi idual-based and equi ed some p o essional knowledge and skills in de ec ing and
sol ing p oblems in he mang o e o es . Al hough hey migh ha e had expec a ions o
ecei ing bene i s, he communi y membe s migh ha e excluded hemsel es om he
p ocess due o insu icien capabili y.
Finally, conside ing ha communi y membe s’ possession o ecological knowledge is
ela ed o ecological conse a ion capaci y, he esul s o his s udy e ealed ha ecological
knowledge was no a signi ican p edic o o pa icipa ion in bo h he planning and moni-
o ing s ages o he GSPMF p ojec . This con adic s he knowledge de ici model [
108
,
123
],
which assumes ha knowledge may lead o a i udes and e en ually con ibu e o be-
ha io al change. Many p e ious s udies ha e con i med a di ec ela ionship be ween
ecological knowledge and beha io al in en ion [
124
,
125
]. Howe e , B unk [
126
] said ha
human beha io is complex; hus, knowledge can be limi ed o p edic ing changes in
human beha io . In his s udy, ecological knowledge had no powe o de e mine com-
muni y membe s’ pa icipa ion in planning and implemen ing he en i onmen al CSR
p ojec . Howe e , we ound ha knowledge had a signi ican e ec on pa icipa ion in
he moni o ing s age. As discussed abo e, o pa icipa e in moni o ing a mang o e o es
J. Open Inno . Technol. Ma k. Complex. 2022,8, 209 23 o 28
managemen p ojec , communi y membe s may need some speci ic knowledge capaci y,
such as how o iden i y mang o e ee condi ions, sui able condi ions o plan ing and
g ow h, and sui able species. Fu he , moni o ing ac i i ies a e mos ly indi idual, so hey
ha dly suppo each o he in moni o ing ac i i ies. Thus, ecological knowledge may play
a i al ole in p omo ing communi y pa icipa ion in he moni o ing s age o mang o e
o es managemen .
In conclusion, he indings o his s udy p o ide bo h heo e ical and p ac ical con-
ibu ions. This s udy sugges s ha he de e minan s o communi y pa icipa ion in each
s age o mang o e o es managemen a e di e en due o di e ences in ac i i ies a each
s age, which equi e di e en le els o e o om he pa icipan s. Mbeche e al. [
60
] also
con i m ha he pa icipa ion o communi y membe s in o es managemen is de e mined
by di e en signi ican ac o s. Pa icipa ion in moni o ing mang o e o es managemen
p ojec s is mos ly an indi idual ac i i y in which people a e encou aged o moni o p ob-
lems in mang o e ecosys ems and he p og ess o mang o e e o es a ion. These ac i i ies
equi e speci ic knowledge o pa icipa ion; he e o e, he ole o ecological knowledge is
signi ican . As indica ed by Ceb ián-Pique as e al. [
103
], ecological knowledge is posi i ely
co ela ed wi h people’s pe cep ions o ecological change and he pe cei ed ulne abili y
o some wa e -dependen ecosys ems, including moun ain lakes and ipa ian o es s. Thus,
people wi h ecological knowledge may be able o de ec ecological p oblems and ake ac ion
o es o a ion. Howe e , ecological knowledge canno p edic communi y pa icipa ion in
planning and implemen ing he p ojec .
Fu he , when ope a ing mang o e o es managemen as an en i onmen al CSR
p ojec es ablished by a business en e p ise, en e p ise- ela ed ac o s, including OPR qual-
i y and pe cei ed CSR c edibili y, a e signi ican in p omo ing communi y pa icipa ion
in all s ages o managemen . No ably, his s udy ound ha a highe OPR quali y con-
ibu es o a lowe le el o pa icipa ion by communi y membe s due o he communi y’s
eliance on a business en e p ise. The e o e, wi h a high le el o OPR quali y, a business
en e p ise should ac i ely communica e wi h local communi ies abou he signi ican oles
o local communi ies in p omo ing he success o he p ojec ; o he wise, hey would be
eluc an o pa icipa e. Fo pe cei ed ecological alues, his s udy ound ha pe cei ed
ecological alue is he s onges p edic o o communi y pa icipa ion a all s ages because
communi y membe s can ecognize he con ibu ions o CSR p ojec s o he whole socie y
and en i onmen . The e o e, we ecommend ha communi y membe s be educa ed on
he di e se ecological alues o mang o e ecosys ems o enhance hei pa icipa ion. To
educa e communi y membe s abou di e se ecological se ices, a mechanism o sys em o
os e ing in o ma ion sha ing among communi y membe s is ecommended. As indica ed
in he s udy by T uong, D.D. [
115
], mos communi y membe s pe cei e ecological alues
om hei daily li elihoods and social ne wo ks, whe eas a small numbe o communi y
membe s pe cei e ecological alues om ele ision, adio, and local media p og ams.
Finally, o he expec ed bene i s om pa icipa ion, communi y membe s’ decisions
o engage in he planning s age a e in luenced only by expec ed mone a y- ela ed bene-
i s. This is because hei cu en ca ee s and li elihoods migh be nega i ely impac ed
by deg aded mang o e ecosys ems; hus, imp o ing mang o e ecosys ems may b ing
economic bene i s o hei households. Dolisca e al. [
127
] also ecommended ha mone a y
incen i es a e impo an o p omo e he g ea e pa icipa ion o communi y membe s in
o es managemen ac i i ies. Howe e , o pa icipa ion in implemen ing he p ojec , bo h
expec ed mone a y and nonmone a y- ela ed bene i s a e signi ican incen i es because in-
e ac i e pa icipa o y ac i i ies in he implemen a ion s age may c ea e social in e ac ions,
which in u n lead o social cohesion and suppo . When his con ibu ion is pe cei ed by
communi y membe s, hey a e likely o pa icipa e in implemen ing he p ojec .
Su p isingly, bo h expec ed mone a y and nonmone a y- ela ed bene i s did no p e-
dic communi y pa icipa ion in he moni o ing s age o his s udy; howe e , ecological
knowledge signi ican ly a ec ed pa icipa ion only in moni o ing he p ojec . The e o e,
we sugges ha he enhancemen o ecological knowledge (ecological sys ems, cu en
J. Open Inno . Technol. Ma k. Complex. 2022,8, 209 24 o 28
ecological issues, and conse a ion ac ions) may help p omo e communi y pa icipa ion in
moni o ing CSR p ojec s.
7. Limi a ions o he S udy
This s udy has some limi a ions ha should be add essed. Fi s , he s udy employed
a sel - epo measu e o obse e pa icipan s’ ecological knowledge. Fu u e esea ch, in-
cluding an obse a ion o ac ual knowledge, is ecommended. Second, he socio-economic
cha ac e is ics o pa icipan s can also a ec hei pa icipa ion in a mang o e o es man-
agemen p ojec . These ac o s could be included in u u e esea ch.
Au ho Con ibu ions:
Concep ualiza ion, T.S., P.J. and J.C.; me hodology, T.S. and P.J.; so wa e,
P.J. and J.C.; alida ion, T.S. and P.J.; o mal analysis, P.J and T.S.; in es iga ion, T.S. and P.J.;
esou ces, T.S. and J.C.; da a cu a ion, T.S., J.C. and P.J.; w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, P.J.
and T.S.;
w i ing— e iew
and edi ing, P.J.; isualiza ion, P.J. and J.C.; supe ision, J.C. and P.J.;
p ojec adminis a ion, T.S. and P.J. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o
he manusc ip .
Funding: This esea ch ecei ed no ex e nal unding.
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen :
The s udy was conduc ed in acco dance wi h he Decla a ion
o Helsinki, and app o ed by he esea ch e hical commi ee om King Mongkhu ’s Uni e si y o
Technology Thonbu i, Thailand (KMUTT I RB-CoE-2022-748, 11 May 2022).
In o med Consen S a emen :
In o med consen was ob ained om all subjec s in ol ed in he s udy.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen :
The da a used o suppo he indings o cu en s udy a e a ailable
om he co esponding au ho upon eques .
Acknowledgmen s:
This s udy canno be comple ed wi hou suppo s om communi y membe s in
P akp asae sub-dis ic , Klang dis ic , Rayong p o ince in Thailand. Au ho s would like o hank all
pa icipan s who pa icipa ed in ques ionnai e su eys. Addi ionally, au ho s would like o exp ess
ou g a i ude o he s a o he Cha oen Pokphand Foods Public Company Limi ed (CPF) who
supplied in o ma ion ela ed o he CPF G ow-Sha e-P o ec Mang o e Fo es a ion P ojec .
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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