Qu eshi, Saiqa Saddiqa; Saleem, Fa ida
A icle
Impac o ne wo king on ca ee p og ession: Mode a ing
ole o gende
Pakis an Jou nal o Comme ce and Social Sciences (PJCSS)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Joha Educa ion Socie y, Pakis an (JESPK)
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Qu eshi, Saiqa Saddiqa; Saleem, Fa ida (2016) : Impac o ne wo king on ca ee
p og ession: Mode a ing ole o gende , Pakis an Jou nal o Comme ce and Social Sciences (PJCSS),
ISSN 2309-8619, Joha Educa ion Socie y, Pakis an (JESPK), Laho e, Vol. 10, Iss. 3, pp. 419-443
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Pakis an Jou nal o Comme ce and Social Sciences
2016, Vol. 10 (3), 419-443
Pak J Comme Soc Sci
Impac o Ne wo king on Ca ee P og ession:
Mode a ing Role o Gende
Saiqa Saddiqa Qu eshi
Bah ia Uni e si y Islamabad, Pakis an
Email: saiqa@ jwu.edu.pk
Fa ida Saleem (Co esponding au ho )
Fa ima Jinnah Women Uni e si y Rawalpindi, Pakis an
Email: a ida.saleem@ jwu.edu.pk
Abs ac
The pu pose o he s udy was o in es iga e he mode a ing ole o gende in he
ela ionship o ne wo king beha io ’s and ca ee p og ession o indi iduals. Fi e
dimensions o ne wo king beha io ’s: Main aining Con ac s (MC), pa icipa ing in
Communi y (PC) inc ease in In e nal Visibili y (IIV), engaging in P o ession Ac i i ies
(EPA), and socializing (NS) we e aken in conside a ion. A s uc u ed ques ionnai e was
used o collec da a om 29 banks (head o ices and mo e han 100 b anches) om majo
ci ies o Pakis an. The p oposed model was es ed using a sample o 332. S uc u al
Equa ion Modelling echnique and g oup di e ence es was used o da a analysis.
Resul s indica ed ha EPA and PC ela ionships o ne wo king beha io s we e no
mode a ed while MC, IIV and NS a e mode a ed by gende . MC and IIV ha e s onge
ela ionship wi h ca ee p og ession o males. Howe e , NS has s onge ela ionship
wi h ca ee p og ession o emales. Despi e glass ceiling p e alen in Pakis an, hese
indings sugges ha socializing plays a signi ican ole in he ca ee p og ession o
emales. Despi e he limi a ions including common me hod a iance and gene alizabili y
issue he cu en s udy’s indings can be help in de eloping s a egies o ca ee
p og ession o males and emales in Pakis an.
Key Wo ds: S uc u al equa ion modelling, ne wo king beha io s, ca ee p og ess,
Pakis an, gende
1. In oduc ion and Li e a u e Re iew
An old quo a ion “I ’s no wha you know, i ’s who you know” con ains an elemen o
u h when i comes o ca ee p og ession o an indi idual a any le el o he ca ee
de elopmen s age. This simply e e s o people ha ing simila likes / dislikes and
consequen ly bonding oge he o he pu pose o p o essional de elopmen , also known
as ne wo king (Ismail, 2007). Success o any ca ee depends upon ne wo king s a egies
(O’Lea y and Icko ics, 1992). Ne wo king usually in ol es con ac s wi h a a ie y o
colleagues o he pu pose o mu ual wo k bene i s. Pene a ion in bo h o mal as well as
in o mal ne wo ks p o ide su icien amoun o isibili y which helps o win
o ganiza ional p omo ions (Pa ke and Fagenson, 1994).
Ne wo king and Ca ee P og ession: Role o Gende
420
The ne wo king li e a u e lacks ag eemen on de ining ne wo king beha io . Resea che s
in he a ea o ne wo king ha e de ined i in a ie y o ways which we e qui ky in na u e.
Some ha e ocus on aking i as building block o aiding in one’s ca ee p og ession
(Fo e and Doughe y, 2004) while o he s ha e sugges ed ha ne wo king is limi ed o
people ou side one’s unde di ec chain o command (O pen, 1996). Michael and Yukl
(1993) de ined ne wo king in e ms o ne wo king beha io ’s e.g. casual in e pe sonal
ela ionships ha can a ibu e o de elop con ac s by socializing, calling on people o he
han he one’s own supe io s and sub-o dina es wi hin he o ganiza ion o in di e en
o ganiza ions. Con a y o he abo e O pen (1996) explained ne wo king in a mo e
p ac ical manne i.e. only p ima y ex e nal con ac s ha can be bene icial o doing one’s
job in a be e way wi h he igh kind o assis ance.
Ne wo king is a ool o ca ee de elopmen (Fo e and Doughe y, 2004). Owing o he
p o ean ca ee s much o he p og ession now esides mo e han e e on he shoulde s o
he indi idual iz a iz he o ganiza ion and hence he indi idual has o main ain and
in es in ela ionships ha can bene i him/he ca ee and wo k. On he same lines, Wol
and Mose (2009) de ined ne wo king as beha io ’s ha a e in ended o main ain and
in es in in o mal ela ionships ha holds he key o expedi e and smoo hen he wo k
ela ed ac i i ies o indi iduals by willingly and gladly p o ide access o esou ces o
mu ual bene i s. Conside ing all de ini ions, in he cu en s udy i is ope a ionalized as a
phenomenon ha aids and equips an indi idual a any le el o u he p og ession in
one’s ca ee . This ela ionship can be be ween colleagues (a senio and a junio wi h less
expe ience) o can be be ween equal coun e pa s o di e en indus y (G ano e e ,
1983; Bu , 1993). I can also be bes ecognized by o mal and in o mal ne wo king
wi hin o ou side o ganiza ions (O pen, 1996; Wol and Mose , 2009). A pionee
explana o y esea ch accompanied wi h semi s uc u ed in e iews and open ended
ques ionnai es conduc ed by Fo e and Doughe y (2001) o he iden i ica ion o
ne wo king beha io dimensions iden i ied i e dimensions including Socializing,
Main aining Con ac s, Engaging in P o essional Ac i i ies, Pa icipa ing in Chu ch and
Communi y and Inc easing In e nal Visibili y.
1.1 Ne wo king and Ca ee P og ession
Acco ding o A hu e al. (1989) “Ca ee is he un olding sequence o a pe son’s wo k
expe iences o e ime”. Ca ee s can be desc ibed as subjec i e ca ee s “ e lec ing he
indi idual’s own sense o his o he ca ee and wha i is becoming” (S ebbins, 1970),
and objec i e ca ee s, e lec ing he mo e o less publicly obse able posi ions, si ua ions,
and s a us “ ha se e as landma ks o gauging a pe son’s mo emen h ough he social
milieu” (Ba ley, 1989).
Judge e al. (1995) desc ibes Ca ee success as “posi i e psychological o wo k- ela ed
ou comes o achie emen s one has accumula ed as a esul o one’s wo k expe iences”.
Ca ee success is an ou come o a pe son’s ca ee expe iences and can be de ined as he
accomplishmen o desi able wo k- ela ed ou comes a any poin in a pe son’s wo k
expe iences o e ime. The ca ee success is based on an indi idual’s ascending
mo emen wi hin a single o ganiza ion. Obse able ca ee accomplishmen s i.e. pay and
ascendancy which can be no iced by o he s is objec i e ca ee success. Simila ly,
subjec i e ca ee success can be e e s o an indi idual own app aisals o one’s ca ee
success (Wol and Mose , 2009).
Qu eshi & Saleem
421
Many esea ches (e.g. Fo e and Doughe y, 2004; Lang o d, 2000; Michael and Yukl,
1993; O pen, 1996) ha e iden i ied ha bo h objec i e and subjec i e ca ee success a e
ela ed o ne wo king o ne wo king beha io s o indi iduals. Fo example, Michael and
Yukl (1993) es ablished ha numbe o p omo ions o an indi idual in he /his ca ee is
ela ed o ne wo king, and Lang o d (2000) iden i ied ha ne wo king is ela ed o
pe cei ed ca ee success o indi iduals. I is in e es ing o no e ha heo ies linking
ne wo king o ca ee success ake up ha ne wo king is a skill used o be success ul
ahead o o he , which indica es as - acked g ow h o ca ee success.
I has been iden i ied ha ne wo king is one o he key aspec in ca ee de elopmen o an
indi idual. I ela es posi i ely o se e al impo an ca ee - ela ed cons uc s such as
“pe o mance, mo i a ion, ca ee goals, ecei ed men o ing, o ganiza ional mobili y,
sala y, p omo ions, and ca ee sa is ac ion” (Spu k e al., 2015). Ne wo king wi h clien s
is an impo an unc ion o ne wo king beha io ha enables an employee o ge eedback
om clien s ega ding he p oduc s o se ices being o e ed by he company. These
clien -employee in e ac ions can p o e bene icial o he employee’s success a he wo k
place. Employees’ wi h such in e ac ions, who ne wo k wi h clien s, help o suppo he
employe ’s s abili y and becomes isible o he highe managemen (Spiegel, 2008).
Consequen ly, hese employees may ge be e sala ies.
1.2 Main aining Con ac s and Ca ee P og ession
Wol and Mose (2006) de ines ne wo king as “ne wo king includes beha io ’s aimed
a building and main aining in o mal ela ionships, ha possess he (po en ial) bene i o
ease wo k ela ed ac ions by olun a ily g an ing access o esou ces and by join ly
maximizing ad an ages o indi iduals in ol ed” (see also Wol and Mose , 2006; Fo e
and Doughe y, 2004).
The measu es o ne wo king cha ac e is ically gauge how o en an indi idual indulge in
ne wo king beha io ’s including discussing business ma e s ou side he o ganiza ion and
wo king hou s, ge ing con iden ial ad ice by using pe sonal con ac s o mee ing be o e
o a e e en s e c. 70 o 80 pe cen jobs oppo uni ies a e go en hold o h ough
in o mal in e mingling and con ac s (De Janasz and Fo e , 2007). Thus, ha ing pe sonal
con ac s wi hin he o ganiza ions inc eases he chances o be e job which a e a imes
no e en ad e ised.
Ha ing con ac s wi h people ou side one’s o ganiza ion inc eases he likelihood o
jumping o a be e le el han one is wo king in. Knowing people pe sonally (ne wo ke )
gi es an edge o he p o essional who has gone o an in e iew han a non-ne wo ke .
Longi udinal s udies ha e e ealed ha in e nal ne wo king seems o p o ide highe le el
o ca ee sa is ac ion compa e o ex e nal ne wo king. Whe eas, sala y g ow h is
p edic ed by only main aining in e nal con ac s (Wol and Mose , 2008). Wol and
Mose (2008) concluded ha indi idual should build, main ain and use hei in e nal as
well as ex e nal con ac s o eap he bene i s o hese acqui ed con ac s in he u u e. In
line wi h he exis ing li e a u e, ne wo king can be aken as an in es men ha p o ides
bene i in he u u e. Hence ollowing hypo hesis is p oposed
 H1: Main aining Con ac s has posi i e impac on Ca ee p og ession o indi iduals
1.3 Inc eases in In e nal Visibili y and Ca ee P og ession
Ne wo king and Ca ee P og ession: Role o Gende
422
Visibili y is de ined as he capabili y o being easily obse ed. I means p esence o one’s
sel in he eyes o o he as how an indi idual is hough o be pe cei ed wi h ones’
ac ions and doings. I has i s own p os and cons. Acco ding o D iscoll and Goldbe g
(1993) he e is a lo o isk when an indi idual posi ions himsel /he sel in he limeligh .
Se e al au ho s (Adle and Iz aeli, 1994; D iscoll and Goldbe g, 1993; Vinnicombe and
Singh, 2003) iden i y ha isibili y is inc eased by being in ol ed in challenging
assignmen s, pa icipa ion in social e en s, and p o essional e en s, and ne wo ks.
Recogni ion is necessa y in ca ee ad ancemen (A ms ong and Mu lins, 2004).
Accep ing challenging assignmen s can assis in gaining acknowledgmen ha inc eases
and complimen one’s knowledge and help in being iden i ied a highe le els (Linge e
al., 2010).
Se e al au ho s ha e iden i ied ha ne wo ks a e i al o enhancing isibili y and ca ee
p og ession (e.g. Robbins and Coul e , 1999; Vinnicombe and Singh, 2003; Aycan, 2004;
Max ield, 2005). In a s udy o di ec o s’ ca ee s by Vinnicombe e al. (2000) isibili y
was ound o be one o he main componen s o ha e impac on he cycle o success.
Rega dless o gende , isibili y no only gains a en ions om ea ly men o s bu also
accompanies g ow h o C- Sui es ia highly challenging assignmen s. Kildu and Day
(1994) sugges ed ha when isibili y is no p oac i ely managed, nobody no ices you,
and i akes longe o achie e op imal isibili y. Based on he li e a u e indings ollowing
hypo hesis is p oposed
 H2: Inc easing in e nal isibili y has a posi i e impac on ca ee p og ession.
1.4 Pa icipa ing in Communi y Ac i i ies and Ca ee P og ession
Fo e (1997) explained ha by pa icipa ing in chu ch and communi y ac i i ies, an
indi iduals’ ne wo king beha io ac ually inc eases many old and his ype o beha io
can link many o he oppo uni ies o one’s ca ee . Howe e , o he sake o his s udy,
and Pakis an being a Muslim S a e, we ha e iden i ied communi y ac i i ies alone (wi hin
one’s own communi y li ing a ena).
The mo e one wo ks wi h in communi y a ea, he mo e one is known and is highligh ed
which ansla es in o one’s image being p onounced. This image basically helps an
indi idual o o m bonding wi h o he s and his kind o in e ac ion helps in one’s ca ee
p og ession and ad ancemen . I has been es ablished in li e a u e ha his kind o
beha io imp o es one’s pe sona and help hem achie e be e ewa ds in he shape o
inc eased sala y (O pen, 1996) ca ee success (Wol and Mose , 2009). Hence ollowing
hypo hesis is placed
 H3: Pa icipa ing in communi y ac i i ies has a posi i e impac on ca ee
p og ession.
1.5 Engage in P o essional Ac i i ies
Fo e and Doughe y (2001) desc ibed ne wo king as engaging in p o essional ac i i ies
besides many o he ne wo king beha io s. Schola s ha e iden i ied ha ne wo king pays
o in many ways. Fo example sala y compensa ion (O pen, 1996) ca ee success (Wol
and Mose , 2009) The e o e, o become a pa o engaging in climbing he ladde ahead
o o he s an indi idual needs o be in ol ed in his/he p o essional g ooming.
This no only highligh s he pe o mance o an indi idual while a ing him/he du ing
app aisal pe iod (by he supe iso ) bu also enhances he skills o he indi idual e.g. in

Qu eshi & Saleem
423
ca ee managemen : in e nal p o ession e olu ion (e.g. ce i ica ion), in e nal lea ning
cou ses, men o ing, and ce i ica ion o o he boa ds’ pa icipa ion. In a co po a e wo ld,
no only ‘clien s-seeking o business’ ma e s bu pu ing onesel ou he e highligh s he
indi iduals’ po en ial. In an o ganiza ion, isibili y o an employee is impe a i e o
ge ing good e alua ions because he e alua ion o pe o mance can be e y subjec i e in
na u e. Hence, i ’s impo an ha supe iso and hose in powe posi ion should be made
awa e o one’s con ibu ion (Robbins and Coul e , 1999).
P ospec i e clien s and cus ome s ge o know he indi idual and besides con ibu ing in
mo e business in he ins i u ion, he indi idual is also in oduced in di e en ci cles
whe e i he e a ises any oppo uni y, he o she ge s o know i i s . This can ansla es
in o ge ing oppo uni ies o ca ee ad ancemen .
 H4: Engaging in p o essional ac i i ies has a posi i e impac on ca ee p og ession.
1.6 Socializing and Ca ee P og ession
Socializa ion is a cen al p ocess in social li e. Majo i y o he li e a u e ela ed o
socializing alks abou o ganiza ional socializa ion in e ms o newcome s’ en ance and
adjus men o a new o changed ole wi hin he o ganiza ion. Chao e al. (1994) desc ibed
o ganiza ional socializa ion in e ms o six dimensions i.e. pe o mance p o iciency,
poli ics, language, people, o ganiza ional goals/ alues, and his o y.
The majo heme in he li e a u e, howe e , has been socializa ion in ol ing in
es ablishing e ec i e and sus aining wo k ela ionships wi h o ganiza ional colleagues
(Dubinsky e al., 1986; Feldman, 1976, 1981; Louis, 1980; Reiche s, 1987; Schein, 1968;
and Van Maanen, 1975). The c ucial ole o socializing is inding he igh ype o
people(s) who a e be e in o med abou he o ganiza ion and can guide abou he Do’s
and Don’ s wi hin he o ganiza ion (Fishe , 1986). These wo k ela ionships a e usually
o med wi h wo k and non-wo k ela ed indi idual cha ac e is ics o he o ganiza ional
colleagues.
On he o he hand, Fo e and Dough e y (2001, 2004) ha e de ined socializing as a
ne wo king beha io . T adi ionally, i was pe cei ed o be he esponsibili y o he
o ganiza ions o plan ca ee de elopmen and p og ession o he indi idual who has been
hi ed. Con a y o his, hese days because o bounda y-less ca ee s he e is a majo shi
om o ganiza ional esponsibili y o an indi idual o his/he own ca ee ajec o ies and
ad ancemen , The e o e, o p og ess an indi idual has o s eng hen and a he same ime
in es in i s social capi al.
Socializing is a ne wo king beha io which gi es impe us o ca ee p og ession o an
indi idual. To he igh kind o people and ha e s ong connec ions wi h hem gi es a
heads up o an indi idual o seek o be e oppo uni ies which a e no ad e ised and a e
wo d o mou h ad e isemen s (De Janasz and Fo e , 2007). This way he mo e social
one is, he mo e likely hood he e is o be e p omo ion chances up he co po a e ladde .
Based on abo e indings ollowing hypo hesis is p oposed
 H5: Socializing has a posi i e impac on ca ee p og ession o indi iduals.
1.7 Gende as Mode a o
T adi ionally, in a pa ia chal socie y women ha e been conside ed as a second a e
ci izen anywhe e in he wo ld and ha e ne e gained admi ance o i al o ganiza ional
links (Fo e , 2001; B ass, 1985; Iba a, 1993; Kan e , 1977; Mo ison and Von Glinow,
Ne wo king and Ca ee P og ession: Role o Gende
424
1990; O’Lea y and Icko ics, 1992; Powell and Mainie o, 1993; Ragins and Sunds om,
1989; Welling on and Spence , 2001). I is now being pu po ed ha ne wo king migh
pe haps be he key o women o b eak he glass ceiling (Fo e , 2001; Bake , 1994;
Ca alys , 1999; Welling on and Spence , 2001). Th ough applying he ne wo king
beha io ’s women can gain access o he uppe echelons o he o ganiza ions (Fo e ,
2001). Howe e , i is s ill in i s in ancy s age o know as o whe he ne wo king
beha io s a e bene icial o emales as hey a e o males (Fo e , 2001). Consequen ly,
de ining ope a i e o i al ca ee managemen s a egies o ca ee ad ancemen o
women will be qui e knowledgeable (Fo e , 2001).
Ne wo king was no paid much a en ion o un il he las wo decades whe e di e ences
o ne wo king beha io s among males and emales we e being highligh ed in e ms o
hei ca ee p og ession (Fo e , 2001). Va ie y o ne wo king beha io s is being
iden i ied by he li e a u e such as socializing, seeking high isibili y assignmen s and
joining p o essional associa ions (Fo e and Doughe y, 2001). These ac i i ies a e
conside ed essen ial o an indi iduals’ u u e ca ee ad ancemen (Hall, 1976; Mi is
and Hall, 1996).
The mos essen ial pa o ne wo king is he building up ela ionships o b ing in o line
one’s sel wi h hose people who ha e he powe o can ha e in luence o e one’s ca ee
ad ancemen . In gene al, women do no na u ally make a big deal abou doing well o
achie ing some hing in he o ice and he e o e he addi ional alue ha hey a e ac ually
adding could go and goes unno iced.
To become su icien ly isible and o win o ganiza ional p omo ions women need o
in il a e male ne wo ks o a g ea e ex en (Pa ke and Fagenson, 1994). In he
ne wo king ela ionships men usually manage o ha e signi ican ela ionships wi h he
same sex (Iba a, 1992). Powell and Mainie o (1993) linked less de eloped in o mal
ne wo ks o women’s lack o ad ancemen o high le els o managemen .
In many o ganiza ions men seeks o main ain hei dominan posi ions by con inuously
excluding he women om he male ne wo ks and om in o mal in e ac ions which
encou age ca ee de elopmen o women (Flood, 2005). The e is no doub ha
ne wo king is impo an o men bu hey a e e en mo e essen ial o women’s ca ee
de elopmen as hey ace g ea e o ganiza ional ba ie s o ca ee ad ancemen (Ha is,
2004). Ne wo king can be use ul a all s ages in ca ee de elopmen .
In Pakis an, lack o ne wo king o women especially, a e keeping hem o ise o he op
despi e he ac ha hey ha e i all i.e. educa ion, p ac ical expe ience, knowledge,
know-how and abili y o lead. These in o mal ci cles a e so c ucial o one’s ca ee
de elopmen and success ha i hey a e somehow made pa and pa cel o he
o ganiza ional policy, one is su e o see ha alen pool will b oaden and mo e chances
o he women and mino i ies will ake place and hus consequen ly, women shall make i
o he op ung o he ladde .
Inhe en a i udes o a pa ia chal socie y, ha men a e supe io o women and ha
women a e bes sui ed o be homemake s, c ea e o midable challenges. To comba such
a challenge, women need no only o show ha hey ha e he ele an human capi al i.e.
educa ion and expe ience and social capi al by building long las ing ela ionships ha aid
hem in ge ing u he he co po a e ung o he ladde . Based on he abo e li e a u e
indings ollowing hypo hesis a e p oposed:
Qu eshi & Saleem
425
 H6a: Gende mode a es he ela ionship o main aining con ac s and ca ee
p og ession o an indi idual.
 H6b: Gende mode a es he ela ionship o inc easing in e nal isibili y and
ca ee p og ession o an indi idual.
 H6c: Gende mode a es he ela ionship o pa icipa ing in communi y ac i i ies
and ca ee p og ession o an indi idual.
 H6d: Gende mode a es he ela ionship o engaging in p o essional ac i i ies and
ca ee p og ession o an indi idual.
 H6e: Gende mode a es he ela ionship o socializing and ca ee p og ession o
an indi idual.
2. Me hodology
2.1 Sample
Da a was collec ed using nonp obabili y pu posi e sampling echnique. A o al o 900
pa icipan s we e o wa ded he ques ionnai e 365 esponded ou o which 33
ques ionnai es we e disca ded because o missing alues. All he pa icipan s we e
execu i es a managemen le el, s a ing om middle managemen le el up ill senio
managemen le el (Assis an Vice P esiden , 65% / Vice P esiden , 27% / Senio Vice
P esiden , 5% / Execu i e Vice P esiden , 1% and Senio Execu i e Vice P esiden , 5%).
Response a e was 40 pe cen . O he 332 esponden s, 193 (58 %) we e males and 139
(42%) we e emales. Da a was collec ed om 29 di e en banks and hei b anches in he
majo ci ies o Pakis an. 49 esponden s we e om public banking sec o and es belong
o p i a e banking sec o . The a e age age o he esponden s was 40 yea s. Majo i y o
he esponden s we e ma ied and 78% o hem had a mas e ’s deg ee.
2.2 Da a Collec ion
The pa icipan s in his s udy we e execu i es om he inancial sec o o Pakis an.
Acco ding o S a e Banks’ de ini ion “Pakis an’s inancial sec o ep esen s a well-
de eloped in eg a ion o ins i u ions o a di e si ied na u e including Banks,
De elopmen Financial Ins i u ions, In es men Banks, Leasing Companies, Moda aba
Companies, Housing Finance, Mu ual Funds, Insu ance Companies, Exchange
Companies and Ven u e Capi al”. Fo his esea ch, only he banking sec o ,
De elopmen Financial Ins i u ions and In es men Banks a e unde conside a ion, since
hey make up majo po ion o he inancial sec o .
Ques ionnai e based su ey me hod was used. Ha d and so copies o ques ionnai es
we e mailed and emailed o di e en ep esen a i e known o he esea che in he
banking sec o who hen ensu ed o ge hem illed by he execu i es (See Appendix).
2.3 Measu es
The scales o measu e di e en cons uc s p esen in he p oposed model we e adop ed
om p e ious s udies.
2.3.1 Ne wo king Beha io Scale
Ne wo king beha io was measu ed using Fo e and Doughe y (2004) ne wo king
beha io scale. I is a 28 i emed scale designed o measu e ne wo king pa e ns o
indi iduals. I s i e subscales a e Main aining Con ac (5 i ems, e.g., “wi hin he las
Ne wo king and Ca ee P og ession: Role o Gende
426
yea how o en you gi en business con ac s’ a phone call o keep in ouch?”), Socializing
(7 i ems, e.g., “wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you pa icipa ed in company
sponso ed ou doo ac i i ies?”) wi h esponse op ions anging om 1 o 5, whe e 1 was
“Ne e ”, 2 was “Seldom, only once o wice a yea ”, 3 was “Occasionally, se e al imes
a yea ”, 4 was “Mode a ely, o en e e y week”, and 5 was “O en, almos e e y week”,
Pa icipa ing in communi y (4 i ems, e.g., “wi hin he las yea how o en ha e you
pa icipa ed in communi y wo k p ojec s?”), Engaging in p o essional ac i i ies (8 i ems,
e.g., “wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you a ended p o essional semina s o
wo kshops?”) and Inc ease in in e nal isibili y (4 i ems, e.g., “Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you accep ed new, highly isible wo k assignmen s?”) wi h esponses anging
om 1 o 5, whe e 1 was “0 imes”, 2 was “1 imes”, 3 was “2 o 3 imes”, 4 was “4 o 5
imes”, and 5 was “g ea e han 5 imes”.
Fo e and Doughe y (2004) epo ed 0.79, 0.77, 0.75, 0.73 and 0.65 as he alpha
coe icien o he main aining con ac , socializing, pa icipa ing in communi y, engaging
in p o essional ac i i ies and inc ease in in e nal isibili y espec i ely. Fo he cu en
s udy he alpha coe icien was 0.91, 0.89, 0.82, 0.83 and 0.89. Simila ly, Rasdi e al.
(2013) used he same scale and epo ed 0.74, 0.82, 0.83, 0.81 and 0.73 as alpha
coe icien .
2.3.2 Ca ee P og ession Scale
Ca ee p og ession was measu ed wi h he help o 5 i emed scale adop ed om
G eenhaus e al. (1990). This scale was iden i ied as bes a ailable measu e o ca ee
success by Obe ield (1993). This scale has been used in p io esea ch on manage ial
and p o essional ca ee ou comes by Judge e al. (1995). Sample i em is “I am sa is ied
wi h he success I ha e achie ed in my ca ee goals” wi h esponses anging om 1 o
5, whe e 1 is “s ongly disag ee” and 5 is “s ongly ag ee”. G eenhaus e al. (1990)
epo ed 0.88 as coe icien alpha. Judge e al. (1995) epo ed an accep able in e nal
consis ency o his scale (α = 0.87). Fo he cu en s udy co-e icien alpha is 0.92.
3. Analysis and Resul s
3.1 Reliabili y
In e nal consis ency as well as eliabili y o da a se was checked wi h he help o
C onbach’s Alpha alues. SPSS 17 was used o calcula e alpha alues o he cons uc s
p esen in he p oposed model. The alpha o o e all scale was 0.93 while he alpha alues
o each la en cons uc we e be ween 0.82 and 0.92. Composi e eliabili y o cons uc s
was calcula ed using measu emen model ou pu s. The composi e eliabili y alue lies
be ween 0.81 – 0.91. The C onbach’s alpha and composi e eliabili y alue o each la en
a iable is gi en in Table No. 1.
Qu eshi & Saleem
433
Table 6: Mode a ing E ec s h ough Chi Squa e G oup Di e ence Tes
Mode a ing ole
o Gende
S anda dized Coe icien s
Z-Sco e
Hypo hesis
Suppo ed
Males
Females
MC => CP
0.268***
0.006
-2.148**
H6, Yes
IIV => CP
0.198***
.0441
-2.06**
H7, Yes
EPA => CP
0.208***
0.283
0.311
H9, No
NS => CP
0.196***
0.877***
2.979***
H10,Yes
*** P- alue <.01; ** p- alue < 0.05; p- alue < 0.10
Main aining con ac s (MC), Inc ease in in e nal isibili y (IIV), and Socializing (NS)
ela ionships wi h ca ee p og ession (CP) a e mode a ed by gende . The s anda dized
coe icien s o MC and IIV o males a e signi ican and a e g ea e han he s anda dized
coe icien o emales hence, p o ing ha hese ela ionships a e s onge o males
compa e o emales. Howe e , o NS he s anda dize coe icien o emales (0.877***)
is g ea e han males (0.196***), iden i ying he s onge ela ionship o emales
compa e o males.
5. Discussion and Conclusion
The pu pose o his s udy was o in es iga e he ela ionship be ween ne wo king
beha io and ca ee p og ession o an indi idual. I was u he in ended a inding ou
he impac o gende as mode a o on he ela ionships o ne wo king beha io and ca ee
p og ession o indi iduals. Conside able gains can be ex ended by ne wo king in an
indi idual’s ca ee s (Adle and Kwon, 2002). Fo ins ance, Seibe e al. (2001) ound
ha quan i y and quali y o social ela ionships p edic ca ee successes h ough inc ease
in sala y, p omo ions, and ca ee sa is ac ion.
In his s udy, we ha e analysed he impac o ne wo king beha io s on ca ee p og ession
o indi iduals in a non-wes e n con ex . Majo i y o esea ch s udies in he a ea ha e
in es iga ed hese ela ionships in he de eloped coun ies con ex . In collec i is socie y,
like Pakis an, whe e manage ’s ela ionship is conside ed o high alue and can
con ibu e owa ds his/he ca ee p og ession (Sulli an e al., 2003) can p o ide
gene alizabili y o esea ch and heo ies ha a e la gely being de eloped in wes e n
coun ies. As iden i ied by Rasdi e al. (2013) when high collec i ism and high powe
dis ance a e combined, i may esul in ne wo king ac i i ies ha ha e ocus on
main aining high quali y ela ionship and subjec i e ca ee p og ession.
Majo i y o he ela ionships, wi hou conside ing mode a ing ole o gende , in wes e n
con ex also apply in non-wes e n i.e. Pakis an con ex . Fou ou o i e p oposed
ne wo king beha io s (excep pa icipa ing in communi y) ha e signi ican impac on
ca ee p og ession o indi iduals in Pakis an. Pakis an, a collec i is socie y (Ho s ede,
1984) whe e indi iduals a e supposed o pu he needs o o he s abo e hei own.

Ne wo king and Ca ee P og ession: Role o Gende
434
Con a y o his, he su p ising esul was he insigni ican ela ionship o pa icipa ing in
communi y (PC) wi h ca ee p og ession, as i i is an indi idualis ic socie y (Wa si,
2003). One o he easons ha can a ibu e o his is ha banke s especially execu i es
a e e y busy and ha e longe wo king hou s and he e o e p ojec s unde communi y
de elopmen is no much paid mind ulness o, which came as a su p ising obse a ion bu
in he hi d wo ld Muslim coun ies like Pakis an his no ion o pa icipa ion is seen and
aken as a sac ed du y o ones’ own sel -ac ualiza ion and is no conside ed app op ia e
o ne wo king and hence he indings. On he o he hand, all o he emaining ou
independen a iables i.e. main aining con ac s, socializing, engaging in p o essional
ac i i ies and inc ease in in e nal isibili y a e signi ican and a e in line wi h he wes e n
wo ld indings ( Fo e and Dough e y, 2004; Wol and Mose , 2009; Vinnicombe and
Singh, 2003; Robbins and Coul e , 1999).
The esul s o his s udy also highligh he impo ance o examining gende di e ences in
o ganiza ions (Mo ison and Von Glinow, 1990). The s udy done by Fo e and
Dough e y (2001) ound li le disc epancy in ne wo king beha io o ei he gende . Ou
esul s a e dissimila o he indings in he wes e n con ex (Fo e and Dough e y, 2001)
whe e ne wo king beha io was no mode a ing he ela ionship wi h ca ee p og ession.
In wes e n con ex , he equency o emales engaging in ne wo king beha io is simila
o males as and when hey become mo e awa e o he impo ance o ne wo king o hei
ca ee s (Fo e and Dough e y, 2001). Howe e , in non-wes e n con ex i.e. Pakis an,
only engaging in p o essional ac i i ies and ca ee p og ession is no mode a ed by
gende , es s o h ee ela ionships a e mode a ed by gende . EPA is equally signi ican
o bo h he gende o hei ca ee p og ession. Acqui ing echnical skill is he e o e
equi ed by bo h he gende s o excel in hei indi idual ca ee s which consequen ly can
boos hei upwa d ca ee mobili y.
Main aining con ac s and inc ease in in e nal isibili y has signi ican ela ionship wi h
CP and his ela ionship is mode a ed by gende . These ela ionships a e signi ican o
males and insigni ican o emales. Ou esul s did show ha men a e mo e likely o
engage in main aining con ac s and inc ease in in e nal isibili y han women. The
main aining con ac and inc ease in in e nal isibili y is due o he ac ha men a e mo e
likely o change hei assignmen s and po olios as compa ed o women, who eel
con en in hei com o zones and hus men equi e mo e o con ac s and links o
es ablish hemsel es o hei ca ee p og ession and success. Females a e mo e p one o
wo king in he same o ganiza ions. A e m ‘loyal y’ which has changed he dimensions in
he o ganiza ions can now be esona ed wi h he bounda y-less ca ee s as opposed o
p o ean ca ee s.
The mos in e es ing inding o his s udy is s onge ela ionship o socializing wi h
ca ee p og ession o emales compa e o males. We we e su p ised o ind ou ha
socializing was he s onges , signi ican , and he only p edic o in ne wo king beha io
ha had an impac on emale ca ee p og ession. The es o he ne wo king beha io s
we e all insigni ican . The eason o his inding is may be due o he social and cul u e
en i onmen o Pakis an whe e i is no conside ed app op ia e o emales o bond wi h
he opposi e sex and hence when such s e eo ypes a e o e s epped he esul is con a y
o ou usual belie s and hinking.
In ou s udy, he con a y esul s a e igh ly p edic ed and hose emales who s ep ou side
hei e i o y in o he unknown o so called men e i o y a e ecognized, no wi hou
Qu eshi & Saleem
435
hu dles and ba ie s, and a e hen p ojec ed and hey consequen ly hen b eak he glass
ceiling and en e in o he uppe echelons o he op ung o he co po a e ladde .
6. Limi a ions and Sugges ions
Ou p esen s udy has ce ain limi a ions. Fi s , as any da a collec ed om a single sel -
su ey epo , insigni ican esul s migh be due o common me hod a iance. Howe e ,
he s udy applied a c oss-sec ional design u u e s udies may conside a longi udinal
app oach he eby educing he common me hod a iance. Second, he sampling echnique
used o da a collec ion was non-p obabili y pu posi e sampling which educes he
gene alizabili y o he esul s. Thi d, since lesse numbe o execu i e emales is p esen
in he highe echelons o he inancial sec o o Pakis an, he emales’ esponden s we e
less, ep esen ing only 12% o he sample. Di e en dimensions o ne wo king show high
co ela ions which migh ha e impac on esul s bu his is no uncommon in ne wo king
s udies (Rasdi e al., 2013).
7. Implica ions
Pakis ani socie y, one o he pa ia chal socie y whe e gende oles a e adi ionally
ma kedly de ined, so i would no be w ong o expec ha he ou comes o ne wo king
beha io s would be di e en o bo h he gende s. The human esou ce manage s need o
unde s and he di e ence in he cul u al con ex (Abalkhail e al., 2015) as well as gende
di e ences while de eloping in e en ions o ca ee de elopmen o hei employees.
Rela ional ca ee p og ession o indi iduals is one o he impo an inding ou s udy. The
s udy also demons a es he cul u al obus ness o heo ies la gely de eloped in Wes e n
con ex on which we a icula ed ou hypo heses. Ou s udy does sugges ha socializa ion
has a e y posi i e impac on ca ee p og ession o emales. The lack o a s a is ically
signi ican inding o he pa icipa ion in communi y ac i i ies is con a y o ou
hypo heses. O ganiza ions should p o ide cul u al condi ions o acili a e in e nal as well
as ex e nal ne wo king o i s employees. Ca ee coaching and counseling ini ia i es a e
impo an o ensu ing ca ee sa is ac ion o indi iduals hese coaching and counseling
ac i i ies should pu emphasis on ne wo king ac i i ies. I is e y essen ial ha manage
bo h males and emales should use ne wo king in a s a egic way o manage hei ca ee
p og ess. Howe e , no all ype ne wo king is aluable, inc ease in in e nal isibili y and
engaging in p o essional ac i i ies can p o ide boos o he ca ee o males and o
emales socializing is impo an . Mo eo e mange s can ge bene i s om pa icipa ion in
aining ac i i ies i.e. men o ing, coaching; beha io modeling e c. ha is designed o
enhance hei ne wo king skills.
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440
Appendix
Table A-1: La en and obse ed a iables and C onbach’s Alpha o cons uc s
La en
Va iables
Obse ed Va iables
Adop ed
om
C onbach’s
Alpha
Main aining
Con ac s
MC1: “Wi hin he las yea how
o en you gi en business con ac s’
a phone call o keep in ouch?
MC2: Wi hin he las yea how
o en ha e you sen hank you
no es o gi s o o he s who ha e
helped you in you wo k o ca ee ?
MC3: Wi hin he las yea how
o en ha e you gi en ou business
ca ds?
MC4: Wi hin las yea how o en
sen ca ds, newspape clippings,
axes, o email o keep in ouch?
MC5: Wi hin he las yea how
o en ha e you gone o lunch wi h
pe sons ou side he bank?”
Fo e and
Doughe y
(2004)
0.911
Inc ease in
In e nal
Visibili y
IIV1: “Wi hin he las yea how
o en ha e you accep ed a new,
highly isible wo k assignmen .
IIV2: Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you been on highly
isible ask o ces o commi ees a
wo k?
IIV3: Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you gone o lunch wi h
you cu en supe iso ?
IIV4: Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you s opped by o he s’
o ices o say hello?”
Fo e and
Doughe y
(2004)
0.901
Pa icipa ing in
Communi y
NPC1: “Wi hin he las yea how
o en ha e you pa icipa ed in
communi y wo k p ojec s?
NPC2: Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you pa icipa ed in
communi y social unc ions?
NPC3: Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you a ended mee ings
o ci ic and social g oups, clubs,
and so o h?”
Fo e and
Doughe y
(2004)
0.825
Engaging in
P o essional
Ac i i ies
EPA1: “Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you gi en p o essional
semina s o wo kshops
EPA2: Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you accep ed speaking
Fo e and
Doughe y
(2004)
0.893
Qu eshi & Saleem
441
engagemen s
EPA3: Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you ac ed as a
commen a o o a newspape ,
magazine, o alk show
EPA4: Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you augh a cou se
EPA5: Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you published a icles in
he company’s newsle e ,
p o essional jou nals, o ade
publica ions
EPA6: Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you a ended
p o essional semina s o
wo kshops
EPA7: Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you a ended
con e ences o ade shows
EPA8: Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you a ended mee ings
o business ela ed o ganiza ions?”
Socializing
NS1: “Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you pa icipa ed in
company-sponso ed ou doo
ac i i ies?
NS2: Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you pa icipa ed in
social ga he ings wi h people om
wo k?
NS3: Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you gone ou o amily
ge - oge he s / picnics wi h o he s
a e wo k?
NS4: Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you con ac ed you
iends om college?
NS5: Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you played gol , ennis,
c icke and so o h wi h cowo ke s
o clien s?
NS6: Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you alked abou spo s
a wo k?
NS7: Wi hin he las yea , how
o en ha e you a ended social
unc ions o you o ganiza ion?”
Fo e and
Doughe y
(2004)
0.895
Ca ee
P og ession
CP1: “I am sa is ied wi h he ca ee
success I ha e achie ed in my
Judge e al.
(1994)
0.926
Ne wo king and Ca ee P og ession: Role o Gende
442
ca ee .
CP2: I am sa is ied wi h he ca ee
p og ession I ha e made owa d
mee ing my o e all ca ee goals.
CP3: I am sa is ied wi h he ca ee
p og ess I ha e made owa d
mee ing my goals o income
CP4: I am sa is ied wi h he ca ee
p og ess I ha e made owa d
mee ing my goals o ad ancemen
CP5: I am sa is ied wi h he ca ee
p og ess I ha e made owa d
mee ing my goals o he
de elopmen o new skills.”
Table A-2: Lis o Banks (Co e ed in he S udy)
Se ial Numbe
Banks
1
Aska i Bank Limi ed
2
Allied Bank Limi ed
3
Al Ba aka Bank Pakis an Limi ed
4
Bank Al alah
5
Bank Alhabib
6
Bu j Bank
7
Faysal Bank
8
Fi s Women Bank Limi ed
9
Habib Me opoli an Bank
10
Habib Bank Limi ed
11
JS Bank Limi ed
12
Muslim Comme cial Bank Limi ed
13
Na ional Bank o Pakis an
14
Nib Bank
15
Summi Bank
16
Samba Bank
17
Silk Bank
18
Sindh Bank
19
Sone i Bank
20
S a e Bank o Pakis an
21
Bank o Khybe
22
Uni ed Bank Limi ed
23
Meezan Bank
24
Dubai Islamic Bank
25
Bank o Punjab
26
SME Bank Limi ed
27
Za ai Ta aqiya i Bank Limi ed
28
Khushali Bank
29
Bank Islamia Pakis an Limi ed