Impact of networking on career progression: Moderating role of gender

Qu eshi, Saiqa Saddiqa; Saleem, Fa ida A icle Impac o ne wo king on ca ee p og ession: Mode a ing ole o gende Pakis an Jou nal o Comme ce and Social Sciences (PJCSS) P o ided in Coope a ion wi h: Joha Educa ion Socie y, Pakis an (JESPK) Sugges ed Ci a ion: Qu eshi, Saiqa Saddiqa; Saleem, Fa ida (2016) : Impac o ne wo king on ca ee p og ession: Mode a ing ole o gende , Pakis an Jou nal o Comme ce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), ISSN 2309-8619, Joha Educa ion Socie y, Pakis an (JESPK), Laho e, Vol. 10, Iss. 3, pp. 419-443 This Ve sion is a ailable a : h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/188261 S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen: Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den. Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen. So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen (insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en, gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e. Te ms o use: Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal and schola ly pu poses. You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public. I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence. h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Pakis an Jou nal o Comme ce and Social Sciences 2016, Vol. 10 (3), 419-443 Pak J Comme Soc Sci Impac o Ne wo king on Ca ee P og ession: Mode a ing Role o Gende Saiqa Saddiqa Qu eshi Bah ia Uni e si y Islamabad, Pakis an Email: saiqa@ jwu.edu.pk Fa ida Saleem (Co esponding au ho ) Fa ima Jinnah Women Uni e si y Rawalpindi, Pakis an Email: a ida.saleem@ jwu.edu.pk Abs ac The pu pose o he s udy was o in es iga e he mode a ing ole o gende in he ela ionship o ne wo king beha io ’s and ca ee p og ession o indi iduals. Fi e dimensions o ne wo king beha io ’s: Main aining Con ac s (MC), pa icipa ing in Communi y (PC) inc ease in In e nal Visibili y (IIV), engaging in P o ession Ac i i ies (EPA), and socializing (NS) we e aken in conside a ion. A s uc u ed ques ionnai e was used o collec da a om 29 banks (head o ices and mo e han 100 b anches) om majo ci ies o Pakis an. The p oposed model was es ed using a sample o 332. S uc u al Equa ion Modelling echnique and g oup di e ence es was used o da a analysis. Resul s indica ed ha EPA and PC ela ionships o ne wo king beha io s we e no mode a ed while MC, IIV and NS a e mode a ed by gende . MC and IIV ha e s onge ela ionship wi h ca ee p og ession o males. Howe e , NS has s onge ela ionship wi h ca ee p og ession o emales. Despi e glass ceiling p e alen in Pakis an, hese indings sugges ha socializing plays a signi ican ole in he ca ee p og ession o emales. Despi e he limi a ions including common me hod a iance and gene alizabili y issue he cu en s udy’s indings can be help in de eloping s a egies o ca ee p og ession o males and emales in Pakis an. Key Wo ds: S uc u al equa ion modelling, ne wo king beha io s, ca ee p og ess, Pakis an, gende 1. In oduc ion and Li e a u e Re iew An old quo a ion “I ’s no wha you know, i ’s who you know” con ains an elemen o u h when i comes o ca ee p og ession o an indi idual a any le el o he ca ee de elopmen s age. This simply e e s o people ha ing simila likes / dislikes and consequen ly bonding oge he o he pu pose o p o essional de elopmen , also known as ne wo king (Ismail, 2007). Success o any ca ee depends upon ne wo king s a egies (O’Lea y and Icko ics, 1992). Ne wo king usually in ol es con ac s wi h a a ie y o colleagues o he pu pose o mu ual wo k bene i s. Pene a ion in bo h o mal as well as in o mal ne wo ks p o ide su icien amoun o isibili y which helps o win o ganiza ional p omo ions (Pa ke and Fagenson, 1994). Ne wo king and Ca ee P og ession: Role o Gende 420 The ne wo king li e a u e lacks ag eemen on de ining ne wo king beha io . Resea che s in he a ea o ne wo king ha e de ined i in a ie y o ways which we e qui ky in na u e. Some ha e ocus on aking i as building block o aiding in one’s ca ee p og ession (Fo e and Doughe y, 2004) while o he s ha e sugges ed ha ne wo king is limi ed o people ou side one’s unde di ec chain o command (O pen, 1996). Michael and Yukl (1993) de ined ne wo king in e ms o ne wo king beha io ’s e.g. casual in e pe sonal ela ionships ha can a ibu e o de elop con ac s by socializing, calling on people o he han he one’s own supe io s and sub-o dina es wi hin he o ganiza ion o in di e en o ganiza ions. Con a y o he abo e O pen (1996) explained ne wo king in a mo e p ac ical manne i.e. only p ima y ex e nal con ac s ha can be bene icial o doing one’s job in a be e way wi h he igh kind o assis ance. Ne wo king is a ool o ca ee de elopmen (Fo e and Doughe y, 2004). Owing o he p o ean ca ee s much o he p og ession now esides mo e han e e on he shoulde s o he indi idual iz a iz he o ganiza ion and hence he indi idual has o main ain and in es in ela ionships ha can bene i him/he ca ee and wo k. On he same lines, Wol and Mose (2009) de ined ne wo king as beha io ’s ha a e in ended o main ain and in es in in o mal ela ionships ha holds he key o expedi e and smoo hen he wo k ela ed ac i i ies o indi iduals by willingly and gladly p o ide access o esou ces o mu ual bene i s. Conside ing all de ini ions, in he cu en s udy i is ope a ionalized as a phenomenon ha aids and equips an indi idual a any le el o u he p og ession in one’s ca ee . This ela ionship can be be ween colleagues (a senio and a junio wi h less expe ience) o can be be ween equal coun e pa s o di e en indus y (G ano e e , 1983; Bu , 1993). I can also be bes ecognized by o mal and in o mal ne wo king wi hin o ou side o ganiza ions (O pen, 1996; Wol and Mose , 2009). A pionee explana o y esea ch accompanied wi h semi s uc u ed in e iews and open ended ques ionnai es conduc ed by Fo e and Doughe y (2001) o he iden i ica ion o ne wo king beha io dimensions iden i ied i e dimensions including Socializing, Main aining Con ac s, Engaging in P o essional Ac i i ies, Pa icipa ing in Chu ch and Communi y and Inc easing In e nal Visibili y. 1.1 Ne wo king and Ca ee P og ession Acco ding o A hu e al. (1989) “Ca ee is he un olding sequence o a pe son’s wo k expe iences o e ime”. Ca ee s can be desc ibed as subjec i e ca ee s “ e lec ing he indi idual’s own sense o his o he ca ee and wha i is becoming” (S ebbins, 1970), and objec i e ca ee s, e lec ing he mo e o less publicly obse able posi ions, si ua ions, and s a us “ ha se e as landma ks o gauging a pe son’s mo emen h ough he social milieu” (Ba ley, 1989). Judge e al. (1995) desc ibes Ca ee success as “posi i e psychological o wo k- ela ed ou comes o achie emen s one has accumula ed as a esul o one’s wo k expe iences”. Ca ee success is an ou come o a pe son’s ca ee expe iences and can be de ined as he accomplishmen o desi able wo k- ela ed ou comes a any poin in a pe son’s wo k expe iences o e ime. The ca ee success is based on an indi idual’s ascending mo emen wi hin a single o ganiza ion. Obse able ca ee accomplishmen s i.e. pay and ascendancy which can be no iced by o he s is objec i e ca ee success. Simila ly, subjec i e ca ee success can be e e s o an indi idual own app aisals o one’s ca ee success (Wol and Mose , 2009). Qu eshi & Saleem 421 Many esea ches (e.g. Fo e and Doughe y, 2004; Lang o d, 2000; Michael and Yukl, 1993; O pen, 1996) ha e iden i ied ha bo h objec i e and subjec i e ca ee success a e ela ed o ne wo king o ne wo king beha io s o indi iduals. Fo example, Michael and Yukl (1993) es ablished ha numbe o p omo ions o an indi idual in he /his ca ee is ela ed o ne wo king, and Lang o d (2000) iden i ied ha ne wo king is ela ed o pe cei ed ca ee success o indi iduals. I is in e es ing o no e ha heo ies linking ne wo king o ca ee success ake up ha ne wo king is a skill used o be success ul ahead o o he , which indica es as - acked g ow h o ca ee success. I has been iden i ied ha ne wo king is one o he key aspec in ca ee de elopmen o an indi idual. I ela es posi i ely o se e al impo an ca ee - ela ed cons uc s such as “pe o mance, mo i a ion, ca ee goals, ecei ed men o ing, o ganiza ional mobili y, sala y, p omo ions, and ca ee sa is ac ion” (Spu k e al., 2015). Ne wo king wi h clien s is an impo an unc ion o ne wo king beha io ha enables an employee o ge eedback om clien s ega ding he p oduc s o se ices being o e ed by he company. These clien -employee in e ac ions can p o e bene icial o he employee’s success a he wo k place. Employees’ wi h such in e ac ions, who ne wo k wi h clien s, help o suppo he employe ’s s abili y and becomes isible o he highe managemen (Spiegel, 2008). Consequen ly, hese employees may ge be e sala ies. 1.2 Main aining Con ac s and Ca ee P og ession Wol and Mose (2006) de ines ne wo king as “ne wo king includes beha io ’s aimed a building and main aining in o mal ela ionships, ha possess he (po en ial) bene i o ease wo k ela ed ac ions by olun a ily g an ing access o esou ces and by join ly maximizing ad an ages o indi iduals in ol ed” (see also Wol and Mose , 2006; Fo e and Doughe y, 2004). The measu es o ne wo king cha ac e is ically gauge how o en an indi idual indulge in ne wo king beha io ’s including discussing business ma e s ou side he o ganiza ion and wo king hou s, ge ing con iden ial ad ice by using pe sonal con ac s o mee ing be o e o a e e en s e c. 70 o 80 pe cen jobs oppo uni ies a e go en hold o h ough in o mal in e mingling and con ac s (De Janasz and Fo e , 2007). Thus, ha ing pe sonal con ac s wi hin he o ganiza ions inc eases he chances o be e job which a e a imes no e en ad e ised. Ha ing con ac s wi h people ou side one’s o ganiza ion inc eases he likelihood o jumping o a be e le el han one is wo king in. Knowing people pe sonally (ne wo ke ) gi es an edge o he p o essional who has gone o an in e iew han a non-ne wo ke . Longi udinal s udies ha e e ealed ha in e nal ne wo king seems o p o ide highe le el o ca ee sa is ac ion compa e o ex e nal ne wo king. Whe eas, sala y g ow h is p edic ed by only main aining in e nal con ac s (Wol and Mose , 2008). Wol and Mose (2008) concluded ha indi idual should build, main ain and use hei in e nal as well as ex e nal con ac s o eap he bene i s o hese acqui ed con ac s in he u u e. In line wi h he exis ing li e a u e, ne wo king can be aken as an in es men ha p o ides bene i in he u u e. Hence ollowing hypo hesis is p oposed  H1: Main aining Con ac s has posi i e impac on Ca ee p og ession o indi iduals 1.3 Inc eases in In e nal Visibili y and Ca ee P og ession Ne wo king and Ca ee P og ession: Role o Gende 422 Visibili y is de ined as he capabili y o being easily obse ed. I means p esence o one’s sel in he eyes o o he as how an indi idual is hough o be pe cei ed wi h ones’ ac ions and doings. I has i s own p os and cons. Acco ding o D iscoll and Goldbe g (1993) he e is a lo o isk when an indi idual posi ions himsel /he sel in he limeligh . Se e al au ho s (Adle and Iz aeli, 1994; D iscoll and Goldbe g, 1993; Vinnicombe and Singh, 2003) iden i y ha isibili y is inc eased by being in ol ed in challenging assignmen s, pa icipa ion in social e en s, and p o essional e en s, and ne wo ks. Recogni ion is necessa y in ca ee ad ancemen (A ms ong and Mu lins, 2004). Accep ing challenging assignmen s can assis in gaining acknowledgmen ha inc eases and complimen one’s knowledge and help in being iden i ied a highe le els (Linge e al., 2010). Se e al au ho s ha e iden i ied ha ne wo ks a e i al o enhancing isibili y and ca ee p og ession (e.g. Robbins and Coul e , 1999; Vinnicombe and Singh, 2003; Aycan, 2004; Max ield, 2005). In a s udy o di ec o s’ ca ee s by Vinnicombe e al. (2000) isibili y was ound o be one o he main componen s o ha e impac on he cycle o success. Rega dless o gende , isibili y no only gains a en ions om ea ly men o s bu also accompanies g ow h o C- Sui es ia highly challenging assignmen s. Kildu and Day (1994) sugges ed ha when isibili y is no p oac i ely managed, nobody no ices you, and i akes longe o achie e op imal isibili y. Based on he li e a u e indings ollowing hypo hesis is p oposed  H2: Inc easing in e nal isibili y has a posi i e impac on ca ee p og ession. 1.4 Pa icipa ing in Communi y Ac i i ies and Ca ee P og ession Fo e (1997) explained ha by pa icipa ing in chu ch and communi y ac i i ies, an indi iduals’ ne wo king beha io ac ually inc eases many old and his ype o beha io can link many o he oppo uni ies o one’s ca ee . Howe e , o he sake o his s udy, and Pakis an being a Muslim S a e, we ha e iden i ied communi y ac i i ies alone (wi hin one’s own communi y li ing a ena). The mo e one wo ks wi h in communi y a ea, he mo e one is known and is highligh ed which ansla es in o one’s image being p onounced. This image basically helps an indi idual o o m bonding wi h o he s and his kind o in e ac ion helps in one’s ca ee p og ession and ad ancemen . I has been es ablished in li e a u e ha his kind o beha io imp o es one’s pe sona and help hem achie e be e ewa ds in he shape o inc eased sala y (O pen, 1996) ca ee success (Wol and Mose , 2009). Hence ollowing hypo hesis is placed  H3: Pa icipa ing in communi y ac i i ies has a posi i e impac on ca ee p og ession. 1.5 Engage in P o essional Ac i i ies Fo e and Doughe y (2001) desc ibed ne wo king as engaging in p o essional ac i i ies besides many o he ne wo king beha io s. Schola s ha e iden i ied ha ne wo king pays o in many ways. Fo example sala y compensa ion (O pen, 1996) ca ee success (Wol and Mose , 2009) The e o e, o become a pa o engaging in climbing he ladde ahead o o he s an indi idual needs o be in ol ed in his/he p o essional g ooming. This no only highligh s he pe o mance o an indi idual while a ing him/he du ing app aisal pe iod (by he supe iso ) bu also enhances he skills o he indi idual e.g. in Qu eshi & Saleem 423 ca ee managemen : in e nal p o ession e olu ion (e.g. ce i ica ion), in e nal lea ning cou ses, men o ing, and ce i ica ion o o he boa ds’ pa icipa ion. In a co po a e wo ld, no only ‘clien s-seeking o business’ ma e s bu pu ing onesel ou he e highligh s he indi iduals’ po en ial. In an o ganiza ion, isibili y o an employee is impe a i e o ge ing good e alua ions because he e alua ion o pe o mance can be e y subjec i e in na u e. Hence, i ’s impo an ha supe iso and hose in powe posi ion should be made awa e o one’s con ibu ion (Robbins and Coul e , 1999). P ospec i e clien s and cus ome s ge o know he indi idual and besides con ibu ing in mo e business in he ins i u ion, he indi idual is also in oduced in di e en ci cles whe e i he e a ises any oppo uni y, he o she ge s o know i i s . This can ansla es in o ge ing oppo uni ies o ca ee ad ancemen .  H4: Engaging in p o essional ac i i ies has a posi i e impac on ca ee p og ession. 1.6 Socializing and Ca ee P og ession Socializa ion is a cen al p ocess in social li e. Majo i y o he li e a u e ela ed o socializing alks abou o ganiza ional socializa ion in e ms o newcome s’ en ance and adjus men o a new o changed ole wi hin he o ganiza ion. Chao e al. (1994) desc ibed o ganiza ional socializa ion in e ms o six dimensions i.e. pe o mance p o iciency, poli ics, language, people, o ganiza ional goals/ alues, and his o y. The majo heme in he li e a u e, howe e , has been socializa ion in ol ing in es ablishing e ec i e and sus aining wo k ela ionships wi h o ganiza ional colleagues (Dubinsky e al., 1986; Feldman, 1976, 1981; Louis, 1980; Reiche s, 1987; Schein, 1968; and Van Maanen, 1975). The c ucial ole o socializing is inding he igh ype o people(s) who a e be e in o med abou he o ganiza ion and can guide abou he Do’s and Don’ s wi hin he o ganiza ion (Fishe , 1986). These wo k ela ionships a e usually o med wi h wo k and non-wo k ela ed indi idual cha ac e is ics o he o ganiza ional colleagues. On he o he hand, Fo e and Dough e y (2001, 2004) ha e de ined socializing as a ne wo king beha io . T adi ionally, i was pe cei ed o be he esponsibili y o he o ganiza ions o plan ca ee de elopmen and p og ession o he indi idual who has been hi ed. Con a y o his, hese days because o bounda y-less ca ee s he e is a majo shi om o ganiza ional esponsibili y o an indi idual o his/he own ca ee ajec o ies and ad ancemen , The e o e, o p og ess an indi idual has o s eng hen and a he same ime in es in i s social capi al. Socializing is a ne wo king beha io which gi es impe us o ca ee p og ession o an indi idual. To he igh kind o people and ha e s ong connec ions wi h hem gi es a heads up o an indi idual o seek o be e oppo uni ies which a e no ad e ised and a e wo d o mou h ad e isemen s (De Janasz and Fo e , 2007). This way he mo e social one is, he mo e likely hood he e is o be e p omo ion chances up he co po a e ladde . Based on abo e indings ollowing hypo hesis is p oposed  H5: Socializing has a posi i e impac on ca ee p og ession o indi iduals. 1.7 Gende as Mode a o T adi ionally, in a pa ia chal socie y women ha e been conside ed as a second a e ci izen anywhe e in he wo ld and ha e ne e gained admi ance o i al o ganiza ional links (Fo e , 2001; B ass, 1985; Iba a, 1993; Kan e , 1977; Mo ison and Von Glinow, Ne wo king and Ca ee P og ession: Role o Gende 424 1990; O’Lea y and Icko ics, 1992; Powell and Mainie o, 1993; Ragins and Sunds om, 1989; Welling on and Spence , 2001). I is now being pu po ed ha ne wo king migh pe haps be he key o women o b eak he glass ceiling (Fo e , 2001; Bake , 1994; Ca alys , 1999; Welling on and Spence , 2001). Th ough applying he ne wo king beha io ’s women can gain access o he uppe echelons o he o ganiza ions (Fo e , 2001). Howe e , i is s ill in i s in ancy s age o know as o whe he ne wo king beha io s a e bene icial o emales as hey a e o males (Fo e , 2001). Consequen ly, de ining ope a i e o i al ca ee managemen s a egies o ca ee ad ancemen o women will be qui e knowledgeable (Fo e , 2001). Ne wo king was no paid much a en ion o un il he las wo decades whe e di e ences o ne wo king beha io s among males and emales we e being highligh ed in e ms o hei ca ee p og ession (Fo e , 2001). Va ie y o ne wo king beha io s is being iden i ied by he li e a u e such as socializing, seeking high isibili y assignmen s and joining p o essional associa ions (Fo e and Doughe y, 2001). These ac i i ies a e conside ed essen ial o an indi iduals’ u u e ca ee ad ancemen (Hall, 1976; Mi is and Hall, 1996). The mos essen ial pa o ne wo king is he building up ela ionships o b ing in o line one’s sel wi h hose people who ha e he powe o can ha e in luence o e one’s ca ee ad ancemen . In gene al, women do no na u ally make a big deal abou doing well o achie ing some hing in he o ice and he e o e he addi ional alue ha hey a e ac ually adding could go and goes unno iced. To become su icien ly isible and o win o ganiza ional p omo ions women need o in il a e male ne wo ks o a g ea e ex en (Pa ke and Fagenson, 1994). In he ne wo king ela ionships men usually manage o ha e signi ican ela ionships wi h he same sex (Iba a, 1992). Powell and Mainie o (1993) linked less de eloped in o mal ne wo ks o women’s lack o ad ancemen o high le els o managemen . In many o ganiza ions men seeks o main ain hei dominan posi ions by con inuously excluding he women om he male ne wo ks and om in o mal in e ac ions which encou age ca ee de elopmen o women (Flood, 2005). The e is no doub ha ne wo king is impo an o men bu hey a e e en mo e essen ial o women’s ca ee de elopmen as hey ace g ea e o ganiza ional ba ie s o ca ee ad ancemen (Ha is, 2004). Ne wo king can be use ul a all s ages in ca ee de elopmen . In Pakis an, lack o ne wo king o women especially, a e keeping hem o ise o he op despi e he ac ha hey ha e i all i.e. educa ion, p ac ical expe ience, knowledge, know-how and abili y o lead. These in o mal ci cles a e so c ucial o one’s ca ee de elopmen and success ha i hey a e somehow made pa and pa cel o he o ganiza ional policy, one is su e o see ha alen pool will b oaden and mo e chances o he women and mino i ies will ake place and hus consequen ly, women shall make i o he op ung o he ladde . Inhe en a i udes o a pa ia chal socie y, ha men a e supe io o women and ha women a e bes sui ed o be homemake s, c ea e o midable challenges. To comba such a challenge, women need no only o show ha hey ha e he ele an human capi al i.e. educa ion and expe ience and social capi al by building long las ing ela ionships ha aid hem in ge ing u he he co po a e ung o he ladde . Based on he abo e li e a u e indings ollowing hypo hesis a e p oposed: Qu eshi & Saleem 425  H6a: Gende mode a es he ela ionship o main aining con ac s and ca ee p og ession o an indi idual.  H6b: Gende mode a es he ela ionship o inc easing in e nal isibili y and ca ee p og ession o an indi idual.  H6c: Gende mode a es he ela ionship o pa icipa ing in communi y ac i i ies and ca ee p og ession o an indi idual.  H6d: Gende mode a es he ela ionship o engaging in p o essional ac i i ies and ca ee p og ession o an indi idual.  H6e: Gende mode a es he ela ionship o socializing and ca ee p og ession o an indi idual. 2. Me hodology 2.1 Sample Da a was collec ed using nonp obabili y pu posi e sampling echnique. A o al o 900 pa icipan s we e o wa ded he ques ionnai e 365 esponded ou o which 33 ques ionnai es we e disca ded because o missing alues. All he pa icipan s we e execu i es a managemen le el, s a ing om middle managemen le el up ill senio managemen le el (Assis an Vice P esiden , 65% / Vice P esiden , 27% / Senio Vice P esiden , 5% / Execu i e Vice P esiden , 1% and Senio Execu i e Vice P esiden , 5%). Response a e was 40 pe cen . O he 332 esponden s, 193 (58 %) we e males and 139 (42%) we e emales. Da a was collec ed om 29 di e en banks and hei b anches in he majo ci ies o Pakis an. 49 esponden s we e om public banking sec o and es belong o p i a e banking sec o . The a e age age o he esponden s was 40 yea s. Majo i y o he esponden s we e ma ied and 78% o hem had a mas e ’s deg ee. 2.2 Da a Collec ion The pa icipan s in his s udy we e execu i es om he inancial sec o o Pakis an. Acco ding o S a e Banks’ de ini ion “Pakis an’s inancial sec o ep esen s a well- de eloped in eg a ion o ins i u ions o a di e si ied na u e including Banks, De elopmen Financial Ins i u ions, In es men Banks, Leasing Companies, Moda aba Companies, Housing Finance, Mu ual Funds, Insu ance Companies, Exchange Companies and Ven u e Capi al”. Fo his esea ch, only he banking sec o , De elopmen Financial Ins i u ions and In es men Banks a e unde conside a ion, since hey make up majo po ion o he inancial sec o . Ques ionnai e based su ey me hod was used. Ha d and so copies o ques ionnai es we e mailed and emailed o di e en ep esen a i e known o he esea che in he banking sec o who hen ensu ed o ge hem illed by he execu i es (See Appendix). 2.3 Measu es The scales o measu e di e en cons uc s p esen in he p oposed model we e adop ed om p e ious s udies. 2.3.1 Ne wo king Beha io Scale Ne wo king beha io was measu ed using Fo e and Doughe y (2004) ne wo king beha io scale. I is a 28 i emed scale designed o measu e ne wo king pa e ns o indi iduals. I s i e subscales a e Main aining Con ac (5 i ems, e.g., “wi hin he las Ne wo king and Ca ee P og ession: Role o Gende 426 yea how o en you gi en business con ac s’ a phone call o keep in ouch?”), Socializing (7 i ems, e.g., “wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you pa icipa ed in company sponso ed ou doo ac i i ies?”) wi h esponse op ions anging om 1 o 5, whe e 1 was “Ne e ”, 2 was “Seldom, only once o wice a yea ”, 3 was “Occasionally, se e al imes a yea ”, 4 was “Mode a ely, o en e e y week”, and 5 was “O en, almos e e y week”, Pa icipa ing in communi y (4 i ems, e.g., “wi hin he las yea how o en ha e you pa icipa ed in communi y wo k p ojec s?”), Engaging in p o essional ac i i ies (8 i ems, e.g., “wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you a ended p o essional semina s o wo kshops?”) and Inc ease in in e nal isibili y (4 i ems, e.g., “Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you accep ed new, highly isible wo k assignmen s?”) wi h esponses anging om 1 o 5, whe e 1 was “0 imes”, 2 was “1 imes”, 3 was “2 o 3 imes”, 4 was “4 o 5 imes”, and 5 was “g ea e han 5 imes”. Fo e and Doughe y (2004) epo ed 0.79, 0.77, 0.75, 0.73 and 0.65 as he alpha coe icien o he main aining con ac , socializing, pa icipa ing in communi y, engaging in p o essional ac i i ies and inc ease in in e nal isibili y espec i ely. Fo he cu en s udy he alpha coe icien was 0.91, 0.89, 0.82, 0.83 and 0.89. Simila ly, Rasdi e al. (2013) used he same scale and epo ed 0.74, 0.82, 0.83, 0.81 and 0.73 as alpha coe icien . 2.3.2 Ca ee P og ession Scale Ca ee p og ession was measu ed wi h he help o 5 i emed scale adop ed om G eenhaus e al. (1990). This scale was iden i ied as bes a ailable measu e o ca ee success by Obe ield (1993). This scale has been used in p io esea ch on manage ial and p o essional ca ee ou comes by Judge e al. (1995). Sample i em is “I am sa is ied wi h he success I ha e achie ed in my ca ee goals” wi h esponses anging om 1 o 5, whe e 1 is “s ongly disag ee” and 5 is “s ongly ag ee”. G eenhaus e al. (1990) epo ed 0.88 as coe icien alpha. Judge e al. (1995) epo ed an accep able in e nal consis ency o his scale (α = 0.87). Fo he cu en s udy co-e icien alpha is 0.92. 3. Analysis and Resul s 3.1 Reliabili y In e nal consis ency as well as eliabili y o da a se was checked wi h he help o C onbach’s Alpha alues. SPSS 17 was used o calcula e alpha alues o he cons uc s p esen in he p oposed model. The alpha o o e all scale was 0.93 while he alpha alues o each la en cons uc we e be ween 0.82 and 0.92. Composi e eliabili y o cons uc s was calcula ed using measu emen model ou pu s. The composi e eliabili y alue lies be ween 0.81 – 0.91. The C onbach’s alpha and composi e eliabili y alue o each la en a iable is gi en in Table No. 1. Qu eshi & Saleem 433 Table 6: Mode a ing E ec s h ough Chi Squa e G oup Di e ence Tes Mode a ing ole o Gende S anda dized Coe icien s Z-Sco e Hypo hesis Suppo ed Males Females MC => CP 0.268*** 0.006 -2.148** H6, Yes IIV => CP 0.198*** .0441 -2.06** H7, Yes EPA => CP 0.208*** 0.283 0.311 H9, No NS => CP 0.196*** 0.877*** 2.979*** H10,Yes *** P- alue <.01; ** p- alue < 0.05; p- alue < 0.10 Main aining con ac s (MC), Inc ease in in e nal isibili y (IIV), and Socializing (NS) ela ionships wi h ca ee p og ession (CP) a e mode a ed by gende . The s anda dized coe icien s o MC and IIV o males a e signi ican and a e g ea e han he s anda dized coe icien o emales hence, p o ing ha hese ela ionships a e s onge o males compa e o emales. Howe e , o NS he s anda dize coe icien o emales (0.877***) is g ea e han males (0.196***), iden i ying he s onge ela ionship o emales compa e o males. 5. Discussion and Conclusion The pu pose o his s udy was o in es iga e he ela ionship be ween ne wo king beha io and ca ee p og ession o an indi idual. I was u he in ended a inding ou he impac o gende as mode a o on he ela ionships o ne wo king beha io and ca ee p og ession o indi iduals. Conside able gains can be ex ended by ne wo king in an indi idual’s ca ee s (Adle and Kwon, 2002). Fo ins ance, Seibe e al. (2001) ound ha quan i y and quali y o social ela ionships p edic ca ee successes h ough inc ease in sala y, p omo ions, and ca ee sa is ac ion. In his s udy, we ha e analysed he impac o ne wo king beha io s on ca ee p og ession o indi iduals in a non-wes e n con ex . Majo i y o esea ch s udies in he a ea ha e in es iga ed hese ela ionships in he de eloped coun ies con ex . In collec i is socie y, like Pakis an, whe e manage ’s ela ionship is conside ed o high alue and can con ibu e owa ds his/he ca ee p og ession (Sulli an e al., 2003) can p o ide gene alizabili y o esea ch and heo ies ha a e la gely being de eloped in wes e n coun ies. As iden i ied by Rasdi e al. (2013) when high collec i ism and high powe dis ance a e combined, i may esul in ne wo king ac i i ies ha ha e ocus on main aining high quali y ela ionship and subjec i e ca ee p og ession. Majo i y o he ela ionships, wi hou conside ing mode a ing ole o gende , in wes e n con ex also apply in non-wes e n i.e. Pakis an con ex . Fou ou o i e p oposed ne wo king beha io s (excep pa icipa ing in communi y) ha e signi ican impac on ca ee p og ession o indi iduals in Pakis an. Pakis an, a collec i is socie y (Ho s ede, 1984) whe e indi iduals a e supposed o pu he needs o o he s abo e hei own. Ne wo king and Ca ee P og ession: Role o Gende 434 Con a y o his, he su p ising esul was he insigni ican ela ionship o pa icipa ing in communi y (PC) wi h ca ee p og ession, as i i is an indi idualis ic socie y (Wa si, 2003). One o he easons ha can a ibu e o his is ha banke s especially execu i es a e e y busy and ha e longe wo king hou s and he e o e p ojec s unde communi y de elopmen is no much paid mind ulness o, which came as a su p ising obse a ion bu in he hi d wo ld Muslim coun ies like Pakis an his no ion o pa icipa ion is seen and aken as a sac ed du y o ones’ own sel -ac ualiza ion and is no conside ed app op ia e o ne wo king and hence he indings. On he o he hand, all o he emaining ou independen a iables i.e. main aining con ac s, socializing, engaging in p o essional ac i i ies and inc ease in in e nal isibili y a e signi ican and a e in line wi h he wes e n wo ld indings ( Fo e and Dough e y, 2004; Wol and Mose , 2009; Vinnicombe and Singh, 2003; Robbins and Coul e , 1999). The esul s o his s udy also highligh he impo ance o examining gende di e ences in o ganiza ions (Mo ison and Von Glinow, 1990). The s udy done by Fo e and Dough e y (2001) ound li le disc epancy in ne wo king beha io o ei he gende . Ou esul s a e dissimila o he indings in he wes e n con ex (Fo e and Dough e y, 2001) whe e ne wo king beha io was no mode a ing he ela ionship wi h ca ee p og ession. In wes e n con ex , he equency o emales engaging in ne wo king beha io is simila o males as and when hey become mo e awa e o he impo ance o ne wo king o hei ca ee s (Fo e and Dough e y, 2001). Howe e , in non-wes e n con ex i.e. Pakis an, only engaging in p o essional ac i i ies and ca ee p og ession is no mode a ed by gende , es s o h ee ela ionships a e mode a ed by gende . EPA is equally signi ican o bo h he gende o hei ca ee p og ession. Acqui ing echnical skill is he e o e equi ed by bo h he gende s o excel in hei indi idual ca ee s which consequen ly can boos hei upwa d ca ee mobili y. Main aining con ac s and inc ease in in e nal isibili y has signi ican ela ionship wi h CP and his ela ionship is mode a ed by gende . These ela ionships a e signi ican o males and insigni ican o emales. Ou esul s did show ha men a e mo e likely o engage in main aining con ac s and inc ease in in e nal isibili y han women. The main aining con ac and inc ease in in e nal isibili y is due o he ac ha men a e mo e likely o change hei assignmen s and po olios as compa ed o women, who eel con en in hei com o zones and hus men equi e mo e o con ac s and links o es ablish hemsel es o hei ca ee p og ession and success. Females a e mo e p one o wo king in he same o ganiza ions. A e m ‘loyal y’ which has changed he dimensions in he o ganiza ions can now be esona ed wi h he bounda y-less ca ee s as opposed o p o ean ca ee s. The mos in e es ing inding o his s udy is s onge ela ionship o socializing wi h ca ee p og ession o emales compa e o males. We we e su p ised o ind ou ha socializing was he s onges , signi ican , and he only p edic o in ne wo king beha io ha had an impac on emale ca ee p og ession. The es o he ne wo king beha io s we e all insigni ican . The eason o his inding is may be due o he social and cul u e en i onmen o Pakis an whe e i is no conside ed app op ia e o emales o bond wi h he opposi e sex and hence when such s e eo ypes a e o e s epped he esul is con a y o ou usual belie s and hinking. In ou s udy, he con a y esul s a e igh ly p edic ed and hose emales who s ep ou side hei e i o y in o he unknown o so called men e i o y a e ecognized, no wi hou Qu eshi & Saleem 435 hu dles and ba ie s, and a e hen p ojec ed and hey consequen ly hen b eak he glass ceiling and en e in o he uppe echelons o he op ung o he co po a e ladde . 6. Limi a ions and Sugges ions Ou p esen s udy has ce ain limi a ions. Fi s , as any da a collec ed om a single sel - su ey epo , insigni ican esul s migh be due o common me hod a iance. Howe e , he s udy applied a c oss-sec ional design u u e s udies may conside a longi udinal app oach he eby educing he common me hod a iance. Second, he sampling echnique used o da a collec ion was non-p obabili y pu posi e sampling which educes he gene alizabili y o he esul s. Thi d, since lesse numbe o execu i e emales is p esen in he highe echelons o he inancial sec o o Pakis an, he emales’ esponden s we e less, ep esen ing only 12% o he sample. Di e en dimensions o ne wo king show high co ela ions which migh ha e impac on esul s bu his is no uncommon in ne wo king s udies (Rasdi e al., 2013). 7. Implica ions Pakis ani socie y, one o he pa ia chal socie y whe e gende oles a e adi ionally ma kedly de ined, so i would no be w ong o expec ha he ou comes o ne wo king beha io s would be di e en o bo h he gende s. The human esou ce manage s need o unde s and he di e ence in he cul u al con ex (Abalkhail e al., 2015) as well as gende di e ences while de eloping in e en ions o ca ee de elopmen o hei employees. Rela ional ca ee p og ession o indi iduals is one o he impo an inding ou s udy. The s udy also demons a es he cul u al obus ness o heo ies la gely de eloped in Wes e n con ex on which we a icula ed ou hypo heses. Ou s udy does sugges ha socializa ion has a e y posi i e impac on ca ee p og ession o emales. The lack o a s a is ically signi ican inding o he pa icipa ion in communi y ac i i ies is con a y o ou hypo heses. O ganiza ions should p o ide cul u al condi ions o acili a e in e nal as well as ex e nal ne wo king o i s employees. Ca ee coaching and counseling ini ia i es a e impo an o ensu ing ca ee sa is ac ion o indi iduals hese coaching and counseling ac i i ies should pu emphasis on ne wo king ac i i ies. I is e y essen ial ha manage bo h males and emales should use ne wo king in a s a egic way o manage hei ca ee p og ess. Howe e , no all ype ne wo king is aluable, inc ease in in e nal isibili y and engaging in p o essional ac i i ies can p o ide boos o he ca ee o males and o emales socializing is impo an . 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MC5: Wi hin he las yea how o en ha e you gone o lunch wi h pe sons ou side he bank?” Fo e and Doughe y (2004) 0.911 Inc ease in In e nal Visibili y IIV1: “Wi hin he las yea how o en ha e you accep ed a new, highly isible wo k assignmen . IIV2: Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you been on highly isible ask o ces o commi ees a wo k? IIV3: Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you gone o lunch wi h you cu en supe iso ? IIV4: Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you s opped by o he s’ o ices o say hello?” Fo e and Doughe y (2004) 0.901 Pa icipa ing in Communi y NPC1: “Wi hin he las yea how o en ha e you pa icipa ed in communi y wo k p ojec s? NPC2: Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you pa icipa ed in communi y social unc ions? NPC3: Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you a ended mee ings o ci ic and social g oups, clubs, and so o h?” Fo e and Doughe y (2004) 0.825 Engaging in P o essional Ac i i ies EPA1: “Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you gi en p o essional semina s o wo kshops EPA2: Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you accep ed speaking Fo e and Doughe y (2004) 0.893 Qu eshi & Saleem 441 engagemen s EPA3: Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you ac ed as a commen a o o a newspape , magazine, o alk show EPA4: Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you augh a cou se EPA5: Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you published a icles in he company’s newsle e , p o essional jou nals, o ade publica ions EPA6: Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you a ended p o essional semina s o wo kshops EPA7: Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you a ended con e ences o ade shows EPA8: Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you a ended mee ings o business ela ed o ganiza ions?” Socializing NS1: “Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you pa icipa ed in company-sponso ed ou doo ac i i ies? NS2: Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you pa icipa ed in social ga he ings wi h people om wo k? NS3: Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you gone ou o amily ge - oge he s / picnics wi h o he s a e wo k? NS4: Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you con ac ed you iends om college? NS5: Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you played gol , ennis, c icke and so o h wi h cowo ke s o clien s? NS6: Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you alked abou spo s a wo k? NS7: Wi hin he las yea , how o en ha e you a ended social unc ions o you o ganiza ion?” Fo e and Doughe y (2004) 0.895 Ca ee P og ession CP1: “I am sa is ied wi h he ca ee success I ha e achie ed in my Judge e al. (1994) 0.926 Ne wo king and Ca ee P og ession: Role o Gende 442 ca ee . CP2: I am sa is ied wi h he ca ee p og ession I ha e made owa d mee ing my o e all ca ee goals. CP3: I am sa is ied wi h he ca ee p og ess I ha e made owa d mee ing my goals o income CP4: I am sa is ied wi h he ca ee p og ess I ha e made owa d mee ing my goals o ad ancemen CP5: I am sa is ied wi h he ca ee p og ess I ha e made owa d mee ing my goals o he de elopmen o new skills.” Table A-2: Lis o Banks (Co e ed in he S udy) Se ial Numbe Banks 1 Aska i Bank Limi ed 2 Allied Bank Limi ed 3 Al Ba aka Bank Pakis an Limi ed 4 Bank Al alah 5 Bank Alhabib 6 Bu j Bank 7 Faysal Bank 8 Fi s Women Bank Limi ed 9 Habib Me opoli an Bank 10 Habib Bank Limi ed 11 JS Bank Limi ed 12 Muslim Comme cial Bank Limi ed 13 Na ional Bank o Pakis an 14 Nib Bank 15 Summi Bank 16 Samba Bank 17 Silk Bank 18 Sindh Bank 19 Sone i Bank 20 S a e Bank o Pakis an 21 Bank o Khybe 22 Uni ed Bank Limi ed 23 Meezan Bank 24 Dubai Islamic Bank 25 Bank o Punjab 26 SME Bank Limi ed 27 Za ai Ta aqiya i Bank Limi ed 28 Khushali Bank 29 Bank Islamia Pakis an Limi ed