Kebede, Abebe Ge aneh; Te e e, Solomon Dubale; Ijigu, Ama e We ku
A icle
Ambidex ous leade ship and academic s a inno a i e
beha io a Deb e Be han Uni e si y, E hiopia: he
media ing ole o wo kplace happiness
Cogen Business & Managemen
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Kebede, Abebe Ge aneh; Te e e, Solomon Dubale; Ijigu, Ama e We ku (2024) :
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Ambidex ous leade ship and academic s aff
inno a i e beha io a Deb e Be han Uni e si y,
E hiopia: he media ing ole o wo kplace
happiness
Abebe Ge aneh Kebede, Solomon Dubale Te e e & Ama e We ku Ijigu
To ci e his a icle: Abebe Ge aneh Kebede, Solomon Dubale Te e e & Ama e We ku
Ijigu (2024) Ambidex ous leade ship and academic s aff inno a i e beha io a Deb e
Be han Uni e si y, E hiopia: he media ing ole o wo kplace happiness, Cogen Business &
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ManageMen | ReseaRch aR icle
Cogen Business & ManageMen
2024, VoL. 11, no. 1, 2307564
Ambidex ous leade ship and academic s a inno a i e beha io a
Deb e Be han Uni e si y, E hiopia: he media ing ole o wo kplace
happiness
abebe ge aneh Kebedea , solomon Dubale e e eb and ama e We ku ijigua
aDepa men o Managemen , Deb e Be han uni e si y, Deb e Be han, e hiopia; bDepa men o Logis ics and supply Chain
Managemen , Deb e Be han uni e si y, Deb e Be han, e hiopia
ABSTRACT
his s udy aimed o examine he media ion ole o wo kplace happiness in he link
be ween ambidex ous leade ship and academic s a inno a i e beha io a Deb e
Be han Uni e si y. in his s udy, p ima y da a was u ilized. P opo ional s a i ied
sampling was employed o ensu e he ep esen a ion o esponden s om all colleges
wi hin he uni e si y. subsequen ly, simple andom sampling was used o selec
esponden s om each indi idual college. Ques ionnai es we e dispa ched om 400
acul y membe s. howe e , only 343 ques ionnai es we e illed p ope ly and e u ned.
a s uc u al equa ion model was applied o es he esea ch hypo heses. he esul s
e ealed ha ambidex ous leade ship has a posi i e and signi ican e ec on wo kplace
happiness. he s udy also ound ha ambidex ous leade ship has a posi i e and
signi ican e ec on academic s a ’s inno a i e beha io . he s udy’s indings also
showed ha wo kplace happiness con ibu es a signi ican ole in media ing he link
be ween ambidex ous leade ship and academic s a inno a i e beha io . he p esen
s udy sugges s ha Deb e Be han Uni e si y managemen should p omo e a good
wo kplace en i onmen o inno a i e beha io h ough e ec i e leade ship and
employee well-being ini ia i es.
1. In oduc ion
he inno a i e beha io o employees in academic ins i u ions is o u mos impo ance o d i ing esea ch and
de elopmen , enhancing eaching quali y, p omo ing collabo a ion, and a ac ing ex e nal unding (Fa zana &
cha oensukmongkol, 2023; Jiang e al., 2023). P e ious esea ch has shown ha when employees a e encou -
aged o hink ou side he box and come up wi h new ideas, i os e s a dynamic en i onmen ha s imula es
c ea i i y and g oundb eaking disco e ies (Faulks e al., 2021; sha i e al., 2020). addi ionally, inno a i e employ-
ees a e o en success ul in secu ing g an s, a ac ing sponso ships, and es ablishing s a egic pa ne ships,
which bene i bo h he indi idual esea che s and con ibu e o he inancial sus ainabili y and epu a ion o
he academic ins i u ion (Qi & Wang, 2020). ambidex ous leade ship has been ound o ha e a signi ican
e ec on inno a i e beha io (Oluwa emi e al., 2020; Zache e al., 2016) Wo kplace happiness can also lead
o enhanced p oduc i i y and inno a ion (Ma hew, 2023; Rosdania i & Mua i, 2021). ge lach e al. (2020)
explo ed he e ec o di e en leade ship s yles, including ambidex ous leade ship, on inno a ion pe o mance
in ge man companies. hei indings e ealed a posi i e ela ionship be ween ambidex ous leade ship and
inno a ion pe o mance. simila ly, akıncı e al. (2022) examined he in luence o ambidex ous leade ship on
inno a i e wo k beha io in a mili a y o ganiza ion in no olk, Vi ginia, Usa. hei s udy ound ha ambidex-
ous leade ship was posi i ely ela ed o inno a i e wo k beha io .
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup
CONTACT abebe ge aneh Kebede abebemgm @gmail.com Depa men o Managemen , Deb e Be han uni e si y, P.o. Box 445, Deb e
Be han, e hiopia
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2307564
his is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons a ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
ARTICLE HISTORY
Recei ed 10 augus 2023
Re ised 15 Janua y 2024
accep ed 16 Janua y
2024
KEYWORDS
ambidex ous leade ship;
inno a i e beha io ;
wo kplace happiness;
academic s a ; Deb e
Be han Uni e si y
REVIEWING EDITOR
Pablo Ruiz, Uni e sidad
de cas illa-la Mancha,
spain
SUBJECTS
O ganiza ional Beha io ;
human Resou ce
Managemen , s a egic
Managemen ; leade ship
2 a. g. KeBeDe e al.
academic ins i u ions a e ocused on knowledge c ea ion and dissemina ion, and inno a i e app oaches
a e c ucial o add essing eme ging challenges (al-Ku di e al., 2020; Fi zge ald e al., 2020). howe e , he e
is a lack o su icien inno a i e p ac ices among academic s a a Deb e Be han Uni e si y in e hiopia,
which hampe s he g ow h and compe i i eness o he ins i u ion. o excel in hei oles and mee he
demands o he 21s cen u y highe educa ion landscape, academic s a need o emb ace
echnology-enhanced eaching and lea ning, p omo e esea ch collabo a ion, c ea e inclusi e en i onmen s,
and os e an en ep eneu ial mindse (Daniela e al., 2018). Un o una ely, mos academic s a a Deb e
Be han Uni e si y did no engage in inno a i e esea ch and p ojec wo ks, echnology-enhanced eaching
and lea ning ac i i ies, o in ap eneu ship ac i i ies (DBU, 2022). he e o e, his s udy aims o examine he
media ing ole o wo kplace happiness in he ela ionship be ween ambidex ous leade ship and academic
s a inno a i e beha io a Deb e Be han Uni e si y, e hiopia. in es iga ing he media ing ole o wo k-
place happiness can p o ide insigh s in o how ambidex ous leade ship in luences inno a i e beha io by
impac ing employee happiness in he unique con ex o academic ins i u ions. By ocusing on academic
s a , his s udy can con ibu e o he unde s anding o he in e play be ween leade ship, wo kplace hap-
piness, and inno a i e beha io wi hin academia. Mo eo e , his esea ch p o ides aluable insigh s o
educa ional ins i u ions o adap and h i e in a apidly changing socie y.
he es o ou pape is s uc u ed as ollows: he heo e ical li e a u e and hypo heses de elopmen ,
concep ual amewo k, esea ch me hodology, esul s and discussion, conclusions, ecommenda ions, and
u u e esea ch di ec ions.
2. Li e a u e e iew
his sec ion p o ides ela ed heo e ical li e a u e, empi ical li e a u e, hypo heses de elopmen , and
concep ual amewo k o he s udy.
2.1. Theo e ical li e a u es
2.1.1. De ini ion o key e ms
2.1.1.1.Ambidex ous leade ship.ambidex ous leade ship e e s o he capabili y o a leade o e ec i ely
balance and in eg a e bo h explo a i e and exploi a i e ac ions simul aneously wi hin an o ganiza ion. i
in ol es he abili y o manage and encou age inno a ion and c ea i i y while also main aining s abili y
and e iciency (Jia e al., 2022; Ka e zopoulos, 2022). ambidex ous leade s a e skilled a na iga ing he
ensions be ween explo ing new oppo uni ies and exploi ing exis ing esou ces, os e ing an en i onmen
ha encou ages expe imen a ion, lea ning, and adap a ion o changing ci cums ances (Duwe, 2021;
Zabiegalski & Ma qua d , 2022) hey play a c ucial ole in c ea ing a wo k cul u e ha suppo s bo h
explo a ion and exploi a ion, ul ima ely d i ing o ganiza ional success and g ow h.
2.1.1.2. Inno a i e beha io . inno a i e beha io is he p oac i e and c ea i e ac ions exhibi ed by
indi iduals wo king in academic se ings, such as uni e si ies o esea ch ins i u ions, o gene a e no el
ideas, solu ions, and p ac ices (el ehail e al., 2018; na anjo-Valencia e al., 2017). i in ol es he gene a ion,
implemen a ion, and dissemina ion o inno a i e ideas, p ocesses, o p oduc s ha con ibu e o he
ad ancemen o knowledge and he imp o emen o academic p ac ices. i e lec s he willingness and
abili y o academic s a o hink ou side he box, challenge adi ional no ms, and con ibu e o he
o e all inno a ion and p og ess o hei espec i e ields (choi e al., 2017; Zainal & Ma o e, 2019).
academic s a inno a i e beha io encompasses ac i i ies, such as conduc ing g oundb eaking
esea ch, de eloping inno a i e eaching me hods, collabo a ing wi h pee s on in e disciplina y p ojec s,
and engaging in en ep eneu ial ini ia i es wi hin he academic con ex (Budu e al., 2023; Fuad e al.,
2022; Zainal & Ma o e, 2019).
2.1.1.3.Wo kplace happiness.Wo kplace happiness e e s o he posi i e emo ional s a e expe ienced by
employees wi hin hei wo k en i onmen (Ma hew, 2023)i encompasses eelings o sa is ac ion,
con en men , and ul illmen in ela ion o one’s job and he o e all wo k se ing. Wo kplace happiness
is cha ac e ized by a sense o joy, en husiasm, and engagemen in one’s wo k, as well as posi i e
ela ionships wi h colleagues and a suppo i e o ganiza ional cul u e (Joo & lee, 2017; Rosdania i &
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 3
Mua i, 2021). Resea ch has shown ha wo kplace happiness has nume ous bene i s, including inc eased
p oduc i i y, highe le els o employee well-being, educed u no e a es, and imp o ed o ganiza ional
pe o mance. i is associa ed wi h ac o s, such as job sa is ac ion, wo k-li e balance, au onomy, ecogni ion,
and oppo uni ies o g ow h and de elopmen (Belle e al., 2020; Joo & lee, 2017).
2.1.2. Theo e ical amewo k
he s udy inco po a ed se e al heo ies, namely social exchange heo y, Job Demands-Resou ces heo y,
and sel -De e mina ion heo y. acco ding o social exchange heo y, indi iduals a e mo e likely o
exhibi inno a i e beha io when hey pe cei e a posi i e and suppo i e wo kplace en i onmen . his
can be achie ed h ough inc eased social exchanges be ween leade s and employees, hus os e ing
wo kplace happiness (c opanzano & Mi chell, 2005; nazi e al., 2018). Job Demands-Resou ces heo y
sugges s ha employees’ wo k engagemen and inno a i e beha io a e in luenced by he balance
be ween job demands and esou ces. By implemen ing ambidex ous leade ship, academic s a can
expe ience educed job demands and imp o ed access o key esou ces, which in u n con ibu es o
inc eased wo kplace happiness and subsequen inno a i e beha io (Ko oglu & Ozmen, 2022; Kwon &
Kim, 2020). in addi ion, sel -De e mina ion heo y p oposes ha indi iduals a e mo e likely o engage in
inno a i e beha io s when hey ha e au onomy, compe ence, and a sense o ela edness in hei wo k
en i onmen (Wang e al., 2021). ambidex ous leade ship, which emphasizes bo h explo a ion and
exploi a ion, plays a pi o al ole in enhancing employees’ sel -de e mina ion and subsequen ly os e ing
inno a i e beha io (liu e al., 2019; Ma e al., 2019; Wang e al., 2021).
2.2. Empi ical li e a u es and hypo heses de elopmen
2.2.1. Ambidex ous leade ship and inno a ion beha io
Jiang e al. (2023) ound ha ambidex ous leade ship on he employee inno a i e beha io in chinese man-
u ac u ing en e p ises. simila ly, akıncı e al. (2022) s udy e ealed ha ambidex ous leade ship has a signi i-
can e ec on employees’ inno a i e wo k beha io in a mili a y o ganiza ion a s udy by Kung e al. (2020) also
con i med he signi ican impac o ambidex ous leade ship on employees’ inno a i e beha io s in public
museums. Usman e al. (2022) esul s e ealed ha ambidex ous leade ship spa ks inno a i e wo k beha io s
among employees o he elecom sec o o Pakis an. Be aies (2023) examined he e ec o leade ship s yles
p omo e ambidex ous inno a ion in case o knowledge-in ensi e i ms and he ound ambidex ous leade ship
a ec s posi i ely ambidex ous inno a ion. Based on he abo e e idence, we de elop he i s hypo hesis (h1):
ambidex ous leade ship has a posi i e and signi ican e ec on academic s a inno a i e Beha io .
2.2.2. Ambidex ous leade ship and wo kplace happiness
ambidex ous leade ship esul s in imp o ed wo kplace happiness, which can ha e posi i e impac s
on employee e en ion and p oduc i i y (Be aies, 2023). Ma e al. (2019) no ed ha ambidex ous
leade ship can imp o e job sa is ac ion among employees by p o iding oppo uni ies o g ow h and
lea ning, while also ensu ing ha cu en asks a e accomplished e icien ly. Fu he mo e, ambidex-
ous leade ship helps p omo e a posi i e o ganiza ional cul u e ha alues inno a ion and adap a ion
o change (ijigu e al., 2022; liu e al., 2019). By os e ing a cul u e ha suppo s explo a ion and
expe imen a ion, employees a e mo e likely o eel engaged and mo i a ed o con ibu e o he o ga-
niza ion’s success. his enhances wo kplace happiness and job sa is ac ion, as employees eel ha hey
a e making meaning ul con ibu ions o he company’s o e all goals and objec i es. ambidex ous
leade ship is inc easingly ecognized as a bene icial app oach in mode n o ganiza ions, allowing lead-
e s o simul aneously explo e new oppo uni ies while also op imizing exis ing ope a ions (ahle s &
Wilms, 2017; Usman e al., 2022). academic s a also play an impo an ole in p omo ing wo kplace
happiness. encou aging posi i e ela ionships wi h colleagues, as well as p omo ing a sense o au on-
omy and pe sonal con ol, ha e also been shown o con ibu e o academic s a happiness and
well-being (al-husseini e al., 2021; Jia e al., 2022; Kleebbua & lind a anasi ikul, 2021). hus, we p o-
posed he second hypo hesis (h2): ambidex ous leade ship has posi i e and signi ican e ec on aca-
demic s a wo kplace happiness.
4 a. g. KeBeDe e al.
2.2.3. Wo k place happiness and inno a ion beha io
Vuong e al. (2023) ound ha a posi i e wo k en i onmen , cha ac e ized by suppo i e colleagues and
supe iso s, was posi i ely associa ed wi h inno a i e beha io (Rosdania i & Mua i, 2021) ound ha
wo kplace happiness was posi i ely associa ed wi h job sa is ac ion and wo k engagemen . Wo kplace
happiness has a signi ican and posi i e ela ionship wi h academic s a inno a i e beha io (Khan &
abbas, 2022). simila ly, el-sholkamy and Fischbach (2019) wo kplace happiness was ound as a d i ing
o ce behind inc eased c ea i i y and inno a ion. Posi i e emo ions a wo k con ibu e o employees’
engagemen in inno a i e beha io . happy employees a e mo e likely o engage in c ea i e and inno a-
i e beha io (al-hawa i e al., 2019; Bani-Melhem e al., 2018). al-shami e al. (2023) and e ika iena
(2018) also ound wo kplace happiness was ound o ha e a signi ican and posi i e e ec on employees’
inno a i e beha io . By conside ing he gi en empi ical e idences, we o mula ed he hi d hypo hesis
(h3): Wo k place happiness has posi i e and signi ican e ec on academic s a inno a i e beha io .
2.2.4. The media ion e ec o wo kplace happiness
Zhao e al. (2023) s a ed ha leade s who possess bo h explo a i e and exploi a i e quali ies, known as
ambidex ous leade s, con ibu e o a posi i e wo k en i onmen ha enhances wo kplace happiness.
his, in u n, os e s inno a i e beha io among employees. Jiang e al. (2023) also ound ha leade s
who a e able o balance explo a ion and exploi a ion beha io s posi i ely in luence he inno a i e beha -
io o hei subo dina es by p omo ing wo kplace happiness. hese indings align wi h p e ious s udies
ha emphasize he impo ance o wo kplace happiness in os e ing inno a ion (Usman e al., 2022).
Resea ch has consis en ly shown ha wo kplace happiness plays a c ucial ole in employee well-being
and p oduc i i y. One app oach o p omo ing wo kplace happiness is h ough ambidex ous leade ship,
which combines explo a i e and exploi a i e leade ship beha io s o balance inno a ion and e iciency
(liu e al., 2019). he esul s con i med he ole o al comp ising closed and open leade ship beha io s
in enhancing he sc, which is an impo an elemen o cul i a e c ea i e beha io amongs employees.
in addi ion, he ole o well-being is ound o be c i ical o enhancing c ea i e wo k beha io (Jain,
2023). ambidex ous leade s ha e he abili y o c ea e a wo k en i onmen ha os e s happiness, which
in u n suppo s mo e inno a i e beha io (Kung e al., 2020). Based on he li e a u e discussed abo e,
we p opose he ou h hypo hesis (h4): Wo kplace happiness media es he ela ionship be ween ambi-
dex ous leade ship and academic s a ’s inno a i e beha io .
2.3. Concep ual amewo k o he s udy
his manusc ip cons uc ed a media ion model in which ambidex ous leade ship in luences inno a i e
beha io o academic s a h ough wo k place happiness, as shown in Figu e 1.
3. Me hods
3.1. Resea ch design
acco ding o Ko ha i (2004), a esea ch design ha es ablishes causal ela ionships be ween a iables is
e e ed o as explana o y. he e o e, his s udy p ima ily employed an explana o y esea ch design
Figu e 1. Concep ual amewo k o he s udy.
Sou ce: adap ed om p e ious li e a u es (Jiang e al., 2023; Liu e al., 2019; Rosdania i & Mua i, 2021).
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 5
because i s objec i e was o analyze he causal ac o s a ec ing employees’ pe o mance in he speci ic
o ganiza ional con ex . addi ionally, he esea che u ilized a c oss-sec ional design as he da a was col-
lec ed a a single poin in ime. a c oss-sec ional design in ol es sampling a ious popula ion segmen s
a a speci ic momen (Da ida ičienė, 2018).
3.2. Resea ch app oach
Quan i a i e esea ch app oach allows esea che s o measu e ela ionships and associa ions be ween
di e en a iables which aid in es ablishing causal ela ionships (c eswell, 2014). hence, a quan i a i e
esea ch app oach was used in he s udy.
3.3. Ta ge popula ion
a ge popula ion is he speci ic, concep ually bounded g oup o po en ial pa icipan s o whom he
esea che may ha e access ha ep esen s he na u e o he popula ion o in e es (cas eel & B idie ,
2021). he e we e 1273 ac i e academic s a a Deb e Be han Uni e si y in he yea 2022 (DBU, 2022).
hus, he a ge popula ion o his s udy was hose 1273 academic s a .
3.4. Sample size and sampling echnique
s uc u al equa ion modeling echnique uses a chi-squa e s a is ic o assess he model goodness o i .
he s a is ic is sensi i e o high sample sizes, ha is he la ge he sample size, he highe he likelihood
he model will ail (hai , 2009). hus, he sample size o 100–400 subjec s is sugges ed o models ha
equi e he use o s uc u al equa ion modeling (hai , 2009). Using he ule o humb, a sample size o
400 subjec s was conside ed adequa e hence used in his s udy. he e a e nine colleges in Deb e Be han
Uni e si y. s a i ied sampling is a esea ch me hod used o imp o e he accu acy o ep esen ing he
popula ion unde s udy and educe sampling e o s. ha ing es ablished he o e all sample size o he
s udy, he sample size o each s a um (college) was calcula ed p opo ionally o hei espec i e popu-
la ion sizes, employing he p opo ional sample alloca ion me hod de ised by Pandey and Ve ma (2008).
consequen ly, he sample size o each s a um was de e mined as ou lined below
nk
NK
N
n
=
*
Whe e; nk=sample size o k h s a um Nk= Popula ion size o he k h s a um N= o al popula ion
size n = o al sample size.
he summa y o he popula ion and sample o he s udy a e shown in able 1 below.
he sample esponden s om each college (s a um) we e selec ed using he simple andom sampling
echnique, speci ically he lo e y me hod, which in ol ed using he sample esponden s’ iD numbe s o
selec ion.
Table 1. summa y o he popula ion and sample o he s udy.
s a a Popula ion size o each college (Nk)sample size o each college(nK
enginee ing 272 85
Compu ing 67 21
na u al and compu a ional 158 50
ag icul u e 83 26
Business and economics 97 30
social science and humani ies 139 44
Law 21 7
educa ion 9 3
Heal h 427 134
o al 1273 400
Sou ce: DBu (2022) and own compu a ion (2023).
6 a. g. KeBeDe e al.
3.5. Me hod o da a collec ion
Ques ionnai es we e used o his quan i a i e esea ch since i is a p e e ed me hod o inding ou he
di e en aspec s o pa icipan s’ beha io . Ques ionnai e me hod inc eases he speed o da a collec ion,
cos -e ec i eness, and highe le els o objec i i y compa ed o o he da a collec ion me hods (Ko ha i,
2004). Responses we e measu ed mainly by close-ended ques ions based on a i e-poin like scale,
anging om s ongly ag ee (5) o s ongly disag ee (1).
3.6. Measu es
academic s a inno a i e beha io was ope a ionalized ia a six-i em scale was adap ed om Qi
e al. (2019). Wo kplace happiness was ope a ionalized ia a 10-i em scale om albano (2009).
ambidex ous leade ship was measu ed wi h 14-i em i ems adop ed om scales de eloped by Rosing
e al. (2011) including opening leade beha io s and closing leade beha io s. We used 5-poin like
scale: s ongly disag ee = 1 o s ongly ag ee = 5 o all a iables used in he s udy. a eliabili y es
was done ia c onbach’s alpha o unde s and he in e nal consis ency o he ins umen . in his s udy,
esul es ima ion will be p oduced by es ing hypo heses. he media o (wo kplace happiness) p o-
ides mo e e idence abou why o how ambidex ous leade ship and inno a i e beha io a e
in e ela ed.
3.7. Reliabili y and alidi y
Validi y es was also pe o med. as a equi emen o s uc u al equa ion model, con i ma o y ac o
analysis was conduc ed, and disc iminan alidi y analyses we e done. c onbach’s alpha, explo a i e ac-
o analysis, and con i ma o y ac o analysis we e implemen ed o assess he alidi y and eliabili y o
a iables.
3.8. Me hod o da a analysis
sPss 23.0 was used o desc ibe he demog aphic cha ac e is ics o esponden s and aMOs 23.0 was
used o s uc u al equa ion modeling. aMOs so wa e is p e e able so wa e used o con i m a heo y
since i uses he Ml es ima ion echniques in he seM analysis. s uc u al equa ion modeling (seM)
enables o es ima e pa h coe icien s o p oposed ela ionships (hai e al., 2021). hus, seM was
used in he s udy. Mo eo e , o in es iga e he media ing e ec wo kplace happiness, he esea che s
applied he boo s apping me hod, because i is mo e e ec i e han sobel es i using o iginal da a
(Özdil & Ku lu, 2019). he maximum likelihood me hod was used o es ima e he co a iance ma ix
and boo s ap es ing was used o e alua e di ec and indi ec e ec s. Fi e i indices we e used o
de e mine how well he hypo he ical model i he da a: a chi-squa e/deg ees o eedom a io (χ2/d )
<5; a s anda dized oo mean squa e esidual (sRMR) <0.05; a oo mean squa e e o o app oxima-
ion (RMsea) <0.08; a goodness-o - i index (gFi) >0.9; and a no med i index (nFi) >0.9 (hai
e al., 2017).
4. Resul s
4.1. Demog aphic cha ac e is ics o esponden s
among 400 sampled acul y membe s, only 343 academic s a app op ia ely illed ou and e u ned he
ques ionnai es. hus, he esponse a e was 85.75%. he demog aphic cha ac e is ics o he esponden s
a e displayed below (see able 2). Rega ding gende , he domina ing numbe o academic s a we e
male (73.76%); conce ning age, acul y membe s we e up o 35 yea s old which implies he uni e si y has
mo e young academic s a . he majo i y o he acul y membe s we e mas e ’s deg ee holde s (85.13%).
las ly, he majo i y o esponden s had wo k expe ience be ween 6 and 10 yea s.
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 7
4.2. Tes o eliabili y and alidi y
any elemen wi h low ac o loading and c oss-loading would be elimina ed o e i y a model’s
uni-dimensionali y. o achie e his, ac o analysis on 30 i ems: 14 o al, 10 o hWP, and six o ePh
was ca ied ou using sPss V 23. Due o he low ac o loading alues, 11 i ems: i e i ems o al, ou
i ems o WPh, and wo i ems o ePh: we e dis ega ded om u he analysis. gi en ha he KMO alue
was 0.887, which is highe han he 0.5 cu o c i e ia, he da a we e eligible o ac o analysis. he
Ba le ’s es o sphe ici y sPss esul is 0.000. he esea che can he e o e con inue o execu e a
ac o analysis.
We employed c onbach’s alpha coe icien o es eliabili y. all esul s a e highe han he cu o alue
o 0.7 ( able 3). Besides, we compu e composi e eliabili y (cR) and a e age a iance ex ac ed (aVe) o
es ima e eliabili y. able 2 p esen s he ou comes. he cR alues a e highe han 0.857, and he aVe
indings a e o e 0.505. as a esul , he s udy’s a iables a e eliable wi hin accep able limi s, which
shows how well he measu emen ins umen s a e holding oge he o measu e hei ac o .
con i ma o y ac o analysis (cFa) elies on key measu es like ac o loading, composi e eliabili y (cR),
a e age a iance ex ac ed (aVe), maximum sha ed squa ed a iance (MsV), and maximum eliabili y
Table 2. Demog aphic cha ac e is ics o esponden s.
no Cha ac e is ics F equency (%)
1 gende
Male 253 (73.76)
Female 90 (26.23)
o al 343 (100)
2age ca ego y
up o 35 182 (53.06)
abo e 35 161 (46.93)
o al 343 (100)
3academic quali ica ion
Ba (Bsc) 28 (8.16)
Ma (Msc) 292 (85.13)
PhD and abo e 23 (6.71)
o al 343 (100)
4Wo k expe ience
Below a yea 35 (10.2)
1–5 yea s 76 (22.16)
6–10 yea s 196 (57.14)
abo e 10 yea s 36 (10.5)
o al 343 (100)
sou ce: su ey esul (2023).
Table 3. Reliabili y and alidi y es esul s.
Cons uc i ems Fac o loading Validi y and eliabili y
aL aL2: encou aging expe imen a ion wi h di e en ideas 0.775 α = 0.901, CR = 0.901,
aVe = 0.505,
MsV = 0.346,
MaxR (H) = 0.905
aL1: allowing di e en ways o accomplishing a ask 0.772
aL13: sanc ioning e o s 0.757
aL11: Con olling adhe ence o ules 0.740
aL6: allowing e o s 0.718
aL7: encou aging e o lea ning 0.695
aL10: aking co ec i e ac ion 0.680
aL9: es ablishing ou ines 0.678
aL3: Mo i a ing o ake isks 0.663
WPH WPH7: My wo k means a lo o me 0.801 α = 0.864, CR = 0.867,
aVe = 0.524,
MsV = 0.306,
MaxR (H) = 0.881
WPH4: i am always lea ning new hings a wo k 0.796
WPH2: i ecei e clea and consis en guidance o my wo k 0.794
WPH1: My boss helps me ge ahead 0.710
WPH8: i ind my wo k pe sonally sa is ying 0.704
WPH9: i unde s and how his o ganiza ion wo ks 0.687
eiB eiB6: a wo k, i come up wi h inno a i e and c ea i e no ions 0.794 α = 0.853, CR = 0.857,
aVe = 0.601,
MsV = 0.346,
MaxR (H) = 0.866
eiB5: a wo k, i y o p opose my own c ea i e ideas and con ince o he s 0.788
eiB4: a wo k, i y o secu e he unding and esou ces needed o
implemen inno a ions
0.770
eiB2: o e all i conside mysel a c ea i e membe o my eam 0.719
sou ce: su ey esul (2023).
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