Š eimikienė, Dalia
A icle
T ans o ma i e changes owa ds ca bon neu al socie y:
Ba ie s and d i e s
Con empo a y Economics
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
VIZJA Uni e si y, Wa saw
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Š eimikienė, Dalia (2023) : T ans o ma i e changes owa ds ca bon neu al
socie y: Ba ie s and d i e s, Con empo a y Economics, ISSN 2300-8814, Uni e si y o Economics
and Human Sciences in Wa saw, Wa saw, Vol. 17, Iss. 3, pp. 351-360,
h ps://doi.o g/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.515
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The ba ie s o clima e change mi iga ion and mechanisms o o e come hese ba ie s and achie e ans o -
ma i e changes owa ds ca bon neu al socie y need o be in es iga ed in o de o de ine he main d i e s
and ba ie s o ans o ma i e change owa ds ca bon neu ali y and how policies and measu es can be de el-
oped o o e come ba ie s and o suppo d i e s. The main d i e s o ans o ma i e change ha include a i-
ous ypes o ins i u ions including social no ms and ules, go e nance schemes, cul u al alues, demog aphic,
social, economic, echnical and echnological elemen s a e analysed and sys ema ized based on li e a u e
e iew. T ans o ma i e change owa ds ca bon neu al socie y necessi a es sys ema ic changes as simple
scaling-up is no enough. These impo an oles a e he le e s o main pa hways o achie ing ans o ma i e
change owa ds a ca bon neu al socie y.
1. In oduc ion1. In oduc ion
Eu opean Commission (EC) in 2018 de eloped
long- e m s a egy o achie emen o clima e-neu-
al socie y by 2050 in acco dance wi h he Pa is
Ag eemen . In 2019 Eu opean Council endo sed
his objec i e and The Eu opean Pa liamen in o-
duced ne -ze o g eenhouse (GHG) emission a ge
in esolu ions on clima e change and Eu opean
G een Deal by 2020. The Eu opean Union (EU)
has de eloped i s long- e m low g eenhouse gas
emission de elopmen s a egy o he Uni ed Na-
ions F amewo k Con en ion on Clima e Change
(UNFCCC) in 2020 by including hese objec i es
as well.
The go e nance egula ion equi es EU MS
(Membe S a es) o p esen hei na ional long-
e m low g eenhouse gas emission de elopmen
s a egies o EC by 1 Janua y 2020 and 2029 and
e e y 10 yea s he ea e . EC p o ides suppo
o MS in de eloping long- e m s a egies, how-
e e deep deca bonisa ion equi es ans o ma-
i e changes in all EU Membe S a es and o he
achie ing low ca bon ansi ion and implemen ing
hese long e m clima e s a egies he dis up ion
o ossil uel-based economies and shi o ca bon
ee ene gy sec o and clima e sma and esilien
socie ies is necessa y. Au ho s (B and, 2016; Chan
e al., 2020; Fazey e al., 2018; Hölsche e al., 2018;
Linne & Vilbeck, 2020, 2021; Pa e son e al. 2017;
Winkle e al., 2022) ag ee ha socie al ans o ma-
ion o ca bon neu ali y en ails essen ial, uni e sal
and sys ema ic, non-linea ans o ma ions in a i-
ous sphe es o socie ies.
The e is no ag eemen in he inc easing numbe
o s udies on ans o ma ional changes and ansi-
ion go e nance abou how socie al changes can be
ealised and p omo ed.
T ans o ma i e Changes Towa ds Ca bon Neu al
Socie y: Ba ie s and D i e s
ABSTRACT
H30, P18, Q20, Q30.
KEY WORDS:
JEL Classi ica ion:
ans o ma i e changes; ca bon neu al socie y; ba ie s, d i e s, policies and measu es.
Vy au as Magnus Uni e si y, Ag icul u e Academy, Bioeconomy Resea ch Ins i u e, Li huania
Co espondence conce ning his a icle should be add essed o:
Dalia S eimikiene, Vy au as Magnus Uni e si y
Ag icul u e Acad-
emy, Bioeconomy Resea ch Ins i u e, S uden u 11, Akademija, 53361,
Kaunas dis ic , Li huania
. E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Dalia S eimikiene
P ima y submission: 17.03.2023 | Final accep ance: 20.07.2023
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This pape aims o o e come his gap and is
dedica ed o comp ehensi e analysis o ba ie s
o ans o ma i e changes owa ds ca bon neu al
socie y and d i e s ha can in luence success ul so-
cie al ans o ma ions. The policies and measu es
aiming o cope wi h ba ie s o socie al ans o -
ma ions and suppo d i e s o hese p ocesses a e
discussed.
The pape is o ganised in he ollowing way: in
second sec ion li e a u e e iew on socie al ans-
o ma ions owa ds ca bon neu ali y; in hi d
sec ion me hods and da a a e desc ibed; in o h
sec ion he ba ie s o ans o ma i e changes a e
sys ema ized; in i h sec ion d i e s o socie al
changes a e in es iga ed, in six h sec ion policies
and measu es a e de ined o cope wi h ba ie s and
suppo d i e s, in se en h sec ion conclusions a e
p o ided.
2. Li e a u e Re iew2. Li e a u e Re iew
The de ini ion le e age poin s, i s ly was
in oduced by Donella Meadows (2008). This
concep aims o de ine places o in e e e in a
s uc u e whe e a mino modi ica ion can p o ide
o a huge change in beha io (Meadows, 2008,
2008). So, i is impo an o analyse a ious d i e s
o sys em change ha ing impac on low ca bon
ene gy use in e ms o echnology, ins i u ions,
beha io , and cul u e.
A sys em unde conside a ion can be economic
sec o , business en e p ise, egion, ci y, communi y
and so on. Meadows (2008) de ined 7 le e age
poin s and o de ed hem om he lowes deg ee
o impac o he mos signi ican impac o
ans o ming he sys em.
Au ho s in analysis o socie al ans o ma ions
owa ds ca bon neu al socie y highligh s he
impo ance o go e nance o ans o ma ions.
(Bies a, 2016; Bodin, 2017; Folke e al.,
2005; Loo bach, 2010; Loo bach e al., 2010,
2017; Pa e son e al., 2017).
In de eloping o lowe income coun ies
he handling wi h ongoing socie al deep
deca boniza ion ans o ma ions we e buil on
con inuing go e nance o economic and social
ans o ma ion. (Linnė & Wibeck 2020, 2021).
The go e nance o economic and social
ans o ma ions is he con ol o powe s dedica ed
o seizu e handle s making socie ies mo e obus in
handling ongoing long- e m change and ollowing
p oblems o dynamical complexi y.
The au ho s (B ond zio e al., 2019; Chan e al.,
2022; Cons an ino e al., 2022; 2020; Diaz e al.,
2019; Kuenkel 2019; Linnė & Wibeck 2021; Lu e al,
2020;) men ioned a wide ange o d i e s including
echnological inno a ions, inancial incen i es,
educa ion and changes in a i udes ha ing impac on
socie al ans o ma ions owa ds ca bon neu ali y.
Leade ship, new alues, en i onmen al awa eness,
public pa icipa ion, and communica ion,
ins i u ional change, echnological inno a ions and
deploymen we e de ined as signi ican ac o s o
deli e ing impo an ans o ma ions o he se
objec i es o deep deca boniza ion. Educa ion and
capaci y building o li es yle changes a e aimed
a empowe ing popula ion o ini ia e s uc u al
changes in sys ems and a che ypes. Li es yle
changes usually a e being conside ed as second-
o de enable o sys ema ic changes ins ead o
p ima y d i e . This is because li es yle changes
we e enabled by speci ic in e en ions as well. The
main policies and measu es o change li e s yle
a e awa eness- aising and egula ions. Shi s in
pe spec i e is also being ea ed as second-o de
enable as i is esul o ans o ma i e lea ning o
c ea ion o new na a i es.
T ans o ma i e changes in socie ies necessi a e
mac o-le el changes in socie al s uc u es en ailing
agencies, laws, no ms, echnological and o he
inno a ions, ma ke ins umen s e c. (Chan e
al., 2017, 2019, 2022; Kolmuss & Agyeman, 2002;
La son e al., 2015; Lo enzoni e al., 2007).
Acco ding o (Bake e al., 2019) ans o ma i e
change cap u es ans o ma ions o indi iduals
including hei beha io and also hei choices,
alues, mo i a ions, and pe cep ions unde lying
hei beha io s. Indi idual beha io changes
may ha e impac on he way socie al sys ems a e
o med, and socie al sys ems pos ula e policy-
making backg ounds o indi iduals and socie y
(Se o e al., 2016; So acool & G i i hs, 2020)
Thus, o ealising ans o ma i e socie al change
i is necessa y o employ consolida i e me hod ha
in ensely in ol es indi idual-le el and s uc u al-
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T ans o ma i e Changes Towa ds Ca bon Neu al Socie y: Ba ie s and D i e s
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le el elemen s as socie al ans o ma ions can be
ob ained due o in e ace be ween hese elemen s
(O’B ien 2015, 2018).
The e a e se e al possible ac ions ha indi iduals
can pu sue o encou age low ca bon ansi ions.
Some o hese ac ions a e in line wi h indi idual
pu poses o a ge s, whe eas o he ac ions a e
ini ia ed by wide collec i e in e es s. Whe eas hese
speci ic ac ions a e called as p o-en i onmen al
ac ions, hey a e linked o di e se ins umen s and
p ocesses o encou aging social changes. Based on
he assump ions o S e n’s heo y (S e n, 2000; S e n
e al., 2011) and s udy by La son e al. (2015), he
indi idual ac ions linked o ans o ma i e change
can be g ouped in se s: p i a e, social-signaling,
and sys em-changing ac ions o en i onmen ally
signi ican beha io . These ac ion g oups ep esen
he dis inc i e con ibu ions o indi iduals which
can be solely indi idual o a g oup con ibu ion
by en e ing in o a b oade ac ion a ge ing
impo an socie al ou comes. Fo implemen a ion
o ans o ma i e socie al change i is necessa y o
conside each g oup o ac ions ins an aneously.
The i s g oup o ac ion, namely p i a e
ac ions, a e beha io s ha indi iduals pe om
solely in o de o dec ease hei p i a e nega i e
en i onmen al impac s (Kuenkel, 2019). These ype
o indi idual ac ions include ecycling, ene gy and
wa e conse a ion, en i onmen ally conscious
pu chasing, and so on. They also con ibu e o a
dec ease o demand o ene gy o wa e , bu hey
do no au oma ically c ea e pu pose ul wa es
sp eading h ough social media among g ea
numbe o popula ion. The e o e, mos o p i a e
ac ions a e es ic ed o indi idual decision making
and do ha e impac on sol ing s uc u al p oblems.
The second g oup o ac ions o social-signaling
a e indi iduals beha io s aiming o sha e hem wi h
o he people and signal hei p o-en i onmen al
alues and a i udes, o o he s. They include
sha ing o hei a i udes and beha io pa e ns
on social pla o ms and ne wo ks, wea ing special
badges o /and T-shi s wi h en i onmen al slogans,
joining mass p o-en i onmen al e en s like Ea h
Day e c. Such ypes o ac ions a e con ibui ng o
sp eading new social no ms o esponsibili y o
na u e and linked alues and inspi e o he p o-
en i onmen al ac ions (Klain e al. 2017).
The las g oup o ac ions, namely, sys em-
changing ac ions a e he mos impo an g oup o
beha io s hen people pe om collec i ely wi h
he aim o change ins i u ions, egula ions, laws,
policies, co po a e ac ions, e c (Cons an ino e al.,
2022; Geels & Scho , 2010;). These ac ions in ol e
collec i e mee ings, pe i ion signing, speci ic
o ing, ci il non-compliance ac ions, con ibu ions
o NGOs and a ious en i onmen al o ganiza ions.
These ac ions encou age sys ema ic changes and
has impac on many people beha io h ough
policies and measu es, laws and ins i u ions e c.
The h ee g oup o ac ions a e d i en by
ou impo an ac o s (Linne & Wibeck,
2021). The e o e, he ou d i e s o socie al
ans o ma ions owa ds ca bon neu ali y a e
he ollowing: echnology inno a ions, poli ical
economy edis ibu ion, new na a i es, and
ans o ma i e lea ning we e highligh ed in a ious
s udies (Linne & Wibeck, 2020, 2021). These
d i e s can be conside ed as in e en ions in he
socie al sys ems (le e s) a speci ic places (le e age
poin s) (Chan e al., 2017, 2019, 2020). They
ha e impo an consequences in a ious con ex s
o a ious ac o s ha ing di e gen o opposi e
p io i ies and con adic o y isions (Nai o e al.,
2022).
3. App oach and Me hods3. App oach and Me hods
The main app oach ollowed in his pape is he
e iew o ba ie s and d i e s o socie al ans o ma-
ions owa ds ca bon neu ali y in o de o sys ema ize
policies and measu es a ge ing hese ba ie s and
s eng hening d i e s.
The main me hods applied a e: analysis and syn he-
sis and quali a i e assessmen o ba ie s and d i e s
o socie al ans o ma ions owa ds ca bon neu al-
i y based on he esul s o ecen scien i ic esea ch
conduc ed in his ield. The e o e, he quali a i e e-
sea ch me hod was applied o analysis o he main
le e age poin s and le e s o socie al ans o ma ions
owa ds ca bon neu ali y.
4. Ba ie s o T ans o ma ional Changes 4. Ba ie s o T ans o ma ional Changes
Towa ds Ca bon Neu ali yTowa ds Ca bon Neu ali y
The main ba ie s o ans o ma ional changes
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in socie y owa ds ca bon neu ali y a e summa-
ized in he main ollowing a eas: cul u al ba ie s,
economic ba ie s, go e nance and o ganiza ional
ba ie s, echnological and echnical ba ie s, social
and beha io al ba ie s (Lo enzoni e al., 2007; Lu
e al., 2020; Se o e al., 2016;).
De ailed explana ion o ba ie s is p o ided in
Table 1.
Table 1
Ba ie s o Socie al T ansi ion Towa ds Ca bon Neu ali y
Types o ba ie s The main ba ie s
Cul u al ba ie s
Agg essi e d i ing like ailga ing, speeding, ho n honking, obscene ges u es, ed-ligh
unning, blocking he passing lane e c.;
Au onomous/connec ed ehicles o sel -d i ing ca s;
Sha ed (ca pooling and / ide sha ing) mobili y;
Sola ene gy sys ems ins alled in households;
Imp o ed cooks o es, o cleane cooking de ices;
Ene gy e icien hea ing sys ems in households
Economic ba ie s
High ope a ional cos s;
Addi ional capi al cos s o demons a ion plan s and indus ial deploymen ;
Limi ed access o unding and inancing;
Limi ed inancial suppo ins i u ions;
Unknown and apidly changing ma ke condi ions
Go e nance and o ganiza-
ional ba ie s
Limi ed a ailabili y o quali ied s a ;
In ellec ual p ope y managemen e c.;
Va ious limi a ions linked o emissions- ela ed legisla ion;
limi a ions associa ed wi h social accep abili y and en i onmen al p o ec ion;
unce ain y ela ed o ca bon con ac s e c.
Technological and echnical
ba ie s
Limi ed in as uc u e o enewables e c.
Limi ed accessibili y o aw ma e ials
Limi ed a ailabili y o enewable ene gy
Limi ed echnical expe ise and capaci ies
Risk o unsuccess ul de elopmen .
Social and beha io al
No habi s o sa e ene gy, wa e o o he na u al esou ces;
Resis ance o change;
Rebound e ec ;
Social compa ison wi h neighbou s
Social no ms and ne wo ks ha ing impac on speci ic beha iou al no ms
Pe cei ed inequali y by aising he ques ion why should I change my beha iou i o h-
e s won’ change?
A lack o in o ma ion abou ene gy sa ing op ions and bene i s
Lack o in o ma ion and knowledge abou own’s ene gy consump ion
Jus i ica ion o cu en sys em o ene gy consump ion a chi ec u e.
Sou ce: c ea ed by au ho s based on (Chan e al., 2020; Folke e al., 2005; Gi o d, 2011; Lu e al., 2020; Raza e al., 2018,
Rejuda e al., 2018; See ha am e al., 2019; Se o e al., 2016; So acool & G i i hs, 2020)

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T ans o ma i e Changes Towa ds Ca bon Neu al Socie y: Ba ie s and D i e s
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As one can no ice om Table 1, cul u al ba ie s a e
de ined as (So acool & G i i hs, 2020):
• agg essi e d i ing;
• au onomous mobili y;
• sha ed mobili y.
The cul u al ba ie s linked o mode n cooking
and ene gy e iciency imp o emen in households
include:
• sola panels and o he enewable ene gy mi-
c ogene a ion echnologies in households;
• Imp o ed and clean cooks o es;
• E icien elec ici y, hea ing and ho wa e sup-
ply sys ems in households.
The i e speci ic economic ba ie s o low ca bon
ansi ion a e he ollowing (See ha am e al., 2019;
Lu e al., 2020; Chan e al., 2020):
• High ope a ional cos s o new enewable ech-
nologies;
• Addi ional capi al cos s o demons a ion
plan s and indus ial posi ioning;
• Res ic ed access o unding and inancing
sou ces and ins i u ions;
• Unknown and apidly changing ma ke condi-
ions
Go e nance egimes can c ea e impo an ba ie s
o low-ca bon ansi ions as ma ke playe s can con-
es , delay o o e u n low-ca bon ansi ions. Mo e-
o e , he e a e di icul ies linked o lock-in, ensions,
c acks, and des abiliza ion in e ms o go e nance.
The go e nance and o ganisa ional ba ie s consis
o he ollowing hu dles (Folke e al., 2005; Lu e al.,
2020; Se o e al., 2016):
• limi ed a ailabili y o quali ied s a ;
• in ellec ual p ope y managemen e c.;
• a ious limi a ions linked o en i onmen al and
GHG educ ion legisla ion;
• es ic ions connec ed wi h social app op ia e-
ness and en i onmen al secu i y.
• unce ain y ela ed o ca bon con ac s e c.
Wi hin he echnical and echnological ba ie ca -
ego y, he ollowing ba ie s ha e been iden i ied (Lu
e al., 2020; See ha am e al., 2019):
• Limi ed in as uc u e o enewables e c.
• Limi ed accessibili y o aw ma e ials and o he
na u al esou ces;
• Limi ed a ailabili y and in e mi ency o enew-
able ene gy;
• Res ic ed echnical expe ise and capaci ies
• Risk o unsuccess ul de elopmen .
Due o in e mi ency and limi ed a ailabili y o
enewable ene gy i is necessa y o de elop new
in as uc u e and implemen la ge-scale s o age
sys ems and new ins umen s o demand- esponse
lexibili y inc ease. This also equi es o build ca-
paci ies and echnical skills o implemen hese
echnical and echnological hu dles.
The isks linked o unsuccess ul de elopmen show
he p oblems in eaching echnical objec i es o
achie ing hem in sus ainable way as sus ainabili y
issues a e add essed a a la e s age echnologies
de elopmen s age linked o indus ial deploymen .
The e o e, he isks o unsuccess ul echnologies
de elopmen need o be add essed in all s ages o
echnologies de elopmen including R&D ac i i-
ies.
The e a e impo an beha io al ba ie s o low
ca bon ansi ion (Gi o d, 2011; Raza e al., 2018,
Rejuda e al., 2018) like una ailabili y o habi s o
conse e ene gy, wa e o o he na u al esou ces;
Resis ance o change; Rebound e ec in ene gy
sa ing; Social compa ison wi h neighbou s; Social
no ms and ne wo ks ha ing impac on speci ic be-
ha iou al no ms and pe cei ed inequali y by ais-
ing he ques ion why should I change my beha iou
i o he s won’ change? A lack o in o ma ion abou
ene gy sa ing op ions and bene i s and knowledge
abou own’s ene gy consump ion including jus i i-
ca ion o cu en sys em o ene gy consump ion a -
chi ec u e a e also impo an beha io al ba ie s o
sys emic ans o ma ions o ca bon neu al socie y.
5. D i e s o low ca bon ans o ma ions5. D i e s o low ca bon ans o ma ions
The e a e ou d i e s ( echnological inno a-
ions, poli ical economy edis ibu ion, new na -
a i es and ans o ma i e lea ning ha can in e -
e e a di e se poin s o he sys ems and encou age
changes based on he Meadows concep (2008).
The d i e s o ans o ma i e socie al change o-
wa ds ca bon neu ali y a e desc ibed in Table 2.
As one can see om Table 4 all de ined d i e s
a e impo an o ans o ma i e changes owa ds
ca bon neu ali y in socie al sys ems. Fo example,
echnological inno a ions can ha e impac on he
size o ba ie s and he capaci y o change he s uc-
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u e o he socie al sys em. Technology inno a ions
as a d i e o sys em ans o ma ions also has im-
pac on he a e o speed o sys em changes as ech-
nological e olu ions can change d ama ically all
condi ions and lows in sys em. Ne e heless, he
inno a ion b eak h oughs and be unce ain and
p olonged and i apid sys em changes a e an ici-
pa ed i equi es policies and measu es o suppo
echnological inno a ions. I is necessa y o s ess
ha echnological inno a ion and as pene a ion
o enewable and ene gy e icien echnologies a e
c i ical no jus o ene gy sec o , bu also o he
ans o ma ions o en i e socie ies all a ound he
wo ld.
Poli ical economy edis ibu ion be ween
he s a e and he ins i u ions egula ing economic
change and how esou ces—whe he mone a y,
ma e ial o non-ma e ial—a e used and dis ibu ed
wi hin and be ween socie ies (Capo aso & Le ine,
1992; Gilpin, 2016). The main poin s o easoning
on poli ical economy changes as impo an d i e s
a e he ollowing:
1. Boos ing he adap i e capabili y o handle
s uc u al changes in socie al sys ems;
2. Sa egua ding he legi imacy and success o
ans o ma i e in e en ions in socie al s uc u es;
3. Accep ance o poli ical economy powe a -
angemen s.
Thi d impo an d i e – new na a i es ha e
ou impo an unc ions o enable a ans o ma-
ional socie al change owa ds ca bon neu ali y:
• Incen i ise pe cep ions o desi able socie ies;
• Employ he p i a e domain in a collec i e s o-
y;
• Encou age sys ems o meaning ha ing an im-
pac on changes in main conce ns;
• Di ec new o ms o ac i i ies.
In addi ion, new na a i es, oge he wi h po-
li ical economy edis ibu ions, may p o ide o he
mind-shi s necessa y o ensu e ans o ma i e so-
cie al changes.
T ans o ma i e lea ning is an excep ionally
c i ical d i e o ans o ma ions o dynamical and
mul i ace ed sys ems, like socie ies. As ans o -
Table 2
D i e s o T ans o ma i e Change Towa ds Ca bon Neu ali y
D i e s Explana ions
Technological inno a ions
Technological inno a ions ha e impac on he size o ba ie s o socie al ans o ma-
ions and p o ide a lo o powe o shi ing s uc u e o he complex sys ems. Technol-
ogy inno a ion can quickly change he condi ions and lows in socie al s uc u es and
consequen ly e ec he ini ializa ion o changes, he pa h and a e o socie al sys em
changes.
Poli ical economy edis i-
bu ion
The alloca ion o weal h and inancial in luence a e he c i ical d i e s o all ans-
o ma ions. The poli ical economy is esponsible o how ma e ial o non-ma e ial
esou ces a e u ilised and alloca ed wi hin and among socie y membe s. I shows he
links and in e ac ions among he s a e and agencies esponsible o economic changes.
New na a i es
New na a i es is impo an d i e as i can dona e o di ec ing mind-shi s necessa y
o ans o ma i e socie al change. New na a i es can incen i e changes in pe cep-
ions, employ he p i a e sphe e in a collec i e and can in luence sys ems o meaning
and in luence new ac ions.
T ans o ma i e lea ning
T ans o ma i e lea ning is a signi ican d i e o ans o ma ions o socie al s uc u es
which a e dynamic and mul i ace ed. T ans o ma i e lea ning p o ides he shi s in
he long un, pe spec i e and empowe a en i eness o shi s in pa adigms and mind-
se s and inally inspi e indi iduals o go beyond he pa adigms.
Sou ce: c ea ed by au ho s based on (Chan e al., 2020; F azey e al., 2018;; Linne , Wibeck, 2020; 2021; Winkle e al.,
2022; )
www.ce. izja.pl
357
T ans o ma i e Changes Towa ds Ca bon Neu al Socie y: Ba ie s and D i e s
This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License.
ma i e lea ning can p o ide he shi s in long e m
pe spec i es and can empowe no only he shi o
pa adigms and mindse s, bu can inally enable in-
di iduals o su pass he pa adigms.
Hence, he ans o ma i e lea ning can deli e
ins umen s o handle wi h isks and doub s linked
o he long- e m planning o mul i ace ed sys ems.
I enables he capaci y o cope wi h isks and in-
c ease esilience and agili y by enabling people o
become en i onmen al gua dians pe o ming im-
po an jobs o achie e ca bon neu al socie y.
The e o e, echnological inno a ions, poli ical
economy, new na a i es and ans o ma i e lea n-
ing can be conside ed as he main d i e s o socie al
ans o ma ions owa ds ca bon neu ali y, howe -
e heses d i e s need be suppo ed and en o ced by
well-shaped policies and measu es.
5.1. Policies P omo ing T ans o ma i e Socie al
Changes
The low-ca bon ansi ions will s ay inhibi ed
wi hou hough ul and well-es ablished policies
and measu es, esea ch p og ammes e c. ha can
success ully cope wi h he ba ie s c ea ed by cul-
u e, beha io al ba ie s, economic ci cums ances,
go e nance and o ganiza ional hu dles, echnologi-
cal and echnical ba ie s.
So, achie ing socie al ans o ma ions owa ds
ca bon neu ali y, equi es many ins umen s o
suppo d i e s o ans o ma ions. Fo example,
economic policies and measu es like subsidies and
incen i e p og ammes—coupled wi h o he ins u-
men s like in o ma ion dissemina ion and en i-
onmen al awa eness ising, capaci y building o
de elop sand sp ead en i onmen ally iendly and
sus ainable consump ion and s ewa dship exe cises
whe eas p omo ing new social no ms and c ea ing
new alues (Nilsson e al., 2016).
Incen i e p og ammes a e e icien policy mea-
su es including posi i e incen i es like subsidies o
enewables and clean echnologies as well nega i e
incen i es like axes, pollu ion ading sys ems and
o he egula ions aiming a cha ging ca bon con en
o he ene gy ca ie s o consump ion o ossil uels
wi h high ca bon con en (Bako e al., 2022; Con-
s a n ino e al., 2022; F azey e al., 2018; Kuenkel,
2019; Loo bach e al., 2017).
In achie ing low ca bon ansi ion coo dina ion
among sec o s o economy is c ucial. In addi ion,
in eg a ing managemen ac oss adminis a i e silos
and egions is necessa y o p o iding co-bene i s
and a oiding ade-o s be ween compe ing low ca -
bon ansi ion goals among di e en sec o s. The e-
o e, o implemen ing mul iple objec i es policy
cohe ence is necessa y (Nilsson e al., 2016; Pe e son
e al., 2017) gua an eeing he mains eaming o low
ca bon ansi ion goals ac oss a ious ins i u ions
wi hin and among au ho i ies and de eloping ha -
monized policies and measu es ac oss sec o s.
Va ious low ca bon ansi ion ways can be se-
lec ed ha ing di e en isks he e o e, o he ad-
d essing eme ging isks he p ecau iona y p inciple
should be applied, which allow o es he impac o
policies be o e sys em- speci ic p oo o impac has
achie ed. This equi es o unde s and he scale o
changes in ad ance, howe e in he absence o nec-
essa y knowledge o causal ela ionships i is e y
di icul o achie e as social and ecological sys ems
o en include unp edic able phase shi s (Chan e al.,
2020) o e e se (Folke e al., 2005). In his case i is
di icul o de e mine and app op ia ely suppo he
main d i e s in ad ance (Chan e al., 2020).
Policies and measu es including a ious p o-
g ammes and ini ia i es ha pu sue op imal esul s
by p edic ing linea sys em dynamics can p o ide
o undesi able ou comes as socie al sys ems usually
ope a e in nonlinea way (Se o e al., 2016).
Policies and measu es can be mo e success ul in
he long e m i hey a e designed by aking he ol-
lowing p inciples in o accoun (Winkle e al., 2022;
Zhang & Ding, 2022):
• Robus ness owa ds unce ain y;
• Lea ning and adap ing and cul i a ing sys em
esiliency and agili y ia di e si y and edundancy
Cons an en o cemen o laws o s ong ule o
law is necessa y o low ca bon ansi ion (O’B ien,
2015). This is because ule o law is key o p o ec -
ing he public in e es s o cu en and u u e gene a-
ions om in usion by p i a e in e es s. I is impo -
an o s ess ha s ic in e na ional and local laws
and imp o ed en o cemen o exis ing laws a e i al
o ensu e low ca bon ansi ion and ans o ma ions
owa ds ca bon neu al socie y (See ha am e al.,
2019; Winkle e al., 2022).
358
Dalia S eimikiene
10.5709/ce.1897-9254.515DOI: CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS
Vol. 17 Issue 3 351-3602023
The well-de eloped ha monized a ac oss sec o s
policies and measu es a ge ing he coping wi h he
main ba ie s and suppo ing he main d i e s o
socie al ans o ma ions owa ds ca bon neu ali y
enable as e socie al ans o ma ions.
6. Conclusions6. Conclusions
T ans o ma i e socie al changes owa ds ca bon
neu ali y equi es analysis o ba ie s and d i e s
o shape policies and measu es o cope wi h hese
ba ie s and suppo d i e s. I is impo an o s ess
ha ans o ma i e changes owa ds ca bon neu al
socie y can be achie ed by in e ela ing ans o -
ma ions ac oss socie al sys em s uc u es in ol ing
a ious social, cul u al, and poli ical con ex s, while
hese ans o ma ions encoun e con lic s among
goals and ine i able ade-o s.
The main ba ie s o socie al ans o ma ions a e
cul u al, economic, go e nance and echnological.
The main d i e s o ans o ma i e socie al
changes owa ds ca bon neu ali y a e echnological
inno a ions; poli ical economy edis ibu ion, new
na a i es and ans o ma i e lea ning.
The main policies and measu es o suppo ans-
o ma i e socie al changes owa ds ca bon neu-
ali y include: a a ious incen i e schemes and
p og ammes—coupled wi h in o ma ion dissemi-
na ion, educa ion and capaci y building— o ensu e
sus ainable consump ion p ac ices whe eas cul i-
a ing new social no ms and alues. Coo dina ion
ac oss all sec o s and ju isdic ions is i al o a ain-
ing mul iple objec i es and demands policy cohe -
ence. The p ecau iona y p inciple should be applied.
Policies need o be obus o unce ain y, able o
lea n and adap and o cul i a e sys em esilience o
main ain c i ical unc ions in he ace o dis u bance
and change. Consis en en o cemen o laws is also
necessa y.
Policy make s should discuss wi h communi y
leade s abou hei ene gy consump ion and mobil-
i y needs. Policy make s can lea n om he p e i-
ous o he policies, p ojec s, and campaigns. Policy
make s need o pay mo e a en ion on s eng hen-
ing he ins i u ional capaci y o local communi ies
by no i ying and eaching hem abou he new ech-
nologies.
Ins ead o egula ly us ing on impo ed ech-
nologies, p og ams can ini ia e and p omo e local
design, manu ac u e o new echnologies p o ided
by local con ac o s unde s anding well he cul u al
alues o hei end-use s. The e o e, cul u al ends
need o conside ed as a main compe ence necessa y
wi hin he o ganiza ions engaged in implemen a-
ion o low-ca bon ansi ions.
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