Transformative changes towards carbon neutral society: Barriers and drivers

Š eimikienė, Dalia A icle T ans o ma i e changes owa ds ca bon neu al socie y: Ba ie s and d i e s Con empo a y Economics P o ided in Coope a ion wi h: VIZJA Uni e si y, Wa saw Sugges ed Ci a ion: Š eimikienė, Dalia (2023) : T ans o ma i e changes owa ds ca bon neu al socie y: Ba ie s and d i e s, Con empo a y Economics, ISSN 2300-8814, Uni e si y o Economics and Human Sciences in Wa saw, Wa saw, Vol. 17, Iss. 3, pp. 351-360, h ps://doi.o g/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.515 This Ve sion is a ailable a : h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/297637 S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen: Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den. Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen. 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The ba ie s o clima e change mi iga ion and mechanisms o o e come hese ba ie s and achie e ans o - ma i e changes owa ds ca bon neu al socie y need o be in es iga ed in o de o de ine he main d i e s and ba ie s o ans o ma i e change owa ds ca bon neu ali y and how policies and measu es can be de el- oped o o e come ba ie s and o suppo d i e s. The main d i e s o ans o ma i e change ha include a i- ous ypes o ins i u ions including social no ms and ules, go e nance schemes, cul u al alues, demog aphic, social, economic, echnical and echnological elemen s a e analysed and sys ema ized based on li e a u e e iew. T ans o ma i e change owa ds ca bon neu al socie y necessi a es sys ema ic changes as simple scaling-up is no enough. These impo an oles a e he le e s o main pa hways o achie ing ans o ma i e change owa ds a ca bon neu al socie y. 1. In oduc ion1. In oduc ion Eu opean Commission (EC) in 2018 de eloped long- e m s a egy o achie emen o clima e-neu- al socie y by 2050 in acco dance wi h he Pa is Ag eemen . In 2019 Eu opean Council endo sed his objec i e and The Eu opean Pa liamen in o- duced ne -ze o g eenhouse (GHG) emission a ge in esolu ions on clima e change and Eu opean G een Deal by 2020. The Eu opean Union (EU) has de eloped i s long- e m low g eenhouse gas emission de elopmen s a egy o he Uni ed Na- ions F amewo k Con en ion on Clima e Change (UNFCCC) in 2020 by including hese objec i es as well. The go e nance egula ion equi es EU MS (Membe S a es) o p esen hei na ional long- e m low g eenhouse gas emission de elopmen s a egies o EC by 1 Janua y 2020 and 2029 and e e y 10 yea s he ea e . EC p o ides suppo o MS in de eloping long- e m s a egies, how- e e deep deca bonisa ion equi es ans o ma- i e changes in all EU Membe S a es and o he achie ing low ca bon ansi ion and implemen ing hese long e m clima e s a egies he dis up ion o ossil uel-based economies and shi o ca bon ee ene gy sec o and clima e sma and esilien socie ies is necessa y. Au ho s (B and, 2016; Chan e al., 2020; Fazey e al., 2018; Hölsche e al., 2018; Linne & Vilbeck, 2020, 2021; Pa e son e al. 2017; Winkle e al., 2022) ag ee ha socie al ans o ma- ion o ca bon neu ali y en ails essen ial, uni e sal and sys ema ic, non-linea ans o ma ions in a i- ous sphe es o socie ies. The e is no ag eemen in he inc easing numbe o s udies on ans o ma ional changes and ansi- ion go e nance abou how socie al changes can be ealised and p omo ed. T ans o ma i e Changes Towa ds Ca bon Neu al Socie y: Ba ie s and D i e s ABSTRACT H30, P18, Q20, Q30. KEY WORDS: JEL Classi ica ion: ans o ma i e changes; ca bon neu al socie y; ba ie s, d i e s, policies and measu es. Vy au as Magnus Uni e si y, Ag icul u e Academy, Bioeconomy Resea ch Ins i u e, Li huania Co espondence conce ning his a icle should be add essed o: Dalia S eimikiene, Vy au as Magnus Uni e si y Ag icul u e Acad- emy, Bioeconomy Resea ch Ins i u e, S uden u 11, Akademija, 53361, Kaunas dis ic , Li huania . E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Dalia S eimikiene P ima y submission: 17.03.2023 | Final accep ance: 20.07.2023 352 Dalia S eimikiene 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.515DOI: CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS Vol. 17 Issue 3 351-3602023 This pape aims o o e come his gap and is dedica ed o comp ehensi e analysis o ba ie s o ans o ma i e changes owa ds ca bon neu al socie y and d i e s ha can in luence success ul so- cie al ans o ma ions. The policies and measu es aiming o cope wi h ba ie s o socie al ans o - ma ions and suppo d i e s o hese p ocesses a e discussed. The pape is o ganised in he ollowing way: in second sec ion li e a u e e iew on socie al ans- o ma ions owa ds ca bon neu ali y; in hi d sec ion me hods and da a a e desc ibed; in o h sec ion he ba ie s o ans o ma i e changes a e sys ema ized; in i h sec ion d i e s o socie al changes a e in es iga ed, in six h sec ion policies and measu es a e de ined o cope wi h ba ie s and suppo d i e s, in se en h sec ion conclusions a e p o ided. 2. Li e a u e Re iew2. Li e a u e Re iew The de ini ion le e age poin s, i s ly was in oduced by Donella Meadows (2008). This concep aims o de ine places o in e e e in a s uc u e whe e a mino modi ica ion can p o ide o a huge change in beha io (Meadows, 2008, 2008). So, i is impo an o analyse a ious d i e s o sys em change ha ing impac on low ca bon ene gy use in e ms o echnology, ins i u ions, beha io , and cul u e. A sys em unde conside a ion can be economic sec o , business en e p ise, egion, ci y, communi y and so on. Meadows (2008) de ined 7 le e age poin s and o de ed hem om he lowes deg ee o impac o he mos signi ican impac o ans o ming he sys em. Au ho s in analysis o socie al ans o ma ions owa ds ca bon neu al socie y highligh s he impo ance o go e nance o ans o ma ions. (Bies a, 2016; Bodin, 2017; Folke e al., 2005; Loo bach, 2010; Loo bach e al., 2010, 2017; Pa e son e al., 2017). In de eloping o lowe income coun ies he handling wi h ongoing socie al deep deca boniza ion ans o ma ions we e buil on con inuing go e nance o economic and social ans o ma ion. (Linnė & Wibeck 2020, 2021). The go e nance o economic and social ans o ma ions is he con ol o powe s dedica ed o seizu e handle s making socie ies mo e obus in handling ongoing long- e m change and ollowing p oblems o dynamical complexi y. The au ho s (B ond zio e al., 2019; Chan e al., 2022; Cons an ino e al., 2022; 2020; Diaz e al., 2019; Kuenkel 2019; Linnė & Wibeck 2021; Lu e al, 2020;) men ioned a wide ange o d i e s including echnological inno a ions, inancial incen i es, educa ion and changes in a i udes ha ing impac on socie al ans o ma ions owa ds ca bon neu ali y. Leade ship, new alues, en i onmen al awa eness, public pa icipa ion, and communica ion, ins i u ional change, echnological inno a ions and deploymen we e de ined as signi ican ac o s o deli e ing impo an ans o ma ions o he se objec i es o deep deca boniza ion. Educa ion and capaci y building o li es yle changes a e aimed a empowe ing popula ion o ini ia e s uc u al changes in sys ems and a che ypes. Li es yle changes usually a e being conside ed as second- o de enable o sys ema ic changes ins ead o p ima y d i e . This is because li es yle changes we e enabled by speci ic in e en ions as well. The main policies and measu es o change li e s yle a e awa eness- aising and egula ions. Shi s in pe spec i e is also being ea ed as second-o de enable as i is esul o ans o ma i e lea ning o c ea ion o new na a i es. T ans o ma i e changes in socie ies necessi a e mac o-le el changes in socie al s uc u es en ailing agencies, laws, no ms, echnological and o he inno a ions, ma ke ins umen s e c. (Chan e al., 2017, 2019, 2022; Kolmuss & Agyeman, 2002; La son e al., 2015; Lo enzoni e al., 2007). Acco ding o (Bake e al., 2019) ans o ma i e change cap u es ans o ma ions o indi iduals including hei beha io and also hei choices, alues, mo i a ions, and pe cep ions unde lying hei beha io s. Indi idual beha io changes may ha e impac on he way socie al sys ems a e o med, and socie al sys ems pos ula e policy- making backg ounds o indi iduals and socie y (Se o e al., 2016; So acool & G i i hs, 2020) Thus, o ealising ans o ma i e socie al change i is necessa y o employ consolida i e me hod ha in ensely in ol es indi idual-le el and s uc u al- www.ce. izja.pl 353 T ans o ma i e Changes Towa ds Ca bon Neu al Socie y: Ba ie s and D i e s This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License. le el elemen s as socie al ans o ma ions can be ob ained due o in e ace be ween hese elemen s (O’B ien 2015, 2018). The e a e se e al possible ac ions ha indi iduals can pu sue o encou age low ca bon ansi ions. Some o hese ac ions a e in line wi h indi idual pu poses o a ge s, whe eas o he ac ions a e ini ia ed by wide collec i e in e es s. Whe eas hese speci ic ac ions a e called as p o-en i onmen al ac ions, hey a e linked o di e se ins umen s and p ocesses o encou aging social changes. Based on he assump ions o S e n’s heo y (S e n, 2000; S e n e al., 2011) and s udy by La son e al. (2015), he indi idual ac ions linked o ans o ma i e change can be g ouped in se s: p i a e, social-signaling, and sys em-changing ac ions o en i onmen ally signi ican beha io . These ac ion g oups ep esen he dis inc i e con ibu ions o indi iduals which can be solely indi idual o a g oup con ibu ion by en e ing in o a b oade ac ion a ge ing impo an socie al ou comes. Fo implemen a ion o ans o ma i e socie al change i is necessa y o conside each g oup o ac ions ins an aneously. The i s g oup o ac ion, namely p i a e ac ions, a e beha io s ha indi iduals pe om solely in o de o dec ease hei p i a e nega i e en i onmen al impac s (Kuenkel, 2019). These ype o indi idual ac ions include ecycling, ene gy and wa e conse a ion, en i onmen ally conscious pu chasing, and so on. They also con ibu e o a dec ease o demand o ene gy o wa e , bu hey do no au oma ically c ea e pu pose ul wa es sp eading h ough social media among g ea numbe o popula ion. The e o e, mos o p i a e ac ions a e es ic ed o indi idual decision making and do ha e impac on sol ing s uc u al p oblems. The second g oup o ac ions o social-signaling a e indi iduals beha io s aiming o sha e hem wi h o he people and signal hei p o-en i onmen al alues and a i udes, o o he s. They include sha ing o hei a i udes and beha io pa e ns on social pla o ms and ne wo ks, wea ing special badges o /and T-shi s wi h en i onmen al slogans, joining mass p o-en i onmen al e en s like Ea h Day e c. Such ypes o ac ions a e con ibui ng o sp eading new social no ms o esponsibili y o na u e and linked alues and inspi e o he p o- en i onmen al ac ions (Klain e al. 2017). The las g oup o ac ions, namely, sys em- changing ac ions a e he mos impo an g oup o beha io s hen people pe om collec i ely wi h he aim o change ins i u ions, egula ions, laws, policies, co po a e ac ions, e c (Cons an ino e al., 2022; Geels & Scho , 2010;). These ac ions in ol e collec i e mee ings, pe i ion signing, speci ic o ing, ci il non-compliance ac ions, con ibu ions o NGOs and a ious en i onmen al o ganiza ions. These ac ions encou age sys ema ic changes and has impac on many people beha io h ough policies and measu es, laws and ins i u ions e c. The h ee g oup o ac ions a e d i en by ou impo an ac o s (Linne & Wibeck, 2021). The e o e, he ou d i e s o socie al ans o ma ions owa ds ca bon neu ali y a e he ollowing: echnology inno a ions, poli ical economy edis ibu ion, new na a i es, and ans o ma i e lea ning we e highligh ed in a ious s udies (Linne & Wibeck, 2020, 2021). These d i e s can be conside ed as in e en ions in he socie al sys ems (le e s) a speci ic places (le e age poin s) (Chan e al., 2017, 2019, 2020). They ha e impo an consequences in a ious con ex s o a ious ac o s ha ing di e gen o opposi e p io i ies and con adic o y isions (Nai o e al., 2022). 3. App oach and Me hods3. App oach and Me hods The main app oach ollowed in his pape is he e iew o ba ie s and d i e s o socie al ans o ma- ions owa ds ca bon neu ali y in o de o sys ema ize policies and measu es a ge ing hese ba ie s and s eng hening d i e s. The main me hods applied a e: analysis and syn he- sis and quali a i e assessmen o ba ie s and d i e s o socie al ans o ma ions owa ds ca bon neu al- i y based on he esul s o ecen scien i ic esea ch conduc ed in his ield. The e o e, he quali a i e e- sea ch me hod was applied o analysis o he main le e age poin s and le e s o socie al ans o ma ions owa ds ca bon neu ali y. 4. Ba ie s o T ans o ma ional Changes 4. Ba ie s o T ans o ma ional Changes Towa ds Ca bon Neu ali yTowa ds Ca bon Neu ali y The main ba ie s o ans o ma ional changes 354 Dalia S eimikiene 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.515DOI: CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS Vol. 17 Issue 3 351-3602023 in socie y owa ds ca bon neu ali y a e summa- ized in he main ollowing a eas: cul u al ba ie s, economic ba ie s, go e nance and o ganiza ional ba ie s, echnological and echnical ba ie s, social and beha io al ba ie s (Lo enzoni e al., 2007; Lu e al., 2020; Se o e al., 2016;). De ailed explana ion o ba ie s is p o ided in Table 1. Table 1 Ba ie s o Socie al T ansi ion Towa ds Ca bon Neu ali y Types o ba ie s The main ba ie s Cul u al ba ie s Agg essi e d i ing like ailga ing, speeding, ho n honking, obscene ges u es, ed-ligh unning, blocking he passing lane e c.; Au onomous/connec ed ehicles o sel -d i ing ca s; Sha ed (ca pooling and / ide sha ing) mobili y; Sola ene gy sys ems ins alled in households; Imp o ed cooks o es, o cleane cooking de ices; Ene gy e icien hea ing sys ems in households Economic ba ie s High ope a ional cos s; Addi ional capi al cos s o demons a ion plan s and indus ial deploymen ; Limi ed access o unding and inancing; Limi ed inancial suppo ins i u ions; Unknown and apidly changing ma ke condi ions Go e nance and o ganiza- ional ba ie s Limi ed a ailabili y o quali ied s a ; In ellec ual p ope y managemen e c.; Va ious limi a ions linked o emissions- ela ed legisla ion; limi a ions associa ed wi h social accep abili y and en i onmen al p o ec ion; unce ain y ela ed o ca bon con ac s e c. Technological and echnical ba ie s Limi ed in as uc u e o enewables e c. Limi ed accessibili y o aw ma e ials Limi ed a ailabili y o enewable ene gy Limi ed echnical expe ise and capaci ies Risk o unsuccess ul de elopmen . Social and beha io al No habi s o sa e ene gy, wa e o o he na u al esou ces; Resis ance o change; Rebound e ec ; Social compa ison wi h neighbou s Social no ms and ne wo ks ha ing impac on speci ic beha iou al no ms Pe cei ed inequali y by aising he ques ion why should I change my beha iou i o h- e s won’ change? A lack o in o ma ion abou ene gy sa ing op ions and bene i s Lack o in o ma ion and knowledge abou own’s ene gy consump ion Jus i ica ion o cu en sys em o ene gy consump ion a chi ec u e. Sou ce: c ea ed by au ho s based on (Chan e al., 2020; Folke e al., 2005; Gi o d, 2011; Lu e al., 2020; Raza e al., 2018, Rejuda e al., 2018; See ha am e al., 2019; Se o e al., 2016; So acool & G i i hs, 2020) www.ce. izja.pl 355 T ans o ma i e Changes Towa ds Ca bon Neu al Socie y: Ba ie s and D i e s This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License. As one can no ice om Table 1, cul u al ba ie s a e de ined as (So acool & G i i hs, 2020): • agg essi e d i ing; • au onomous mobili y; • sha ed mobili y. The cul u al ba ie s linked o mode n cooking and ene gy e iciency imp o emen in households include: • sola panels and o he enewable ene gy mi- c ogene a ion echnologies in households; • Imp o ed and clean cooks o es; • E icien elec ici y, hea ing and ho wa e sup- ply sys ems in households. The i e speci ic economic ba ie s o low ca bon ansi ion a e he ollowing (See ha am e al., 2019; Lu e al., 2020; Chan e al., 2020): • High ope a ional cos s o new enewable ech- nologies; • Addi ional capi al cos s o demons a ion plan s and indus ial posi ioning; • Res ic ed access o unding and inancing sou ces and ins i u ions; • Unknown and apidly changing ma ke condi- ions Go e nance egimes can c ea e impo an ba ie s o low-ca bon ansi ions as ma ke playe s can con- es , delay o o e u n low-ca bon ansi ions. Mo e- o e , he e a e di icul ies linked o lock-in, ensions, c acks, and des abiliza ion in e ms o go e nance. The go e nance and o ganisa ional ba ie s consis o he ollowing hu dles (Folke e al., 2005; Lu e al., 2020; Se o e al., 2016): • limi ed a ailabili y o quali ied s a ; • in ellec ual p ope y managemen e c.; • a ious limi a ions linked o en i onmen al and GHG educ ion legisla ion; • es ic ions connec ed wi h social app op ia e- ness and en i onmen al secu i y. • unce ain y ela ed o ca bon con ac s e c. Wi hin he echnical and echnological ba ie ca - ego y, he ollowing ba ie s ha e been iden i ied (Lu e al., 2020; See ha am e al., 2019): • Limi ed in as uc u e o enewables e c. • Limi ed accessibili y o aw ma e ials and o he na u al esou ces; • Limi ed a ailabili y and in e mi ency o enew- able ene gy; • Res ic ed echnical expe ise and capaci ies • Risk o unsuccess ul de elopmen . Due o in e mi ency and limi ed a ailabili y o enewable ene gy i is necessa y o de elop new in as uc u e and implemen la ge-scale s o age sys ems and new ins umen s o demand- esponse lexibili y inc ease. This also equi es o build ca- paci ies and echnical skills o implemen hese echnical and echnological hu dles. The isks linked o unsuccess ul de elopmen show he p oblems in eaching echnical objec i es o achie ing hem in sus ainable way as sus ainabili y issues a e add essed a a la e s age echnologies de elopmen s age linked o indus ial deploymen . The e o e, he isks o unsuccess ul echnologies de elopmen need o be add essed in all s ages o echnologies de elopmen including R&D ac i i- ies. The e a e impo an beha io al ba ie s o low ca bon ansi ion (Gi o d, 2011; Raza e al., 2018, Rejuda e al., 2018) like una ailabili y o habi s o conse e ene gy, wa e o o he na u al esou ces; Resis ance o change; Rebound e ec in ene gy sa ing; Social compa ison wi h neighbou s; Social no ms and ne wo ks ha ing impac on speci ic be- ha iou al no ms and pe cei ed inequali y by ais- ing he ques ion why should I change my beha iou i o he s won’ change? A lack o in o ma ion abou ene gy sa ing op ions and bene i s and knowledge abou own’s ene gy consump ion including jus i i- ca ion o cu en sys em o ene gy consump ion a - chi ec u e a e also impo an beha io al ba ie s o sys emic ans o ma ions o ca bon neu al socie y. 5. D i e s o low ca bon ans o ma ions5. D i e s o low ca bon ans o ma ions The e a e ou d i e s ( echnological inno a- ions, poli ical economy edis ibu ion, new na - a i es and ans o ma i e lea ning ha can in e - e e a di e se poin s o he sys ems and encou age changes based on he Meadows concep (2008). The d i e s o ans o ma i e socie al change o- wa ds ca bon neu ali y a e desc ibed in Table 2. As one can see om Table 4 all de ined d i e s a e impo an o ans o ma i e changes owa ds ca bon neu ali y in socie al sys ems. Fo example, echnological inno a ions can ha e impac on he size o ba ie s and he capaci y o change he s uc- 356 Dalia S eimikiene 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.515DOI: CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS Vol. 17 Issue 3 351-3602023 u e o he socie al sys em. Technology inno a ions as a d i e o sys em ans o ma ions also has im- pac on he a e o speed o sys em changes as ech- nological e olu ions can change d ama ically all condi ions and lows in sys em. Ne e heless, he inno a ion b eak h oughs and be unce ain and p olonged and i apid sys em changes a e an ici- pa ed i equi es policies and measu es o suppo echnological inno a ions. I is necessa y o s ess ha echnological inno a ion and as pene a ion o enewable and ene gy e icien echnologies a e c i ical no jus o ene gy sec o , bu also o he ans o ma ions o en i e socie ies all a ound he wo ld. Poli ical economy edis ibu ion be ween he s a e and he ins i u ions egula ing economic change and how esou ces—whe he mone a y, ma e ial o non-ma e ial—a e used and dis ibu ed wi hin and be ween socie ies (Capo aso & Le ine, 1992; Gilpin, 2016). The main poin s o easoning on poli ical economy changes as impo an d i e s a e he ollowing: 1. Boos ing he adap i e capabili y o handle s uc u al changes in socie al sys ems; 2. Sa egua ding he legi imacy and success o ans o ma i e in e en ions in socie al s uc u es; 3. Accep ance o poli ical economy powe a - angemen s. Thi d impo an d i e – new na a i es ha e ou impo an unc ions o enable a ans o ma- ional socie al change owa ds ca bon neu ali y: • Incen i ise pe cep ions o desi able socie ies; • Employ he p i a e domain in a collec i e s o- y; • Encou age sys ems o meaning ha ing an im- pac on changes in main conce ns; • Di ec new o ms o ac i i ies. In addi ion, new na a i es, oge he wi h po- li ical economy edis ibu ions, may p o ide o he mind-shi s necessa y o ensu e ans o ma i e so- cie al changes. T ans o ma i e lea ning is an excep ionally c i ical d i e o ans o ma ions o dynamical and mul i ace ed sys ems, like socie ies. As ans o - Table 2 D i e s o T ans o ma i e Change Towa ds Ca bon Neu ali y D i e s Explana ions Technological inno a ions Technological inno a ions ha e impac on he size o ba ie s o socie al ans o ma- ions and p o ide a lo o powe o shi ing s uc u e o he complex sys ems. Technol- ogy inno a ion can quickly change he condi ions and lows in socie al s uc u es and consequen ly e ec he ini ializa ion o changes, he pa h and a e o socie al sys em changes. Poli ical economy edis i- bu ion The alloca ion o weal h and inancial in luence a e he c i ical d i e s o all ans- o ma ions. The poli ical economy is esponsible o how ma e ial o non-ma e ial esou ces a e u ilised and alloca ed wi hin and among socie y membe s. I shows he links and in e ac ions among he s a e and agencies esponsible o economic changes. New na a i es New na a i es is impo an d i e as i can dona e o di ec ing mind-shi s necessa y o ans o ma i e socie al change. New na a i es can incen i e changes in pe cep- ions, employ he p i a e sphe e in a collec i e and can in luence sys ems o meaning and in luence new ac ions. T ans o ma i e lea ning T ans o ma i e lea ning is a signi ican d i e o ans o ma ions o socie al s uc u es which a e dynamic and mul i ace ed. T ans o ma i e lea ning p o ides he shi s in he long un, pe spec i e and empowe a en i eness o shi s in pa adigms and mind- se s and inally inspi e indi iduals o go beyond he pa adigms. Sou ce: c ea ed by au ho s based on (Chan e al., 2020; F azey e al., 2018;; Linne , Wibeck, 2020; 2021; Winkle e al., 2022; ) www.ce. izja.pl 357 T ans o ma i e Changes Towa ds Ca bon Neu al Socie y: Ba ie s and D i e s This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License. ma i e lea ning can p o ide he shi s in long e m pe spec i es and can empowe no only he shi o pa adigms and mindse s, bu can inally enable in- di iduals o su pass he pa adigms. Hence, he ans o ma i e lea ning can deli e ins umen s o handle wi h isks and doub s linked o he long- e m planning o mul i ace ed sys ems. I enables he capaci y o cope wi h isks and in- c ease esilience and agili y by enabling people o become en i onmen al gua dians pe o ming im- po an jobs o achie e ca bon neu al socie y. The e o e, echnological inno a ions, poli ical economy, new na a i es and ans o ma i e lea n- ing can be conside ed as he main d i e s o socie al ans o ma ions owa ds ca bon neu ali y, howe - e heses d i e s need be suppo ed and en o ced by well-shaped policies and measu es. 5.1. Policies P omo ing T ans o ma i e Socie al Changes The low-ca bon ansi ions will s ay inhibi ed wi hou hough ul and well-es ablished policies and measu es, esea ch p og ammes e c. ha can success ully cope wi h he ba ie s c ea ed by cul- u e, beha io al ba ie s, economic ci cums ances, go e nance and o ganiza ional hu dles, echnologi- cal and echnical ba ie s. So, achie ing socie al ans o ma ions owa ds ca bon neu ali y, equi es many ins umen s o suppo d i e s o ans o ma ions. Fo example, economic policies and measu es like subsidies and incen i e p og ammes—coupled wi h o he ins u- men s like in o ma ion dissemina ion and en i- onmen al awa eness ising, capaci y building o de elop sand sp ead en i onmen ally iendly and sus ainable consump ion and s ewa dship exe cises whe eas p omo ing new social no ms and c ea ing new alues (Nilsson e al., 2016). Incen i e p og ammes a e e icien policy mea- su es including posi i e incen i es like subsidies o enewables and clean echnologies as well nega i e incen i es like axes, pollu ion ading sys ems and o he egula ions aiming a cha ging ca bon con en o he ene gy ca ie s o consump ion o ossil uels wi h high ca bon con en (Bako e al., 2022; Con- s a n ino e al., 2022; F azey e al., 2018; Kuenkel, 2019; Loo bach e al., 2017). In achie ing low ca bon ansi ion coo dina ion among sec o s o economy is c ucial. In addi ion, in eg a ing managemen ac oss adminis a i e silos and egions is necessa y o p o iding co-bene i s and a oiding ade-o s be ween compe ing low ca - bon ansi ion goals among di e en sec o s. The e- o e, o implemen ing mul iple objec i es policy cohe ence is necessa y (Nilsson e al., 2016; Pe e son e al., 2017) gua an eeing he mains eaming o low ca bon ansi ion goals ac oss a ious ins i u ions wi hin and among au ho i ies and de eloping ha - monized policies and measu es ac oss sec o s. Va ious low ca bon ansi ion ways can be se- lec ed ha ing di e en isks he e o e, o he ad- d essing eme ging isks he p ecau iona y p inciple should be applied, which allow o es he impac o policies be o e sys em- speci ic p oo o impac has achie ed. This equi es o unde s and he scale o changes in ad ance, howe e in he absence o nec- essa y knowledge o causal ela ionships i is e y di icul o achie e as social and ecological sys ems o en include unp edic able phase shi s (Chan e al., 2020) o e e se (Folke e al., 2005). In his case i is di icul o de e mine and app op ia ely suppo he main d i e s in ad ance (Chan e al., 2020). Policies and measu es including a ious p o- g ammes and ini ia i es ha pu sue op imal esul s by p edic ing linea sys em dynamics can p o ide o undesi able ou comes as socie al sys ems usually ope a e in nonlinea way (Se o e al., 2016). Policies and measu es can be mo e success ul in he long e m i hey a e designed by aking he ol- lowing p inciples in o accoun (Winkle e al., 2022; Zhang & Ding, 2022): • Robus ness owa ds unce ain y; • Lea ning and adap ing and cul i a ing sys em esiliency and agili y ia di e si y and edundancy Cons an en o cemen o laws o s ong ule o law is necessa y o low ca bon ansi ion (O’B ien, 2015). This is because ule o law is key o p o ec - ing he public in e es s o cu en and u u e gene a- ions om in usion by p i a e in e es s. I is impo - an o s ess ha s ic in e na ional and local laws and imp o ed en o cemen o exis ing laws a e i al o ensu e low ca bon ansi ion and ans o ma ions owa ds ca bon neu al socie y (See ha am e al., 2019; Winkle e al., 2022). 358 Dalia S eimikiene 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.515DOI: CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS Vol. 17 Issue 3 351-3602023 The well-de eloped ha monized a ac oss sec o s policies and measu es a ge ing he coping wi h he main ba ie s and suppo ing he main d i e s o socie al ans o ma ions owa ds ca bon neu ali y enable as e socie al ans o ma ions. 6. Conclusions6. Conclusions T ans o ma i e socie al changes owa ds ca bon neu ali y equi es analysis o ba ie s and d i e s o shape policies and measu es o cope wi h hese ba ie s and suppo d i e s. I is impo an o s ess ha ans o ma i e changes owa ds ca bon neu al socie y can be achie ed by in e ela ing ans o - ma ions ac oss socie al sys em s uc u es in ol ing a ious social, cul u al, and poli ical con ex s, while hese ans o ma ions encoun e con lic s among goals and ine i able ade-o s. The main ba ie s o socie al ans o ma ions a e cul u al, economic, go e nance and echnological. The main d i e s o ans o ma i e socie al changes owa ds ca bon neu ali y a e echnological inno a ions; poli ical economy edis ibu ion, new na a i es and ans o ma i e lea ning. The main policies and measu es o suppo ans- o ma i e socie al changes owa ds ca bon neu- ali y include: a a ious incen i e schemes and p og ammes—coupled wi h in o ma ion dissemi- na ion, educa ion and capaci y building— o ensu e sus ainable consump ion p ac ices whe eas cul i- a ing new social no ms and alues. Coo dina ion ac oss all sec o s and ju isdic ions is i al o a ain- ing mul iple objec i es and demands policy cohe - ence. The p ecau iona y p inciple should be applied. Policies need o be obus o unce ain y, able o lea n and adap and o cul i a e sys em esilience o main ain c i ical unc ions in he ace o dis u bance and change. Consis en en o cemen o laws is also necessa y. Policy make s should discuss wi h communi y leade s abou hei ene gy consump ion and mobil- i y needs. Policy make s can lea n om he p e i- ous o he policies, p ojec s, and campaigns. Policy make s need o pay mo e a en ion on s eng hen- ing he ins i u ional capaci y o local communi ies by no i ying and eaching hem abou he new ech- nologies. Ins ead o egula ly us ing on impo ed ech- nologies, p og ams can ini ia e and p omo e local design, manu ac u e o new echnologies p o ided by local con ac o s unde s anding well he cul u al alues o hei end-use s. 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