Bao, Wenchao; Chen, Beie ; Yan, Minghui
A icle
Analysis o mul i- ac o dynamic coupling and go e nmen
in e en ion le el o u baniza ion in China: E idence om
he Yang ze Ri e economic bel
Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessmen Jou nal
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Bao, Wenchao; Chen, Beie ; Yan, Minghui (2024) : Analysis o mul i- ac o
dynamic coupling and go e nmen in e en ion le el o u baniza ion in China: E idence om
he Yang ze Ri e economic bel , Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessmen Jou nal, ISSN
1864-6042, De G uy e , Be lin, Vol. 18, Iss. 1, pp. 1-18,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1515/econ-2022-0065
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Resea ch A icle
Wenchao Bao, Beie Chen*, and Minghui Yan
Analysis o Mul i-Fac o Dynamic Coupling and
Go e nmen In e en ion Le el o U baniza ion
in China: E idence om he Yang ze Ri e
Economic Bel
h ps://doi.o g/10.1515/econ-2022-0065
ecei ed Ap il 20, 2023; accep ed No embe 18, 2023
Abs ac : Effec i e coo dina ion o u baniza ion dynamics
and influencing ac o s is c ucial o achie ing balanced
de elopmen . This s udy analyzes u baniza ion, economic,
and en i onmen al da a o he Yang ze Ri e Economic
Bel om 2005 o 2019 using he Coupling Deg ee model
and En opy Me hod wi h he Analy ic Hie a chy P ocess,
ocusing on he coo dina ion be ween u baniza ion de elop-
men , economic de elopmen , and en i onmen al p o ec ion
(EP). I highligh s he significance o go e nmen in e en ions
and he necessa y le el o go e nmen engagemen in en i -
onmen al ma e s o ha monized de elopmen ac oss
egions. Findings show ha highe u baniza ion and eco-
nomic le els align wi h obus en i onmen al sa egua ds
acili a ed by ac i e go e nmen in e en ions. Con e sely,
lowe le els may lead o educed EP, influenced by go -
e nmen ac ions. The s udy enhances unde s anding o
he in e play be ween u baniza ion, economic g ow h,
and en i onmen al conse a ion, unde lining he go e n-
men ’s ole in coo dina ion. Diffe en de elopmen s ages
e eal he impo ance o go e nmen en i onmen al
in e en ions o policy o mula ion. In oducing he
ela i ely unexplo ed a iable o go e nmen policy, he
s udy es ablishes a comp ehensi e amewo k o in e -
en ions, en iching coo dina ion analysis and insigh s.
Keywo ds: u baniza ion, economic de elopmen , coupling
deg ee, en i onmen , go e nmen policy, he Yang ze Ri e
Economic Bel
1 In oduc ion
The coo dina ion o u baniza ion, economic de elopmen
(ED), and en i onmen al p o ec ion (EP) is a significan
esea ch opic. U baniza ion se es as a mic ocosm o socie al
p ocesses. A e se e al decades o GDP g ow h, China has
en e ed a new e a o de elopmen , shi ing om pu suing
high-speed g ow h o high-quali y de elopmen . Howe e ,
he cu en scena io depic s u baniza ion e ol ing wi hou
sufficien coo dina ion. This lack o coo dina ion has yielded
consequences, including hinde ing economic g ow h and
en i onmen al deg ada ion. The Chinese go e nmen is
ac i ely implemen ing measu es o add ess his si ua ion,
no ably clima e change, by commi ing o peak ca bon emis-
sions a ound 2030 and s i ing o achie e his goal soone
(Zhou e al., 2019a,b). The pu sui o highe -quali y u bani-
za ion has become impe a i e. On Decembe 29, 2014,
China officially announced he lis o na ional pilo zones
o new- ype u baniza ion, emphasizing he need o com-
p ehensi ely implemen egional coo dina ed de elopmen
s a egies, op imize significan p oduc i i y layou s, and con-
s uc a egional economic s uc u e and e i o ial spa ial
sys em ea u ing complemen a y s eng hs and high-quali y
de elopmen (Chen e al., 2018). As a ec o o egional coo -
dina ed de elopmen , he en i onmen cons ains u he
u baniza ion and economic ad ancemen . In his con ex , ha -
monizing u baniza ion, ED, and EP is pi o al o achie ing
mo e comp ehensi e, balanced, and inclusi e de elopmen .
P e ious esea ch has shown ce ain limi a ions. Fi s ,
he e needs o be mo e explo a ion o go e nmen en i -
onmen al policy decisions as a ocal poin o enhancing
he coo dina ion among u baniza ion de elopmen (UD),
ED, and EP. Such in es iga ion is essen ial o p o iding
p ac ical ecommenda ions o add ess he eal-wo ld chal-
lenge o disha mony among hese ac o s. Second, a comp e-
hensi e and sys emic analysis o he in e ac ions be ween UD,
ED, and he en i onmen needs o be imp o ed. These gaps
Wenchao Bao: School o Managemen , Lanzhou Uni e si y, Lanzhou
730000, China
* Co esponding au ho : Beie Chen, School o Economics and
Managemen , Lanzhou Jiao ong Uni e si y, Lanzhou 730070, China,
e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Minghui Yan: College o Ea h and En i onmen al Sciences, Lanzhou
Uni e si y, Lanzhou 730000, China
Economics 2024; 18: 20220065
Open Access. © 2024 he au ho (s), published by De G uy e . This wo k is licensed unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License.
p o ide oppo uni ies o u he s udy in ou esea ch. The
de ails o his aspec will ecei e u he elabo a ion in he
upcoming chap e o he a icle.
Building upon p e ious esea ch, his s udy has ga h-
e ed u baniza ion, economic, and en i onmen al da a span-
ning om 2005 o 2019. The da a will be u ilized o a mul i ac o
coo dina ion analysis using he CD model. As pe o mance
imp o es wi h s a egic planning (Osin se & Khalilian, 2023),
his a icle aims o comp ehensi ely analyze he in e egional
coo dina ion be ween UD, ED, and he en i onmen , employing
go e nmen en i onmen al policy as a ocal poin . The s udy
will s a i y he coo dina ion abili ies o u baniza ion, economy,
and en i onmen wi hin egions and co ela e hese esul s wi h
go e nmen en i onmen al policies. This app oach explo es he
possibili y o go e nmen in e en ion s a egies a ge ing highly
coo dina ed u baniza ion, ED, and en i onmen al p ese a ion.
S a i ying coo dina ion abili ies wi hin egions offe s a clea e
unde s anding o he a ying le els o coo dina ion be ween
u baniza ion, ED, and he en i onmen ac oss diffe en egions.
Co ela ing hese esul s wi h go e nmen en i onmen al poli-
cies will aid in c a ing p ecise en i onmen al policies ha os e
highly coo dina ed u baniza ion, economic g ow h, and en i -
onmen al p ese a ion, s i ing o a balanced app oach. The
s udy’sfindings will p o ide aluable insigh s o go e nmen al
decisions, academic esea ch, and egional de elopmen
p ac ices, os e ing syne gis ic de elopmen among egional ele-
men s and p omo ing a win–win si ua ion o economic p os-
pe i y and EP.
In he ollowing sec ions o his a icle, we del e in o
a ious aspec s o UD and i s in ica e ela ionship wi h ED,
he en i onmen , and he ole played by go e nmen
en i onmen al policies. In Sec. 2, ou Li e a u e Re iew
sc u inizes hese ela ionships, shedding ligh on he in e -
connec ed dynamics. Sec ion 3, Ma e ials and Me hods, is
dedica ed o in es iga ing he influence o ED, en i on-
men al p ese a ion, and go e nmen policies on u bani-
za ion. We employ a comp ehensi e analy ical app oach,
u ilizing he Coupling Deg ee (CD) model, he En opy
Me hod (EM), and he Analy ic Hie a chy P ocess (AHP), o
me iculously analyze da a om 2005 o 2019 in he Yang ze
Ri e Economic Bel (YREB). Sec ion 4, Resul s, p o ides an
in-dep h analysis o he coupling ou comes be ween u bani-
za ion and ED, en i onmen al ac o s, and go e nmen
en i onmen al policies. Sec ion 5, he Discussion, ex ends
ou explo a ion by in eg a ing ou esea ch findings wi h
exis ing s udies, os e ing a mo e p o ound unde s anding
o he in e play be ween u baniza ion, ED, he en i onmen ,
and go e nmen en i onmen al policies. Finally, in Sec ion
6, ou Conclusions sec ion offe s a comp ehensi e summa y
o ou esea ch findings, highligh s hei inno a i e signifi-
cance, and ou lines po en ial a enues o u u e esea ch.
2 Li e a u e Re iew
2.1 U baniza ion and ED
The necessi y o coo dina ing u baniza ion and ED is e i-
den in wo aspec s. The fi s eason lies in he ad e se
impac apid u baniza ion poses on economic g ow h.
Issues s emming om popula ion u baniza ion and land
u baniza ion, such as su ging u ban popula ion, deg ada ion
o wa e and soil esou ces, educ ion in a able land, and
uncon olled land use, hinde u he economic ad ance-
men . Specifically, u baniza ion igge s changes in land use
ypes, leading o se e e ecological and en i onmen al p o-
blems and jeopa dizing he ha monious ela ionship be ween
humans and na u e (A ne h e al., 2017; Yin e al., 2020). The
second eason is he mu ually beneficial ela ionship be ween
he u baniza ion p ocess and ED. Economic p og ess p o ides
essen ial ma e ial ounda ions, echnical suppo , and ins i u-
ional sa egua ds o u baniza ion. U baniza ion enhances
popula ion quali y, labo p oduc i i y, and esou ce alloca-
ion efficiency, acili a ing solu ions o c i ical ED challenges,
including indus ial ans o ma ion and upg ading, economic
s uc u al op imiza ion, and enhanced de elopmen al igo
(Vu u , 2022).
The coo dina ion be ween u baniza ion and ED has
become an u gen issue equi ing esolu ion. P e ious
esea ch in his a ea can be ca ego ized in o h ee main
s eams. The fi s s eam has explo ed he coo dina ion
be ween popula ion u baniza ion and land u baniza ion
om he pe spec i e o u baniza ion (Lu, 2007; Zhang &
Shun eng, 2003), in e ac ions (Liu e al., 2012), as well as he
nega i e impac s and influencing mechanisms o imbal-
ance (Wei & Ye, 2014). Fu he mo e, i has ocused on
a ional land esou ce u iliza ion o p opel he u baniza-
ion p ocess (Choi & Wang, 2017; Lin e al., 2015; Siciliano,
2012;Yue al.,2019),mi iga ead e seeffec s on ED (Yang e al.,
2020; Zhou e al., 2019b), and achie e sus ainable de elopmen
(Jaege e al.,2010).Theseconds eamcen e sonscien ifically
and easonably p omo ing ED. Resea che s ha e sough o
explo e pa hways o coo dina ing u baniza ion and ED
om pe spec i es such as ade openness, financial de el-
opmen , heal hca e expendi u es (Ahmad e al., 2021), ans-
po a ion in as uc u e (Mapa u & Mazumde , 2017), u ban
anspo a ion (Apos olopoulos & Kasselou is, 2022), ene gy
consump ion (Wang e al., 2018), and globaliza ion (Wu e al.,
2017). The hi d s eam examines he ole and unc ion o
go e nmen in coo dina ing u baniza ion and ED h ough
policy lenses. I ocuses on policy decision-making and
implemen a ion phases. Jin e al. (2009) modeled he deci-
sion-making amewo k o UD using scena io analysis.
2Wenchao Bao e al.
Shi and Gill (2005) cons uc ed a sys em dynamics model o
assess he effec i eness o go e nmen measu es. To add ess
conflic s a ising om apid u baniza ion, China implemen ed
an u ban con ainmen s a egy. Zhao e alua ed he eliabili y
o China’s u ban con ainmen s a egy (Zhao, 2011).
2.2 U baniza ion and En i onmen
Coo dina ing u baniza ion and en i onmen al de elop-
men ep esen s a significan ask d i en by he mu ual
cons ain s be ween u baniza ion and he en i onmen .
These cons ain s mani es in wo main aspec s. Fi s , u ba-
niza ion can b ing benefi s like economic g ow h, social
p og ess, and cul u al p ospe i y, ye i can also lead o
esou ce deple ion, en i onmen al pollu ion, and ecolo-
gical deg ada ion. Second, he en i onmen p o ides he
ounda ion o u ban de elopmen while imposing limi a-
ions, such as disas e isks, ca ying capaci y cons ain s,
and ecological secu i y conce ns.
Rega ding he esea ch heme o coo dina ing u bani-
za ion and he en i onmen , we ca ego ized schola s in o
he ollowing h ee g oups. Fi s , some s udy he ad e se
impac s o u ban land use expansion and ans o ma ion
on he en i onmen . Abass and Xu examined he influence
o u baniza ion on a able land loss (Abass e al., 2018;Xu
e al., 2013). Malek and Ve bu g ound ha inc easing
u ban land use affec s c op yield, he en i onmen , and
wa e esou ces (Malek & Ve bu g, 2020). Asabe e e al.
(2020) and Yang e al. (2020) conduc ed heo e ical, me ho-
dological, and empi ical analyses on he en i onmen al
impac o egional land use ansi ions. Second, he e a e
discussions on en i onmen al cons ain s and hei effec s
on u baniza ion, p ima ily ocusing on he influence o
geog aphical loca ion on changes in land use ypes. God-
schalk (1975) asse ed ha en i onmen al ac o s influen-
cing land planning and u ban de elopmen include local
physical condi ions and en i onmen al ca ying capaci y.
Zhao and Chen (2018) obse ed ha geog aphical loca ion
affec s g een space changes due o significan a ia ions in
he mal condi ions. Thi d, some di ec ly in es iga e he
coo dina ion be ween u baniza ion and he en i onmen ,
o en employing dynamic coupling coo dina ion models o
es ima e he ela ionship. Zhao e al. (2017) in es iga ed he
global coupling ela ionship be ween u baniza ion and he
en i onmen by analyzing Wo ld Bank da a om 209
coun ies and egions wo ldwide. Wang e al. (2014) con-
duc ed a ela ionship s udy using da a on u baniza ion and
he en i onmen in he Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei egion.
2.3 ED and En i onmen
The ension be ween ED and EP is a p ominen con adic-
ion. On he one hand, socio-economic p og ess d i es
u baniza ion, esul ing in inc eased u ban cons uc ion
land and en i onmen al deg ada ion (Abidin e al., 2011).
On he o he hand, en i onmen al ca ying capaci y con-
s ains he ex en o ED. En i onmen al ca ying capaci y is
defined as he abili y o an a ea’s en i onmen al esou ces o
sus ain maximum human ac i i ies wi hin a specific ime-
ame. I is a obus e e ence and ool o economic policy
o mula ion and managemen du ing ED (Liu & Bo hwick,
2011). Spech ’s s udy on he en i onmen al ca ying capaci y
o o es esou ces (1993) indica es ha esou ce sca ci y and
en i onmen al pollu ion can impac egional ED. A comp e-
hensi e analysis o China’s wa e esou ce-ca ying capaci y
led Yang e al. (2015) o conclude ha wa e esou ce
c ises can es ic egional economic g ow h. The e o e,
coo dina ing ED and EP is inc easingly i al o sus ain-
able de elopmen .
Summa ize esea ch on coo dina ing ED and EP om he
ollowing pe spec i es. Fi s , he scope o esea ch encompasses
he coo dina ion ela ionships be ween esou ces (Bass e al.,
2010), he en i onmen (Sa e iades, 2000), ecosys ems (Liu e al.,
2021), ED (Li & Yi, 2020; Sun & Cui, 2018), land u baniza ion
(A ikene al.,2020),andpopula ionu baniza ion(Liue al.,
2012). Second, sample selec ion p ima ily in ol es ci ies (Fan
e al., 2019; Li & Yi, 2020) and ci y clus e s (Wang e al., 2014;
Wu e al., 2020), ollowed by egions (Li e al., 2022), and ul i-
ma ely he na ional scale (Liu e al., 2018) and global scale (Zhao
e al., 2017). Thi d, he esea ch ocus unde sco es EP, mainly
d i en by egional esou ces and en i onmen al condi ions o
p omo e egional economic sus ainabili y (San oso e al., 2014).
In summa y, while exis ing esea ch has p o ided alu-
able insigh s in o coo dina ing u baniza ion, ED, and he
en i onmen , ce ain limi a ions emain. We obse e ha
esea che s ha e sough o b idge u baniza ion and ED by
enhancing ecological and en i onmen al quali y, ocusing
on he impac s o na u al esou ce in eg a ion (Ahmad
e al., 2021), en i onmen al pollu ion (Liang & Yang, 2019;
Zhang and Chen, 2021), and ecological en i onmen p o ec-
ion on u baniza ion and ED. Howe e , p e ious s udies s ill
need o imp o e. Fi s , esea ch pe spec i es o en lean
owa ds one dimension, mos ly analyzing he ela ionships
om an economic, social, o en i onmen al s andpoin ,
needing mo e comp ehensi e and holis ic conside a ions.
Second, he scope o s udy ends o be confined o specific
egions o ci ies o case analysis, wi h limi ed c oss-
na ional o c oss- egional compa a i e s udies. Thi d,
esea che s o en emphasize explo ing he disha mony
Mul i-Fac o Dynamic Coupling and Go e nmen In e en ion Le el in China 3
be ween u baniza ion, ED, and he en i onmen a he han
di ec ly add essing he issues. This app oach offe s p ac ical
me hodologies o mi iga ing he eal-wo ld challenges o
hei disco d. Fou h, ewe s udies ha e cen e ed on go -
e nmen public policies and decision mechanisms as he
ocal poin o in e wining u baniza ion, ED, and he en i -
onmen . The go e nmen ’s ole is p edominan ly explo ed
solely in s udies ela ed o u baniza ion and ED. The e o e,
ou app oach will encompass go e nmen en i onmen al
policies in ou analysis, in es iga ing he coo dina ion among
u baniza ion, ED, and EP. This app oach aims o iden i y
op imal le els o go e nmen en i onmen al in e en ion
aligned wi h egional de elopmen al s ages, offe ing no el
pe spec i es o esea ch in egionally coo dina ed
de elopmen .
3 Ma e ials and Me hods
3.1 S udy A ea
Figu e 1 illus a es he s udy a ea. The YREB is a bu geoning
egion along he Yang ze Ri e in China. Encompassing 11
p o inces and ci ies –Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui,
Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, and
Guizhou – he YREB spans an es ima ed 2,052,300 squa e
kilome e s, cons i u ing 21.4% o he en i e na ion. Wi h i s
expansi e wa e ways, ex ensi e economic hin e land, abun-
dan esou ces, and obus ounda ion in sec o s like ag i-
cul u e, anspo a ion, in o ma ion, and echnology, he
YREB displays conside able de elopmen al p omise. I is
no ewo hy ha he YREB’s g ow h aligns wi h he Chinese
go e nmen ’s s a egic ini ia i es. In Sep embe 2016, he
YREB De elopmen Plan Ou line was p omulga ed, ushe ing
in a esh de elopmen pa adigm o he egion (Chen e al.,
2017). This plan seeks o os e economic p og ess while
concu en ly sa egua ding he ecological in eg i y o he
Yang ze Ri e . Spanning bo h he eas e n and wes e n
eaches o China, he YREB uni es he Chengdu-Chongqing
and Wuhan a eas, p ominen inland cen e s, wi h he
coas al economic bel ancho ed by Zhejiang, Jiangsu,
and Shanghai. By 2019, he YREB’s egionalGDPhad
su ged o 4,578.5 billion yuan, ma king a 6.9% yea -on-
yea inc ease. Wi hin his, he Yang ze Ri e Del a’s egional
GDP eached 2,725.3 billion yuan, signi ying a 6.4% expan-
sion. While one o China’s mos economically ib an zones,
he YREB also g apples wi h he ension be ween ED and
ecological p ese a ion.
3.2 Me hods
The a ionale o employing he CD model in his s udy is o
in es iga e he in ica e in e ac ions among ED, en i on-
men al conse a ion, and go e nmen policies impac ing
u baniza ion. We selec he CD model o i s capaci y o
acili a e a comp ehensi e analysis o hese mul i ace ed
and in e connec ed a iables.
To effec i ely u ilize he CD model, i is impe a i e o
es ablish an index sys em o e alua ing he p og ess in u ba-
niza ion, economic g ow h, en i onmen al p ese a ion, and
Figu e 1: Loca ion o s udy a ea.
4Wenchao Bao e al.
go e nmen s a egies. This s ep is pi o al in ensu ing esea ch
is g ounded in objec i e and eadily accessible da a. By ha nes-
sing he CD model and a well-defined index sys em, he s udy
offe s a sys ema ic, da a-d i en comp ehension o he ela ion-
ships among hese pi o al elemen s. Such insigh s can p o e
in aluable o shaping policies and making in o med decisions
wi hin u baniza ion.
A e e iewing es ablished e alua ion indica o s (Chen
e al., 2017; Li e al., 2021) and conside ing da a a ailabili y
and accu acy, we selec ed efined indica o s o measu e UD,
ED, EP, and go e nmen policy (GP). The finalized indica o
sys em includes ou indica o s, each o popula ion and
land u baniza ion dimensions o assess UD, ou indica o s
o ED and fiscal g ow h dimensions, and fi e indica o s
ac oss he g eene y, wa e esou ces, and pollu an emis-
sions dimensions o e alua e EP effo s. Addi ionally, we
use he numbe and p opo ion o go e nmen in e en-
ions in EP policies o gauge he go e nmen ’s oleinbalan-
cing di e se de elopmen p ocesses. We sou ced da a om
30 s a is ical yea books spanning 2005–2019 in he YREB
egion, and policy da a we e collec ed and p ocessed om
11 p o incial go e nmen websi es. Table 1 p o ides de ailed
in o ma ion on he specificindexesemployed.
The na u e o e alua ion indica o s dic a es a ia ions
in dimensionali y and magni ude. In cases o diffe ing
dimensions, di ec compa ison o indica o s is inap-
p op ia e. When indica o da a exhibi subs an ial nume -
ical a iance, mo e conside able nume ical indica o s gain
p ominence, po en ially o e shadowing he impac o mo e
mino nume ical indica o s. Hence, he no maliza ion o
aw index da a is pa amoun o ensu e he p ecision and
eliabili y o e alua ion ou comes. To achie e his goal, he
s udy employs he min-max scaling echnique, which uni-
o mly maps e alua ion da a on o he [0,1] in e al. Ou line
he me hod as ollows:
whe e
′
a
ij
k
is he s anda dized alue,
a
ijk ep esen s he
alue o he index jo he k h p o ince in he yea i,
aa a
m
in , , …,
jk jk mjk12
{}
and
aa a
m
ax , , …,
,
jk jk mjk12
{}
espec-
i ely, s and o he minimum and maximum alues o he
index j o all p o inces and all yea s.
Table 1: E alua ion indica o sys em
Ta ge laye Domain
le el
C i e ion laye Index laye AHP EM Weigh
Mul iple Fac o s o
U baniza ion Change in China
UD Popula ion
U baniza ion
U ban Popula ion 0.2104 0.2807 0.2489
P opo ion o U ban Popula ion 0.2241 0.2783 0.2557
Land U baniza ion A ea o Land Used o U ban Cons uc ion 0.2693 0.2919 0.2814
Land Used o U ban Cons uc ion as
Pe cen age o U ban A ea
0.2962 0.1491 0.2140
ED ED G oss Domes ic P oduc (GDP) 0.2313 0.2029 0.2169
Pe Capi a GDP 0.2641 0.2357 0.2498
G oss Regional P oduc Index (P e ious
yea = 100)
0.2836 0.2691 0.2788
Financial G ow h Gene al Budge a y Local Go e nmen
Re enue
0.221 0.2923 0.2545
EP G eene y G een Co e age 0.3014 0.2618 0.2851
Wa e Resou ces Pe Capi a Wa e Resou ce 0.2871 0.2945 0.2902
Pollu an Emissions To al Emissions o Ca bon Dioxide 0.1247 0.1188 0.1203
To al Emissions o Was e Wa e 0.1332 0.2107 0.1700
Volume o Indus ial Solid Was es
Discha ged
0.1536 0.1141 0.1344
GP Adminis a i e
In e en ion
Numbe o Regional En i onmen al
Policies
0.4854 0.5088 0.4972
Regional En i onmen al Policies as
Pe cen age o Regional To al Policies
0.5146 0.4912 0.5028
′
⎧
⎨
⎪
⎩
⎪
−
−
−
−
a
aaaa
aa a aa a
aa a a
aa a aa a
min , , …,
max , , …, min , , …, Posi i e Indica o
max , , …,
max , , …, min , , …, Nega i e Indica o
ijk
ijk jk jk mjk
jk jk mjk jk jk mjk
jk jk mjk ijk
jk jk mjk jk jk mjk
12
12 12
12
12 12
{}
{}{}
{}
{}{}
(1)
Mul i-Fac o Dynamic Coupling and Go e nmen In e en ion Le el in China 5
In o de o asce ain index weigh s in a scien ifically
igo ous manne and ci cum en he pi alls associa ed
wi h elying solely on objec i e o subjec i e app oaches,
his a icle employs a hyb id me hodology ha combines
he EM wi h he AHP. By in eg a ing subjec i e and objec i e
analyses, his app oach aims o achie e a well-balanced and
accu a e de e mina ion o index weigh s.
The AHP was ini ially employed. The eam comp ises
h ee au ho s and six expe s. Au ho 1, along wi h Expe 1
and Expe 4, specializes in public policy. Au ho 2, in col-
labo a ion wi h Expe 2 and Expe 3, ocuses on public
adminis a ion. Au ho 3, oge he wi h Expe 5 and
Expe 6, specializes in en i onmen al economics. They con-
s uc ed an analysis ma ix and calcula ed he weigh s o
each indica o
w1
. The en opy alue me hod is hen applied
o asce ain he weigh s o each index. The specificp inci-
ples a e as ollows:
Fi s , since he minimum alue a e s anda diza ion
will appea as a ze o, he ze o canno pa icipa e in he
en opy calcula ion. I is necessa y o pe o m ansla ion
p ocessing on he no maliza ion esul s o a ious da a
and hen s anda dize he indica o s.
=′+
Z
a1
.
ijk ijk
(2)
Second, he s anda dized indica o s need o be no -
malized again.
=∑∑
==
P
Z
Z
.
ijk ijk
i
mk
nijk
11
(3)
Thi d, calcula e he en opy alue o each indica o o
he no malized da a.
∑∑
=− = ×
==
E
xPPx ik
ln and 1
ln
.
ji
m
k
n
ijk ijk
11 () (4)
Fou h, h ough he esul s o en opy calcula ions, he
edundancy o a ious indica o s is u he calcula ed.
=−
D
E1
.
Jj
(5)
Finally, calcula e he weigh s o a ious indica o s.
=∑=
W
D
D
.
jj
j
uj
1(6)
Fo he weigh s de i ed by he AHP and EM, we com-
bine he subjec i e weigh
w
i
1
and he objec i e weigh w
i2
o he comp ehensi e indica o o ge he combined weigh
wi,
=im1–
.wishould be he closes possible o
w
i
1
and w
i2
.
Based on he p inciple o minimum ela i e in o ma ion
en opy, we adop ed he Lag ange mul iplie me hod o
gene a e an op imal combina ion weigh calcula ion o -
mula. Table 1 displays he esul s o he weigh calcula ion.
=∑=⋯
=
www
ww im
,1,2,3, ,
.
iii
i
mii
12
1
2
112
1
2
()
()
()
(7)
A e ob aining he final weigh s, we use he weigh s o
calcula e he e alua ion esul s o he UD, ED, EP, and GP in
each s a is ical pe iod.
∑
==wVUD ,
j
n
j
1UD (8)
∑
==wX
E
D
,
j
n
j
1ED (9)
∑
==wY
E
P,
j
n
j
1EP (10)
∑
==wZGP
.
j
n
j
1GP (11)
Among hem, UD, ED, EP, and GP a e he measu ed UD
le el, ED le el, EP le el, and GP in e en ion le el wi hin
he p esc ibed yea s.
V
j
,
X
j
,
Y
j
and
Z
j
a e, espec i ely,
no malized alues based on a ious index da a, and
w
UD,
w
ED,
w
E
p
, and
w
G
P
s and o he co esponding weigh s.
Based on he concep ual analysis o coupling, he smalle
he diffe ence among UD, ED, EP, and GP, he highe he
deg ee o coupling. The e o e, we in oduce he CD model
o measu e he le el o coo dina ion be ween ac o s:
=
⎧
⎨
⎪
⎩
⎪
∏
⎡
⎣⎤
⎦
⎫
⎬
⎪
⎭
⎪
=
∑
=
CD INDEX
.
i
n
n
n
n
1
INDEX
i
n1
(12)
Following he CD model, he alue o ‘n’is se o 2 when
assessing he CD be ween UD le el and ED le el o be ween
any o he wo ac o s. When e alua ing he CD among
UD le el, ED le el, and EP le el, ‘n’is se o 3. Fo a comp e-
hensi e e alua ion o UD, ED, EP, and GP le els, ‘n’is se o 4,
and ‘INDEX’ ep esen s he espec i e measu ed index
alue.
Fo a clea e unde s anding o he CD model’s calcula-
ion ou comes and a mo e in ui i e g asp o he deg ee o
coupling exhibi ed by diffe en p o inces ac oss a ious
indica o s, we ha e ca ego ized he CD in o ou le els. A
CD alue below 0.3 indica es “Se e e Imbalance”(SI). When
he CD alue alls be ween 0.3 and 0.5, we label he ou come
“Low Coo dina ion”(LC). Simila ly, CD alues anging om
0.5 o 0.8 esul in “Medium Coo dina ion”(MC), while
alues exceeding 0.8 signi y “High Coo dina ion”(HC [Liao
e al., 2012]). In o al, we ha e calcula ed fi e CDs ac oss
h ee ca ego ies. Please e e o Table 2 o specific classifi-
ca ion c i e ia.
6Wenchao Bao e al.
4 Resul s
4.1 CD o UD & ED, UD & EP, ED & EP
By employing he CD model, his a icle p esen s h ee
coupling e alua ion ou comes: he connec ion be ween
UD and ED, he link be ween UD and EP, and he ela ion-
ship be ween ED and EP. We compu e CD alues o he 11
p o inces wi hin he YREB o e h ee dis inc pe iods:
2005–2009, 2010–2014, and 2015–2019. The de ailed esul s
a e a ailable in Table 3.
Table 3 clea ly illus a es ha , excep o Shanghai, Yunnan,
and Guizhou, all p o inces ha e CD alues exceeding 0.9, sig-
ni ying a high le el o coo dina ion. No ably, Guizhou exhibi ed
i s lowes CD alue (0.51) du ing he 2010–2014. P o inces wi h
in e media e CD alues a e anked as ollows: Zhejiang, Hubei,
Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Hunan, Chongqing, Anhui, Sichuan, Yunnan,
Shanghai, and Guizhou.
Shanghai, Yunnan, and Guizhou exhibi lowe CD
alues in ce ain s ages, wi h Guizhou ha ing he lowes
CD alue o 0.51 du ing 2010–2014. The a e age CD alues ollow
a descending o de : Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Hunan,
Chongqing, Anhui, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shanghai, and Guizhou.
Rega ding CD ends, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang display
upwa d ends, while Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, and Anhui
exhibi declining ends (Figu e 2).
To illus a e he spa ial dis ibu ion and ends o UD
and ED in he YREB, he spa ial dis ibu ion o UD and ED
in he YREB (Figu e 5) e eals a g owing numbe o p o-
inces wi h CD alues exceeding 0.8. Full co e age was
achie ed du ing 2010–2014, indica ing a high coo dina ion
le el. Guizhou, loca ed in he wes e n pa o he YREB,
ini ially exhibi ed a lagging end wi h a CD alue o 0.68
in 2005–2009, significan ly below he a e age. Howe e , i
a ained a high CD alue o 0.91 in 2014–2019.
The da a conce ning he CD o UD and EP (Table 3)indica e
no able ends. Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Jiangsu exhibi CD alues
exceeding 0.9, eflec ing a high coo dina ion le el. Hubei, wi h a
low CD alue du ing 2005–2009, shows an upwa d ajec o y,
eaching CD alues abo e 0.9 in 2010–2014 and 2014–2019. Con-
e sely, Jiangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou demons a e low CD
alues, signi ying a lowe coo dina ion deg ee. Among hese,
Jiangxi displays an ascending end, escala ing om a low CD
alue o 0.45 du ing 2005–2009 o a medium coo dina ion le el o
0.74 du ing 2014–2019.Guizhou,howe e , egis e edalowCD
alue o 0.15 in 2010–2014. Gene ally, he anking o he a e age
CD alues, om high o low, is as ollows: Zhejiang, Shanghai,
Jiangsu, Hubei, Anhui, Hunan, Sichuan, Chongqing, Jiangxi,
Yunnan, and Guizhou. All p o inces, excep Jiangsu, demon-
s a e inc easing ends (Figu e 3).
The spa ial dis ibu ion o he CD be ween UD and EP
(Figu e 5) e eals ha , on he whole, he CD alues o UD
and EP du ing 2005–2009 gene ally all wi hin a medium
coo dina ion le el, wi h significan dispa i ies be ween he
wo ends o he spec um. Specifically, Zhejiang, Shanghai,
and Jiangsu in he eas e n pa o he YREB exhibi a high
le el o coo dina ion, whe eas Yunnan and Guizhou in he
wes e n egion eco d CD alues below 0.3, indica i e o
se e e imbalance in coo dina ion. In 2010–2014, he e was
an upwa d end in p o inces wi h CD alues su passing
0.8. By he in e al 2014–2019, mos p o inces in he YREB
a ained CD alues exceeding 0.8 o bo h UD and EP,
excep o Jiangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou, which achie ed
a high coo dina ion le el.
Table 2: Classifica ion c i e ia o CD
CD ≤≤≤≤
0
.8 CD 1
≤≤<<
0
.5 CD 0.8 ≤≤<<
0
.3 CD 0.
5
≤≤<<
0
CD 0.3
Coo dina ion le el High Coo dina ion (HC) Medium Coo dina ion (MC) Low Coo dina ion (LC) Se e e Imbalance (SI)
Specific Type CD2(UD–ED) I UD > ED, ED lag UD–ED
I ED > UD, UD lag ED–UD
CD2(ED–EP) I UD > EP, EP lag UD–EP
I EP > UD, UD lag EP–UD
CD2(ED–EP) I ED > EP, EP lag ED–EP
I EP > ED, ED lag EP–ED
CD3(UD–ED–EP) I UD > ED > EP, EP lag UD–ED–EP
I UD > EP > ED, ED lag UD–EP–ED
I ED > UD > EP, EP lag ED–UD–EP
I ED > EP > UD, UD lag ED–EP–UD
I EP > UD > ED, ED lag EP–UD–ED
I EP > ED > UD, UD lag EP–ED–UD
We link each specific ype o a CD. Fo example, when UD > ED and he CD be ween hem anges om 0.8 o 1, i is labeled HC–UD–ED.
Mul i-Fac o Dynamic Coupling and Go e nmen In e en ion Le el in China 7
Table 3: CD wi hou a iable GP
P o inces Sichuan Guizhou Yunnan Chongqing Hubei
2005–2009 ED 0.23 0.17 0.15 0.23 0.23
EP 0.52 0.51 0.62 0.42 0.46
UD 0.24 0.07 0.1 0.18 0.23
CD2(ED–EP) 0.71 0.57 0.4 0.84 0.78
CD2(UD–ED) 0.99 0.68 0.92 0.97 0.99
CD2(UD–EP) 0.76 0.18 0.23 0.7 0.79
CD3(UD–ED–EP) 0.51 0.06 0.06 0.55 0.59
Specific ype MC–EP–UD–ED SI–EP–ED–UD SI–EP–ED–UD MC–EP–ED–UD MC–EP–UD–ED
2010–2014 ED 0.3 0.23 0.22 0.31 0.29
EP 0.57 0.55 0.58 0.5 0.46
UD 0.32 0.07 0.13 0.22 0.34
CD2(ED–EP) 0.81 0.68 0.65 0.9 0.91
CD2(UD–ED) 0.99 0.51 0.88 0.94 0.99
CD2(UD–EP) 0.85 0.15 0.38 0.71 0.96
CD3(UD–ED–EP) 0.67 0.06 0.19 0.59 0.85
Specific ype MC–EP–UD–ED SI–EP–ED–UD SI–EP–ED–UD MC–EP–ED–UD HC–EP–UD–ED
2015–2019 ED 0.29 0.21 0.21 0.26 0.31
EP 0.57 0.59 0.64 0.51 0.5
UD 0.45 0.14 0.2 0.29 0.39
CD2(ED–EP) 0.8 0.61 0.55 0.8 0.89
CD2(UD–ED) 0.91 0.91 0.99 0.99 0.97
CD2(UD–EP) 0.97 0.38 0.52 0.85 0.97
CD3(UD–ED–EP) 0.71 0.18 0.24 0.66 0.84
Specific ype MC–EP–UD–ED SI–EP–ED–UD SI–EP–ED–UD MC–EP–UD–ED HC–EP–UD–ED
A e age CD2(ED–EP) 0.77 0.62 0.53 0.85 0.86
A e age CD2(UD–ED) 0.96 0.7 0.93 0.97 0.98
A e age CD2(UD–EP) 0.86 0.24 0.38 0.75 0.91
A e age CD3(UD–ED–EP) 0.63 0.1 0.16 0.6 0.76
P o inces Hunan Jiangxi Anhui Shanghai Jiangsu Zhejiang
2005–2009 ED 0.23 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.34 0.27
EP 0.49 0.59 0.49 0.41 0.42 0.46
UD 0.24 0.16 0.24 0.61 0.44 0.34
CD2(ED–EP) 0.75 0.57 0.68 0.96 0.98 0.88
CD2(UD–ED) 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.79 0.97 0.98
CD2(UD–EP) 0.78 0.45 0.79 0.92 0.99 0.95
CD3(UD–ED–EP) 0.56 0.21 0.5 0.69 0.95 0.81
Specific ype MC–EP–UD–ED LC–EP–ED–UD MC–EP–UD–ED MC–UD–EP–ED HC–UD–EP–ED HC–EP–UD–ED
2010–2014 ED 0.27 0.23 0.26 0.35 0.48 0.33
EP 0.51 0.62 0.47 0.47 0.43 0.49
UD 0.3 0.22 0.3 0.55 0.58 0.39
CD2(ED–EP) 0.82 0.62 0.84 0.95 0.99 0.93
CD2(UD–ED) 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.9 0.98 0.99
CD2(UD–EP) 0.87 0.59 0.9 0.99 0.96 0.98
CD3(UD–ED–EP) 0.7 0.32 0.74 0.85 0.94 0.89
Specific ype MC–EP–UD–ED LC–EP–ED–UD MC–EP–UD–ED HC–UD–EP–ED HC–UD–ED–EP HC–EP–UD–ED
2015–2019 ED 0.27 0.23 0.26 0.49 0.61 0.46
EP 0.53 0.63 0.51 0.5 0.47 0.51
UD 0.37 0.29 0.39 0.48 0.68 0.45
CD2(ED–EP) 0.79 0.62 0.81 0.99 0.96 0.99
CD2(UD–ED) 0.94 0.98 0.93 0.99 0.99 0.99
CD2(UD–EP) 0.94 0.74 0.97 0.99 0.94 0.99
CD3(UD–ED–EP) 0.7 0.42 0.73 0.99 0.9 0.98
Specific ype MC–EP–UD–ED LC–EP–UD–ED MC–EP–UD–ED HC–EP–ED–UD HC–UD–ED–EP HC–EP–ED–UD
A e age CD2(ED–EP) 0.79 0.6 0.78 0.97 0.98 0.93
8Wenchao Bao e al.
One o he inno a i e aspec s o his s udy is he inclu-
sion o go e nmen beha io wi hin he analy ical ame-
wo k. As indica ed by he analysis abo e, go e nmen s
con end wi h bo h gene al ED p essu es and he ing ained
policy ine ia p io i izing economic g ow h. To assess he
go e nmen ’s abili y o balance di e se de elopmen al and
EP ini ia i es, we u ilize he cha ac e is ics o he go e n-
men ’s EP policies. Since he e is o en a empo al gap
be ween policy enac men and i s effec i eness (Ahle s &
Schube , 2015), we mus add ess he p og essi e ela ion-
ship be ween policies and he o he h ee cha ac e is ics.
Re e ing o he GP coupling deg ees p esen ed in Table 4,
we ca ego ize local go e nmen de elopmen s a egies
in o ou le els: posi i e in e en ion (Guizhou), pa ial
in e en ion (Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, and Yunnan), limi ed
in e en ion (Sichuan, Hunan, Shanghai, and Zhejiang),
and minimal in e en ion (Chongqing). The comp ehensi e,
collabo a i e analysis, encompassing go e nmen policies,
confi ms he con inua ion o he downs eam >mids eam
>ups eam end in he YREB. This end also se es as a
basis o dissec he dis inc i e s a egies diffe en go e n-
men s adop in esponse o de elopmen challenges. Fo
ins ance, al hough he comp ehensi e, collabo a i e ana-
lysis yields low esul s o Chongqing and Guizhou, he
unde lying s a egies diffe significan ly. Guizhou’sp oac-
i e EP de elopmen s a egy, implemen ed a e 2012,
s ands ou as mo e igo ous han o he p o inces. In con-
as , Chongqing’s no ably lowe policy in e en ion sco es
con ibu e o i s lowe o e all alue. This ou come unde -
sco es he impo ance o examining o ma ion s a egies
a he han me e nume ical alues when analyzing he cou-
pling esul s o mul iple ac o s simul aneously. Based on
he esea ch ou comes, we ou line po en ial go e nmen
in e en ion s a egies in Table 5.
In de ising de elopmen s a egies, go e nmen s should
p io i ize achie ing a balance among a ious influen ial ac-
o s o acili a e sus ainable p og ess in en i onmen al p e-
se a ion, ED, and high-quali y u ban expansion. Specifically,
his in ol es ha nessing he guiding po en ial o policy ools,
enabling go e nmen s o ulfill hei ole as media o s
h oughou he de elopmen jou ney mo e effec i ely.
6 Conclusions
This s udy employs he CD model o analyze he coo dina-
ion among UD, ED, and EP. I unde sco es he significance
o go e nmen in e en ion and highligh s he a ying
le els o go e nmen en i onmen al in e en ion equi ed
a diffe en de elopmen al s ages. Addi ionally, he esea ch
emphasizes he dispa i ies in coo dina ion among UD, ED,
and EP, along wi h he influence o egional policy
in e en ions.
Resea ch indica es ha high le els o UD and ED ypi-
cally equi e coo dina ion wi h obus EP, and p oac i e
go e nmen in e en ion aids in enhancing his coo dina-
ion. Howe e , low le els o u baniza ion and ED may lead
o educed EP, wi h go e nmen in e en ion affec ing
coo dina ion dynamics. Specifically, o e -analysis om 2004
o 2019, he coo dina ion le el wi hin a ious p o inces along
he YREB has shown con inuous imp o emen . None heless,
he s udy e eals a s ong coupling be ween UD and ED
among he 11 p o inces wi hin he YREB. Howe e , an imbal-
ance exis s in he coo dina ion be ween ED and EP.
Rema kably, he coupling be ween ED and EP is mo e
p onounced han be ween UD and EP, sugges ing a g ea e
need o policy in e en ion o coo dina e ED and EP. This
imbalance becomes mo e e iden unde a ying le els o
egional policy in e en ion, esul ing in a dis inc s agge ed
pa e n o de elopmen al coo dina ion wi hin he YREB:
downs eam >mids eam >ups eam.
This s udy ad ances he unde s anding o he ela ion-
ship be ween UD, ED, and EP, highligh ing he pi o al ole
o go e nmen in coo dina ing hese ac o s. I iden ifies
he a ying demands o go e nmen en i onmen al in e -
en ion ac oss diffe en de elopmen le els, offe ing c u-
cial insigh s o policymake s o o mula e egion-specific
policies. In oducing he no el dimension o go e nmen
policies, an aspec less explo ed in p e ious esea ch, we
es ablish an analy ical amewo k cen e ed on comp ehen-
si e coo dina ion h ough go e nmen in e en ion le els.
This amewo k enhances he b ead h o coo dina ion ana-
lysis and yields p o ound insigh s.
Recognizing he significance o go e nmen ac ions,
we acknowledge he pi o al ole o he go e nmen in ac-
o s such as UD, ED, and EP. Howe e , his s udy needs o
del e in o he specific mechanisms unde lying hese
in e ela ionships. The e o e, u u e esea ch can ake
he ollowing di ec ions. On he one hand, by del ing in o
go e nmen decision-making, policy implemen a ion, and
he ex en o go e nmen in e en ion a a ious s ages, we
can un eil how go e nmen beha io influences he ela ion-
ships among hese ac o s. On he o he hand, in eg a ing
quan i a i e and quali a i e me hods can help us ho oughly
explo e he unde lying logic and dynamic changes in go e n-
men ac ions. Quan i a i e da a can p o ide mac o ends,
while quali a i e analysis can aid in comp ehending he mo i-
a ions and mechanisms behind go e nmen decisions.
Acknowledgmen s: Thanks o anonymous e iewe s o
hei aluable commen s and sugges ions.
Mul i-Fac o Dynamic Coupling and Go e nmen In e en ion Le el in China 15
Funding in o ma ion: This wo k was sponso ed he
Na ional Social Science G an o China, Resea ch on pa hs
o inc ease he income o u al le -behind g oups unde
he u al e i aliza ion s a egy (22BSH068).
Conflic o in e es : The au ho s did no epo any po en-
ial conflic o in e es .
A icle no e: As pa o he open assessmen , e iews and
he o iginal submission a e a ailable as supplemen a y
files on ou websi e.
Da a a ailabili y s a emen : The da a se s analyzed du ing
he cu en s udy a e a ailable in he China Na ional Bu eau
o S a is ics Da abase and Ca bon Emission Accoun s &
Da ase s eposi o y, China Ci y S a is ical Yea book, and
P o incial Go e nmen Websi es. The da a se s a e a ailable
publicly and ee o cha ge. Specifically, he da a on U ban
Popula ion, P opo ion o U ban Popula ion, Land Used o
U ban Cons uc ion as a Pe cen age o U ban A ea, G oss
Domes ic P oduc (GDP), Pe Capi a GDP, G oss Regional
P oduc Index (p e ious yea =100), Gene al Budge a y
Local Go e nmen Re enue, Pe Capi a Wa e Resou ce,
Volume o Indus ial Solid Was es Discha ged a e a ailable
in China Na ional Bu eau o S a is ics Da abase a h ps://da a.
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o To al Emissions o Ca bon Dioxide a e a ailable in Ca bon
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he A ea o Land Used o U ban Cons uc ion and G een
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The da a on Numbe o En i onmen al Policies by p o ince
a e a h ps://www.sc.go .cn/10462/wza2012/zwxx/zwxx.sh ml;
h ps://www.guizhou.go .cn/z zl/gzsgzhg xwjsjk/gzsjk/index.
h ml; www.yn.go .cn/zwgk/; h ps://www.cq.go .cn/zwgk/z
xxgkml/sz wj/; h ps://www.hubei.go .cn/xxgk/; h ps://www.
hunan.go .cn/hnsz /xxgk/xxgk.h ml; h p://www.jiangxi.go .
cn/col/col13977/index.h ml; h ps://www.ah.go .cn/public/
index.h ml; h p://www. j.go .cn/zwgk/; www.jiangsu.go .cn/
col/col76552/index.h ml; h p://www.zj.go .cn/col/
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