Industrial data ecosystems and data spaces

Mölle , F ede ik e al.
A icle — Published Ve sion
Indus ial da a ecosys ems and da a spaces
Elec onic Ma ke s
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Sp inge Na u e
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Mölle , F ede ik e al. (2024) : Indus ial da a ecosys ems and da a spaces,
Elec onic Ma ke s, ISSN 1422-8890, Sp inge , Be lin, Heidelbe g, Vol. 34, Iss. 1,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s12525-024-00724-0
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/315780
S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen:
Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen
Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den.
Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle
Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich
machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen.
So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen
(insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en,
gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do
genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e.
Te ms o use:
Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal
and schola ly pu poses.
You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o
exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he
in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public.
I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en
Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise
u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence.
h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/
Vol.:(0123456789)
Elec onic Ma ke s (2024) 34:41
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s12525-024-00724-0
FUNDAMENTALS
Indus ial da a ecosys ems andda a spaces
F ede ikMölle 1,3 · IlkaJussen2,3· Vi giniaSp inge 4· AnnaGieß1,3· JuliaCh is inaSchweiho 1,2·
JoshuaGelhaa 2,3· TobiasGuggenbe ge 2,3· Bo isO o2,3
Recei ed: 24 Feb ua y 2024 / Accep ed: 17 July 2024 / Published online: 6 Augus 2024
© The Au ho (s) 2024
Abs ac
Indus ial da a ecosys ems a e in e -o ganiza ional o ms o coope a ion eme ging a ound sha ing da a. They a ise om a
digi al in as uc u e, gi ing da a p o ide s and da a use s a pla o m o sha e and ( e-)use da a. Da a spaces a e among he
digi al in as uc u es equen ly associa ed wi h da a ecosys ems, as hey supply a sha ed digi al space o i s pa icipan s
o sha e da a in a so e eign way. Da a spaces aim o close a gap in he digi al in as uc u e landscape, add essing conce ns
o o ganiza ions when sha ing da a, such as da a misapp op ia ion o a lack o con ol o sha ed da a. They do his by
implemen ing da a so e eign y— ypically h ough Usage Con ol Policies— ha gi e da a p o ide s he means o o mal-
ize seman ically and echnically how da a use s a e allowed o use hei da a. In his undamen als a icle, we add ess he
ollowing issues: (1) con ex ualizing and dema ca ing da a spaces and da a ecosys ems, (2) sys ema izing da a spaces in he
esea ch and policy landscape, and (3) elabo a ing on a esea ch agenda o In o ma ion Sys ems (IS) esea ch.
Keywo ds Da a ecosys ems· Da a sha ing· Da a spaces
JEL Classi ica ion A1
In oduc ion
The e e -inc easing a ailabili y o da a and di usion o
digi al echnologies leads o a shi in pe cep ion o da a
om a byp oduc o a s a egic esou ce ha o e s mo e and
mo e oppo uni ies o s aying compe i i e and inding new
angles o di e si ica ion (Legne e al. 2020). Leading man-
agemen consul ancy Ga ne p edic s ha “o ganiza ions
ha p omo e da a sha ing will ou pe o m hei pee s on
mos business alue me ics” (Goasdu 2021). Addi ionally,
new legisla ion such as he Ge man Ac on Co po a e Due
Diligence Obliga ions in Supply Chains (Supply Chain Ac )
o he Co po a e Social Responsibili y Di ec i e (CSRD)
equi es o ganiza ions o collec da a abou hei di ec and
indi ec supplie s as well as o ensu e ha hey hemsel es
and hei supplie s do no engage in ac i i ies ha a e ha m-
ul o he en i onmen o p omo e inhumane wo king condi-
ions. Realizing he posi i e in en ions o he Supply Chain
Ac and na iga ing he addi ional cos o bu eauc acy and
in e -o ganiza ional coope a ion equi e o ganiza ions o col-
lec da a om mul iple pa ies, such as supplie s, go e n-
men agencies, cus ome s, non-go e nmen o ganiza ions, o
whis leblowe s (Fede al Minis y o Economic Coope a ion
& De elopmen 2023; Ge many’s Fede al Pa liamen 2021).
A ecen s udy by he Ge man esea ch ins i u ion IW Köln
(Kole -Schae e & Neligan 2024) inds ha mos compa-
nies, e en i hey a e no in ol ed di ec ly, a e now asked
o supply in o ma ion o hei supplie s o cus ome s who
all unde he Supply Chain Ac 1.
This can be pa icula ly challenging. Fo ins ance, he au o-
mo i e indus y is cha ac e ized by ex emely complex supply
chains in which ca manu ac u e s employ housands o di ec
Responsible Edi o : Ma k de Reu e
* F ede ik Mölle
F ede ik.Moelle @ u-b aunschweig.de
1 TU B aunschweig, Da a-D i en En e p ise, B aunschweig,
Ge many
2 TU Do mund, Indus ial In o ma ion Managemen ,
Do mund, Ge many
3 F aunho e ISST, Do mund, Ge many
4 Uni e si y o Sydney, NewSou hWales, Aus alia
1 Companies wi h a leas 1000 employees all unde he Supply
Chain Ac .
Elec onic Ma ke s (2024) 34:4141 Page 2 o 17
and e en mo e indi ec supplie s2. A he same ime, ca man-
u ac u e s a e asked o c ea e anspa ency and con inuously
moni o hei (in-)di ec supplie s o isks ega ding en i on-
men al o human igh s in ingemen (CSR-in-Deu schland
2023). C ea ing anspa ency, con inuously moni o ing hei
(in-)di ec supplie s, and os e ing collabo a ion ac oss he
supply chains a e challenging o he in ol ed ca manu ac u -
e s (Leckel & Linna z 2023). Fo ins ance, BMW is cu en ly
unde p essu e since one o hei supplie s in Mo occo sup-
posedly mines cobal while eleasing a senic in nea by wa e s,
subsequen ly causing en i onmen al damage and po en ially
ha ming humans (Blum e al. 2023).
Collec ing he da a o ul ill hese equi emen s and gene -
a e no el business can ha dly be achie ed alone o be done
solely in sequen ial supply chain ela ionships bu equi es
in e -o ganiza ional indus ial da a ecosys ems (Legen e &
Hame i 2024; Oli ei a e al. 2019). Howe e , hese da a eco-
sys ems a ely eme ge na u ally (i.e., wi hou legisla i e o ce)
because o a ange o conce ns o ganiza ions ha e when sha -
ing hei da a. Among hese is he ea ha hei da a will be
used agains hem, nega i e e ec s in compe i ion, da a misap-
p op ia ion, o a gene al lack o con ol in deciding wha can
be done wi h hei da a (Fassnach e al. 2023; Jussen e al.
2024; Op iel e al. 2021). A ecen s udy om Ge many inds
ha issues o da a so e eign y, such as access con ol, da a
p o ec ion, and unclea usage igh s o da a, a e among he op
conce ns o o ganiza ions when sha ing da a (Röhl e al. 2021).
Da a spaces a e in e -o ganiza ional in o ma ion sys ems
(IOISs) ha explici ly add ess hese conce ns and aim o
suppo in e -o ganiza ional da a sha ing by o ganiza ionally
and echnically implemen ing da a so e eign y (O o & Ja ke
2019). They a e one way o ealize lou ishing indus ial da a
ecosys ems, and in ou opinion, one o he mos p omising,
in which o ganiza ions can access mul iple da a sou ces in a
dis ibu ed sys em while ag eeing on a se o bila e al (pee -
o-pee ) and mul ila e al (ecosys em) se o da a usage ules
(O o 2022b). These ules can include access con ol and
usage con ol policies, which o malize how da a p o ide s’
da a can be accessed and used by da a use s h ough echnical
implemen a ion, e.g., so-called da a space connec o s (O o
2022a; O o & Ja ke 2019).3 When en e ing a da a space,
pa icipan s a e equi ed o accep i s ules de ined in he
go e nance amewo k (Da a Spaces Suppo Cen e 2023).
The poli ical and economic impo ance o hese da a
spaces is e lec ed in a ange o Eu opean ini ia i es enac ing
a signi ican e o o p omo e da a spaces. Fo ins ance, Gaia-
X is a Eu opean ini ia i e p o iding a chi ec u al guidance o
c ea ing da a ecosys ems in many domains, such as Ag icul-
u e, Logis ics, Ene gy, and Heal h (Gaia-X 2022). In hei
iew, da a spaces a e he “sum o all i s pa icipan s, which
may be da a p o ide s, use s and in e media ies” designed
o uphold da a so e eign y and us among i s pa icipan s
(Gaia-X 2023). The Ge man ini ia i e Ca ena-X Au omo i e
Ne wo k aims o c ea e an open da a ecosys em based on he
Ca ena-X da a space co e ing he au omo i e supply chain
ailo ed explici ly o i s needs and including ypical s ake-
holde s aking on di e en oles (e.g., OEMs, Supplie s, IT
Se ices). Membe s mus use a s anda dized in e ace—a da a
space connec o — o access his da a ecosys em (Ca ena-X
2022b). In a ecen a icle in he Ge man news ou le Süd-
deu sche Zei ung, Ca ena-X is posi ioned as he da a-based
enable o comply wi h he Ge man Supply Chain Ac (see
abo e) (Ma in-Jung 2022). Thus, one can ecognize he s a k
e o pu in o implemen ing da a spaces complemen ed by
mul iple ini ia i es, esea ch p ojec s, o la ge-scale com-
muni y e en s (e.g., he Da a Space Symposium wi h mo e
han 1000 pa icipan s in e es ed in da a spaces). Agains his
backg ound, da a spaces a e poised and asked o p o e hei
alue in p ac ice and, co espondingly, hei in e es o he IS
esea ch communi y. Howe e , while echnical s anda ds a e
c i ical, da a spaces, as o now, lack p o en business models
o sus ainable, long- e m success (Bub 2023). Addi ionally,
legisla ion, such as he Da a Go e nance Ac (DGA), egu-
la es da a in e media ion se ices by limi ing da a usage and
se ing condi ions o he p o ision o se ices and in as uc-
u es (Rich e 2023), which complica es da a space implemen-
a ion in p ac ice (Gemein e al. 2023).
While he e is a la ge landscape o p ojec s wo king on
da a spaces and he acili a ion o da a ecosys ems, hese wo
concep s, in conjunc ion wi h each o he , a e a blind spo in IS
esea ch. This is p oblema ic since hey a e o en used in e -
changeably, p omp ing a ange o ad e se e ec s. Fi s (1),
gi ing he pe cep ion ha da a spaces a e he only way o
ini ia e and main ain da a ecosys ems could exclude o sup-
p ess o he da a in as uc u es. Fo ins ance, da a ma ke -
places, which a e no da a spaces (al hough hey could play a
ole in hem), gene a e da a ecosys ems o da a p o ide s and
use s using hei cen alized echnical in as uc u e o buy,
sell, and gene ally ade da a. This means ha da a spaces
equi e a speci ic de ini ion as one kind o da a in as uc u e
ha enables da a ecosys ems while ully knowing ha he e
a e o he in as uc u es capable o gene a ing da a ecosys-
ems ha could be mo e ele an o he unde lying use case.
Second (2), his blu y o e lap p e en s sha p dis inc ions
be ween each concep and p e en s clea schola ly discussion
and alignmen (Schönwe h 2022). As such, i is necessa y o
posi ion da a spaces as da a in as uc u es ha can gene a e
one o mul iple da a ecosys ems, as well as posi ha he e is
2 Two examples: Me cedes-Benz G oup (2024) epo s a ound 40,000
supplie s, and BMW G oup (2024) epo s a ound 12,000 supplie s.
3 The Da a Ac de ines mo e oles, such as he da a holde who has
he igh o g an access o da a. In his a icle, we will concen a e
only on he ela ionship be ween he da a p o ide and he da a use ,
because he legal e ms do no necessa ily co ela e wi h echnical
oles (Da a Spaces Suppo Cen e (2023).
Elec onic Ma ke s (2024) 34:41 Page 3 o 17 41
no one da a space bu likely a whole a ay ailo ed o di e en
indus ies and communi ies (e.g., see he o e iew gi en by
he Common Eu opean Da a Spaces, Eu opean Commission
2024b). This con la ion could p o oke un ealis ic expec a ions
by esea che s and p ac i ione s and mis ep esen hei in e -
wined oles. Thi d (3), da a spaces gene a e da a ecosys ems,
and pa icipan s—o en da a p o ide s and da a use s—can
be pa o he digi al in as uc u e by using a dedica ed da a
space connec o o con ibu e o consume da a o se ices o
he la ge da a ecosys ems ou side o he digi al in as uc u e.
The di e en ia ion be ween ac o s engaged in he da a space
and he da a ecosys ems is necessa y since one is in eg a ed
echnically (da a space), while he o he does no necessa -
ily ha e o be (da a ecosys em). Disen angling his o e lap is
ele an as being engaged in a da a space poses a di e en and
unique se o equi emen s (e.g., adhe ing o speci ic ules and
echnical in eg a ion) han being pa o a mo e comp ehen-
si e da a ecosys em. Fou h (4), he blu iness abo e migh
p e en IS esea che s om explo ing da a spaces and hei
ecosys ems wi h maximum e ec i eness and esul s in a lack
o a dis inc esea ch s eam o he IS communi y.
To summa ize, he undamen als a icle add esses hese
issues and aims o cla i y he ole o da a spaces in conjunc-
ion wi h da a ecosys ems (1), illus a e and sys ema ize da a
spaces and hei ini ia i es (2), and c a a esea ch agenda
o IS esea ch (3 and 4).
F om da a sha ing oda a spaces
O e he yea s, esea ch has s a ed o acknowledge ha da a
sha ing is and has been a pi o al ac i i y in many indus ies,
such as e-comme ce (e.g., Ghoshal e al. 2020) o heal hca e
(e.g., Li & Qin 2017). In he ollowing, we illus a e, na a-
i ely (Sch yen e al. 2020), he ield o indus ial da a sha -
ing be ween a leas wo o ganiza ions. We s a by explo ing
supply chain da a sha ing and ou line how his no ion de el-
oped in o wha we call— oday—da a ecosys ems.
Supply chain da a sha ing4
Da a sha ing is no a no el ac i i y, bu i has been discussed
o o e 40 yea s in he li e a u e. Ea ly pape s explo ed da a
sha ing wi hin o ganiza ions, esponding o he in oduc ion
o compu e s and da abases (e.g., B a hwai e 1983). Da a is
manda o y o o ganiza ions o conduc ca dinal business unc-
ions, such as eco d-keeping o documen a ion o business
ansac ions (Da enpo & P usak 1998). Ea ly esea ch also
iden i ied he alue o in o ma ion pa ne ships ha p oduce
sha ed bene i s such as cos sha ing and dis ibu ing excess
capaci y h ough cus ome da a sha ing (Konsynski & Mc a -
lan 1990) o he bene i s o he in oduc ion o Elec onic Da a
In e change (EDI) o sha ing elec onic business documen s
be ween o ganiza ions (Hansen & Hill 1989; Mukhopadhyay
e al. 1995). These ISs posed many bene i s o supply chains,
a leas o hose o ganiza ions ha could a o d he imple-
men a ion and in eg a ion cos o such EDI sys ems (S e ans-
son 2002). Ano he example is in o ma ion sha ing in Vendo
Managed In en o ies (VMI), in which supplie s manage he
in en o y on-si e and equi e in o ma ion o handle eplenish-
men (Lee e al. 2000).
Consequen ly, in e -o ganiza ional da a sha ing is neces-
sa y o pe o m undamen al coo dina ing ac i i ies in sup-
ply chains in all hei indi idual pa s (e.g., esou ce col-
lec ion, assembly) (Cachon & Fishe 2000; Luo e al. 2013;
S e ansson 2002; Wang e al. 2021). I impac s ups eam
and downs eam business p ocesses o supply chain pa -
icipan s, such as p oduc ion, and is a known s a egy o
mi iga e he bullwhip e ec , which occu s when luc ua ions
in p oduc ion o o de s ou weigh in en o y and a ia ions
in consume demands impac a supplie ’s p oduc ion (Lee
e al. 1997; Wang & Disney 2016). Coping wi h he bullwhip
e ec in supply chains wi hou da a sha ing is ba ely pos-
sible since supplie and OEM ela ionships lag behind and
equi e ime o ac , and sha ing in o ma ion can help espond
o long-lead- ime bullwhips (B ay & Mendelson 2012). The
hypo hesis is ha when cus ome s p o ide mo e comple e
da a, he supplie can imp o e o ecas ing and acco dingly
ha e mo e oom o add ess bullwhips (Moyaux e al. 2007).
Fo ins ance, A i (2007 p. 790) ound ha i e aile s sha e
in o ma ion ups eam, “i makes sense ha he manu ac-
u e will end up wi h a gain due o his imp o ed abili y
o an icipa e demand.” Howe e , his da a and in o ma ion
ha is sha ed— ypically—is es ic ed o e y speci ic da a
in bila e al ela ionships (Adne 2017) ha a e necessa y
o achie e a speci ic pu pose (Legen e & Hame i 2024;
Wixom e al. 2020). Po en ial easons o his na ow scope
mos likely o igina e in p e ailing ea s o misconduc o
b eaches o con iden iali y by da a use s (Kuo e al. 2014).
Cachon & Fishe (2000 p. 1033) al eady explo ed he alue
o sha ed da a be ween “ adi ional in o ma ion sha ing”
es ic ed o only o de s and “ ull in o ma ion sha ing” wi h
a ange o bene i s (e.g., imp o ing o de quan i y decisions
o alloca ing ba ches based on in en o y posi ions). Re using
o sha e da a and mi iga ing issues o in o ma ion asym-
me y can esul in he loss o sales and supply chain ine -
iciencies (Wang e al. 2021), bu using sha ed da a equi es
“ us in he e aci y o he epo ed in o ma ion” (Cachon &
La i ie e 2001 p. 629). One pa y in he supply chain could
exploi ano he pa y’s lack o in o ma ion and adap buying
and selling s a egies acco ding o ha ad an age (Cachon
& La i ie e 2001; Makadok 2010).
4 In he ea ly li e a u e, da a sha ing and in o ma ion sha ing we e
o en used synonymously.
Elec onic Ma ke s (2024) 34:4141 Page 4 o 17
Indus ial da a ecosys ems
While he IS discipline has esea ched digi al ans o ma-
ion and in o ma ion managemen o decades, da a ecosys-
ems a e a no el socio- echnical mani es a ion o digi ally
ans o med sys ems o o ganiza ions, p o iding a bouque
o esea ch oppo uni ies (e.g., Cu y e al. 2022; Heinz e al.
2022; He ne & Ma ch 2003; Legne e al. 2017; Oli ei a
e al. 2019). Da a ecosys ems ad oca e o an al e na i e
iew o in e -o ganiza ional da a sha ing, skewing away
om sequen ial and bila e al da a sha ing. Ins ead, da a
ecosys ems cen e on dynamic da a sha ing based on com-
mon alue d i e s (e.g., cus ome alue o compliance) as
opposed o me ely execu ing undamen al business unc ions
(Jacobides e al. 2018; Legen e e al. 2022).
In pa icula , he seminal a icle o Moo e (1993) has
signi ican ly con ibu ed o popula izing business ecosys-
ems. I o igina es om he biological ecosys em, which is
a sys emic dema ca ion o a na u al en i onmen consis ing
o o ganisms and o he physical and en i onmen al ac o s
wi h which hey in e ac (Tansley 1935). Con a y o o he
in e -o ganiza ional o ms o coope a ion, ecosys ems a e
inhe en ly mo e dynamic since hey e ol e a ound a sha ed
pu pose, such as cus ome inno a ion om da a, and e ain
he in ol ed pa ies h ough a con inuous balance o alue
ecei ed and e o gi en, enabling o ganiza ions o en e
and exi eely (O o 2022b). Nowadays, he “ecosys em”
concep is mainly associa ed wi h digi al pla o ms and eo -
ganizes he sequen ial supply chain logic o a mo e open,
dynamic, and sha ed unde s anding o in e -o ganiza ional
collabo a ion ha equi es alignmen o ac o s beyond hose
al eady implemen ed bila e al ela ionships (Adne 2017;
Legen e e al. 2022). Ins ead o clea bounda ies con ining
alue-c ea ion ac i i ies, hese ecosys ems a e popula ed by
mo e-o -less au onomous mul ila e al ac o s ha wo k as
complemen o s and gene a e alue and ne wo k e ec s (Hein
e al. 2020). The syn hesis o in e -o ganiza ional da a sha -
ing and (pla o m) ecosys ems spu ed he concep o da a
ecosys ems, which a e “socio- echnical complex ne wo ks
in which ac o s in e ac and collabo a e wi h each o he o
ind, a chi e, publish, consume, o euse da a as well as o
os e inno a ion, c ea e alue, and suppo new business”
(Oli ei a e al. 2019 p. 589). In sho , da a ecosys ems a e
“c ea ing, managing and sus aining da a sha ing ini ia i es”
(Oli ei a & Lóscio 2018 p. 1). Table1 jux aposes dominan
da a-sha ing p ac ices wi hin supply chains and da a eco-
sys ems based on he li e a u e’s na a i e desc ip ion and
ou expe ience.
Wha cha ac e izes he no el y o da a ecosys ems is he
dedica ed ocus on da a as a ansac ion objec o alue c e-
a ion and cap u e and he accompanying manda o y consid-
e a ion o hei peculia i ies (e.g., P ieëlle e al. 2020). Da a
(as well as p oduc s and se ices s emming om hem) can
be sha ed and ep oduced inde ini ely, con as ing i dis inc-
i ely wi h ini e esou ces (Shapi o e al. 1998; Vei e al.
2014). A he co e o da a ecosys ems a e he capabili ies
o each pa y o con ibu e o da a sha ing by ei he ecei -
ing i (da a use s), sending i (da a p o ide ), o acili a ing
he p ocess (da a in e media y) (e.g., Oli ei a e al. 2019).
The alue esul ing om hese ela ionships is mani old.
Fo ins ance, companies can use ex e nal da a sou ces o
inno a e exis ing se ices and business models (e.g., Be -
e ungen e al. 2022; Lim e al. 2018; Vesselko e al. 2019),
use o he s’ da a o in e nal op imiza ion, o use exis ing
da a as new business asse s (e.g., Cappiello e al. 2020).
O e all, he e ol ing na u e o da a ecosys ems is shaped by
he inhe en dynamics o ecosys ems and he in insic cha -
ac e is ics o da a i sel . Fo ins ance, da a can be ep oduced
ad in ini um (e.g., Vei e al. 2014) and has inhe en po abil-
i y, which makes hem accessible and sha eable quickly and
independen ly om geog aphy h ough s anda dized in e -
aces (APIs) o open da a se s (e.g., G ego y e al. 2022).
Table 1 Con as ing da a sha ing in supply chains and indus ial da a ecosys ems (see also Legen e e al. (2022) andAdne (2017) o a jux a-
posi ion o supply chains and ecosys ems)
Da a sha ing… in sequen ial supply chains in indus ial da a ecosys ems
Pu pose Da a is a ool o mi iga e ad e sa ial e ec s in supply
chains, e.g., he bullwhip e ec
Da a is a s a egic asse used o gene a e new business
alue, op imize p ocesses, and comply wi h legal
equi emen s
T ansac ion objec P edominan ly physical p oduc s and esou ces, ma e ial
low
Digi al (da a) p oduc s, applica ions, da a, and se ices
Modus Typically sequen ial, bila e al da a sha ing Simul aneous, mul ila e al da a sha ing
Dominan business d i e s Supply chain e iciency (Da a) Ne wo k e ec s, inno a ion, alue c ea ion, and
cap u e
Da a ypes Highly es ic ed, speci ic Ve sa ile
Goal Resol e in o ma ion asymme ies and conduc essen ial
business unc ions and ansac ions.
Inno a ion, op imiza ion, compliance, complemen a ion
O ganiza ion Pee - o-pee (up-/downs eam) Da a in e media ies (collabo a i e, ne wo k)

Elec onic Ma ke s (2024) 34:41 Page 5 o 17 41
Di e en se s o algo i hms and combina ions o da a can
hen p oduce a a ie y o in o ma ion o applica ions om
he same da a (e.g., Yoo e al. 2010).
Da a sha ing in as uc u e
Indus ial da a sha ing equi es echnical in as uc u e.
Since he e a e many a ian s o how da a ecosys ems can
e ol e, we will only discuss some o he mo e p ominen
ones (e.g., see Di u h & Lienemann 2022). B oadly, we
ca ego ize da a-sha ing in as uc u e as ei he based on
da a in e media ies (as digi al pla o ms engaged in acili a -
ing da a sha ing) o IOIS. Re e ing o in e -o ganiza ional
da a sha ing in supply chains, he li e a u e p edominan ly
discussed IOISs, which connec indi idual sys ems o o gan-
iza ions (e.g., En e p ise Resou ce Planning (ERP) sys ems)
o deepe supply chain in eg a ion and au oma ed da a sha -
ing (Holland 1995; Johns on & Vi ale 1988). These sha ed
sys ems mi iga e manual da a exchange, con ibu e o p o-
duc i i y gains and lexibili y (Cash & Konsynski 1985),
and eplace “ adi ional” means o in e -o ganiza ional com-
munica ion such as he elephone o ax (Suomi 1992). They
a e ypically eng a ed in bila e al da a-sha ing scena ios o
mul ila e al ne wo ks ha e ol e a ound a ocal en i y (e.g.,
a supplie ) (Kuma & an Dissel 1996).
Scaling in e -o ganiza ional da a sha ing beyond bila e al
IOIS is aced wi h a ange o challenges. Fi s and o emos ,
sha ing da a be ween o ganiza ions—as opposed o consum-
e s— equi es conside a ion, a scale, o he po en ial ha ms
(e.g., business sec e s) ha could be spilled, e en unin en ion-
ally (Z enne e al. 2019). Re aining con ol o e one’s da a is
commonly e e ed o as da a so e eign y, which can be echni-
cally implemen ed h ough o malized usage con ol policies
(O o & Ja ke 2019). Da a spaces a e echnical da a sha ing
in as uc u es ha sha e cha ac e is ics wi h IOIS and da a
in e media ies. On he one hand, hey aim o open up a sha ed
space o o ganiza ions o ind us ed da a sou ces and, in ha ,
aim o be open and e ile soil o in e -o ganiza ional op imi-
za ion and business inno a ion. This esembles hei posi ion
as da a in e media ies—“a media o be ween hose who wish
o make hei da a a ailable, and hose who seek o le e age
ha da a” (Janssen & Singh 2022 p. 2), i.e., wo-sided ma ke s
o in e -o ganiza ional da a sha ing (Di u h and Lienemann
2022). On he o he hand, a da a space i sel is decen alized
and does no s o e da a cen ally in one pla o m; i uses so-
called da a space connec o s o acili a e da a sha ing (as an
IOIS) be ween wo pa ies. In his, da a spaces a e IOIS as hey
“enable he mo emen o in o ma ion ac oss o ganiza ional
bounda ies” (Johns on & Vi ale 1988 p. 153) bu do so by
accommoda ing o ganiza ional ba ie s by spanning bounda-
ies wi h echnically implemen ed da a so e eign y.
The syn hesis o his esul s in he dual na u e o da a
spaces, bo h as da a in e media ies (mul ila e al, ecosys em
iew) and IOIS (bila e al, da a sha ing iew), which use con-
nec o s o ensu e echnical da a so e eign y and onboa ding
mechanisms o gene a e a us ed pool o da a ecosys em
ac o s (B aud e al. 2021). Figu e1 illus a es ou concep ual
unde s anding o da a spaces as da a in e media ies ( he big
pic u e) and IOIS (a zoomed-in ansac ion).
In he ollowing, we summa ize and discuss op ions o
ope a ionalize indus ial da a sha ing in da a ecosys ems
based on exis ing li e a u e (e.g., Oli ei a e al. 2019; an
den B oek & an Veens a 2015) and ou obse a ions in
p ac ice (see Table2). We will hen discuss da a spaces in
de ail and align hem wi h da a ecosys ems.
• Fi s (1), da a and in o ma ion ex ac ed a e essen ial
o supply chains o communica e and wo k (Ahmed &
Oma 2019). They a e he basis o gene a ing IOISs
ha au oma ically sha e in o ma ion be ween supply
chain pa icipan s (Holland 1995). Typically, hese da a-
sha ing ela ionships a e sequen ial in ha pa icipan s
in he supply chain sha e da a o ensu e compliance o
o imp o e p ocesses ( an den B oek and an Veens a
2015). Howe e , he e is also a g owing endency o
da a o be sha ed ac oss supply chain pa ne s and supply
chains. Fo example, in he a ea o he ci cula economy,
da a is sha ed be ween di e en ma e ial supplie s, ba -
e y manu ac u e s, and ecycle s o decide how, o
example, a ba e y should be eused o ecycled.
• Second (2), da a ecosys ems eme ge a ound da a in e -
media ies (Di u h & Lienemann 2022), in which da a
p o ide s o e da a ha can be sea ched and accessed
by da a use s based on a ious decision c i e ia (e.g.,
he da a ype o he p ice) (Jussen e al. 2023a). Some
ypes o da a in e media ies a e usually open o anyone
(e.g., da a ma ke places), while o he s a e es ic ed only
o da a use s ha ul ill p e-de ined go e nance poli-
cies (e.g., da a us s) (Di u h & Lienemann 2022). In
go e nmen al da a sha ing, da a collabo a i es e ol e
a ound one o a ew p i a e o public o ganiza ions ha
p o ide da a o o he s o os e inno a ion wi h he dis-
inc goal o con ibu ing o a socie al good and public
go e nance (Klie ink e al. 2018; Susha e al. 2022).
• Thi d (3), a da a ecosys em eme ges a ound da a spaces.
Da a spaces sha e some cha ac e is ics wi h da a in e me-
dia ies. Simila o da a in e media ies, da a spaces need o
o ches a e and b ing oge he da a p o ide s and da a use s
and—like digi al pla o ms—mus exploi ne wo k e ec s
(O o 2022b). Con a y o mos da a in e media ies, da a
spaces a e only open o pa icipan s who possess echnical
access (i.e., a da a space connec o ) and sha e da a be ween
da a p o ide s and da a use s. P io o da a sha ing, da a
p o ide s and da a use s mus ind each o he ’s o e s and
demands by p o iding me a-da a o a da a ca alog (which
can be ope a ionalized h ough a da a in e media y as a da a
Elec onic Ma ke s (2024) 34:4141 Page 6 o 17
space pa icipan ). The ac ual da a is kep decen alized wi h
he da a p o ide and is only sha ed once nego ia ions a e
success ul. In his ega d, da a spaces sha e cha ac e is ics
wi h da a in e media ies (as digi al pla o ms) and as an
IOIS in eg a ing wo decen alized sys ems h ough da a
space connec o s (e.g., Z enne e al. 2019).
Da a space‑enabled da a ecosys ems
Da a spaces inda a ecosys ems
Gi en he explica ion o da a spaces as mo o s o da a ecosys-
ems abo e, we will de ine he ele an cons uc s— o da a
ecosys ems enabled by da a spaces—below. Da a sha ing is
he p ocess o gi ing o he s access o da a ha hey would no
ha e access o on hei own (Jussen e al. 2023a; Jussen e al.
2024). Figu e2 concep ualizes h ee laye s o da a space-ena-
bled da a ecosys ems, and we de ine da a spaces as ollows:
Da a spaces a e decen alized da a in as uc u es
designed o enable da a-sha ing scena ios ac oss o gani-
za ional bounda ies by implemen ing mechanisms o secu e
and us wo hy da a sha ing—such as dis ibu ed da a
s o age and he sha ing o me a-da a. They gua an ee da a
so e eign y by ensu ing ha he da a p o ide de e mines
con ol o e he access and use o he sha ed da a.
Da a spaces allow he o ma ion o lexible o ganiza-
ional o ms ha g an a delimi ed se o membe s access
o a secu e and us ed space o sha e da a, which can be
embedded in a la ge da a ecosys em. Da a ecosys em pa -
ies can sha e da a wi hou explici ly using he da a space
echnology and may con ibu e da a bu a e no pa o he
dema ca ed se o membe s sha ing da a in a da a space
unde he same se o da a so e eign y mechanisms (e.g.,
de ining da a usage policies). The concep ual bounda y
may be o med a ound a echnology (e.g., AI), a domain
(e.g., au omo i e), o o he ac o s (e.g., using a speci ic
a chi ec u e o a sha ed pu pose). We di e en ia e be ween
o ganiza ions di ec ly ( echnically) engaged in da a sha -
ing h ough a da a space (da a space membe s) and hose
ha a e pa o he da a ecosys em (da a ecosys em pa -
ies) bu do no di ec ly engage in he da a space hem-
sel es (see Fig.2). Fo example, he Ca ena-X Au omo i e
Ne wo k en isions a da a space in eg a ing da a om all
pa ies alongside a supply chain (Ca ena-X 2024b). Mem-
be s access he da a space h ough dedica ed da a space
connec o s. This so wa e componen ac s as an in e ace
be ween he in e nal sys ems o he da a space membe s
and he da a space i sel (Pe enpohl e al. 2022). I can
also be ex ended wi h addi ional unc ions, such as he
In e na ional Da a Spaces (IDS) Connec o , which can
in e p e and echnically en o ce da a usage policies (O o
Da a SpacesasDa a In e media ies
Da a Spacesas IOISs
O ganiza ionA O ganiza ionB
Da a
Da a
Nego ia ions
O ganiza ions:
Da a P o ide s, Da a Consume s,
Da a In e mdia ies…
Da a Space Connec o s (Po en ial) Da a Sha ing Connec ions
Fig. 1 The dual na u e o da a spaces as da a in e media ies and IOISs
Elec onic Ma ke s (2024) 34:41 Page 7 o 17 41
e al. 2022b; Z enne e al. 2019). The Eclipse Da aspace
Connec o Componen (Spieke mann 2022) is used in he
Ca ena-X Au omo i e Ne wo k5. The co esponding da a
ecosys em o Ca ena-X’s da a space could be he Au o-
mo i e da a ecosys em, po en ially ha ing mo e han one
da a space. T ans e ed o he Ca ena-X case, we ind many
use cases, such as Manu ac u ing-as-a-Se ice (Ca ena-X
2023b) o Ci cula Economy (Ca ena-X 2023a), om a
sub-g oup o he da a ecosys em on he da a spaces. Each
use case equi es di e en da a and pa ies ha ac in he
da a space and a e pa o he da a ecosys em.
F om a echnical poin o iew, he e m da a space
desc ibes a speci ic da a in as uc u e concep , which can be
cha ac e ized by ou p ope ies (F anklin e al. 2005; Hale y
e al. 2006; O o 2022a, 2022b; O o & Bu mann 2021):
1. Dis ibu ed: Da a spaces a e dis ibu ed by design,
which means ha hey do no equi e physical da a in e-
g a ion bu lea e he da a a he da a sou ce and make i
accessible only when i is needed.
Table 2 Views on da a sha ing in IOISs, da a in e media ies, and da a spaces
O ganiza ional
Fo m
In e -O ganiza ional
In o ma ion Sys em
Da a In e media ies Da a Spaces
Illus a ion
Key Func ion Bila e al da a sha ing,
1:1 and 1:n
Mul ila e al da a sha ing
n:m
Access o mul ila e al da a
space, bila e al da a sha ing
1:1 and n:m
Desc ip ionDa a is bila e ally sha ed
be ween supply chain
pa icipan s (e.g., supplie s
and OEM).
Da a is sha ed h ough da a
in e media ies as digi al
pla o ms. Typically,in
mul ila e al da a ecosys ems
(e.g., da a ma ke places)
Da a is sha ed bila e ally in a
da a space (in as uc u e).
The da a space enables all i s
pa icipan s o sea ch o da a
mul ila e ally.
Scope Fo malized ela ionship
be ween supplie (s) and
OEM
Open and dynamic da a
ecosys em o ‘all’ o
speci ic g oup
Open and dynamic ecosys em
o da a space pa icipan s
ExampleOEM and Supplie
ela ionship
Ad aneoa, SkywisebMobili y Da a Spacec, SCSNd,
Ca ena-Xe
Example
Li e a u e
Op iel e al. (2021), an
den B oek and an
Veens a (2015),Johns on
and Vi ale (1988), Kuma
and an Dissel (1996)
Be gman e al. (2022),
D iessen e al. (2022),
Geisle e al. (2021), ,
Di u h and Lienemann
(2022), Janssen and Singh
(2022), Schweiho e al.
(2023)
DSSC (2023), O o and Ja ke
(2019), Z enne e al. (2019)
Legend Da a P osume Da a Use sDa a P o ide
a h ps:// www. ad an eo. de/ las accessed: 22.02.2024
b h ps:// ai c a . ai bus. com/ en/ se i ces/ enhan ce/ skywi se las accessed: 22.02.2024
c h ps:// mobil i y- da as pace. eu/ de las accessed: 22.02.2024
d h ps:// sma - conne c ed. nl/ de las accessed: 22.02.2024
e h ps:// ca ena- x. ne / de/ las accessed: 22.02.2024
5 Fo an o e iew o da a space connec o s, see Giussani and S ein-
buß (2023).
Elec onic Ma ke s (2024) 34:4141 Page 8 o 17
2. No common schema: Da a spaces do no equi e a com-
mon da abase schema o which da a om di e en
sou ces mus adhe e. Ra he , da a in eg a ion occu s a
he seman ic le el, e.g., h ough common ocabula ies.
3. Da a edundancy: The dis ibu ed a chi ec u e o da a spaces
allows o edundancy o da a, i.e., mul iple da a objec s can
coexis in a da a space desc ibing he same eal-wo ld objec .
4. Nes ed and o e lapping: Da a spaces can be o e lapping
and nes ed so ha da a p o ide s and da a use s can be
membe s in mul iple da a spaces, and da a can be sha ed
be ween da a spaces.
Based on his unde s anding, we de ine da a ecosys ems
based on da a spaces as ollows (see also Fig.2):
Da a ecosys ems a e socio- echnical sys ems ha eme ge
a ound one o mul iple ( ede a ed) da a spaces. They ep e-
sen he sum o collabo a i e da a-sha ing ac i i ies buil on
he secu e and us wo hy da a-sha ing pa adigm o da a
spaces o ealize sha ed goals (e.g., inno a ion, compliance,
op imiza ion) o hei membe s.
To summa ize his unde s anding o da a spaces and hei
da a ecosys ems, we es ablish ou p inciples om p ac ice
and esea ch o guide ou unde s anding o how hey wo k
in da a ecosys ems:
1. The e is mo e han one da a ecosys em. They may be
di e en ia ed by e e encing a echnology (e.g., AI),
domain (e.g., au omo i e), o o he concep ual bounda-
ies delinea ing one da a ecosys em om ano he . Di e -
en da a ecosys ems can in e sec and gene a e an o e -
lapping da a ecosys em h ough da a spaces being pa
o mo e han one da a ecosys em. Each da a ecosys em
is ope a ionalized h ough a leas one da a space (see
(2) in Fig.3).
2. A da a ecosys em can span mo e han one da a space.
Fo example, he Gaia-X da a ecosys em consis s o a -
ious da a spaces, such as Ag i-Gaia o he Mobili y Da a
Space (e.g., O o 2022a). The Gaia-X-based heal h da a
ecosys em concep ualizes all ele an heal h s akehold-
e s ac ing in mul iple da a spaces ha should be con-
nec ed (Gaia-X 2021). Da a spaces can connec h ough
echnical in eg a ion (e.g., APIs) and be pa o mo e
han one da a ecosys em (e.g., O o & Bu mann 2021).
Howe e , suppose da a spaces exis o he same domain
in di e en coun ies. A guably, hese da a spaces would
ini ially no be connec ed bu ope a e in pa allel (see (1)
in Fig.3). The ou op ions indica e de elopmen s eps
(see ajec o ies in Fig.3). I appea s ha he 4 h op ion,
i.e., o e lapping da a ecosys ems wi h connec ed da a
Fig. 2 The Ca ena-X and Mobili y Da a Space da a spaces as illus-
a i e case scena ios con ex ualized wi hin da a ecosys ems ( o a
de ailed desc ip ion o he illus a ed use cases used o he scena ios,
see h ps:// ca ena- x. ne / en/ bene i s- p os/ sus a inabi li y and h ps://
mobil i y- da as pace. eu/ use- cases las accessed: 14.07.2024)
Elec onic Ma ke s (2024) 34:41 Page 15 o 17 41
Fassnach , M., Benz, C., Heinz, D., Leims oll, J., & Sa zge , G. (2023).
Analyzing ba ie s o da a sha ing among p i a e sec o o gani-
za ions: Combined insigh s om esea ch and p ac ice. P oceed-
ings o he 56 h Hawaii In e na ional Con e ence on Sys em Sci-
ences, Hawaii: USA.
Fede al Minis y o Economic Coope a ion and De elopmen . (2023).
The Ge man ac on co po a e due diligence obliga ions in supply
chains (BMZ): Implica ions o businesses in pa ne coun ies
and suppo om he Ge man go e nmen . A ailable a h ps://
www. bmz. de/ esou ce/ blob/ 154774/ lie e k e eng es e z- ak e npapi
e - pa n e lae nde - eng- b . pd . Accessed 13 Jul 2024.
F anklin, M., Hale y, A., & Maie , D. (2005). F om da abases o da a-
spaces: a new abs ac ion o in o ma ion managemen . ACM
Sigmod Reco d, 34(4), 27–33. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1145/ 11074 99.
11075 02
Gaia-X. (2021). Da a space business commi ee – Posi ion pape s. A ail-
able a h ps:// gaia-x. eu/ wp- con e n / uploa ds/ iles/ 2021- 08/ Gaia-X_
DSBC_ Posi ionPa pe . pd . Accessed 12 Sep 2022.
Gaia-X. (2022). Homepage. A ailable a h ps:// gaia-x. eu/. Accessed
11 Aug 2022.
Gaia-X. (2023). Da a spaces: Wha a e hey?. A ailable a h ps://
gaia-x. eu/ wha - is- gaia-x/. Accessed 7 Ap 2024.
Geisle , S., Vidal, M.-E., Cappiello, C., Lóscio, B. F., Gal, A., Ja ke,
M., Lenze ini, M., Missie , P., O o, B., Paja, E., Pe nici, B., &
Reho , J. (2021). Knowledge-d i en da a ecosys ems owa d da a
anspa ency. Jou nal o Da a and In o ma ion Quali y, 14(1).
h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1145/ 34670 22.
Gemein, O.-G., Hilbe g, S. J., Läh eenoja, V., & Tu peinen, M. (2023).
Re lec ions on he DGA and da a in e media ies. In S. S einbuß
& S. J. Hilbe g (Eds.), Posi ion Pape . In e na ional Da a Spaces
Associa ion.
Ge many’s Fede al Pa liamen . (2021). Ac on co po a e due diligence
obliga ions in supply chains: LkSG.
Ghoshal, A., Kuma , S., & Mooke jee, V. (2020). Dilemma o da a
sha ing alliance: When do compe ing pe sonalizing and non-
pe sonalizing i ms sha e da a. P oduc ion and Ope a ions Man-
agemen , 29(8), 1918–1936. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1111/ poms. 12959
Giussani, G., & S einbuß, S. (2023). Da a connec o epo . In e na-
ional Da a Spaces Associa ion.
Goasdu , L. (2021). Da a sha ing is a business necessi y o accele -
a e digi al business. A ailable a h ps:// www. ga n e . com/ sma
e wi hga ne / da a- sha i ng- is-a- busin ess- neces si y- o- accel e a e-
digi al- busin ess. Accessed 16 Feb 2024.
Go dijn, J., & Akke mans, J. M. (2003). Value-based equi emen s
enginee ing: explo ing inno a i e e-comme ce ideas. Requi e-
men s Enginee ing, 8(2), 114–134. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1007/
s00766- 003- 0169-x
G ego y, R. W., Hen idsson, O., Kagane , E., & Ky iakou, H. (2022).
Da a ne wo k e ec s: Key condi ions, sha ed da a, and he da a
alue duali y. Academy o managemen e iew, 47(1), 189–192.
h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 5465/ am . 2021. 0111
Hale y, A., F anklin, M., & Maie , D. (2006). P inciples o da aspace
sys ems. P oceedings o he wen y- i h ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-
SIGART symposium on P inciples o da abase sys ems - PODS
'06, Chicago: USA. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1145/ 11423 51. 11423 52.
Hansen, J. V., & Hill, N. C. (1989). Con ol and audi o elec onic da a
in e change. MIS Qua e ly: Managemen In o ma ion Sys ems,
13(4), 403–413. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 2307/ 248724
Hawkins, R., & Blind, K. (2017). In oduc ion: Un a elling he ela-
ionship be ween s anda ds and inno a ion. In R. Hawkins, K.
Blind, & R. Page (Eds.), Handbook o inno a ion and s anda ds
(pp. 1–18). Edwa d Elga Publishing. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 4337/
97817 83470 082. 00007
Hein, A., Sch eieck, M., Riasanow, T., Se zke, D. S., Wiesche, M.,
Böhm, M., & K cma , H. (2020). Digi al pla o m ecosys ems.
Elec onic Ma ke s, 30(1), 87–98. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1007/
s12525- 019- 00377-4
Heinz, D., Benz, C., Fassnach , M. K., & Sa zge , G. (2022). Pas ,
p esen and u u e o da a ecosys ems esea ch: A sys ema ic
li e a u e e iew. P oceedings o he 26 h Paci ic Asia Con e -
ence on In o ma ion Sys ems, Vi ual E en / Taipei, Taiwan /
Sydney, Aus alia.
He ne , A. R., & Ma ch, S. T. (2003). The in o ma ion sys ems
esea ch cycle. Compu e , 36(11), 111–113. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10.
1109/ MC. 2003. 12445 41
Holland, C. P. (1995). Coope a i e supply chain managemen : The
impac o in e o ganiza ional in o ma ion sys ems. The Jou nal
o S a egic In o ma ion Sys ems, 4(2), 117–133. h ps:// doi. o g/
10. 1016/ 0963- 8687(95) 80020-Q
In e na ional Da a Spaces Associa ion. (2022). “Homepage”. A ailable
a h ps:// in e na io nalda aspa ces. o g/. Accessed 19 Aug 2022.
Jacobides, M. G., Cennamo, C., & Gawe , A. (2018). Towa ds a heo y
o ecosys ems. S a egic Managemen Jou nal, 39(8), 2255–
2276. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1002/ smj. 2904
Janssen, H., & Singh, J. (2022). Da a in e media y. In e ne Policy
Re iew, 11(1). h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 14763/ 2022.1. 1644.
Johns on, H. R., & Vi ale, M. R. (1988). C ea ing compe i i e ad an-
age wi h in e o ganiza ional in o ma ion sys ems. MIS Qua -
e ly: Managemen In o ma ion Sys ems, 12(2), 153–165. h ps://
doi. o g/ 10. 2307/ 248839
Jussen, I., Schweiho , J., & Mölle , F. (2023b). Tensions in in e -
o ganiza ional da a sha ing: Findings om li e a u e and p ac-
ice. 25 h IEEE In e na ional Con e ence on Business In o ma -
ics, P ague, Czech Republic.
Jussen, I., Schweiho , J., Dahm, V., Mölle , F., & O o, B. (2023a).
Da a sha ing undamen als: De ini ion and cha ac e is ics. P o-
ceedings o he 56 Hawaii In e na ional Con e ence on Sys em
Sciences, Hawaii: USA.
Jussen, I., Mölle , F., Schweiho , J., Gieß, A., Giussani, G., & O o,
B. (2024). Issues in in e -o ganiza ional da a sha ing: Findings
om p ac ice and esea ch challenges. Da a & Knowledge Engi-
nee ing, 150, 1–19. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1016/j. da ak. 2024. 102280
Klie ink, B., an de Voo , H., & Veeneman, W. (2018). C ea ing
alue h ough da a collabo a i es. In o ma ion Poli y, 23, 379–
397. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 3233/ IP- 180070
Kole -Schae e , G., & Neligan, A. (2024). Due diligence - E ec o
supply chain egula ion. In I. W. Köln (Ed.), Da a-based esul s
on he e ec s o he Ge man Supply Chain Ac . IW-Repo . (Vol.
8). Köln / Be lin
Konsynski, B., & Mc a lan, F. (1990). In o ma ion pa ne ships
- Sha ed da a, sha ed scale. Ha a d Business Re iew, 68,
114–120.
Kuma , K., & an Dissel, H. G. (1996). Sus ainable collabo a ion:
Managing con lic and coope a ion in in e o ganiza ional sys-
ems. MIS Qua e ly: Managemen In o ma ion Sys ems, 20(3),
279–300. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 2307/ 249657
Kuo, T.-C., Hsu, C.-W., Huang, S. H., & Gong, D.-C. (2014). Da a
sha ing: A collabo a i e model o a g een ex ile/clo hing supply
chain. In e na ional Jou nal o Compu e In eg a ed Manu ac-
u ing, 27(3), 266–280. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1080/ 09511 92X. 2013.
814157
Lau e , R. S., & Wol e, M. (1977). P i acy as a concep and a social
issue: A mul idimensional de elopmen al heo y. Jou nal o
Social Issues, 33(3), 22–42. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1111/j. 1540- 4560.
1977. b018 80.x
Leckel, A., & Linna z, M. (2023). Towa ds he in e ne o p oduc-
ion–How o inc ease da a sha ing o success ul supply chain
collabo a ion. Jou nal o P oduc ion Sys ems and Logis ics,
3(2023), 3. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 15488/ 13409.

Elec onic Ma ke s (2024) 34:4141 Page 16 o 17
Lee, H. L., Padmanabhan, V., & Whang, S. (1997). In o ma ion dis o -
ion in a supply chain: The bullwhip e ec . Managemen Science,
43(4), 546–558. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1287/ mnsc. 43.4. 546
Lee, H. L., So, K. C., & Tang, C. S. (2000). The alue o in o ma ion
sha ing in a wo-le el supply chain. Managemen Science, 46(5),
626–643. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1287/ mnsc. 46.5. 626. 12047
Legen e, H., & Hame i, A.-P. (2024). The eme gence o da a sha ing
along complex supply chains. In e na ional Jou nal o Ope a-
ions & P oduc ion Managemen , 44(1), 292–297. h ps:// doi.
o g/ 10. 1108/ IJOPM- 11- 2022- 0729
Legen e, H., Hame i, A.-P., & Golini, R. (2022). Ecosys ems and sup-
ply chains: How do hey di e and ela e. Digi al Business, 2(2),
100029. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1016/j. digbus. 2022. 100029
Legne , C., Pen ek, T., & O o, B. (2020). Accumula ing design knowl-
edge wi h e e ence models: Insigh s om 12 yea s’ esea ch in o
da a managemen .Jou nal o  he Associa ion o In o ma ion
Sys ems, 21(3), 735–770. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 17705/ 1jais. 00618
Legne , C., Eymann, T., Hess, T., Ma , C., Böhmann, T., D ews, P.,
Mädche, A., U bach, N., & Ahlemann, F. (2017). Digi aliza-
ion: Oppo uni y and challenge o he business and in o ma-
ion sys ems enginee ing communi y. Business and In o ma ion
Sys ems Enginee ing, 59(4), 301–308. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1007/
s12599- 017- 0484-2
Li, X.-B., & Qin, J. (2017). Anonymizing and sha ing medical ex
eco ds. In o ma ion Sys ems Resea ch, 28(2), 332–352. h ps://
doi. o g/ 10. 1287/ is e. 2016. 0676
Lim, C., Kim, K.-H., Kim, M.-J., Heo, J.-Y., Kim, K.-J., & Maglio, P.
P. (2018). F om da a o alue: A nine- ac o amewo k o da a-
based alue c ea ion in in o ma ion-in ensi e se ices. In e na-
ional Jou nal o In o ma ion Managemen , 39, 121–135. h ps://
doi. o g/ 10. 1016/j. ijin omg . 2017. 12. 007
Luo, H., Sha, S., & Huang, G. Q. (2013). The impac o in o ma ion
and knowledge sha ing on he buye -supplie ela ionship and
pe o mance in elec onics indus y. IFAC P oceedings, 46(9),
1944–1949. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 3182/ 20130 619-3- RU- 3018. 00152
Makadok, R. (2010). In i ed edi o ial: The ou heo ies o p o i and
hei join e ec s. Jou nal o Managemen , 37(5), 1316–1334.
h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1177/ 01492 06310 385697
Ma in-Jung, H. (2022). Meh Du chblick bei den Lie e ke en. A ail-
able a h ps:// www. suedd eu sc he. de/ wi s cha / ca ena- x- bmw-
sap- co2- ussa bd uck- lie e ke e- 1. 56057 60. Accessed 7 Ap il
2024.
Me cedes-Benz G oup. (2024). Human igh s in he supply chain. A ail-
able a h ps:// g oup. me ce des- benz. com/ espo nsibi li y/ sus a inabi
li y/ suppl y- chain s/#: ~: ex = Acco dingl y% 2C% 20ou % 20sup ply%
20cha in% 20is,% 2C% 20No h% 20Ame ica% 2C% 20and% 20Asia.
Accessed 29 Ma 2024.
Mobili y Da a Space. (2023). Mobili y da a space - Übe Uns. A ail-
able a h ps:// mobil i y- da as pace. eu/ de/ uebe - uns# c1357.
Accessed 7 Ap 2024.
Moo e, J. F. (1993). P eda o s and p ey: A new ecology o compe i ion.
Ha a d Business Re iew, 71(3), 75–86.
Moyaux, T., Chaib-d aa, B., & D’Amou s, S. (2007). “In o ma ion
sha ing as a coo dina ion mechanism o educing he bullwhip
e ec in a supply chain”, IEEE T ansac ions on Sys ems, Man,
and Cybe ne ics. Pa C (Applica ions and Re iews), 37(3),
396–409. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1109/ TSMCC. 2006. 887014
Mukhopadhyay, T., Kek e, S., & Kala hu , S. (1995). Business alue o
in o ma ion echnology: A s udy o elec onic da a in e change.
MIS Qua e ly: Managemen In o ma ion Sys ems, 19(2), 137–
156. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 2307/ 249685
Oli ei a, M. I. S., & Lóscio, B. F. (2018). Wha is a da a ecosys em?
P oceedings o he 19 h Annual In e na ional Con e ence on
Digi al Go e nmen Resea ch: Go e nance in he Da a Age. New
Yo k, NY, USA: Associa ion o Compu ing Machine y. h ps://
doi. o g/ 10. 1145/ 32092 81. 32093 35
Oli ei a, M. I. S., Lima, B., de Fá ima, G., & Fa ias Lóscio, B. (2019).
In es iga ions in o da a ecosys ems: A sys ema ic mapping s udy.
Knowledge and In o ma ion Sys ems, 61(2), 589–630. h ps:// doi.
o g/ 10. 1007/ s10115- 018- 1323-6
Op iel, S., Mölle , F., Bu kha d , U., & O o, B. (2021). Requi e-
men s o usage con ol based exchange o sensi i e da a in
au omo i e supply chains. P oceedings o he 54 h Hawaii
In e na ional Con e ence on Sys em Sciences, Hawaii: USA.
O o, B., Rubina, A., Ei el, A., Teusche , A., Schleime , A. M.,
Lange, C., S ingl, D., Loukipoudis, E., B os , G., Böge, G.,
Pe enpohl, H., Langkau, J., Gelhaa , J., Mi ani, K., Huppe z,
M., Hube , M., Jahnke, N., B ands äd e , R., Wessel, S., &
Bade , S. (2021). IDSA Posi ion Pape GAIA-X and IDS: In e -
na ional Da a Spaces Associa ion (ed.).
O o, B., S einbuß, S., Teusche , A., Lohmann, S., Bade , S., Bi ns il,
P., Böhme , M., B os , G., Ci ullies, J., & Ei el, A. (2022b).
Re e ence a chi ec u e model. Ve sion 4.0. A ailable a h ps://
docs. in e na io nalda aspa ces. o g/ ids- knowl edgeb ase/ / ids-
am-4/ on - ma e / on ma e . Accessed 14 Jun 2024.
O o, B. (2022a). A ede a ed in as uc u e o Eu opean da a spaces.
Communica ions o he ACM, 65(4), 44–45. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10.
1145/ 35123 41
O o, B. (2022b). The e olu ion o da a spaces. In B. O o, M. en
Hompel, & S. W obel (Eds.), Designing Da a Spaces : The Eco-
sys em App oach o Compe i i e Ad an age (pp. 3–15). Sp inge
In e na ional Publishing.
O o, B., & Bu mann, A. (2021). Eu opäische Da enin as uk u en.
In o ma ik Spek um, 44(4), 283–291. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1007/
s00287- 021- 01386-4
O o, B., & Ja ke, M. (2019). Designing a mul i-sided da a pla -
o m: Findings om he In e na ional Da a Spaces case.
Elec onic Ma ke s, 29(4), 561–580. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1007/
s12525- 019- 00362-x
O o, B., en Hompel, M., & W obel, S. (Eds.). (2022a). Designing
da a spaces : The ecosys em app oach o compe i i e ad an age.
Sp inge In e na ional Publishing.
Pe enpohl, H., Spieke mann, M., & Bo h, J. R. (2022). In e na ional
da a spaces in a nu shell. In B. O o, M. en Hompel, & S. W o-
bel (Eds.), Designing Da a Spaces : The Ecosys em App oach
o Compe i i e Ad an age (pp. 29–40). Sp inge In e na ional
Publishing.
Rich e , H. (2023). Looking a he da a go e nance ac and beyond:
How o be e in eg a e da a in e media ies in he ma ke o de
o da a sha ing. GRUR In e na ional, 72(5), 458–470. h ps://
doi. o g/ 10. 1093/ g u i n / ikad0 14
Röhl, K.-H., Bolwin, L., & Hü l, P. (2021). Da enwi scha in
Deu schland: Wo s ehen die Un e nehmen in de Da ennu zung
und was sind ih e g öß en Hemmnisse? Köln: Gu ach en im
Au ag des Bundes e bands de Deu schen Indus ie e.V. (BDI).
Schönwe h, D. (2022). Da en äume und Da enökosys eme – E s e
Eino dnung und ak uelle S and. Bi kom e.V. (ed.).
Scho e , A. P. J., Mudambi, R., Doz, Y. L., & Gau , A. (2017). Bound-
a y spanning in global o ganiza ions. Jou nal o Managemen
S udies, 54(4), 403–421. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1111/ joms. 12256
Sch yen, G., Wagne , G., Benlian, A., & Pa é, G. (2020). A knowledge
de elopmen pe spec i e on li e a u e e iews: Valida ion o a
new ypology in he IS ield. Communica ions o he Associa ion
o In o ma ion Sys ems, 46, 7. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 17705/ 1CAIS.
04607.
Schweiho , J., Jussen, I., & Mölle , F. (2023). T us me, I’m an in e -
media y! Explo ing da a in e media ion se ices. P oceedings o
he 18 h In e na ional Con e ence on Wi scha sin o ma ik, Pad-
e bo n, Ge many.
Shapi o, C., Ca l, S., Va ian, H. R., & Ha a d Business P ess. (1998).
In o ma ion Rules: A S a egic Guide o he Ne wo k Economy.
Ha a d Business School P ess.
Elec onic Ma ke s (2024) 34:41 Page 17 o 17 41
Sma Connec ed Supplie Ne wo k. (2024). “How i wo ks”. A ail-
able a h ps:// sma - conne c ed. nl/ en/ abou - scsn/ how- i - wo ks.
Accessed 20 Feb 2024.
Spieke mann, M. (2022). “Eclipse da aspace connec o ”. A ailable
a h ps:// p oje c s. eclip se. o g/ p opo sals/ eclip se- da as pace- conne
c o . Accessed 26 Aug 2022.
S e ansson, G. (2002). Business- o-business da a sha ing: A sou ce o
in eg a ion o supply chains. In e na ional Jou nal o P oduc-
ion Economics, 75(1), 135–146. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1016/ S0925-
5273(01) 00187-6
Suomi, R. (1992). On he concep o in e -o ganiza ional in o ma ion
sys ems. The Jou nal o S a egic In o ma ion Sys ems, 1(2),
93–100. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1016/ 0963- 8687(92) 90006-I
Susha, I., Schiele, J., & F enken, K. (2022). Business- o-go e nmen
da a sha ing o public in e es s in he Eu opean Union: Resul s
o a public consul a ion. In M. Janssen, C. Csáki, I. Lindg en,
E. Loukis, U. Melin, G. Viale Pe ei a, M. P. Rod íguez Bolí a ,
& E. Tambou is (Eds.), Elec onic Go e nmen (pp. 515–529).
Cham: Sp inge In e na ional Publishing.
Tansley, A. G. (1935). The use and abuse o ege a ional concep s and
e ms. Ecology, 16(3), 284–307. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 2307/ 19300 70
an den B oek, T., & an Veens a, A. F. (2015). Modes o go e nance
in in e -o ganiza ional da a collabo a ions.P oceedings o he 23 d
Eu opean Con e ence onIn o ma ion Sys ems.Müns e : Ge many.
Vei , D., Clemons, E., Benlian, A., Buxmann, P., Hess, T., Kundisch,
D., Leimeis e , J. M., Loos, P., & Spann, M. (2014). Business
models: An in o ma ion sys ems esea ch agenda. Business and
In o ma ion Sys ems Enginee ing, 6(1), 45–53. h ps:// doi. o g/
10. 1007/ s12599- 013- 0308-y
Vesselko , A., Hämmäinen, H., & Töyli, J. (2019). Design and go -
e nance o mHeal h da a sha ing. Communica ions o he
Associa ion o In o ma ion Sys ems, 45(18), 299–321. h ps://
doi. o g/ 10. 17705/ 1CAIS. 04518
on Di u h, L., & Lienemann, G. (2022). The da a go e nance ac : –
P omo ing o es ic ing da a in e media ies? Compe i ion and
Regula ion in Ne wo k Indus ies, 23(4), 270–295. h ps:// doi.
o g/ 10. 1177/ 17835 91722 11413 24
Wang, X., & Disney, S. M. (2016). The bullwhip e ec : P og ess,
ends and di ec ions. Eu opean Jou nal o Ope a ional Resea ch,
250(3), 691–701. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1016/j. ejo . 2015. 07. 022
Wang, Z., Zheng, Z., Jiang, W., & Tang, S. (2021). Blockchain-enabled
da a sha ing in supply chains: Model, ope a ionaliza ion, and
u o ial. P oduc ion and Ope a ions Managemen , 30(7), 1965–
1985. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1111/ poms. 13356
Wixom, B., Sebas ian, I., & G ego y, R. (2020). Da a sha ing 2.0:
New da a sha ing, new alue c ea ion. Bos on, MA: MIT Sloan
Cen e o In o ma ion Sys ems Resea ch.
Yoo, Y., Hen idsson, O., & Lyy inen, K. (2010). Resea ch commen-
a y —The new o ganizing logic o digi al inno a ion: An agenda
o in o ma ion sys ems esea ch. In o ma ion Sys ems Resea ch,
21(4), 724–735. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1287/ is e. 1100. 0322
Z enne , J., Mölle , F. O., Jung, C., Ei el, A., & O o, B. (2019). Usage
con ol a chi ec u e op ions o da a so e eign y in business eco-
sys ems. Jou nal o En e p ise In o ma ion Managemen , 32(3),
477–495. h ps:// doi. o g/ 10. 1108/ JEIM- 03- 2018- 0058
Publishe 's No e Sp inge Na u e emains neu al wi h ega d o
ju isdic ional claims in published maps and ins i u ional a ilia ions.