Sunda asen, Sheela; Zyzna ska-Dwo czak, Bea a; Goel, Sanjay
A icle
Sus ainabili y epo ing and g eenwashing: a bibliome ics
assessmen in G7 and non-G7 na ions
Cogen Business & Managemen
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Taylo & F ancis G oup
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Sunda asen, Sheela; Zyzna ska-Dwo czak, Bea a; Goel, Sanjay (2024) :
Sus ainabili y epo ing and g eenwashing: a bibliome ics assessmen in G7 and non-G7 na ions,
Cogen Business & Managemen , ISSN 2331-1975, Taylo & F ancis, Abingdon, Vol. 11, Iss. 1, pp.
1-25,
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Sus ainabili y epo ing and g eenwashing:
a bibliome ics assessmen in G7 and non-G7
na ions
Sheela Sunda asen, Bea a Zyzna ska-Dwo czak & Sanjay Goel
To ci e his a icle: Sheela Sunda asen, Bea a Zyzna ska-Dwo czak & Sanjay Goel
(2024) Sus ainabili y epo ing and g eenwashing: a bibliome ics assessmen in
G7 and non-G7 na ions, Cogen Business & Managemen , 11:1, 2320812, DOI:
10.1080/23311975.2024.2320812
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2024, VoL. 11, no. 1, 2320812
Sus ainabili y epo ing and g eenwashing: a bibliome ics
assessmen in G7 and non-G7 na ions
sheela sunda asena , Bea a Zyzna ska-Dwo czakb and sanjay goelc
aDepa men o accoun ing, P ince sul an uni e si y, Riyadh, saudi a abia; bDepa men o accoun ing and Financial audi ,
Poznan uni e si y o economics and Business, Poznań, Poland; cMiddle on school o en ep eneu ship and Managemen ,
nis le College o Business and Public adminis a ion, uni e si y o no h Dako a, g and Fo ks, nD, usa
ABSTRACT
his s udy aims o p o ide a comp ehensi e o e iew o he schola ly wo k and
discussion on g eenwashing in sus ainabili y epo ing (gis ) and ease ou dominan
hemes ha eme ge om he li e a u e, and he di e en emphasis o esea ch be ween
g7 and non-g7 na ions. Based on a o al o 87 a icles om he web o science (wos)
da abase, his s udy adop s he bibliome ics and con en analysis app oach, which
uses bo h nume ical and isualiza ion echniques o examine he ex an li e a u e om
2003 – 2022. he ou comes o he scien i ic bibliog aphic coupling iden i ied h ee
dominan hemes: (i) g eenwashing (exagge a ion o g een e o ); (ii) esg disclosu es
and pe o mance gap and (iii); communica i e legi ima ion s a egies and epo ing o
nega i e aspec s. esul s highligh ed o e laps and di e ences be ween g7 and non-g7
coun ies, and he need o u he esea ch in non-g7 coun ies on he ins i u ional,
cul u al, and socioeconomic a iances on g eenwashing, i m-le el a ia ions in beha io ,
leade ship and s a egy on g eenwashing, he use o echnology in de ec ing
g eenwashing, as well as he ole o egula o y and go e nance in co po a e epo ing
o mi iga e g eenwashing. his s udy hopes o a ac he a en ion o esea che s,
policymake s, and businesses o coun e ac g eenwashing by ecognizing i s
de e minan s and con ibu e o he quali y and c edibili y o sus ainabili y epo ing.
1. In oduc ion
in oday’s apidly e ol ing and dynamic business landscape, businesses a e expec ed o deli e economic
as well as social and en i onmen al alue h ough he encou agemen o inno a i e and c ea i e
app oaches in he a ea o sus ainable and esponsible business p ac ices, including socially esponsible
in es ing and esponsible p ocu emen o sus ainable p oduc s (camille i, 2016). his deno es a change
in he business en i onmen owa d one ha is mo e e hical and sus ainable, whe e companies a e
judged no only on hei bo om line bu also on how well hey con ibu e o a mo e sus ainable u u e.
in acco dance wi h s akeholde s’ expec a ions, p ac ices adi ionally ocused on inancial epo ing and
compliance a e unde going a ans o ma ion o inco po a e sus ainabili y conside a ions (se iawan e al.,
2023). his change equi es i ms o emb ace a p incipled app oach, and a oid indulging in he decep-
i e p ac ice o g eenwashing (Alzghoul e al., 2024).
he g owing impo ance o sus ainabili y epo ing (s ) and en i onmen al, social, and go e nance
(esg) disclosu es (cho e al., 2020; Adams & Abhayawansa, 2022; Balogh e al., 2022; Diab & eissa, 2023,
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup
CONTACT sheela sunda asen [email p o ec ed].sa Depa men o accoun ing, P ince sul an uni e si y, P.o.Box no. 66833 Ra ha
s ee , Riyadh 11586, saudi a abia
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2320812
his is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons a ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
ARTICLE HISTORY
ecei ed 24 oc obe
2023
e ised 13 Feb ua y 2024
Accep ed 14 Feb ua y
2024
KEYWORDS
g eenwashing;
sus ainabili y/co po a e
epo ing; esg; disclosu e;
bibliome ic analysis; g7
coun ies; non-g7
coun ies
REVIEWING EDITOR
collins n im, uni e si y o
sou hamp on, uni ed
Kingdom o g ea B i ain
and no he n i eland
SUBJECTS
Accoun ing; co po a e
go e nance; co po a e
social esponsibili y &
business e hics
2 s. sunDA Asen e Al.
2023) a ises om an inc eased awa eness o he mu ual in e dependence o business ope a ions, he
well-being o socie y, and en i onmen al sus ainabili y (solomon e al., 2011; e heyden e al., 2016;
An oncic, 2019). in he cu en co po a e epo ing s age (2020s-onwa ds), sus ainabili y epo ing has
become c i ical, wi h in es o s and s akeholde s ocusing on a company’s en i onmen al and socie al
impac . As a esul , he e is a g owing call o s anda dized epo ing amewo ks, inc eased egula o y
sc u iny, and s akeholde educa ion o cu b in o ma ion manipula ion and os e genuine sus ainabili y
e o s. go e nmen s and egula o s a e also acking he achie emen s o he uni ed na ion’s sus ainable
De elopmen goals (unsDgs) by in oducing new equi emen s and uni ica ion o sus ainabili y epo -
ing and disclosu e (g i & sAsB, 2021).
while many epo ing equi emen s a e being imposed on i ms, he e is e idence ha a ew i ms
also iew hese equi emen s as alue-added, and no me ely compliance (Macias & Fa an-lie ano, 2017;
pe escu e al., 2020). his is la gely because sus ainabili y epo ing and esg disclosu es sa is y he in o -
ma ion needs o he key s akeholde s (de illie s e al., 2014; Kılıç & Kuzey, 2018), assis o ganiza ions in
aising hei epu a ion (elde e al., 2016), by objec i ely documen ing socie al goals (sil es i e al.,
2017; el i & sil es i, 2020). sus ainabili y epo s he e o e ha e become a ool o legi imize he s a us
o socially esponsible en e p ises. ne e heless, a ecen sys ema ic li e a u e e iew by sil a e al. (2019)
shows s akeholde s’ dissa is ac ion wi h sus ainabili y pe o mance measu emen and epo ing
app oaches. his is la gely due o he ac ha he quali y and comp ehensi eness o sus ainabili y
epo s a y due o ins i u ional and s akeholde p essu es, as well as di e ences in cul u e, o mal
equi emen s, and expec a ions ac oss coun ies. hese p essu es and expec a ions ha e gi en ise o
in o ma ion manipula ion p ac ices in co po a e epo s. some o ganiza ions migh employ esg disclo-
su e o edi ec sc u iny o modi y public pe cep ions while main aining hei undamen al ope a ing
me hods (Adnan e al., 2023). hus, he quali y o sus ainabili y epo s may a y a lo . poo quali y
epo s educe he epu a ion and c edibili y o companies associa ed wi h hese epo s, which inc eases
p essu e o indulge in co po a e g eenwashing (Moses e al., 2020). pe haps because o his, pa allel o
he de elopmen s in he demand o sus ainabili y epo ing, he phenomenon o g eenwashing has also
become inc easingly p e alen as an aspec o epo ing on sus ainabili y and ela ed issues (e.g. de
F ei as ne o e al., 2020; Delmas & Bu bano, 2011). hus, his s udy in ends o ill he esea ch gap by
consolida ing he exis ing li e a u e and highligh ing he p e alen schola ly discussion in bo h he g7
and non-g7 coun ies.
g eenwashing is he ac o making alse and decep i e claims abou a company’s en i onmen al and
social bene i s (Becke -olsen & po ucek, 2013), which may unde mine he e o s o genuinely en i on-
men ally esponsible companies. en e p ises engage in g eenwashing as a means o enhancing hei
epu a ion in e ms o esg pe o mance h ough adap i e ins i u ional isomo phism (huang e al., 2022).
i also may cause po en ial in es o s o ques ion he c edibili y o in o ma ion p esen ed in sus ainabili y
epo s (F iske e al., 2022; Kim & lyon, 2015; uya e al., 2020). he ac o s de e mining he quali y o
sus ainabili y epo ing a e he subjec o nume ous scien i ic s udies (Khan e al., 2021; p amono sa i
e al., 2023; Moses e al., 2020; ogundajo e al., 2022). A g owing numbe o s udies ha e in es iga ed
o ganisa ional-le el and sec o al-le el de e minan s o co po a e sus ainabili y epo ing such as boa d
a ibu es, audi commi ee mee ings, sha eholde s’ ac i ism, owne ship s uc u e and sus ainabili y-linked
compensa ion, and indus y ype (Khan e al., 2021; Dong e al., 2023; ogundajo e al., 2022;
Zyzna ska-Dwo czak, 2023; Almaq a i e al., 2021). Mo eo e , he le el o sus ainabili y pe o mance, sus-
ainabili y o ices, sus ainabili y esea ch, eaching p og ams, s uden clubs, and inancial s a emen s also
ha e a signi ican e ec on he ex en o sus ainabili y epo ing (p amono sa i e al., 2023). he e o e,
esea che s ( .e. Ben enu o e al., 2023) highligh he need o u u e esea ch dedica ed o in es iga ing
he de e minan s o ‘g eenwashing’ in sus ainabili y epo ing. Mo eo e , he p e alence and ole ance o
g eenwashing a y signi ican ly ac oss na ions due o di e se ins i u ional, cul u al, and his o ical con-
ex s, as well as en o cemen mechanisms o epo ing amewo ks (Manes- ossi e al., 2021; sangio gi
& schopohl, 2021; Yu e al., 2020; Delmas & Bu bano, 2011). hese di e ences ha e implica ions o i m
alua ion and g een in es ing by ins i u ional in es o s ac oss bo de s, conside ing he a ying demands
o s akeholde s ac oss coun ies (lashi ew, 2021; es a e al., 2018).
ou con ex di e en ia es be ween g7 coun ies and non-g7 coun ies. g7 consis s o 6 coun ies
(canada, F ance, ge many, i aly, Japan, he uK, and he us) and one non-enume a ed membe ( he
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 3
eu opean union). g7 is o ganized a ound a ew sha ed alues – democ acy, plu alism, and ep esen a i e
go e nmen . oge he , his g oup wields signi ican economic, poli ical, and cul u al in luence o e he
wo ld, and equen ly ini ia es dialog on policies and issues o global impo (Mo gan, 2012). Many o
he policies adop ed in g7 coun ies se e as guides o simila policies in o he coun ies, e.g. on en i-
onmen , democ a ic p ocesses, wo kplace sa e y, p o iding oice o he ma ginalized, and women in he
wo k o ce (Mo gan, 2012). non-g7 coun ies, as he e m sugges s, a e coun ies ha do no belong in
he g7 g oup. non-g7 is much mo e he e ogeneous g oup, consis ing o de eloped as well as de eloped
coun ies, wi h di e en poli ical and go e ning philosophies, and widely di e en ins i u ional con ex s.
in he con ex o esol ing sus ainabili y epo ing issues ha ha e signi ican ex e nali ies beyond a
coun y’s poli ical bo de s, and esolu ion o which may equi e some deg ee o consensus, i seems
impo an o unde s and he ajec o y o knowledge de elopmen in hese wo di e en g oups. in g7
coun ies, one ha is o med a ound sha ed alues and a high deg ee o dialog, and hence he ecog-
ni ion and esolu ion o ele an sus ainabili y epo ing issues may ace a di e en ajec o y and may
coalesce a ound common hemes. on he o he hand, in non g7 coun ies, he e may be spa se discus-
sion o sus ainabili y epo ing among coun ies due o a high deg ee o he e ogenei y and low le el o
sha ed alues. his may be e lec ed in he ajec o y o knowledge de elopmen , and a ious hemes
ha eme ge om s udies om his g oup. unde s anding he di e ences be ween hese g oups is c i ical
o comp ehend how o de elop a wo kable global consensus on sus ainabili y epo ing ha can be
us ed a ound he wo ld. i is he i s s ep o shed ligh on knowledge ha has been de eloped om
g7 ha is o ganized a ound a common se o alues and coo dina es as well as in luences global policy
in a a ie y o a eas including sus ainabili y, and he co esponding e o s by non-g7 g oup coun ies.
ou s udy add esses his gap.
Mo e b oadly, his esea ch endea o s o unde ake a igo ous examina ion o g eenwashing in sus-
ainabili y epo ing, deno ed he e as gis . h ough a me iculous app oach combining bibliome ic and
con en analyses, his s udy seeks o con ibu e o he exis ing body o knowledge by highligh ing he
cu en s a e o schola ship and discou se su ounding gis . his s udy aims o in es iga e knowledge
de elopmen on g eenwashing in sus ainabili y epo ing in g7 and non-g7 coun ies, allowing o an
explo a ion o he a ying deg ees o a en ion acco ded o his phenomenon in di e en geog aphical
con ex s.
h ough bibliog aphic coupling, p ominen hemes p e alen in he li e a u e we e iden i ied, allowing
o an in-dep h explo a ion o di e gences in esea ch ocus. Addi ionally, his s udy ap ly iden i ies gaps
in he cu en body o knowledge, hus pa ing he way o p ospec i e esea ch ajec o ies in his c i -
ical domain. he indings o his s udy should con ibu e o u u e schola ly discussions on meaning ul
ac ion o add ess sus ainabili y epo ing challenges, enhancemen o public policies and epo ing eg-
ula ion, and ul ima ely con ibu e o he de elopmen o a mo e sus ainable and esponsible co po a e
s a egy.
he s udy con ibu es o he a ailable li e a u e in he ollowing ways. ia a sys ema ic analysis, we map
he ajec o y o knowledge de elopmen on gis be ween g7 and non-g7 coun ies. we ex ac hemes
eme ging om esea ch on gis be ween g7 and non-g7 coun ies, including any common hemes ac oss
he wo g oups. De ec ing commonali y is c i ical o de eloping global s anda ds on sus ainabili y epo -
ing. in case o high commonali y, i would be eassu ing ha he unde s anding and de ini ion o ‘sus ain-
abili y’ is sha ed be ween he globally in luen ial g7 coun ies and coun ies in he non-g7 g oup. his can
u he spu he apid de elopmen o common s anda ds o sus ainabili y epo ing o minimize g een-
washing. wo common hemes iden i ied we e exagge a ion o g een e o s, and gap be ween esg disclo-
su e and ac ual pe o mance. hese common hemes ac oss bo h g oups sugges ha a global sus ainabili y
epo ing s anda d may be a wo hwhile solu ion. he hi d heme was e iden only in g7 coun ies – he
communica i e legi ima ion s a egies and epo ing o nega i e e ec s. his sugges s a high deg ee o
p o essional expe ise dedica ed o g eenwashing, which can in luence he linguis ic cons uc ion o sus-
ainabili y na a i es o make sus ainabili y e o s meaningless. i hese e o s a e iden i ied ea ly, addi-
ional legal and policy sa egua ds as well as s eng hening he p o essional aining and socializa ion
a ound e hical and socie ally esponsible conduc could be ini ia ed, be o e cu en p ac ices become he
s anda d ac oss he wo ld. Fo each o hese hemes, we iden i y he gaps and sugges u u e esea ch
agendas o mi iga ing g eenwashing and concu en ly enhancing sus ainabili y epo ing.
4 s. sunDA Asen e Al.
he esea ch also has se e al p ac ical implica ions. i helps o map ou g eenwashing in sus ainabili y
epo ing om di e en pe spec i es – as exagge a ion o g een e o , esg disclosu es and pe o mance
gap, as well as communica i e legi ima ion s a egies and epo ing o nega i e aspec s. each o hem
can be an a ea o u u e empi ical esea ch based on co po a e epo ing p ac ice. Mo eo e , he con-
clusions o his s udy may be o use o company manage s who a e expec ed o epo he esul s
e hically, a oiding in o ma ion manipula ion and no using, in en ionally o unconsciously, g eenwashing
as a o m o imp ession managemen in epo ing. he s udy may also be used by ex e nal s akeholde s,
which may e alua e he disclosed sus ainabili y pe o mance wi h a g ea e awa eness o he a ious
ac o s in ol ed in he use o g eenwashing in di e en pa s o he wo ld (and he di e ences be ween
g7 and non-g7 coun ies. i gi es a new pe spec i e on sus ainabili y epo ing quali y, opening he
oppo uni ies o unde s and, de ec , and limi g eenwashing, and educing i s p e alence.
Ano he p ac ical implica ion o his esea ch a ises om he explici compa ison o g eenwashing in sus ain-
abili y epo ing in g7 and non-g7 coun ies, indica ing he key di e ences be ween hese egions. he con-
clusions based on his highligh he key ac o s de e mining he deploymen and p e alence o g eenwashing
– such as cul u al and socioeconomic ac o s, o he pe cei ed need o ensu e symbolic legi ima ion due o
ins i u ional p essu es. he s udy may help egula o s in p epa ing legisla ion and con ex ually-adap ed sus ain-
abili y epo ing p ocedu es o comba g eenwashing as well as de elopmen o comp ehensi e educa ion
mechanisms and ehicles o c ea e agency in sol ing salien social and en i onmen al conce ns.
he pape is o ganized as ollows. sec ion 2 de elops he me hodology, mainly he da a ex ac ion
p o ocols, and discusses he so wa e in eg a ed o he da a analysis. sec ion 3 discusses he bibliome -
ic indings and a c i ical analysis o he hemes based on bibliog aphic and con en analysis. sec ion 4
iden i ies he gaps and me iculously a icula es u u e esea ch. sec ion 5 concludes.
2. Me hodology
his s udy adop s he bibliome ic analysis, which uses bo h nume ical and isualiza ion echniques o
examine he ex an li e a u e (Bake e al., 2020a, 2020b; sunda asen e al., 2023) and subsequen ly con-
ibu e o he ad ancemen o schola ly wo k (Ma ínez e al., 2015; pizzi e al., 2020). Bibliome ic anal-
ysis has mul i ace ed bene i s (Kuma e al., 2023; Ala awi e al., 2023). demons a ing i s ole in objec i ely
unco e ing knowledge clus e s, nomological ne wo ks, and pa e ns (hasan e al., 2022). his app oach
acili a es a comp ehensi e unde s anding o esea ch hemes, collabo a i e ela ionships and pa e ns,
and publica ion ends, o e ing insigh s in o ield e olu ion and knowledge gaps.
2.1. Da a ex ac ion
he web o science (wos) da abase is used in his s udy as i o e s high-quali y pee - e iewed a icles.
As a i s s ep o da a ex ac ion, a sys ema ic sea ch was pe o med, including he i le, abs ac , and
keywo d lis , u ilizing he speci ied e ms ‘g eenwashing’ AnD (‘esg*’ o ‘en i onmen , social and
go e nance’) AnD (‘ epo *’ o ‘ epo ing’ o ‘disclosu e’). his ini ial p ocess yielded a o al o 191
schola ly a icles. o ensu e a e ined da ase , we applied inclusion and exclusion c i e ia wi hin he web
o science da abase sea ch. Fi s ly, using he ‘ci a ion opics Meso - Managemen & economics’, we iden-
i ied 142 ele an a icles. By in eg a ing hese p ecise e ms in o he sea ch me hodology, he s udy
ensu es he inclusion o ele an schola ly a icles on g eenwashing wi hin he domains o economic and
managemen . subsequen ly, we limi ed he documen ype o include only A icles & ea ly Access, esul -
ing in 118 a icles. Fu he c i e ia we e hen applied, o ocus on english-language a icles wi hin he
domains o Business, Business Finance, Managemen , en i onmen al s udies, g een sus ainable science
echnology, and en i onmen al sciences, esul ing in a inal selec ion o 87 a icles published be ween
2003 and 2022. each a icle was ca e ully assessed o asce ain i s ele ance o he s udy’s objec i es. As
a concluding s ep, conside ing he s udy’s in en ion o delinea e ends and con en on ‘g eenwashing
and sus ainabili y epo ing (gis )’ in bo h g7 and non-g7 egions, a manual e iew o he inal se o
87 a icles was conduc ed. his e iew iden i ied wo dis inc se s: wen y- i e a icles om g7 egions
and wen y- wo om non-g7 egions, acili a ing a e ined assessmen o global pe spec i es in he
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 5
con ex o g eenwashing and sus ainabili y epo ing. Figu e 1 depic a lowcha on he scien i ic p o-
cess o da a ex ac ion and analysis c i e ia o he s udy on gis among g7 and non-g7 coun ies.
2.2. Da a analysis
in line wi h o he bibliome ic s udies, Bibliome ix -package (Biblioshiny) applica ion (A ia & cuccu ullo,
2017) is used o gene a e ex ual and g aphic ep esen a ions o publica ion and ci a ion ends, p ominen
documen s, au ho s, sou ces, ele an a ilia ion and coun y collabo a ion by egion (g7 and non-g7).
Addi ionally, os iewe is u ilized o he isualiza ion ne wo k – keywo ds and bibliog aphic coupling
(Bake e al., 2020a,2020b). Based on he bibliog aphic coupling, his s udy pe o med a con en analysis
and iden i ied hemes and u u e esea ch wi hin he ealms o g eenwashing and gis . o conclude he
con en analysis, a de ailed analysis and summa y o a icles published on gis be ween 2021 and 2022 in
Figu e 1. Da ase sea ch and analysis c i e ia.
sou ce: own elabo a ion.
6 s. sunDA Asen e Al.
web o science is unde aken. he eason being, ha mos o hese a icles we e no cap u ed unde he
bibliog aphic coupling ou pu due o hei ecency in publica ion. Based on he bibliog aphic coupling,
con en analysis, and he 2021-2022 summa y ( able 9), po en ial u u e esea ch is p oposed.
3. Findings and discussion
3.1. Main in o ma ion
able 1 compa es academic publica ion da a on g eenwashing o g7 and non-g7 na ions om 2003 o 2022
and 2005 o 2022, espec i ely. g7 na ions ini ia ed g eenwashing- ela ed esea ch ea lie , possibly due o eg-
ula o y conce ns. he numbe o a icles published by g7 (25 a icles and ea ly access) and non-g7 (22 a icles
and ea ly access) did no di e signi ican ly. howe e , non-g7 na ions demons a ed a highe a e age yea ly
g ow h a e o 10.41% compa ed o g7’s 4.14%, indica ing ema kable p og ess in g eenwashing- ela ed
esea ch. g7 coun ies had a highe a e age ci a ion pe documen (52.76) han non-g7 na ions (15.73), likely
due o hei ea ly ini ia ion o esea ch, g ea e in e es , unding suppo , and es ablished academic ne wo ks.
g7 na ions had 64 au ho s, while non-g7 na ions had 47 au ho s, wi h a small pe cen age o single au ho s in
bo h g oups. he deg ee o in e na ional collabo a ion di e ed signi ican ly, wi h g7 na ions ha ing 8% in e -
na ional co-au ho ship, while non-g7 na ions showed a highe a e o 31.82%. in e na ional collabo a ion is
essen ial o sha ing ideas, in o ma ion, and esou ces o ad ance scien i ic p og ess and add ess global chal-
lenges. in summa y, g7 na ions s a ed g eenwashing esea ch ea lie , bu non-g7 na ions demons a ed
ema kable g ow h in publica ion a es. Mo ing o wa d, global collabo a ion is c ucial o knowledge exchange,
add essing global issues, and p omo ing scien i ic ad ancemen .
3.2. Publica ion end (G7 and non-G7 coun ies)
3.2.1. Mos ele an documen s and au ho s
Figu e 2 illus a es an o e all up end in g eenwashing publica ions in he pas decade, bu he g ow h
dynamics wi hin speci ic egions (g7 and non-g7) a e no as signi ican . howe e , he e is a consis en
inc ease in esea ch in e es in g eenwashing in bo h egions. he majo i y o g7 coun y publica ions
come om au ho s in he usA (56%), while coun ies like canada, england, and ge many each con ib-
u e a ound 8%. in non-g7 coun ies, china accoun s o he majo i y (55%) o publica ions, ollowed by
Aus alia (23%). he une en g ow h dynamics among g7 and non-g7 s udies sugges a egional bias in
g eenwashing esea ch. his bias may lead o an imbalanced unde s anding o he global g eenwashing
landscape, as egional ac o s like egula ions, co po a e p ac ices, and con ex ual in luences di e . he
disc epancy in esea ch and ci a ions be ween g7 and non-g7 coun ies may esul in limi ed di e si y
o pe spec i es and insigh s in he ield, po en ially hinde ing e ec i e iden i ica ion and mi iga ion o
g eenwashing p ac ices in non-g7 coun ies. his imbalance in knowledge and awa eness can also ha e
nega i e consequences, allowing g eenwashing p ac ices o go unno iced and impac ing he en i on-
men , socie y, and s akeholde s. Fu u e esea ch should ocus on examining g eenwashing p e alence
and impac in di e en egional con ex s, e alua ing he e ec i eness o egula o y amewo ks, and
explo ing socio-cul u al, economic, and poli ical ac o s in luencing co po a e epo ing on en i onmen al
claims. Di e si ica ion and collabo a ion in esea ch e o s will con ibu e o mo e comp ehensi e s a -
egies in comba ing g eenwashing in co po a e epo ing and beyond.
able 2 p esen s no able a icles on gis om bo h g7 and non-g7 coun ies. g7 a icles a e pub-
lished in epu able jou nals like c i ical pe spec i es on Accoun ing, Jou nal o Business e hics, Jou nal o
Business esea ch, and o ganiza ion science, showcasing hei signi icance in he ield. wang e al.
(2018), siano e al. (2017), Mahoney e al,. (2013), Kim and lyon (2015), and hahn and lül s (2014) a e
no able con ibu o s o he gis discussion, add essing opics such as co po a e social esponsibili y
(cs ) epo ing, egula o y amewo ks, decep i e manipula ion, and legi ima ion s a egies. non-g7
coun ies ha e also made signi ican con ibu ions h ough a icles by schola s like Du (2015), Khalil and
o’sulli an, (2017), huang and chen (2015), and sial e al. (2018). hese a icles, published in epu able
jou nals including he Jou nal o Business e hics and Asia paci ic Jou nal o Managemen , p o ide alu-
able insigh s in o a eas such as in e ne social and en i onmen al epo ing (ise ), decep i e claims,
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 7
disclosu e e icacy in mi iga ing en i onmen al pollu ion, and au hen ic cs . Fu u e esea ch should build
upon he insigh s p o ided by hese in luen ial a icles and u he examine global g eenwashing p ac-
ices. o a ain a comp ehensi e unde s anding on a global le el, i is impe a i e o ocus on sus ainabil-
i y epo ing and g eenwashing in non-g7 na ions. igo ous esea ch can unco e pa e ns, ends, and
bes p ac ices, enabling he de elopmen o e ec i e s a egies o comba g eenwashing and p omo e
esponsible co po a e epo ing p ac ices. collabo a ion among esea che s om di e en na ions will
acili a e c oss-cul u al compa isons and en ich he collec i e knowledge on his c i ical ma e .
3.2.2. P ominen sou ces (jou nals)
able 3 p esen s leading jou nals in he ield o gis , p o iding in o ma ion on hei o al publica ions, ankings,
and publishe s. he op jou nals o g7 na ions include c i ical pe spec i es on Accoun ing, Jou nal o Business
e hics, o ganiza ion science, and Jou nal o Business esea ch. hese jou nals co e a wide ange o subjec s
including accoun ing p ac ices, co po a e beha io , e hical issues, business decision-making, and inancial
epo ing. Fo non-g7 na ions, p ominen jou nals include he Jou nal o Business e hics, he Asia paci ic Jou nal
o Managemen , Jou nal o con empo a y Accoun ing & economics, and Business s a egy and he en i onmen .
he Jou nal o Business e hics emphasizes business e hics, whe eas he Asia paci ic Jou nal o Managemen
examines egional o ganiza ional achie emen , including sus ainabili y epo ing. Business s a egy and he
en i onmen examines sus ainable business p ac ices and hei ela ionships. he abo e jou nals co e manage-
men , accoun ing, communica ion, and ene gy economics. he p esence o nume ous a icles on gis in hese
op academic jou nals highligh s he impo ance and c i icali y o his esea ch domain. hese jou nals con ib-
u e o he dissemina ion o knowledge and unde s anding o g eenwashing p ac ices, e hical issues, and sus-
ainabili y epo ing. i has implica ions o a ious s akeholde s, including co po a ions, policymake s, and
en i onmen alis s.
Table 1. Main in o ma ion summa y ela ing o he esea ch on gisR in g7 and non-g7 coun ies be ween 2003 and
2022.
Desc ip ion g7 non-g7
imespan 2003:2022 2005:2022
Documen s 25 22
a icle 24 18
a icle; ea ly access 1 4
annual g ow h Ra e % 4.14 10.41
a e age ci a ions pe doc 52.76 15.73
Keywo ds Plus (iD) 107 105
au ho ’s Keywo ds (De) 76 97
au ho s 64 47
au ho s o single-au ho ed docs 3 5
Co-au ho s pe Doc 2.56 2.5
in e na ional co-au ho ships % 8 31.82
sou ce: Web o science and Biblioshiny on 2023.03.30.
Figu e 2. o e iew o he numbe o a icles included in he Web o science da abase ela ing o he esea ch o g e-
enwashing in sus ainabili y epo ing.
sou ce: Web o science on 2023.03.30.
14 s. sunDA Asen e Al.
3.3.3. Theme 2: ESG disclosu es and pe o mance gap
co po a e sus ainabili y epo s, al hough olun a y, a e expec ed o p o ide an objec i e and comp e-
hensi e o e iew o sus ainabili y p ac ices wi hin companies (hahn & lül s, 2014). his expec a ion
a ises om he s akeholde heo y, which emphasizes he engagemen and add essing o s akeholde s’
conce ns (F eeman e al., 2010). en e p ises need o demons a e he legi imacy o hei ac ions h ough
esg disclosu es, as hey in luence s akeholde s’ pe cep ions o company ac i i ies (huang e al., 2022).
howe e , he e is o en a disconnec be ween s akeholde s’ in o ma ion needs and he in o ma ion p o-
ided in non- inancial epo ing (had o e al., 2022). hus, based on he ou pu om he bibliog aphic
coupling ne wo k, heme 2 discusses he schola ly wo k in bo h he g7 and non-g7 na ions on
disclosu e-pe o mance gap be ween co po a e sus ainabili y claims and ac ual ac i i y.
Figu e 5. (a) Bibliog aphic coupling ne wo k (g7). sou ce: au ho s’ elabo a ion based on Web o science and Biblioshiny
on 2023.03.30. (b) Bibliog aphic coupling ne wo k (non-g7). sou ce: au ho s’ elabo a ion based on Web o science and
Biblioshiny on 2023.03.30.
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 15
esea ch wi hin g7 na ions has explo ed in o a ious ace s o co po a e sus ainabili y epo ing, encom-
passing olun a y disclosu es (Mahoney e al., 2013), he eadabili y o sus ainabili y epo s (wang e al.,
2018), he p o ision o accu a e sus ainabili y in o ma ion, and he alignmen o hese epo s wi h he
global epo ing ini ia i e (g i) amewo k (lee & Max ield, 2015). Fi ms s a egically le e age olun a y
sus ainabili y epo s o demons a e commi men o social and en i onmen al esponsibili ies o s akehold-
e s, as highligh ed by Mahoney e al. (2013). Acco ding o he indings o he s udy, u.s. i ms ha issue
s andalone cs epo s demons a e a highe le el o co po a e ci izenship compa ed o hose ha do no ,
aligning wi h he signaling heo y pe spec i e. his implies ha hese i ms u ilize s andalone cs epo s
as a signal o hei commi men o cs , wi h ‘good’ companies willing o bea he associa ed cos s o he
sake o signaling hei dedica ion o co po a e social esponsibili y. Fon e al. (2012) u he s ess he
Table 8. Key eccen ici ies ela ing o gisR o g7 coun ies be ween 2003 and 2022.
Clus e 1: g eenwashing (exagge a ion o g een e o s)
au ho s Coun y Findings
Mason & Mason, 2012 usa Companies use ideological pe suasion in hei en i onmen al epo s o publicize as
socially esponsible. hey communica e a g een co po a e cul u e, lea ing audience
membe s o make a dis inc ion be ween g eenwashing s a egies and genuine
en i onmen al in e es s.
siano e al., 2017 ge many he s udy es ablished a new o m o g eenwashing classi ica ion, i.e. a new ype o
i esponsible conduc , ha is ‘decep i e manipula ion;. his o m o sus ainabili y
communica ion ac s as a pla o m o cons i u ional o ce.
Kassinis & Panayio ou,
2018
uK he s udy es ablished he occu ence o companies using images o es ablish ealism,
wi h he in en ion o di e ing om en i onmen ally isky p ac ices. hese isuals,
images, and deepened g eenwashing p ac ices ac as a pla o m o ebuild when
decoupling is exposed.
Kim & Lyon, 2015 usa Fi ms employ bo h g eenwashing and B ownwashing p ac ices o mis ep esen hei
en i onmen al pe o mance. he ex en o i depends on co po a e g ow h,
de egula ion, and low p o i s.
Lee e al., 2018 usa and Canada Va ious le els o g eenwashing ha e di e se impac s on s akeholde s’ pe cep ions o
co po a e en i onmen al esponsibili y and esponses o en i onmen al scandals.
Regula ing g eenwash may no spon aneously enhance en i onmen al ex e nali ies.
Clus e 2: esg disclosu es and pe o mance gap
au ho s Coun y Findings
Webe , 2018 usa Companies ha a e high in he pe o mance-disclosu e gap bu no ob aining ex e nal
assu ance end o ha e highe cos s o equi y as hey a e ques ioned on possibili ies
o g eenwashing.
Fon e al., 2012 eu ope he s udy con i ms he impo ance o co po a e disclosu e sys ems as hey may no
e lec ac ual ope a ions. La gely, es ablished ho el g oups end o ha e mo e
inclusi e guidelines bu la ge gaps in execu ion, while he smalle ho el g oups
ha e smalle gaps and deli e as epo ed.
Mahoney e al., 2013 usa Fi ms use olun a y sus ainabili y epo s o showcase g ea e social and en i onmen al
in ol emen o s akeholde s.
Wang e al., 2018 usa Fi ms ha execu e genuine sus ainabili y ini ia i es p oduce legible epo s, which may
indica e a minimal epo ing-pe o mance gap. addi ionally, he legibili y o epo s
is s onge wi h social pe o mance as compa ed o en i onmen al pe o mance. his
s udy also highligh ed he impo ance o egula ing he na a ions disclosed.
Lee, Max ield, 2015 usa sus ainabili y epo s based on he gRi amewo k ha e mo e aluable impac on
co po a e social pe o mance and co po a e inancial pe o mance, compa ed o
gene al epo ing. his jus i ies he impo ance o i ms o align hei epo ing wi h
he gRi amewo k.
Coope & Webe , 2021 usa Mos in es o s p e e o in es in Bene i Co po a ions (BC) compa ed o adi ional
co po a ions – indica ing a p e e ence o social good. in es o s end o belie e he
in o ma ion included in BC disclosu es is dependable and aluable o in es men
decision-making. hus, he s udy s esses he need o p ope sus ainabili y
in o ma ion as i is being pe cei ed as an impo an elemen by in es o s and
s akeholde s.
Clus e 3: Communica i e legi ima ion s a egies and epo ing o nega i e aspec s
au ho s Coun y Findings
Coope e al., 2018 usa Findings indica e an absence o he ‘halo e ec ’, i.e. a i m’s epu e o social
esponsibili y will no shield hem om any un a o able consequences o gHg
emissions. he ad e se impac due o gHg emission is g ea e i he CsR sco e is
high.
Lashi ew, 2021 eu ope in ensi ying ins i u ional shi owa ds amewo ks, such as gRi and sasB s anda ds and
egula o y su eillance o obse e disclosu e (e.g. he eu’s non-Financial Repo ing
Di ec i e) should enhance anspa ency and dependabili y in sus ainabili y epo ing.
Hahn & Lül s, 2014 usa he s udy e ealed ha i ms use ‘symbolic legi ima ion s a egies’ o al e s akeholde s’
pe cep ion o sus ainabili y epo s. i does no mee he so e eign y s anda ds se
by gRi guidelines. he s udy u he ecommended he need o de elop a
gRi-complian scheme o epo ing nega i e aspec s.
16 s. sunDA Asen e Al.
pi o al ole o co po a e disclosu e sys ems, ea u ing he disc epancies ha may a ise be ween es ablished
guidelines and ac ual business ope a ions. simila o he ea lie indings, he au ho s e eal a de achmen
be ween co po a e policies and ac ual ope a ions in he ho el indus y as en i onmen al pe o mance is
o en d i en by cos sa ings, while labo policies p io i ize local compliance, and socioeconomic policies a e
es ic ed and sel -cons ained. hus, la ge ho el g oups (con ex o he s udy) exhibi mo e ex ensi e dis-
closu e policies wi h implemen a ion gaps, while smalle g oups ocus on en i onmen al managemen and
ul ill hei commi men s. his emphasis on disclosu e no only aligns wi h e hical equi emen s bu also
con ibu es o shaping a co po a e landscape whe e en i onmen al and social engagemen is in eg al o
co po a e iden i y and accoun abili y. wang e al. (2018) esea ch u he suppo s he impo ance o gen-
uine sus ainabili y ini ia i es, indica ing ha hey lead o clea e and mo e legible epo s, wi h a pa icula
emphasis on he need o egula ing disclosed na a i es. his highligh s he inc easing impo ance o
p ope sus ainabili y in o ma ion o s akeholde s and in es o s alike, as hese s udies collec i ely empha-
size he signi icance o anspa en and genuine sus ainabili y p ac ices in shaping in es o pe cep ions and
minimizing he gap be ween disclosed in o ma ion and ac ual pe o mance (coope & webe , 2021). in a
compa able con ex , a s udy by lee, J., & Max ield, s. (2015) ad oca es o aligning sus ainabili y epo s
Table 10. Po en ial esea ch on G eenwashing (exagge a ion o g een e o s).
E ec i eness o Regula o y Measu es: Mul iple s udies ha e shown he laws o egula o y a emp s, bu mo e esea ch is needed o
e alua e how well p esen amewo ks p e en g eenwashing and p omo e sus ainable epo ing. Fu u e esea ch should examine how
en e p ises’ compliance wi h sus ainabili y epo ing c i e ia a ec s hei g eenwashing endency, ocusing on egula o y ins i u ions’
e ec i eness in elimina ing alse sus ainabili y me hods. Resea ch could also e alua e sus ainabili y epo ing egula ions in di e en
ju isdic ions, including he bene i s and d awbacks o all app oaches o comba ing g eenwashing and p omo ing legi ima e
sus ainabili y epo ing.
Compa a i e Analysis ac oss Indus ies and Regions: Fu u e esea ch could conduc an ex ensi e compa a i e analysis o unde s and
a ia ions in g eenwashing s a egies ac oss indus ies and egions. i could explo e i he impac o g eenwashing di e s ac oss
geog aphic a eas, indus y sec o s, o cul u al se ings and iden i y he con ibu ing ac o s. his esea ch would shed ligh on
sec o -speci ic challenges and egional in luences on g eenwashing p e alence.
In eg a ion o Technology and Repo ing: Wi h he ise o echnology and big da a analy ics, esea ch could explo e how
echnological ad ancemen s can be le e aged o enhance he accu acy, anspa ency, and c edibili y o sus ainabili y epo ing and
minimize oppo uni ies o g eenwashing. also, u u e esea ch could examine how a i icial in elligence can suppo audi app oaches
ha can e ec i ely e i y he accu acy and u h ulness o sus ainabili y disclosu es, educing he likelihood o g eenwashing.
Fi m-le el cha ac e is ics and G eenwashing Mi iga ion: Resea ch on i m-le el a ia ions in beha io , leade ship, and s a egy can
p o ide aluable insigh s in o e ec i ely implemen ing sus ainable p ac ices and educing he po en ial o g eenwashing. iden i ying he
d i e s o sus ainable beha io wi hin i ms, as well as he leade ship s yles, go e nance and in e nal con ol sys ems, and o ganiza ional
cul u e ha p omo e sus ainabili y, can encou age i ms o adop sus ainable p ac ices and mi iga e he isk o g eenwashing.
Table 9. Key eccen ici ies ela ing o gisR o non-g7 coun ies be ween 2003 and 2022.
Clus e 1: g eenwashing (exagge a ion o g een e o s)
au ho s Coun y Findings
sial e al., 2018 China Co po a e sus ainabili y posi i ely impac s i m pe o mance, bu ea nings managemen
dec eases he impac . his s udy highligh ed 2 ypes: subs an i e and symbolic
(genuine sus ainabili y s g eenwashing). High ea nings managemen inc eases
‘symbolic’ co po a e sus ainabili y, which ad e sely a ec s i m pe o mance.
Du e al., 2016 China Chinese i ms in en i onmen ally un iendly indus ies end o be in ol ed in
g eenwashing h ough he co po a e philan h opy pla o m o mi iga e co po a e
en i onmen al epo ing weaknesses.
Du e al., 2018 China Co po a e en i onmen al pe o mance is an impo an co po a e sus ainabili y
dimension and con ibu es a o ably o audi o s’ epo s and audi ees. i also
educes ea nings managemen by i ms. ne e heless, he p esence o
g eenwashing educes he posi i e in luences o he abo e.
Clus e 2: esg disclosu es and pe o mance gap
au ho s Coun y Findings
Khalil and o’sulli an, (2017) Lebanon he high pe cen age o symbolic disclosu es (51.63%) concludes ha Lebanese banks
a e la gely pa icipa ing in g eenwashing in he iseR epo ing, hough he
quali a i e in e iews denied such p ac ices. his indica es a disclosu e gap be ween
esg disclosu e and pe o mance gap.
de Jong e al., 2020 ne he lands Resul s sugges ha only ue g een beha io con ibu es posi i ely o epu a ion; lies
and hal lies con ibu e o he pe o mance gap and do no ha e any posi i e
impac on a i m epu a ion.
Du, 2015 China Many i ms in China p opaga e en i onmen ally iendly p ac ices, o co e up hei
ue ac i i ies, i.e. g eenwashing. his has c ea ed public doub on he au hen ici y
o g een beha iou , hus, impac ing nega i ely on i m pe o mance.
Huang e al., 2015 China inadequa e epo s on emission educ ion, i.e. disce ning disclosu e o ‘‘g eenwashing’’
had only a mino in luence on was e discha ge educ ion.
sou ce: au ho s’ elabo a ion based on Web o science and Biblioshiny on 2023.03.30.
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 17
wi h he global epo ing ini ia i e (g i) amewo k, emphasizing i s posi i e impac on bo h co po a e
social and inancial pe o mance. D awing om ins i u ional and s akeholde –agency pe spec i es, he
s udy sugges s ha co po a e esponsibili y ac i i y- epo ing (c A- ) posi i ely in luences co po a e social
pe o mance (csp) and inancial pe o mance (cFp). in ac , companies acing a no able pe o mance-disclosu e
gap wi hou ex e nal assu ance encoun e highe equi y cos s and inc eased sc u iny, aising conce ns
abou po en ial g eenwashing (webe , 2018).
on he lip side, he schola ly discussion on he ‘disclosu e-pe o mance gap’ in he non-g7 coun ies is
an equally complex issue, anging om decep i e p ac ices such as lies and hal - u hs (de Jong e al.,
2020), and he p oli e a ion o en i onmen ally iendly ini ia i es (Du, 2015). Khalil and o’sulli an (2017).
hese unde line he p e alence o symbolic disclosu es (Khalil & o’sulli an, 2017), emphasizing a de ach-
men be ween exp essed in en ions and ac ual pe o mance, hus con ibu ing owa ds he
‘disclosu e-pe o mance gap’ while de Jong e al. (2020) d aw a en ion o he damaging impac o lies and
hal -lies on his gap, u he e oding in es o us . simila ly, Du (2015) documen ed ha he p opaga ion
o en i onmen ally iendly p ac ices, while supe icially posi i e, can con ibu e o a dis o ed pe cep ion
o co po a e esponsibili y. his disco d can ha e signi ican epe cussions o a ious s akeholde s. in es o s
may make decisions based on inaccu a e o in la ed ep esen a ions, leading o inancial isks. Addi ionally,
he e osion o us esul ing om such disc epancies can ha m ela ionships wi h sha eholde s and he
b oade public. he misalignmen be ween exp essed in en ions and ac ual ac ions may also impede p og-
ess owa ds genuine sus ainabili y, hinde ing he o e all ad ancemen o esponsible business p ac ices
and also po en ially exposing companies o epu a ional damage and legal sc u iny.
hese ac o s collec i ely con ibu e o a disclosu e-pe o mance gap, esul ing in an inc eased cos o
equi y (webe , 2018) in non-g7 na ions. hus, an inc eased ocus on en i onmen ally iendly p ac ices
should be accompanied by anspa ency and genuine commi men o sus ainabili y o a oid c ea ing a
dis o ed iew o co po a e esponsibili y. in his ega d, chinese policymake s a e ini ia ing imp o e-
men s in en i onmen al in o ma ion disclosu e sys ems o lis ed companies, aiming o enhance s ake-
holde us in company ope a ions and hei e ec s (huang & chen, 2015). hese e o s align wi h
s akeholde heo y and a coun y-speci ic s akeholde o ien a ion (o ij, 2010; pa ma e al., 2010). o
add ess hese gaps mo e comp ehensi ely, global s anda diza ion and anspa ency in esg epo ing can
be ecommended. ini ia i es such as he global epo ing ini ia i e (g i) and he sus ainabili y Accoun ing
s anda ds Boa d (sAsB) could p opose uni ied guidelines o businesses o disclose hei isks and oppo -
uni ies. his is c ucial due o he inc easing esponsibili y assigned by legal egimes o sus ainabili y
ac i i ies and epo ing, as e idenced bo h by guidelines and scandals in ecen yea s (Ku pie z & smi h,
2020). able 11 delinea es he esea ch gaps and po en ial esea ch.
3.3.4. Theme 3: Communica i e legi ima ion s a egies and epo ing o nega i e e ec s
he bibliog aphic coupling ne wo k analysis indica es ha esea ch e o s in his speci ic domain a e
exclusi ely unde aken on g7 coun ies only. hahn and lül s (2014) e eals ha i ms employ ‘symbolic
legi ima ion s a egies’ o al e s akeholde s’ pe cep ions o sus ainabili y epo s, bu hese all sho
o mee ing he igo ous s anda ds se by g i guidelines. his app oach aises c i ical ques ions abou
he since i y o co po a e commi men , as i sugges s a delibe a e shaping o image a he han sub-
s an ial e o s, po en ially unde mining he c edibili y o sus ainabili y ini ia i es. he s udy ad oca es
he de elopmen o a g i-complian scheme, especially o epo ing nega i e aspec s. in he usA,
esea ch by coope e al. (2018) highligh s he absence o a ‘halo e ec ’, indica ing ha a i m’s posi-
i e epu a ion o social esponsibili y does no shield i om he un a o able consequences o g een-
house gas (ghg) emissions. his inding sugges s ha public pe cep ions o co po a e social
esponsibili y may no se e as a p o ec i e bu e agains he nega i e impac o news abou ha m ul
en i onmen al p ac ices, emphasizing he impo ance o angible and comp ehensi e sus ainabili y
p ac ices in mi iga ing epu a ional isks. Mo ing o eu ope, lash iew, (2021) sugges an ins i u ional
shi owa ds amewo ks such as he global epo ing ini ia i e (g i) and sus ainabili y Accoun ing
s anda ds Boa d (sAsB) s anda ds. egula o y su eillance, exempli ied by he eu’s non-Financial
epo ing Di ec i e, is seen as a c ucial d i e o enhance anspa ency and eliabili y in sus ainabili y
epo ing. in conclusion, hese s udies collec i ely emphasize he impe a i e o mo e obus epo ing
18 s. sunDA Asen e Al.
s anda ds and a genuine commi men o sus ainabili y p ac ices on a global scale, u ging businesses
o align hei ac ions wi h he p inciples o anspa ency, accoun abili y, and au hen ic social and en i-
onmen al esponsibili y.
he ela i e pauci y o esea ch in his a ea, in he non-g7 na ions may be a signal ha co po a e
disclosu e is no ‘a way o ul ill he o ganiza ion’s social con ac ’ (Zyzna ska-Dwo czak, 2018b). in line
wi h legi imacy heo y, his could be because he need o legi imacy is d i en by cul u al, cogni i e,
o ganiza ional, eligious, and ins i u ional ac o s (Milne, 2002; pal he, 2014; Zyzna ska-Dwo czak, 2018a).
his di e gence may impac s akeholde pe cep ions, hinde e ec i e engagemen , and impede he
es ablishmen o us and legi imacy o businesses ope a ing in hese egions. he ques ion o when o
should gis be o icially ea ed as aud emains open, necessi a ing s anda dized a angemen s and
comp ehensi e esea ch wo ldwide. in conclusion, sus ainabili y epo s se e as a means o legi imizing
companies’ ac ions and add essing s akeholde in o ma ion needs. howe e , he isk o g eenwashing
exis s in bo h g7 and non-g7 coun ies due o a ia ions in in o ma ion expec a ions. o comba g een-
washing, e o s a e equi ed o manage in o ma ion expec a ions and educe in e -coun y di e ences,
necessi a ing join s anda diza ion ag eemen s and s ic e go e nance. able 12 delinea es he esea ch
gaps and po en ial esea ch.
3.3.5. Summa y o discussion o Web o Science a icles published in 2021 and 2022
since bibliog aphic coupling ou comes depend on au ho s’ e e ences, hey may no comple ely cap u e
he mo e ecen de elopmen s in he a ea o g eenwashing and co po a e epo ing, hus unable o ully
e lec he ield’s p esen s a e and discussion. in ha con ex , o ha e a mo e holis ic and comp ehen-
si e unde s anding o he mos ecen schola ly discussion, able 13 summa izes he a icles published
in 2021 and 2022 in g eenwashing and co po a e epo ing.
4. Conclusion
sus ainabili y epo ing and esg disclosu es a e c i ical ea u es o sus ainabili y epo ing egimes ac oss
many coun ies due o he inc easing awa eness o he inancial isks and oppo uni ies linked o sus-
ainabili y epo ing, s akeholde s’ demand o g ea e anspa ency and accoun abili y, he ising ecog-
ni ion o o ganiza ions’ ole in add essing global challenges and he a emp s by go e nmen and
egula o s o uni y sus ainabili y epo ing and disclosu es. his s udy p o ides a map o knowledge on
g eenwashing in sus ainabili y epo ing in g7 and non-g7 coun ies. while ou s udy is a small, explo -
a o y s ep, unde s anding he simila i ies and di e ences may spu u he s udies o deepen ou unde -
s anding o g eenwashing in speci ic coun ies and i s de e minan s. in p ac ice, i may also help in
de eloping a wo kable global consensus on sus ainabili y epo ing ha can be us ed a ound he
wo ld. we ind ha knowledge on g eenwashing in co po a e epo ing is p e alen ac oss g7 and
non-g7 co po a ions, wi h businesses om a ious sec o s engaging in p ac ices such as in la ing esg
achie emen s o omi ing nega i e en i onmen al and social impac s om inancial epo s. while g7
Table 11. Po en ial esea ch on esg disclosu es and pe o mance gap.
E ec i eness o Sus ainabili y Repo ing in Non-G7 Coun ies: non-g7 coun ies ace issues such as symbolic disclosu es and aked
da a, a ec ing inancial epo ing dependabili y. Fu u e esea ch should compa e g7 and non-g7 na ions o be e unde s and hei
sus ainabili y epo ing challenges. De e mine he easons o symbolic disclosu es and disin o ma ion and iden i y holis ic s a egies
encompassing all s akeholde s ha could enhance sus ainabili y epo eliabili y in hese na ions.
Compa a i e Analysis o Regula o y App oaches: he egula o y amewo ks pe aining o sus ainabili y epo ing exhibi
conside able a ia ion ac oss di e en na ions. Fu u e esea ch has he po en ial o unde ake a compa a i e analysis o sus ainabili y
epo ing egula ions ac oss a ious ju isdic ions, o e alua e hei espec i e me i s and d awbacks in e ec i ely add essing he
disclosu e-pe o mance gap. Fu he mo e, i is impe a i e o iden i y and delinea e he mos op imal s a egies and p inciples ha can
be uni e sally dissemina ed o enhance he o e all e icacy o egula o y p ocesses.
Assessing he Role o Volun a y Repo ing in Reducing he Disclosu e-Pe o mance Gap: Disclosu e-pe o mance gaps end o
be na owed in olun a y sus ainabili y epo s issued by co po a ions. Fu u e esea ch could in es iga e he ac o s ha mo i a e
companies o olun a ily disclose sus ainabili y in o ma ion, as well as he po en ial bene i s ha such disclosu es may yield. his
in es iga ion will enhance ou unde s anding o wha mo i a es co po a e sus ainabili y epo ing and he angible bene i s i can b ing,
u he highligh ing he signi icance o such disclosu es in he business wo ld.
T anspa ency and S anda diza ion in ESG Repo ing: esg epo ing should be s anda dized and made public on a global scale.
Fu u e esea ch could examine how ini ia i es like gRi and sasB ha e a ec ed sus ainable epo ing s anda ds and anspa ency.
in es iga e he obs acles ha p e en he widesp ead use o s anda dized epo ing guidelines. also, an analysis o he ex en o which
hese e o s s eng hen he c edibili y o esg epo ing and lessen he p e alence o g eenwashing is wa an ed.
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 19
coun ies cu en ly ha e an edge in he knowledge base c ea ed in ha con ex , published knowledge
in non-g7 coun ies is g owing mo e han wo imes as e han g7 coun ies. his bodes well o a
global unde s anding o sus ainabili y, and g eenwashing in sus ainabili y epo ing. we also mapped he
ajec o y o knowledge de elopmen on gis be ween g7 and non-g7 coun ies. we ex ac hemes
eme ging om esea ch on gis be ween g7 and non-g7 coun ies. wo common hemes iden i ied
we e exagge a ion o g een e o s, and gap be ween esg disclosu e and ac ual pe o mance. hese
common hemes ac oss bo h g oups sugges ha a global sus ainabili y epo ing s anda d may be a
easible and wo hwhile solu ion. he hi d heme was e iden only in g7 coun ies – he communica i e
legi ima ion s a egies and epo ing o nega i e e ec s. A p o essional mindse o legi imize g eenwash-
ing and pu ing a posi i e spin on nega i e e ec s could be iewed as a pe nicious end ha could
make g eenwashing e en ha de o de ec in he u u e in g7 coun ies.
his s udy demons a es ha mos esea ch in g eenwashing ends o examine i gis is being used
as a pla o m o communica e g een ac i i ies, gaps be ween disclosu es and ac ual g een ac i i ies, and
symbolic legi ima ion. in gene al e ms, he esul s highligh he need o mo e esea ch in non-g7 coun-
ies on he de e minan s o g eenwashing, he ex en o g eenwashing, and he egula o y aspec s o
g eenwashing. in e -coun y, in e - egion, and global compa isons a e also p oposed. esea ch on ins i-
u ional and i m-le el de e minan s o g eenwashing as well as he use o echnological ools o de ec
and mi iga e g eenwashing would be especially ui ul.
Businesses may ace inc eased p essu e in he u u e o engage in sus ainabili y ac i i ies and adap
hei epo s o unce ain business condi ions, including mee ing esg equi emen s o ex e nal unding.
A p ac ical implica ion o ou s udy is ha i is c ucial o es ablish he same le el o impo ance o a
‘ ue and ai iew’ in sus ainabili y epo ing as in inancial epo ing, o e ec i ely educe g eenwash-
ing,. his necessi a es he de elopmen o new ools and app oaches ha can coun e ac g eenwashing
p ac ices and manipula ion o non- inancial in o ma ion. impo an ly, hese epo ing p ac ices need o
be implemen ed wi hin an o ganiza ional cul u e ha iews and e en celeb a es sus ainabili y as a co e
alue, equal o economic e u ns. go e nmen and egula o y bodies can enhance anspa ency and
accoun abili y by imposing s ic e penal ies o non-compliance wi h sus ainabili y epo ing egula ions,
hus de e ing companies om engaging in g eenwashing. ul ima ely, he aim is o eplace he legi imi-
za ion o ac i i ies h ough g eenwashing wi h audi ed non- inancial s a emen s ha ensu e he quali y
and c edibili y o communica ed da a o s akeholde s. his esea ch highligh s he di e en pe spec i es
o schola ly wo k on g eenwashing and p o ides di ec ion o u u e esea ch, acknowledging he aud-
ulen na u e o g eenwashing, i s causes, and i s sou ces.
one limi a ion o ou s udy is he a iance in he e ogenei y among g7 and non-g7 coun ies. non-g7
coun ies a e signi ican ly mo e he e ogeneous in many aspec s, since, unlike he g7, hey a e no o ga-
nized in a o mal g oup, and a e a con as g oup o g7 coun ies. As an explo a o y s udy mapping
he ield, howe e , his limi a ion does no cons ain he con ibu ions o he s udy signi ican ly.
Addi ionally, he p ocess o selec ing publica ions and da abases in ol es making choices based on
speci ic keywo ds, c i e ia, o pa ame e s. his selec ion p ocess may inad e en ly in oduce a ce ain
le el o bias. As a consequence, some s udies may be excluded om conside a ion due o he limi a-
ions inhe en in he chosen keywo ds o c i e ia.
Table 12. Po en ial u u e esea ch on Communica i e legi ima ion s a egies and epo ing o nega i e e ec s.
De elopmen o Robus Measu emen F amewo ks: While i has been asse ed ha a s ong measu ing amewo k can inc ease
openness and dec ease he need o imp ession o e sigh , de ails on how his migh be accomplished a e spa se. a g ea e ocus should
be paid o assessing exis ing and de eloping new s anda dized, all-encompassing assessmen amewo ks o sus ainabili y epo ing.
Fu u e esea ch could explo e how hese models could ack and display sus ainabili y da a anspa en ly and e icien ly, educing he
likelihood o g eenwashing.
Co po a e Disclosu e in Non-G7 Coun ies: Resea ch on symbolic legi ima ion and sus ainabili y epo ing is limi ed in non-g7 na ions,
which may be due o a lack o emphasis on he opic o di e en dynamics. he aspec s o cul u e, cogni ion, o ganiza ion, and
ins i u ion ha a ec he accep ance and e icacy o symbolic legi ima ion ac ics in sus ainabili y epo ing in non-g7 na ions could be
in es iga ed in u u e s udies. he impac o hese elemen s on co po a e disclosu e p ac ices and he e ec i eness o coun e measu es
agains g eenwashing could also be in es iga ed.
E hical G eenwashing Bounda ies: i is unclea when o should g eenwashing be o icially iden i ied as aud. Fu u e esea ch could
unde ake an in e disciplina y s udy o examine and p opose po en ial legal, egula o y, and e hical g eenwashing bounda ies. i could
also p o ide de ailed c i e ia o dis inguish legi ima e sus ainabili y epo ing om g eenwashing and how de ining g eenwashing
bounda ies could a ec co po a e esponsibili y, s akeholde us , and sus ainabili y epo ing. he decla a ion may p omp go e nmen al
p oposals o imp o e co po a e esponsibili y and s akeholde con idence in sus ainabili y epo ing.
20 s. sunDA Asen e Al.
we ha e se e al di ec ions o u u e esea ch embedded abo e wi hin he discussion o each heme.
Mo e b oadly, u u e esea ch could explo e wi hin-g oup di e ences in non-g7 based on a a ie y o
ca ego ical di ides, including poli ical sys em, economic s a us, pe o mance and sou ces (e.g. deg ee o
dependence on in e na ional ade), dominance o pa icula indus y g oups (e.g. mining, manu ac u -
ing, echnology, se ices) o ganiza ion ypes (e.g. s a e-owned, amily businesses, Mncs, e c.), social s a -
i ica ion, e c. each o hese would be a mul i-laye ed, nes ed design s udy accoun ing o a a ie y o
con ex ual ac o s embedded as concen ic ac o s ha in luence he de elopmen o sus ainabili y con-
e sa ion and p ac ice in each con ex . unde s anding o hese di e ences is c i ical o de eloping ways
o achie e a b oad consensus on sus ainabili y epo ing s anda ds and me ics. in g-7 coun ies, esea ch
Table 13. summa y o Web o science a icles published in 2021 and 2022.
Ruiz-Blanco e al., 2022 he s udy in es iga es he de e minan s o g eenwashing in he s&P op 100 companies and ound ha
i ms om en i onmen ally sensi i e sec o s and gRi ad oca es g eenwash less, while companies
wi h p oximi y and g ea e exposu e g eenwash mo e. he s udy sugges s a new g eenwashing
me ic, emphasizing he impo ance o sec o and epo ing mechanisms when adop ing guidelines
o enhance sus ainabili y epo ing c edibili y.
a mando e al., 2022 his s udy used he g ounded heo y o examine he i alian poul y esg epo ing on how o a oid
g eenwashing and p omo e sus ainabili y. a mo e o malized esg epo ing sys em and
incen i iza ion me ics could assis i ms implemen en i onmen al sus ainabili y as a s a egic
app oach and close he gap be ween pe cei ed and eal sus ainabili y.
Hamza & Ja boui, 2022 his s udy explo ed he ex en o which co po a e social esponsibili y (CsR) is u ilized as an app oach
o g eenwashing in F ench publicly aded companies. CsR and disclosu e one managemen a e
signi ican ly ela ed, wi h companies less a ec ed wi h one managemen becoming much mo e
socially esponsible.
Coen e al., 2022 his s udy employed machine-aided ex analysis o 725 co po a e sus ainabili y epo ing o examine
whe he i ms’ clima e p omises ( alk) ma ch hei ue g eenhouse gas emission educ ions (walk).
some p omises a e eal, bu mos a e jus symbolic.
s u ock e al., 2022 his s udy examined sus ainabili y epo ing om a linguis ic pe spec i e and concluded ha i lacks
objec i i y and e lec s ma ke ing. i employs oo many posi i e languages wi hou iden i ying obs acles o
consequences, o cing o sugges ha i is conside ed business ma ke ing, and no disclosu e.
Reig-Mullo e al., 2022 he s udy p oposed using aHP and oPsis in a neu osophic se ing o e alua e companies esg pe o mance.
he pu pose o he s udy is o inc ease he eliabili y o esg da a in co po a e sus ainabili y epo s.
Vel e, 2022 his s udy examined 85 pee - e iewed a icles on he business case o in eg a ed epo ing (iR),
including non- inancial capi al. imp o ed inancial esul s inc eases iR adop ion and alue, whe eas
composi ion o he boa d and s akeholde p essu e imp o ed iR quali y. iR adop ion and quali y
boos alua ion and pe o mance.
Ba bu e al., 2022 Financial and non- inancial ules in luenced en i onmen al disclosu e o eu onex 100 i ms om 2002
o 2017. he indings showed how manda o y equi emen s enhanced disclosu e, howe e he
deg ee o disclosu e s ill seemed o be inadequa e. eu ope’s en i onmen al egula ions should be
ailo ed o each coun y’s cul u e and belie s.
Zha peykan, 2021 he esea ch examined o ganiza ions’ sus ainabili y epo s o see i hey display a a ional pe spec i e o bo h
posi i e and ad e se de ails o i nega i e con en is minimized. in bo h he inancial se ices and mining
indus ies, he inding indica es a end owa d ‘g eenwashing’ ins ead o ai epo ing.
Lashi ew, 2021 he sus ainable De elopmen goals (sDgs) a e used by co po a ions as sus ainabili y benchma ks,
howe e , olun a y epo ing inc eases he possibili y o g eenwashing. Changes o ins i u ions and
legisla ion a e equi ed o p omo e openness and p ecision. his pape in es iga es hese
de elopmen s and inno a ions in co po a e go e nance o enhance he in eg a ion o sus ainabili y
in o businesses and inancial ma ke s.
Weda i e al., 2021 his s udy in es iga ed aus alian companies’ ca bon emissions and clima e- ela ed disclosu es. Low
disclosu e and poo en i onmen al pe o mance sugges g eenwashing. g eenwashing is absen om
emission- educing companies. hese indings sugges ha weak pe o me s g eenwash o enhance
s akeholde pe cep ions.
Ka aman e al., 2021 he s udy suppo s he signaling heo y and inds ha highe co po a e sus ainabili y pe o me s issue
epo s, adop gRi guidelines, and ob ain ex e nal assu ance. he ela ionships a e s onge o i ms
in middle-income coun ies compa ed o high-income coun ies.
Koseoglu e al., 2021 he s udy examined he associa ion be ween co po a e sus ainabili y pe o mance, epo ing, and
independen assu ance in he hospi ali y and ou ism indus y. Highe -pe o ming sus ainabili y
o ganiza ions p oduce epo s, adop he gRi amewo k, and ob ain ex e nal assu ance, hus e u ing
g eenwashing, howe e non- sus ainabili y epo s and non-gRi adop e s equi e ac ion.
Wilson, 2021 as a means o measu ing and epo ing sus ainabili y, he social and Human Capi al P o ocol has been
de eloped. his in o ma ion’s c edibili y can be p oblema ic due o he ac ha i ms u ilize a ious
me hodologies and may no comple ely e eal hei indings, hence po en ially unde mining hei epo s.
he epo will e iew he p o ocol’s capaci y o gene a e accu a e and p ecise measu emen s.
Ma akanye e al., 2021 he indus y’s impac on esg sus ainabili y was s udied. esg a ings we e no a ec ed by indus y ype in 75
companies om 6 sec o s. Communi y De elopmen and Philan h opy, Human Righ s and supply Chain,
and Compensa ion and Bene i s ha e subs an ial a iances among he wel e esg a ings.
Popescu e al., 2021 in es o s equi e non- inancial po olio pe o mance measu emen , necessi a ing us wo hy
sus ainabili y assessmen ools. Ca bon oo p in s and esg a ings ail o measu e eal-wo ld impac .
science-based, open-sou ce, sus ainabili y-d i en solu ions ha c ea e posi i e impac and conside
li e cycle impac s should be p io i ized.
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 21
could explo e he p ocess o de eloping a consensus on sus ainabili y epo ing s anda ds and me ics
and en o cemen egimes, especially gi en ha g7 coun ies a e likely o ha e ep esen a i e oices om
a a ie y o s akeholde s in he p ocess.
Disclosu e o in e es
no po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho (s).
Abou he au ho s
Sheela Sunda asen is cu en ly a acul y a p ince sul an uni e si y, saudi A abia. he a ea o specializa ion is Financial
Accoun ing and Audi ing. he cu en esea ch in e es s includes go e nance, esg epo ing and inancial li e acy.
Bea a Zyzna ska-Dwo czak (phD) is a p o esso a he Depa men o Accoun ing and Financial Audi , poznan uni e si y o
economics and Business. she is a ce i ied audi o - a membe o polish chambe o s a u o y Audi o s. she is an o dina y
membe o he polish Associa ion o Accoun an s and also a membe o he polish economic socie y. she is a lec u e o
subjec s such as Financial epo ing, Ad anced Financial Accoun ing and Financial Audi ing. she is an au ho o mo e han
70 pape s ela ing accoun ing, co po a e epo ing and inancial audi . he cu en academic in e es s a e: non- inancial
disclosu es in co po a e epo ing, sus ainabili y accoun ing and sus ainabili y assu ance.
Sanjay Goel is a p o esso and Bu well chai in en ep eneu ship a he uni e si y o no h Dako a. his cu en
esea ch in e es s a e in go e nance, en ep eneu ial hinking, en ep eneu ial ecosys em, and amily business g oups
Au ho s’ con ibu ion
concep ion and design: sunda asen, s; Zyzna ska-Dwo czak, B.; goel, s.
Analysis and in e p e a ion o he da a: sunda asen, s; Zyzna ska-Dwo czak, B.
D a ing o he pape : sunda asen, s; Zyzna ska-Dwo czak, B.; goel, s.
e ising i c i ically o in ellec ual con en : sunda asen, s; Zyzna ska-Dwo czak, B.
Final app o al o he e sion o be published: sunda asen, s; Zyzna ska-Dwo czak, B.; goel, s
All au ho s ag ee o be accoun able o all aspec s o he wo k.
we hank Ma ie (Beaux) simmons, uni e si y o no h Dako a, and Deepa naki an, Monash uni e si y o hei
esea ch assis ance.
we hank p ince sul an uni e si y o he inancial suppo .
Funding
he au ho would like o hank p ince sul an uni e si y o he unding.
ORCID
sheela sunda asen h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-0453-5489
Bea a Zyzna ska-Dwo czak h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-0827-2583
Da a a ailabili y s a emen
Da a is a ailable on eques om he au ho s.
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