Ops ad, Lei ; Ka e oll, Gu id Gjøs ein; Lewicka, Dagma a; Å e hun, To bjø n
A icle
How gende and pe sonali y ai s in luence job
p e e ences among s uden s in No way and Poland
Cogen Business & Managemen
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Ops ad, Lei ; Ka e oll, Gu id Gjøs ein; Lewicka, Dagma a; Å e hun, To bjø n
(2024) : How gende and pe sonali y ai s in luence job p e e ences among s uden s in No way
and Poland, Cogen Business & Managemen , ISSN 2331-1975, Taylo & F ancis, Abingdon, Vol. 11,
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How gende and pe sonali y ai s influence
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Poland
Lei Ops ad, Gu id Gjøs ein Ka e oll, Dagma a Lewicka & To bjø n Å e hun
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How gende and pe sonali y ai s in luence job p e e ences among
s uden s in No way and Poland
lei Ops ada , gu id gjøs ein Ka e ollb , Dagma a lewickac and o bjø n Å e hunb
ano wegian uni e si y o science and echnology, ondheim, no way; bWes e n no way uni e si y o applied sciences,
sogndal, no way; cDepa men o Business Managemen , agH uni e si y o science and echnology, K akow, Poland
ABSTRACT
he a icle explo es job p e e ences among business s uden s h ough he lens o he
Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s, which ha e implica ions o s uden s’ a i udes. his
in es iga ion is conduc ed wi hin he con ex s o no way and Poland, acili a ing a
compa a i e analysis o s uden s om hese wo na ions. empi ical e idence comp ises
esponses o ques ionnai es ga he ed om 178 Polish s uden s and 147 no wegian
s uden s. By jux aposing mean alues and employing eg ession models, we sc u inized
he link be ween pe sonali y ai s and job p e e ences in bo h coun ies. he indings
e ealed ha pe sonali y ai s exhibi co ela ions wi h s uden s’ job p e e ences, wi h
a pa icula ly no able impac obse ed in he domain o ag eeableness. his ai
demons a es a posi i e associa ion wi h job secu i y, wo k-li e balance, eamwo k and
socie al con ibu ion. Mo eo e , he e ec a ies be ween no wegian and Polish
s uden s, wi h disce nible gende disc epancies. h ough his compa a i e examina ion,
he s udy highligh s he media ing in luence o socie y on he ela ionship be ween
pe sonali y ai s and job p e e ences among business s uden s. i emphasizes he
impe a i e o u u e in es iga ions o in eg a e cul u al and socie al ac o s in o hei
analyses when explo ing he impac o pe sonali y ai s on job p e e ences.
In oduc ion
he e a e nume ous job op ions a ailable o oday’s you h. Wi h a quali y educa ion and imp essi e
achie emen s, hey ha e access o a wide ange o oppo uni ies ha can help hem ealize a d eam
ca ee (Mu wani & caesa , 2016). he decision-making p ocess o ca ee choices should be based on
accu a e in o ma ion, essen ial knowledge, sound ad ice, eliable u u e o ecas s and, impo an ly, he
indi idual’s in e es s, quali ica ions and pe sonal cha ac e is ics (a aq ahmed e al., 2017). choosing a
ca ee pa h can be challenging. in no way, indi iduals wi h a mas e ’s deg ee in business adminis a ion
o en ind hemsel es engaged in a wide a ay o p o essions. he mos common job is accoun an a
8% (U danning, 2022). in Poland he e a e mo e han 30,000 acancies in he a eas o managemen and
inance (sou ce). Knowledge abou how pe sonal cha ac e is ics a ec job choices can help businesses
and go e nmen s unde s and how o a ac s uden s o apply o much needed posi ions.
he gende gap in ca ee choices is well documen ed (enache e al., 2011; abassum & nayak, 2021).
i is possible ha he gende di e ence has dec eased due o g ea e gende equali y (Be and, 2020),
and i is o in e es o compa e he ou comes in Poland and no way.
a signi ican numbe o young people op o highe educa ion, wi h business adminis a ion being
one o o e a wide ange o ca ee s a e he educa ional ack (sie a, 2023). his s udy seeks o
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup
CONTACT Lei ops ad lei [email p o ec ed] no wegian uni e si y o science and echnology, Klæbu eien 72, 7030 ondheim, no way
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2354946
his is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons a ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
ARTICLE HISTORY
Recei ed 2 June 2023
Re ised 3 ap il 2024
accep ed 29 ap il 2024
KEYWORDS
Job p e e ences; business
s uden s; pe sonali y
ai s; gende ; wo k-li e
balance; ca ee
REVIEWING EDITOR
hui en (helen) cai,
Middlesex Uni e si y
Business school, Uni ed
Kingdom
SUBJECTS
human Resou ce
Managemen ; Public &
nonp o i Managemen ;
Managemen educa ion
2 l. OPs aD e al.
analyse business s uden s’ ca ee p e e ences in Poland and no way and o examine whe he he e a e
di e ences in a i udes owa ds ca ee s and job choices o s uden s be ween hese wo coun ies.
When businesses seek o a ac s uden s, hey a e no only sea ching o indi iduals wi h ou s anding
academic achie emen s bu also o candida es possessing pe sonali y ai s ha enable hem o excel
in a speci ic ca ee (hogan e al., 2013; John e al., 2020; semeijn e al., 2020). his s udy will in o m
businesses wha ypes o pe sonali y ai s a ec s business s uden s o apply o speci ic jobs. By look-
ing a wo di e en coun ies his s udy also o e s he added alue o illus a ing how cul u e and
socie y a ec ca ee p e e ences be ween Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s (ex a e sion, ag eeableness, emo-
ional s abili y, consciousness and openness).
he impo ance o pe sonali y ai s when op ing o a ca ee is s uden s’ choices can be di ided in o
wo ca ego ies: social and psychological ac o s (Yene , 2011). Psychological ac o s consis o in ellec ual
in e es s, ideas, belie s, pe cep ions and pe sonali y ai s. subjec in e es and pe sonali y ypes play a
signi ican ole in business s uden s’ ca ee choices, whe eas u u e employmen and inancial ewa ds
a e less ele an (ahmed e al., 2017). s uden s’ e alua ions and choices a e cul u ally in luenced (B own
e al., 2017; s illman & s illman, 2017). an example o he impo ance o cul u e is ound by ab ahams
e al. (2015). hey compa ed wo a ican coun ies wi h dis inc cul u es (Kenya and sou h a ica) and
ound ha he main ac o s o Kenyan s uden s we e pe sonali y ypes and subjec in e es , while sou h
a ican s uden s p io i ized inancial ewa ds.
e en hough his s udy add esses a ele an opic, we a e no awa e o any published a icle add ess-
ing i by compa ing coun ies like no way and Poland. hope ully, his a icle will con ibu e o knowl-
edge in his ield.
his a icle is s uc u ed as ollows. he i s pa goes h ough heo y, li e a u e and p esen s hypo h-
eses wi h ocusing on gende and Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s. his is succeeded by he me hod and
esul s, which a e subsequen ly ollowed by a discussion and analysis. he a icle concludes wi h a sum-
ma y and sugges ions o u u e esea ch.
Theo y, li e a u e e iew and de elopmen o hypo heses
Di e ences be ween Poland and No way
he e is a cul u al gap be ween no way and Poland. no way has a well-de eloped wel a e s a e and a
high s anda d o li ing. he coun y is cha ac e ized by good cohesion and high us in he public sec-
o . in se e al a icles, i is documen ed ha no wegians ha e g ea e us in he public sec o han he
coun ies in o he pa s o eu ope (Ruzi š, 2021; si esind e al., 2013). his a ec s s uden s’ a i udes and
ca ee choices. Poland is much mo e amily-o ien ed han no way. he e a e mo e adi ional alues.
ca holicism has a signi ican in luence. hence, eligion and he chu ch ha e a mo e subs an ial in luence
in Poland han in no way (Bo a e al., 2019). he dis inc ion be ween women and men is mo e p o-
nounced han in no way (Val ed e al., 2021). Fu he mo e, i bea s he ma ks o many yea s o commu-
nism and a ela i ely low s anda d o li ing. he e has been signi ican engagemen in c ea ing and
con ibu ing o highe p ospe i y and s eng hening he p i a e sec o . iso alo (2014) sugges s empow-
e men is a c ucial ea u e in he wo kplace in no way; employees a e expec ed o ake esponsibili y
and demons a e ini ia i e. us is b oadly impo an in no wegian socie y, including he wo kplace,
whe e he e is o en a la o ganiza ional s uc u e based on democ a ic p inciples. Pe o mance in
no way ends o be e alua ed on an indi idual basis, whe eas in Poland, one’s amily backg ound can
signi ican ly in luence one’s ca ee . in Poland, he cul u e places a high alue on asc ip ion, meaning ha
he use o i les is e y impo an . Wi hin he con ex o mo i a ion, acqui ing a new i le in Poland
migh ha e a mo e posi i e impac han ecei ing highe wages.
acco ding o he Wo ld Bank (2024), he e is a signi ican di e ence in gDP pe capi a be ween
no way and Poland. no way has adi ionally had a high gDP pe capi a due o i s ich oil and gas
esou ces, as well as a gene ally high s anda d o li ing and well-de eloped wel a e sys em. al hough
he gap has somewha dec eased, gDP pe capi a is s ill many imes highe in no way han in Poland.
his di e ence can also in luence s uden s’ job expec a ions in he wo coun ies. in no way, s uden s
can expec highe wages and be e wo king condi ions due o he gene ally high s anda d o li ing and
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 3
well-de eloped wel a e sys em. On he o he hand, highe economic g ow h in Poland compa ed o
no way will c ea e op imism and oppo uni ies o s uden s.
i is unce ain how he economic and cul u al di e ences be ween no way and Poland a ec s uden s’
job p e e ences.
The Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s and job p e e ences
he Big Fi e pe sonali y axonomy has been widely used wo ldwide among esea che s (May ield e al.,
2008), and i is he mos common me hod o measu e pe sonali y ai s. he design con ains i e ac o s:
emo ional s abili y, ex a e sion, openness, ag eeableness and consciousness (see able 1).
he Big Fi e ha e been shown o ha e alidi y ac oss na ional bo de s (Mcc ae & cos a J , 1994;
Badu a e al., 2018), bu se e al esea che s ha e poin ed ou ha cul u al di e ences and a i udes
in luence he es ima es (g ajzel e al., 2023). al hough some endencies a e qui e uni e sal and
c oss-na ional bo de s, his explain why he e a e na ional di e ences (leung, 2008).
he e is an ex ensi e body o li e a u e abou ca ee and job choices among business and manage-
men s uden s. gene ally, in e es s guide s uden s owa ds a ca ee pa h, and u he engagemen in
ela ed ac i i ies ein o ces his choice (len e al., 1994). O he ac o s, such as employmen a ailabili y
and ea nings, also in luence s uden s’ ca ee decisions. Di e ences in na ionali y and en i onmen al ac-
o s a ec business s uden s’ a i udes owa ds pu suing ca ee s in ields such as insu ance (acha yya &
secchi, 2015). Resea ch on s uden s in aus ia has ound ha ca ee ad ancemen and sala y a e he wo
mos c ucial p edic o s o job pu sui in en ions (Pe y e al., 2022). Boakye e al. (2023) sugges ed ha
wo k-li e balance is a good p edic o o job sa is ac ion and a good pe sonal li e. nume ous au ho s
ha e epo ed cul u al di e ences among s uden s conce ning ca ee decisions. Mau (2000) iden i ied a
signi ican gap be ween he a i udes o aiwanese and ame ican s uden s. in addi ion o physical and
social ac o s, s uden s’ a i udes owa ds ca ee choices a e in luenced by labou ma ke condi ions and
he economic si ua ion (Vond acek & Po eli, 2008).
in hei compa a i e analysis o business s uden s om ge many, china and he Uni ed s a es,
ho s ede and Mcc ae (2004) iden i ied commonali ies in ca ee decisi eness and pe sonali y ai s ac oss
he h ee coun ies. howe e , hey obse ed a ia ions in he signi icance and impac o hese ai s, wi h
some ac o s p o ing insigni ican in ce ain con ex s. his sugges s a co ela ion be ween pe sonali y
ai s and na ional cul u e, leading o di e ences in ca ee planning among s uden s ac oss bo de s.
leung (2008) has emphasized he impo ance o ecognizing cul u al dis inc ions h ough he lens o
pe sonali y ai s and has ad oca ed o he applica ion o he Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s o his pu pose.
his app oach allows o a deepe unde s anding o how cul u al ac o s in luence indi idual beha iou s
and p e e ences, pa icula ly in he ealm o ca ee decision-making. Fu he mo e, Kuśnie z e al. (2020)
documen ed di e ing academic o ien a ions among s uden s in Poland and Uk aine, shedding ligh on
hese dis inc ions h ough he applica ion o he Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s. hei esea ch highligh s he
u ili y o pe sonali y ai analysis in disce ning a ia ions in educa ional app oaches and a i udes wi hin
di e en cul u al con ex s.
By compa ing business s uden s om ge many, china and he Uni ed s a es, ho s ede and Mcc ae
(2004) iden i ied simila i ies be ween ca ee decisi eness and pe sonali y ai s o all h ee coun ies, bu
wi h a ia ions in impac and le el o signi icance. some ac o s we e no signi ican in all h ee coun-
ies, which indica es a connec ion be ween pe sonali y ai s and na ional cul u e. consequen ly, ca ee
planning among s uden s di e s ac oss na ional bo de s. leung (2008) has sugges ed ha iden i ying
Table 1. Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s.
Pe sonali y ai Desc ip ion
emo ional s abili y (opposi e o neu o icism) Does no expe ience anxie y, dep ession, e c.
ex a e sion Pe sons who a e alka i e, com o able wi h la ge g oups and p e e
social ac i i ies
openness indi iduals who a e open o new ideas, c ea i e and cu ious
ag eeableness Pe sons who a e sympa he ic and like o help o he s
Consciousness indi iduals who like o de and sel -discipline, and a e du i ul and
a ge o ien ed
Sou ce: Cos a and McC ea (1992).
4 l. OPs aD e al.
cul u al di e ences using pe sonali y ai s is essen ial and ecommended applying he Big Fi e pe son-
ali y ai s o his pu pose. Kuśnie z e al. (2020) documen ha he e a e di e en academic p esen a-
ions among s uden s in Poland and Uk aine, illumina ed by he use o Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s.
Big i e pe sonali y ai s and pe sonal de elopmen
he Big Fi e axonomy appea s o be a use ul ins umen o p edic ing pe sonal de elopmen (P ee ha
& Deepa, 2017). howe e , a ia ions in he indings may be a ibu ed o o he explana o y a iables,
such as s uc u e, s udy ield, subjec s, assessmen s, lea ning beha iou , egion, coun y and cul u e, all
o which can a ec he esul s. P e ious indings ha e sugges ed ha conscien iousness is a eliable
p edic o o job de elopmen (K ane eld & Blickle, 2021). indi iduals wi h high conscien iousness sco es
a e well-o ganized, esponsible and ha d-wo king. lingappa e al. (2020) epo ed a posi i e associa ion
be ween employees’ mo i a ion o lea n and conscien iousness.
he ela ionship be ween openness and de elopmen a ies (connelly e al., 2014). Openness is a
aluable ai o jobs equi ing c ea i i y and de elopmen skills (Ops ad, 2021a).
he analysis indica es ollowing hypo heses:
h1a: he e is a posi i e ela ionship be ween consciousness and pe sonal de elopmen .
h1b: he e is a posi i e ela ionship be ween openness and pe sonal de elopmen .
Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s and bene i o socie y
ag eeableness is closely ela ed o socially o ien ed jobs and he social aspec o leade ship (coglise
e al., 2012). he quali ies o ag eeableness i well in wo k eams ha emphasize good coope a ion
and us .
Resea ch by Weinschenk (2014) shows a posi i e co ela ion be ween ag eeableness and ci ic espon-
sibili y. indi iduals exhibi ing high le els o his ai ypically display a p o-social o communal ou look,
cha ac e ized by al uism, us and a p opensi y o coope a ion.
hypo hesis h2: he e is a posi i e associa ion be ween high sco es on ag eeableness and bene i o socie y.
Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s and p es ige and sala ies
ex a e ed indi iduals a e sociable and alka i e, which is ad an ageous o doing business (sahinidis
e al., 2020; sui e al., 2021). seibe and K aime (2001) sugges ed ha ex a e sion he e is a posi i e
connec ion be ween ex a e ed indi iduals and ac o s like p omo ion and sala ies (Wilmo e al., 2019).
his is in line wi h he mega-analysis o alde o i e al. (2023). hese au ho s s udied 63 published a i-
cles abou he link be ween pe sonali y ai s and sala y, ollowing conclusions we e d awn: he e is
s ong e idence o a posi i e co ela ion be ween sala y and he ac o s consciousness, openness, emo-
ional s abili y and a nega i e co ela ion wi h ag eeableness. indi iduals who sco e high on conscious-
ness a e goal-o ien ed and in es in educa ion, which posi i ely impac s hei sala y. openness is
associa ed wi h in ellec , p o iding many oppo uni ies wi hin he job ma ke , po en ially leading o high
sala ies. indi iduals wi h a high deg ee o openness may ind con en ional jobs bo ing and demo i a ing
(schwaba e al., 2018). his could explain he nega i e co ela ion be ween openness and p omo ion (ng
e al., 2005). howe e , high openness may be a ac o linked o s uden s who p e e pu suing ca ee s in
mo e challenging and demanding a eas (Kabi e al., 2014). eng (2008) documen s a posi i e associa ion
be ween he dimension o ex a e sion and expec a ions o a ou able wo king condi ions (sala y, wo k
en i onmen , ca ee oppo uni ies, e c.) among s uden s aspi ing o wo k in hospi als. also, indi iduals
wi h high sco es on emo ional s abili y can expec o achie e good sala ies. he e migh be a nega i e
co ela ion wi h ag eeableness because indi iduals wi h such ai s p io i ize ac o s o he han sala y.
howe e , he au ho s also poin ou ha he e is a ia ion in link be ween he a iables depending on
he p o ession. ne e heless, he ollowing hypo heses a e pos ula ed:
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 5
h3a: consciousness is posi i ely co ela ed wi h p es ige and sala ies.
h3b: ex a e sion is posi i ely co ela ed wi h p es ige and sala ies.
h3c: Openness is posi i ely co ela ed wi h p es ige and sala ies.
h3d: emo ional s abili y is posi i ely co ela ed wi h p es ige and sala ies.
h3e: ag eeableness is nega i ely co ela ed wi h p es ige and sala ies.
Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s and sui s skills
he esea ch p esen s a mixed pic u e ega ding po en ial co ela ions. se e al au ho s epo a posi i e link
be ween conscien iousness and h i ing a wo k (ahmed e al., 2017; hennekam, 2017; liu e al., 2021). Fo
Openness, nei he hennekam no liu e al. ound any connec ion wi h his ac o . Fu nham e al. (2005) ook
a di e en app oach, examining a ious aspec s ha cap u e he use o skills a wo k. By unning a eg es-
sion model, hey concluded ha only openness was ela ed o his dimension. choi and lee (2014) ocused
on wo k happiness and ound i o be posi i ely co ela ed wi h emo ional s abili y and ex a e sion. none
o he men ioned au ho s ha e demons a ed any e ec ela ed o he ag eeableness ac o . since he
esea ch does no show any sys ema ic pa e n ega ding his dimension, we ha e no posi ed any hypo heses.
Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s and eamwo k
i may no come as a su p ise ha one ac o s ands ou conce ning eamwo k. se e al au ho s highligh
he clea connec ion be ween eamwo k and ag eeableness (Jolić Ma jano ić e al., 2023; asa e al.,
2011). he same pa e n eme ges conce ning p ojec wo k ( ang, 2021). ang emphasizes ha ex o-
e ed s uden s enjoy engaging in p ojec s and g oup wo k howe e , i ’s also emphasized ha he
dimension o conscien iousness is posi i ely associa ed wi h wo king oge he in eams (Jolić Ma jano ić
e al., 2023; Kickul & neuman, 2000). indi iduals wi h such quali ies posi i ely con ibu e o e ec i e
eamwo k, whe he i ’s du ing s udies o in he wo kplace. ano he ac o ha may also be posi i ely
ela ed o his ype o wo k is emo ional s abili y (B own e al., 2017). Based on he li e a u e e iew, he
ollowing hypo hesis is p oposed:
h4a: he e is a posi i e ela ionship be ween ag eeableness and eamwo k.
h4b: he e is a posi i e link be ween ex a e sion and eamwo k.
Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s and job a ia ion
indi iduals sco ing high on openness a e na u ally cu ious and h i e on expe imen a ion. his inclina-
ion mani es s in hei ca ee choices, whe e hey seek oles ha o e s imula ion and di e si y.
consequen ly, he e exis s a posi i e co ela ion be ween openness and wo k d i e (lounsbu y e al.,
2003). hey a e eage o explo e new ields and engage in a a ie y o ac i i ies (Wille e al., 2014). his
p opensi y o en leads o less job s abili y, p omp ing equen job changes as hey seek no el and
engaging expe iences (nieß & Zache , 2015). consequen ly, such indi iduals ypically seek di e si y in
hei wo k asks (Bipp, 2010).
Fo he o he elemen s o he Big Fi e, esea ch shows no clea co ela ions. hence,
h5: he e is a posi i e associa ion be ween openness and job a ia ion.
Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s and job secu i y
acco ding o Wu e al. (2020), job insecu i y is nega i ely ela ed o conscien iousness, neu o icism and
ag eeableness. Fo people wi h high sco es in ag eeableness, neu o icism and conscien iousness, ha ing
6 l. OPs aD e al.
a secu e job is c ucial, which leads o highe mo i a ion and less unce ain y. Job secu i y can in luence
engagemen and mo i a ion. i can make i easie o plan and achie e goals, which will only ha e a
posi i e e ec on indi iduals wi h high le els o consciousness. Fu he mo e, i can c ea e a be e
social clima e and lead o less e o among indi iduals who sco e high on ag eeableness. a secu e job
educes s ess and con ibu es o lowe le els o ne ousness, implying a posi i e impac on emo ional
s abili y. howe e , i ’s no clea how highe job secu i y a ec s openness and ex o e sion. Many indi-
ca o s sugges ha indi iduals ocusing on ac o s o he han job secu i y migh no show a signi ican
co ela ion, o e en a nega i e one, wi h job secu i y. Based on he analysis, h ee hypo heses a e
p esen ed:
h6a: consciousness is posi i ely ela ed o job secu i y.
h6b: ag eeableness is posi i ely ela ed o job secu i y.
h6c: emo ional s abili y is posi i ely ela ed o job secu i y.
Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s and wo k-li e balance
se e al a icles ha e examined he link be ween pe sonali y ai s and wo k-li e balance. akanni and
Odua an (2017) concluded ha indi iduals wi h high sco es on ag eeableness, conscien iousness and
openness o expe ience also placed g ea impo ance on wo k-li e balance. People wi h such ai s p i-
o i ize inding solu ions ha ensu e a good balance be ween wo k and leisu e ime. hese indings we e
con i med by o he s (naeem e al., 2022; Wick aniaa a chi & Pe e a, 2016). hese au ho s also sugges ed
ha ex a e sion and emo ional s abili y a e posi i ely ela ed o his dimension. acco ding o hese
publica ions, all ac o s in he Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s may be posi i ely ela ed o a good balance o
wo k and leisu e ime. howe e , empi ical esul s p o ide a clea e pic u e. De i and Rani (2012) ound
a signi ican co ela ion only be ween ag eeableness and wo k-li e balance. Based on hese esul s, his
s udy is limi ed o examining only he ac o ha appea s o ha e he g ea es e ec :
h7: ag eeableness is posi i ely associa ed wi h wo k-li e balance.
Gende and ca ee s
P e ious esea ch sugges s ha he e a e gende di e ences among business s uden s. haski-le en hal
e al. (2017) p oposed ha emale s uden s ha e highe e hical s anda ds, a e mo e socially esponsi-
ble and a e mo e willing o help o he s. Women end o p e e wo king wi h people and end o be
mo i a ed by al uism (su e al., 2009). Ops ad (2021b) sugges ed ha emale s uden s, o a g ea e
ex en han male s uden s, p e e highe job secu i y in exchange o lowe wages. his ade-o may
be due o women ha ing a lowe willingness o ake isks (Yukongdi & lopa, 2017). ex e nal ac o s,
such as amily capi al assimila ion, also in luence he choice o s udy and ca ee pu sui s o bo h
gende s.
Women and men end o apply o di e en jobs, wi h women leaning mo e owa ds manage ial oles
o e inance and consul ing posi ions (Pe ongolo & Ronchi, 2020). a possible explana ion o his inding
is ha women alue wo k-li e balance mo e and ha e a lowe iden i ica ion wi h adi ionally masculine
jobs (Ba bulescu & Bidwell, 2013). Roche (2013) ound simila implica ions when examining he ea nings
and e u ns o educa ion in sel -employmen be ween gende s, disco e ing ha women ea n less han
men and ha e lowe e u ns o educa ion; howe e , his di e ence is d i en by women ea ning less in
adi ionally emale occupa ions, while women who choose o wo k in male-domina ed ields ha e e u ns
simila o hose o men. his sugges s ha social and en i onmen al ac o s ha in luence women’s choices
o pu sue adi ional emale occupa ions a e he p ima y d i e s o gende di e ences. When examining
business s uden s, a adi ionally male-domina ed educa ional pa h, one would expec women who ha e
al eady sel -selec ed away om adi ional emale choices o ha e ca ee expec a ions like hose o men.
his esul s in he ollowing hypo hesis.
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 7
h8: Female s uden s p io i ize job secu i y, wo k-li e balance and con ibu ion o socie y o a g ea e ex en
compa ed o male s uden s.
i is well-documen ed wi h many published a icles concluding ha he e is a signi ican gende di -
e ence in he wo kplace. Women place mo e emphasis on con ibu ing o socie y, job secu i y and
being able o balance wo k and leisu e ( o ole i & s a , 2016; sha abi & ha paz, 2013).
Me hodology and da a
he pu pose o he a icle is o compa e how s uden s in no way and Poland assess a ious aspec s o
ca ee and job choices. he analysis is p ima ily based on a linea eg ession model whe e job p e e ence
is he endogenous a iable, and gende and pe sonali y ai s a e he explana o y a iables.
Pa icipan s. a o al o 325 business s uden s om Poland (N = 178) and no way (N = 147) pa ici-
pa ed in his s udy. h ee uni e si ies we e chosen, one om Poland (K akow) and wo om no way
( om he wes and middle pa s o he coun y). wo la ge and cen al uni e si ies in no way and Poland
we e selec ed. since he e we e mo e obse a ions om Poland han om no way, we also chose o
include a smalle uni e si y om no way. his s udy is limi ed o examining an educa ion p og amme
ha is simila ac oss bo de s and is popula . his makes he compa ison easie .
he da a om no way we e collec ed du ing 2021 and in Poland du ing 2022. s uden s we e asked
o answe a ques ionnai e dis ibu ed on pape in compulso y subjec s a he wo business schools. Due
o cOViD-19, ewe s uden s we e p esen on campus, so he esponse a e was qui e low (a ound 50%)
and was no a andom selec ion. answe ing he ques ions was olun a y. Po en ial da a bias migh in lu-
ence he indings. We no e, among o he hings, ha he e we e mo e male s uden s in he sample (58%)
han in he coho popula ion (abou 50%). i is unce ain how his has a ec ed he esul . ne e heless,
we belie e ha he da a collec ed p o ide a pic u e o he a i udes among no wegian business s uden s.
Me hods. he ques ions we e inspi ed by p e iously published a icles (eas e ling & smi h, 2008;
g ani z e al., 2014; Redmond & Mcguinness, 2019; sui e al., 2021).
While his has been a eliable sou ce o inspi a ion, we ha e also chosen o o mula e some o ou
own ques ions. he dependen a iables we e he di e en dimensions ela ed o choice o u u e job.
explo a o y ac o analysis was applied. he c ea ion o he ac o analysis was ounded on he ollowing
p inciples (adelson & Mccoach, 2011): (1) he coe icien o each i em was .4 o mo e; (2) he coe icien
o non- ele an i ems was no highe han .3; (3) he di e ence be ween ele an and non- ele an
ac o s was highe han .2; (4) he alue i c onbach’s alpha is a leas .70. he esul s o he ac o
analysis a e p esen ed in able 2.
a o al o six dimensions we e included in he ac o analysis, wi h he numbe o i ems anging om
wo o six. al hough one i em had a loading lowe han .4 associa ed wi h he dimension bene i socie y,
we ha e chosen o include i , because i is a key ac o (wo kplace is cha ac e ized by a high deg ee o
idealism). he eliabili y analyses ha e accep able alues (c onbach’s alpha). he analysis also included
wo ac o s wi h only one i em, namely, wo k-li e balance and job secu i y. able 3 p esen s he ac o s
included in he eg ession analysis. no e ha he e a e qui e high alues o some ac o s, such as ag ee-
ableness, which has an a e age alue o 5.29 (ou o a maximum o 7). a sho e sion o he Big Fi e
was used, which has been ansla ed in o he na ional language (eng ik & clausen, 2011). Because his
me hod is well es ablished, a sepa a e ac o analysis is no p o ided.
his ca ego iza ion o job p e e ences is employed o examine all hypo heses. o add ess he impac
o pe sonali y ai s, a linea eg ession model is u ilized ( ables 6a–6d). o analyse he gende e ec , a
compa ison o means and - es s ( able 5) has also been employed.
Findings
able 4 shows ha he e a e di e ences be ween he coun ies ega ding some ac o s. no way ecei es
a signi ican ly highe alue o bene i o socie y and signi ican ly lowe o job secu i y and wo k-li e
balance. his o e looks he ac ha he e is a highe pe cen age o women included in he sample o
Poland compa ed o no way. i his we e conside ed, he e ec on he bene i o socie y would be
g ea e , albei lowe o he o he wo ac o s (see able 5).
14 l. OPs aD e al.
Conclusion
his a icle ocused on he in luences on ca ee choices o business s uden s in no way and Poland,
using he Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s. Fo some o he ac o s, he same e ec s we e ound o bo h coun-
ies, such as a posi i e connec ion be ween openness and p es ige and sala ies, be ween ex a e sion
and eamwo k and be ween ag eeableness and eamwo k. howe e , he e we e examples in which he e
was a signi ican co ela ion o s uden s in only one coun y. Fo ins ance, Poland had a nega i e co -
ela ion be ween openness and job a ia ion, ex a e sion and job secu i y and ag eeableness and ben-
e i o socie y, while no wegian s uden s epo ed a posi i e link be ween ag eeableness and job
secu i y. he e may be a ious easons o he di e en esul s when compa ing he connec ion o he
Big Fi e ac oss na ional bo de s, as well as cul u al, his o ical and social di e ences, including di e en
condi ions in he labou ma ke . his s udy con i med ha he e a e s ill gende di e ences, which is in
line wi h p e ious esul s. Fo example, his a icle showed ha women place g ea e emphasis on ben-
e i o socie y and job secu i y. he esul s o his s udy would be o in e es in e ms o he design and
planning o he u u e labou ma ke o business s uden s in a eu opean con ex . his s udy shows ha
he e a e geog aphical di e ences conce ning job p e e ences and he impac o gende and pe sonali y
ai s. Few such s udies ha e been conduc ed in no way. Fu he esea ch is needed o ind easons why
in no way, a weake link was ound be ween job p e e ences and pe sonali y ai s han wha is p e-
sen ed in he in e na ional li e a u e. Fu he esea ch should del e deepe in o explaining how cul u al
ac o s come in o play. he e is e e y eason o s udy u he why Polish emale business s uden s a e
mo e conce ned abou sala y han hei male coun e pa s.
Disclosu e s a emen
no po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho s.
Funding
no ex e nal inding.
Abou he au ho s
Lei Ops ad is a p o esso o economics a he no wegian Uni e si y o science and echnology, Business school. he
has w i en se e al ex books and has conduc ed esea ch on opics ela ed o educa ion and mic oeconomics.
Gu id Ka e oll is cu en ly an assis an p o esso wo king a Wes e n no way Uni e si y o applied sciences, a hVl
Business school. cu en ly she is pu suing a PhD a Koszalin Uni e si y o echnology in economics and Finance. she
is also cu en ly engaged in eaching economic cou ses and is conduc ing esea ch in egional de elopmen .
Dagma a Lewicka is a p o esso a he Depa men o Business Managemen , agh Uni e si y o science and
echnology in K akow, Poland. she has ex ensi e eaching expe ience and has published a icles in a ious ields,
including us in di e en ela ionships.
To bjø n Å e hun is p o esso in economics a hVl (Wes e n no way Uni e si y o applied sciences), campus sogndal.
his ecen esea ch has been in en ep eneu ial in en ions and in egional de elopmen .
ORCID
lei Ops ad h p://o cid.o g/0000-0003-2400-6581
gu id gjøs ein Ka e oll h p://o cid.o g/0009-0005-7133-9794
Dagma a lewicka h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-6955-7371
o bjø n Å e hun h p://o cid.o g/0009-0003-9101-4562
Da a a ailabili y s a emen
he da a a e un o una ely no a ailable o o he .
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 15
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cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 19
Appendix
Gende , No way
Dimension Males Females Di e ence
Pe sonal de elopmen 5.60 5.42 .19
(.94) (.92) (.16)
Bene i socie y 4.32 4.73 −.41***
(.93) (.94) (.16)
P es ige 4.91 4.84 .07
(1.00) (1.08) (.17)
skills 6.01 6.05 −.04
(.69) (.72) (.12)
eam 4.61 4.71 −.10
(1.22) (1.24) (.21)
Va ia ion 5.29 5.40 .11
(1.08) (.81) (.16)
good wo k-li e/leisu e balance 5.24 5.61 −.38**
(1.37) (1.15) (.21)
Job-secu i y 4.79 5.76 −97***
(1.25) (.86) (.18)
**p < .05; ***p < .01.
Gende , Poland
Dimension Males Females Di e ence
Pe sonal de elopmen 5.37 5.72 −.36***
(.95) (.86) (.14)
Bene i socie y 3.80 4.14 −.34**
(1.04) (.95) (.16)
P es ige 4.86 5.17 −.30**
(.97) (.98) (.15)
skills 5.68 6.14 −.46***
(.80) (.71) (.15)
eam 4.36 4.49 −.13
(1.26) (1.28) (.20)
Va ia ion 5.18 5.32 .14
(1.08) (1.05) (.16)
good wo k-li e/leisu e balance 6.00 6.05 −.045
(1.17) (1.09) (.17)
Job-secu i y 5.18 5.68 −.50***
(1.28) (1.06) (.18)
**p < .05; ***p < .01.
