Qah ani, Hai ham Al; Sanka , Jayendi a P.
A icle
The clus e analysis in he aluminium indus y wi h K-
means me hod: an applica ion o Bah ain
Cogen Business & Managemen
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Taylo & F ancis G oup
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Qah ani, Hai ham Al; Sanka , Jayendi a P. (2024) : The clus e analysis in
he aluminium indus y wi h K-means me hod: an applica ion o Bah ain, Cogen Business &
Managemen , ISSN 2331-1975, Taylo & F ancis, Abingdon, Vol. 11, Iss. 1, pp. 1-19,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2361475
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/326310
S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen:
Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen
Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den.
Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle
Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich
machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen.
So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen
(insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en,
gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do
genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e.
Te ms o use:
Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal
and schola ly pu poses.
You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o
exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he
in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public.
I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en
Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise
u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence.
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/
Cogen Business & Managemen
ISSN: 2331-1975 (Online) Jou nal homepage: www. and online.com/jou nals/oabm20
The clus e analysis in he aluminium indus y
wi h K-means me hod: an applica ion o Bah ain
Hai ham Al Qah ani & Jayendi a P. Sanka
To ci e his a icle: Hai ham Al Qah ani & Jayendi a P. Sanka (2024) The clus e analysis in
he aluminium indus y wi h K-means me hod: an applica ion o Bah ain, Cogen Business &
Managemen , 11:1, 2361475, DOI: 10.1080/23311975.2024.2361475
To link o his a icle: h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2361475
© 2024 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma
UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis
G oup
Published online: 04 Jun 2024.
Submi you a icle o his jou nal
A icle iews: 953
View ela ed a icles
View C ossma k da a
Ci ing a icles: 1 View ci ing a icles
Full Te ms & Condi ions o access and use can be ound a
h ps://www. and online.com/ac ion/jou nalIn o ma ion?jou nalCode=oabm20
Ope a iOns ManageMen | esea ch a icle
Cogen Business & ManageMen
2024, VoL. 11, no. 1, 2361475
The clus e analysis in he aluminium indus y wi h K-means
me hod: an applica ion o Bah ain
hai ham al Qah ania and Jayendi a p. sanka b
auni e si y o echnology Bah ain, salmabad, Bah ain; bCollege o adminis a i e and Financial sciences, uni e si y o
echnology Bah ain, salmabad, Bah ain
ABSTRACT
his s udy examines he u iliza ion o he K-means clus e ing me hod o analyze
Bah ain’s aluminum indus y. in addi ion, his s udy emphasizes he impo ance o
clus e ing in unde s anding p oduc i i y, quali y, and compe i i eness wi hin he sec o .
Da a collec ion in ol ed igo ous cleaning o di e se sou ces o ensu e accu acy. By
employing he K-means algo i hm, his s udy success ully iden i ied dis inc clus e s
wi hin he da ase , o e ing insigh s in o indus y dynamics. in addi ion, i p oposes a
oadmap o clus e de elopmen , p o iding ac ionable ecommenda ions o
s akeholde s o enhance compe i i eness and sus ainabili y. O e all, his esea ch
ad ances knowledge o clus e ing echniques and in o ms s a egic decision-making in
Bah ain’s aluminum indus y.
1. In oduc ion
clus e ing analysis has become e y impo an h ough he in luen ial wo k o po e ac oss en di e en
coun ies (Kim e al., 2023). in addi ion, Kalicanin and ga ic (2014) men ioned ha clus e ing aims o
g oup objec i es based on ac o s in luencing compe i i e ad an age. p oduc i i y is a c ucial ac o in
any indus y, wi h he op imized use o esou ces, such as labo , ma e ials, and machines o gene a e
goods and se ices e ec i ely (Jain e al., 2016; p akash e al., 2017). Mo eo e , in he con ex o he
aluminum indus y in Bah ain, i is one o he key d i e s o p oduc i i y and economic g ow h.
impo an ly, clus e ing analysis s udies in he aluminum indus y in Bah ain will gain p ominence in
unde s anding he dynamics ha a ec a na ion’s compe i i e s eng h. Fu he mo e, clus e ing in ol es
g ouping i ms, inno a ion cen e s, and in o ma ion hubs o os e collabo a ion and explo e no el ma -
ke s a egies, me hods, and p oduc s (Ye e al., 2021; Zhao e al., 2023). he e o e, his s udy in es iga es
he impac o clus e ing wi hin Bah ain’s aluminum indus y and explo es i s implica ions on p oduc i i y
and p oduc quali y.
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup
CONTACT Jayendi a P. sanka [email p o ec ed].bh College o adminis a i e and Financial sciences, uni e si y o echnology Bah ain,
salmabad, Bah ain.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2361475
his is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons a ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
ARTICLE HISTORY
ecei ed 12 Ma ch 2024
e ised 1 May 2024
accep ed 22 May 2024
KEYWORDS
Bah ain aluminium
indus y; K-means clus e
analysis; gap analysis;
assessmen o linkages;
oad map; posi ioning
REVIEWING EDITOR
Diego co ales-ga ay,
Uni e sidad ey Juan
ca los, spain
SUBJECTS
Business, Managemen ,
and accoun ing;
p oduc ion, Ope a ions,
and in o ma ion
Managemen ;
Managemen o
echnology and
inno a ion; De elopmen
s udies; economics and
De elopmen ; indus y
and indus ial s udies
2 h. al Qah ani anD J. p. sanKa
adi ional manu ac u ing s a egies in ol e mul iple machines, and ex ensi e labo leads o ooling
expendi u e, ma e ial handling expendi u e, space equi emen s, and high p oduc ion cos s (he agu &
ek en, 2009; pe ei a e al., 2019). in con as , owing o hea y compe i ion and apid echnological g ow h,
manu ac u ing indus ies mus adop inno a i e s a egies o con ol cos s and inc ease o e all p oduc-
i i y (huang, 2023; hwang & Kim, 2022). he e o e, he cen al goal o his s udy is o use an
analysis-based app oach o minimize was e and enhance p oduc ion quali y and alue addi ion. in addi-
ion, his s udy in ol ed a me iculous examina ion o he cu en manu ac u ing p ocess, iden i ying he
challenges, and implemen ing s a egies o s eamline ope a ions. Mo eo e , his esea ch conduc ed a
s udy in he aluminum indus y in Bah ain, ocusing on p oducing high-quali y ou pu s.
p edominan ly, he con ex o he aluminum indus y in Bah ain emphasizes he ele ance o clus e -
ing s udies in collabo a i e en i onmen s and os e ing economic connec ions. Fu he mo e, clus e ing in
he aluminum indus y in ol es g ouping i ms ha p oduce simila p oduc s and sha e inpu s, such as
labo and echnology, ho izon ally and e ically (Madsen e al., 2003; Yang & gu, 2021). Mo eo e , he
c i ical cha ac e is ics o clus e s in Bah ain’s aluminum indus y include di e se pa icipan s, geog aphi-
cal p oximi y, and economic in e dependence ega ding economic s a us and ac i i ies. ega ding he
clus e models, Ka aca (2018) and Va gas-he nández e al. (2020) s a e ha he pu e clus e model
emphasizes he bene i s o geog aphical p oximi y, he indus ial complex model iden i ies s able ela-
ionships based on comme cial ies, and he social ne wo k model ocuses on economic ac i i ies and
social in eg a ion o oles wi hin ne wo ks and ins i u ions.
nume ous s udies ha e u ilized clus e ing echniques ac oss di e se ields, showcasing hei e ec i e-
ness and e sa ili y. Despi e a ia ions in objec i es and da ase s, clus e ing p inciples emain consis en
in educa ion (liu, 2022), heal hca e (Yang e al., 2023), image p ocessing (Mi al e al., 2022), social
ne wo k analysis (sha ma, 2011), inancial se ices (cook & pandi , 2012), en i onmen al science (Koo
e al., 2023), manu ac u ing (Un e be ge & Mülle , 2021), anspo a ion and logis ics ( i e a e al.,
2016), ag icul u e (Du e i e al., 2023), and so on ha e all bene i ed om clus e ing in unco e ing
insigh s and aiding decision-making. in e es ingly, s udies ac oss di e en domains o en adop simila
clus e ing app oaches. holý e al. (2017) used hie a chical clus e ing in e ail o analyze consume p e -
e ences, while schulz e al. (2020) employed k-means clus e ing in biomedical esea ch o disease sub-
ype classi ica ion. Despi e a ied con ex s, hese s udies sha e a common h ead in le e aging clus e ing
o da a explo a ion and pa e n ecogni ion. Fu he , his sugges s po en ial o clus e ing echniques in
indices and policy e alua ion, whe e hey can ex ac insigh s om complex da ase s encompassing
economic, social, and policy- ela ed a iables. he e o e, his K-mean clus e ing applica ion amewo k
s udy ep esen s a no el app oach o enhancing decision-making and policy o mula ion in hese
domains.
he s udy o he clus e s in he Bah ain aluminum indus y o e s economic ad an ages, such as sup-
ply chain cos , educing anspo a ion, c ea ing a la ge ma ke a a lowe p ice, enhancing access o a
quali ied wo k o ce, p omo ing coope a ion, encou aging compe i ion, and os e ing specializa ion.
Va ious clus e ing analysis me hods ha e been p oposed. he loca ion quo ien (lQ) me hod, inpu -ou pu
app oaches, sys em dynamics app oaches, dynamic models, and he po e Diamond Model ha e been
u ilized in clus e ing s udies o assess economic de elopmen , compe i i eness, and compe i ion be ween
clus e s. clus e ing analysis o Bah ain’s aluminum indus y is a mul i ace ed explo a ion o economic
in e dependence, geog aphical p oximi y, and collabo a i e ad an ages. his s udy aims o p o ide
insigh s in o how clus e ing can con ibu e o inc eased p oduc i i y, enhanced p oduc quali y, and
o e all compe i i eness in he dynamic landscape o he aluminum indus y in Bah ain.
Fi s , i aims o add ess he heo e ical gap in clus e ing he aluminum indus y in Bah ain using he
K-means me hod, which has no been done be o e in any pa o he esea ch. second, he e is a me h-
odological gap in using he K-means me hod o speci ic clus e ing o he aluminum indus y in Bah ain
and i s a ionale. hi d, he p ac ical gap can be illed wi h p ac ical ecommenda ions o policymake s
o implemen clus e ing ini ia i es e ec i ely in Bah ain’s aluminum indus y. Fou h, he e is a con ex ual
gap in no ea lie s udies wi hin Bah ain’s b oade economic de elopmen goals, policy amewo ks, o
indus y dynamics. he emainde o his pape is o ganized as ollows. sec ion 2 e iews he ele an
li e a u e. sec ion 3 desc ibes he esea ch me hodology and sec ion 4 p esen s he esul s and indings.
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 3
sec ion 5 p esen s he discussion and implica ions o his s udy. Finally, sec ion 6 concludes he pape
and p esen s he limi a ions and a enues o u u e esea ch.
2. Re iew o li e a u e
clus e ing is a holis ic app oach ha emphasizes collabo a ion, sha ed esou ces, and in e connec edness
o enhance compe i i eness (pe ei a e al., 2023; Zhao e al., 2023). he cha ac e is ics o indus ial clus-
e s include physical closeness, alue c ea ion h ough in e connec ed p oduc ion, and a sha ed business
en i onmen (Kim e al., 2023). he e o e, he dynamic in e play be ween coope a ion and compe i ion
is pi o al o os e ing inno a ion wi hin indus ial clus e s (Baghe zadeh e al., 2022; König, 2023). he
li e a u e e iew was a ho ough e iew o he li e a u e be ween 2001 and 2023. o ensu e he eliabili y
o he li e a u e, all a icles we e e ie ed om he scopus da abase.
a s udy o B azilian indus ial clus e ing on in ellec ual p ope y (ip) usage in manu ac u ing o gani-
za ions in de eloping coun ies highligh ed he impo ance o oo wea i ms in comba ing coun e ei
and pi a ed goods h ea s and he g owing impo ance o ip p o ec ion in global compe i i eness
(ca alhei o & B andao, 2017). Kadokawa (2013) e ealed ha he loca ion decision o new manu ac u ing
plan s wi h ad an ages in Japan’s indus ial clus e ing is a key loca ion ac o , pa icula ly in high- ech
indus ies. simila ly, libae s and Meye (2011) poin ou he impac o indus ial clus e ing on small
echnology-based i ms, wi h dis inc ions be ween se ial and non-se ial inno a o s, which ha e mo e
e ec i e implica ions o economic de elopmen .
guo and guo (2011) exposed chinese indus ial clus e s h ough knowledge-spanning mechanisms
ha syn hesize lea ning oppo uni ies and abso p i e capaci y pe spec i es o unde s and echnological
lea ning beha io ac oss clus e ypes, cogni i e subg oups, and inno a ion ypes. chen (2011) e ealed
he compe i i e ad an age o p oduc ion sys ems, such as aiwan’s indus ial clus e ing, highligh ing he
ole o lead i ms’ ela ional capabili ies os e ed by clus e embeddedness in e ec i ely go e ning sup-
plie s. addi ionally, pa k e al. (2009) men ioned ha in e -indus ial knowledge lows a e c ucial o
de eloping knowledge clus e s and a na ional inno a ion sys em o Ko ean indus ial clus e s using wo
ypes o knowledge lows, embodied and disembodied.
clus e ing in he B i ish b oadcas ing indus y’s impac on i m g ow h and en y su i al a es has
signi ican posi i e clus e ing on i m g ow h and en y su i al a eas akin o high- ech indus ies, such
as compu ing and bio echnology (cook e al., 2001). likewise, he connec ion be ween emo ions and
p oduc shapes in au omobiles, so as, and ke les uses ou undamen al dimensions: end, emo ion,
complexi y, po ency, and signi ican shape ea u es (ssFs) (hsiao & chen, 2006). in addi ion, he success
o spino s in he global ashion design indus y, hei ole in clus e ing design i ms in selec ed ci ies,
and insigni ican e ec s om mig a ion lows and localiza ion economies (Wen ing, 2008). co espondingly,
o iden i y he sub-sec o s o u kish ex ile pa en s, he s udy o pa en coun da a and uzzy-based
clus e ing o de ec echnology ends, such as classic o da ed, h ough k-means clus e ing (De eli &
Du muşoğlu, 2009).
a s udy on imely sales iden i ica ion ep esen s he hyb id model by me ging he uzzy neu al ne -
wo k and k-means clus e , which inc eases he o ecas accu acy in small egions. in addi ion, his s udy
ei e a es ha he hyb id model is mo e e ec i e han he al e na i e (chang e al., 2009). in addi ion,
he isk iden i ica ion and pe cep ion in ishe ies sys ems in Fa oes, iceland, g eece, and he UK h ough
clus e ing highligh ed he suppo ing social science heo ies and he subjec i e na u e o isk ( ingley
e al., 2010). ano he hing o emembe is ha clus e ing occupa ional acciden s in he i alian
wood-p ocessing indus y e ealed ha K-means clus e ing iden i ies he s anda d sequence o e en s
leading o acciden s and de ises p e en i e measu es (palama a e al., 2011). simila ly, a case-mix p ojec
in he ne he lands on heal hca e p oduc s o hospi als clus e ed he p oduc s uc u e wi h cos homo-
genei y (Wes e dijk e al., 2012).
a s udy by Jun and pa k (2013) on apple’s echnological inno a ion by analyzing pa en applica ions
using clus e ing o pa en s iden i ies acan echnology domains and social ne wo k analysis o he
u u e. Fu he mo e, clus e ing egional businesses in he no he n spanish egion o p inciple compo-
nen s analysis p o ided supe io clus e solu ions (a güelles e al., 2014). Boix e al. (2015) s udied he
spa ial pa e ns o he loca ion and co-loca ion o clus e s in 16 eu opean coun ies and e ealed a
4 h. al Qah ani anD J. p. sanKa
highly clus e ed c ea i e bel om sou he n england and sou he n ge many. simila ly, i b ings ou inno-
a ion om mul iple sec o s in Ko ean indus ial con e gence by clus e ing echnology-d i en new alue
gene a o s, se ice-in eg a ed social business gene a o s, policy-d i en en i onmen al enhance s, and
echnology enhance s (geum e al., 2016).
Zhou e al. (2017) showed insigh ul clus e ing o mon hly household elec ici y consump ion pa e ns
in Jiangsu p o ince in china using a uzzy c-mean clus e ing model o ene gy e iciency s a egies in
he powe indus y. Fuzzy c-mean clus e ing was used o e alua e supplie sus ainabili y in he plas ic
pipe indus y; i o e s manage ial insigh s in o ou sou cing decisions and esilience s a egies o mini-
mize cos s and maximize sus ainabili y du ing dis up ions (Jabba zadeh e al., 2018). addi ionally, he
combina ion o he leng h, ecency, equency, mone a y, and pe iodici y (l FMp) model and K-means
clus e ing in i anian in ech companies is suppo ed by ma ke ing in elligence and s a egic
decision-making in he business- o-business (B2B) in ech indus y (sheikh e al., 2019). likewise, using
la en Di ichle alloca ion and K-means clus e ing o uni e si y selec ion and isualizing coope a ion ne -
wo ks on blockchain has b ough signi ican challenges, such as selec ing esea ch eams, e alua ing
uni e si y compe i o s, and accessing echnology ( an e al., 2020).
in connec ion wi h he Fou h indus ial e olu ion, inding he ela ionship be ween g een econom-
ics and digi al echnology de elopmen in Uk aine h ough clus e ing analysis e ealed he alignmen o
digi aliza ion e o s wi h na ional inno a ion s a egies and mi iga ing en i onmen al isks (plan ec e al.,
2021). speci ically, edina e al. (2021) e ealed indus y 4.0 in es men s and hei impac on hunga ian
ood companies’ business pe o mance using K-means clus e ing o ind p ocess inno a ion p oblems in
he inc easing use o indus y 4.0 ools. in addi ion, a s udy on he in luen ial ac o s a ec ing china’s
elec ici y indus y emissions (ceei) using K-means clus e ing e eals he aiding ceei con ol and p omo-
ion o low-ca bon ans o ma ion (he e al., 2022). co espondingly, indus ial clus e s in china’s new
ene gy en e p ises e ealed enhanced p o i abili y by educing p oduc ion ine iciency and new ene gy
indus y de elopmen (sun e al., 2022).
clus e ing is i al in ad ancing sus ainable de elopmen goals in heal hca e, ene gy, anspo a ion,
and manu ac u ing (Oyewole & hopil, 2023). in addi ion, a s udy o china’s low-ca bon de elopmen o
he powe sec o o neu ali y goals and ca bon peaking using K-means clus e ing e ealed emission
educ ion by aiding p o incial-le el emission educ ion s a egies o global g een ans o ma ion (Wang
e al., 2023). ano he hing o emembe is a s udy by singhal e al. (2023), which ca ego izes online
ashion consume s based on hei pe cep ions and ela ionships wi h bands h ough social media using
K-means clus e analysis, emphasizing a pionee ing app oach o unde s anding consume beha io in
online ashion.
able 1 ep esen s he o e iew o e iewed sou ces, including au ho wi h yea , ocus o s udy, me h-
odology, and key indings. clus e ing emphasizes sha ed esou ces and collabo a ion, which os e s com-
pe i i eness h ough in e connec ed p oduc ion and le e aging physical p oximi y in indus ial clus e s.
addi ionally, he in e play be ween compe i ion and coope a ion d i es inno a ion. Fu he , li e a u e
e iews spanning 2001–2023, no ably on Japanese manu ac u ing and B azilian ip usage, unde sco e he
impac o clus e ing on global compe i i eness. Mo eo e , s udies on aiwanese and chinese clus e s
highligh knowledge exchange oles, whe eas B i ish b oadcas ing and ashion design showcase di e se
applica ions. in addi ion, echniques, such as uzzy clus e ing enhance ene gy e iciency and supplie
sus ainabili y analysis. Fu he mo e, in he con ex o indus y 4.0, clus e ing aids in emission con ol and
aligns wi h sus ainabili y goals. c ucially, clus e ing ad ances sec o s, such as low-ca bon ansi ions,
shaping consume beha io , ene gy, and heal hca e. hus, no speci ic li e a u e on clus e ing analysis in
he aluminum indus y using K-means in Bah ain shows a li e a u e gap. he e o e, he pu pose o his
s udy is o ill he li e a u e gap and p o ide solid ecommenda ions o he e ec i e clus e ing o he
aluminum indus ial sec o in Bah ain.
3. Me hodology
Many s udies ha e used a me hodology simila o ha used in his s udy, bu hese da a mining me h-
ods a e s ill he mos commonly used in he na u al sciences. Fu he mo e, clus e ing algo i hms we e
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 5
Table 1. o e iew o e iewed sou ces.
au ho and yea Focus o s udy Me hodology Key indings
a güelles e al. (2014)Clus e ing egional businesses in
no he n spain
P inciple componen s analysis supe io clus e solu ions o
egional businesses
Boix e al. (2015)spa ial pa e ns o clus e s in
eu opean coun ies
geog aphic analysis iden i ica ion o highly clus e ed
c ea i e bel
Ca alhei o and B andao
(2017)
iP usage in B azilian manu ac u ing
o ganiza ions
Quali a i e analysis impo ance o iP p o ec ion in
comba ing coun e ei goods,
enhancing global
compe i i eness
Chang e al. (2009)Hyb id model o imely sales
iden i ica ion
in eg a ion o uzzy neu al ne wo k
and k-means clus e
inc eased o ecas accu acy in
small egions
Chen (2011)Compe i i e ad an age o aiwan’s
indus ial clus e ing
Case s udy analysis Role o lead i ms’ ela ional
capabili ies in go e ning
supplie s
Cook e al. (2001)impac o clus e ing on i m g ow h
in B i ish b oadcas ing indus y
s a is ical analysis signi ican posi i e clus e ing
e ec s on i m g ow h and
en y su i al a es
De eli and Du muşoğlu (2009)iden i ica ion o sub-sec o s o
u kish ex ile pa en s
Fuzzy-based clus e ing De ec ion o echnology ends
h ough k-means clus e ing
edina e al. (2021)impac o indus y 4.0 in es men s
on Hunga ian ood companies
K-means clus e ing iden i ica ion o p ocess
inno a ion p oblems
geum e al. (2016)inno a ion in Ko ean indus ial
con e gence
Clus e ing o echnology-d i en
alue gene a o s
iden i ica ion o inno a ion
sec o s in con e gence
guo and guo (2011)Knowledge-spanning mechanisms
in Chinese indus ial clus e s
syn hesis o lea ning oppo uni ies unde s anding echnological
lea ning beha io ac oss
clus e ypes
He e al. (2022)Fac o s a ec ing China’s elec ici y
indus y emissions
K-means clus e ing aid in emission con ol and
low-ca bon ans o ma ion
Hsiao and Chen (2006)Connec ion be ween emo ions and
p oduc shapes in a ious
indus ies
Concep ual analysis iden i ying undamen al
dimensions and shape ea u es
Jabba zadeh e al. (2018)e alua ion o supplie sus ainabili y
in plas ic pipe indus y
Fuzzy c-mean clus e ing Manage ial insigh s o
ou sou cing decisions and
esilience s a egies
Jun and Pa k (2013)analysis o apple’s echnological
inno a ion using pa en
clus e ing
Pa en analysis and social ne wo k
analysis
iden i ica ion o acan
echnology domains and
u u e ends
Kadokawa (2013)Loca ion decision o new
manu ac u ing plan s in Japan’s
indus ial clus e s
Case s udy analysis Key loca ion ac o , pa icula ly in
high- ech indus ies
Libae s and Meye (2011)impac o indus ial clus e ing on
small echnology-based i ms
Li e a u e e iew Di e en ial implica ions o
economic de elopmen
be ween se ial and non-se ial
inno a o s
oyewole and hopil (2023)Role o clus e ing in ad ancing
sus ainable de elopmen goals
Concep ual analysis Con ibu ion o sus ainabili y in
a ious sec o s
Palama a e al. (2011)Clus e ing occupa ional acciden s in
i alian wood-p ocessing indus y
K-means clus e ing iden i ying s anda d sequence o
e en s leading o acciden s
Pa k e al. (2009)in e -indus ial knowledge lows in
Ko ean indus ial clus e s
ne wo k analysis C ucial o de eloping knowledge
clus e s and na ional
inno a ion sys ems
Plan ec e al. (2021)Rela ionship be ween g een
economics and digi al
echnology in uk aine
Clus e ing analysis alignmen wi h na ional
inno a ion s a egies and
en i onmen al isk mi iga ion
Ran e al. (2020)Clus e ing o uni e si y selec ion
and coope a ion ne wo ks on
blockchain
La en Di ichle alloca ion and
K-means clus e ing
Challenges in esea ch eam
selec ion and echnology
access
sheikh e al. (2019)Clus e ing o i anian in ech
companies
LRFMP model and K-means
clus e ing
suppo o s a egic
decision-making in B2B in ech
indus y
singhal e al. (2023)Ca ego iza ion o online ashion
consume s based on social
media pe cep ions
K-means clus e analysis unde s anding consume beha io
in online ashion
sun e al. (2022)P o i abili y enhancemen in China’s
new ene gy en e p ises
s a is ical analysis Reduc ion o p oduc ion
ine iciency and indus y
de elopmen
ingley e al. (2010)Risk iden i ica ion in ishe ies
sys ems h ough clus e ing
Quali a i e analysis Highligh ing subjec i e na u e o
isk and suppo ing social
science heo ies
Wang e al. (2023)Low-ca bon de elopmen o China’s
powe sec o
K-means clus e ing suppo o p o incial-le el
emission educ ion s a egies
Wen ing (2008)Role o spino s in clus e ing design
i ms in global ashion indus y
Case s udy analysis insigni ican e ec s om
mig a ion lows and
localiza ion economies
(Con inued)
6 h. al Qah ani anD J. p. sanKa
used o g oup da a wi h common p ope ies. clus e ing is a well-known me hod used in economics o
ensu e he co ec ness o clus e ing acco ding o he numbe o employees and local uni s, and he
K-means clus e ing me hod was used in he o iginal da a mining. addi ionally, da a ele an o he alu-
minum manu ac u ing indus y in Bah ain on he geog aphical dis ibu ion o manu ac u ing uni s, wo k-
o ce demog aphics, sales igu es, and p oduc ion quan i ies we e collec ed. speci ically, his s udy
u ilized eliable and accu a e da a om da abases, indus y epo s, and go e nmen publica ions. he
da a we e hen cleaned o emo e and ix incomple e, duplica e, inco ec ly o ma ed, co up ed, and
inco ec da a because hey we e collec ed om mul iple sou ces. Fu he mo e, his s udy used he clas-
si ica ion o s a is ical egional uni s in Bah ain o de ine he geog aphical egion o analysis and o
concen a e on aluminum manu ac u ing ac i i ies in Bah ain.
Mo eo e , he da ase s we e selec ed o highligh he uniqueness o Bah ain’s aluminum manu ac u -
ing sec o , such as geog aphical dis ibu ion, ma ke demand, and p oduc ion olume. in addi ion, he
pa ame e s we e ixed o he numbe o clus e s (K alue), and he dis ance me ic was used o measu e
he simila i y be ween he da a poin s. he ollowing s eps we e ollowed o ensu e he co ec clus e -
ing o he aluminum manu ac u ing sec o in Bah ain.
1. Bah ain s a is ics o each egion published by he ins i u ions and he numbe o local uni s in he
sec o we e ob ained.
2. an algo i hm was de eloped o he k-means me hod (da a-mining me hod).
3. he solu ion o he w i en algo i hm de e mines he clus e s o be se up.
au ho and yea Focus o s udy Me hodology Key indings
Wes e dijk e al. (2012)Case-mix p ojec in he ne he lands
heal hca e indus y
s a is ical analysis Clus e ed p oduc s uc u e wi h
cos homogenei y
Zhou e al. (2017)Clus e ing o household elec ici y
consump ion pa e ns
Fuzzy c-mean clus e ing insigh s o ene gy e iciency
s a egies in he powe
indus y
Sou ce: sel -made by he au ho (s) based on he a ailable da a.
Table 1. Con inued.
Figu e 1. Fi e key s eps o amewo k analysis.
Sou ce: sel -made by he au ho (s) based on he a ailable da a.
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 7
he Da ies-Bouldin index (DBi) me ic, in oduced by Da ies and Bouldin (1979), se es as a ool o
e alua ing clus e s. i assesses he in e nal alidi y o clus e ing by analyzing how e ec i ely i has been
execu ed by compu ing a ious s a is ical ea u es de i ed om he da ase . in essence, he DBi alue
should ideally app oach ze o o be close o non-nega i e alues, indica ing a highe quali y o he
ob ained clus e and acili a ing he judgmen o i s goodness.
dxy x y
ii
i
n
ii
,
()
=
()
=
∑
1
2
-
Figu e 1 ep esen s he i e key s eps o amewo k analysis wi h amilia iza ion amewo k, indexing,
cha ing, and in e p e a ion. he s udy implemen ed s a egies o op imize e ec i eness and o e come
po en ial limi a ions. Fi s ly, enhancing da a collec ion me hods is c ucial, u ilizing bo h adi ional
app oaches and ad anced da a mining echniques o comp ehensi ely analyze he aluminium manu ac-
u ing sec o in Bah ain, ocusing on aspec s like geog aphical dis ibu ion, ma ke demand, and p oduc-
ion olume. secondly, implemen ing di e en ial p i acy o e s a igo ous app oach o sa egua ding da a
p i acy while enabling o ganiza ions o analyze sensi i e da a. addi ionally, ensu ing he obus ness o
K-means clus e ing h ough me hods, such as in a-clus e and in e -clus e simila i y, clus e alida ion,
and de e mining he op imal numbe o clus e s (k) is essen ial o accu a e pa i ioning o da ase s.
Mo eo e , mi iga ing bias in clus e ing analysis by employing echniques, such as K-means clus e ing,
e alua ion me ics, and euclidean dis ance helps ensu e he accu a e pa i ioning o da ase s in o dis inc
clus e s. By inco po a ing mul iple clus e ing algo i hms and alida ion echniques, po en ial limi a ions
a e mi iga ed, enhancing he eliabili y o s udy ou comes and acili a ing in o med decision-making p o-
cesses based on aluable insigh s ex ac ed om he da a.
3.1. Da a
Da a was ga he ed using a combina ion o me hodologies commonly employed in na u al sciences
esea ch. speci ically, da a mining me hods, pa icula ly clus e ing algo i hms, we e u ilized o analyze
and g oup da a wi h sha ed cha ac e is ics. he p ima y ocus was on he aluminum manu ac u ing
indus y in Bah ain. Fu he , he da ase encompasses a ious ace s o he aluminum manu ac u ing
sec o , including bu no limi ed o he geog aphical dis ibu ion o manu ac u ing uni s, wo k o ce
demog aphics, sales igu es, and p oduc ion quan i ies. in addi ion, hese a iables we e chosen o cha -
ac e ize Bah ain’s aluminum manu ac u ing landscape comp ehensi ely. also, he da a was sou ced om
di e se ou le s, including da abases, indus y epo s, and go e nmen publica ions. hese eposi o ies
ensu ed he eliabili y and accu acy o he da a used in he s udy.
4. Clus e ing analysis and esul s
in his s udy, K-means clus e ing, p oposed by MacQueen in 1967 (MacQueen, 1967), was employed o
de e mine he e ec i eness and e iciency o pa i ioning he da ase s. in addi ion, he algo i hm i e a-
i ely assigns each da a poin o one o k clus e s based on he simila i y o hei a ibu es. his s udy
con inues un il con e gence when he clus e s exhibi maximum in a-clus e and minimum in e -clus e
simila i ies. second, da a mining is c i ical o mode n da a analysis o ex ac aluable insigh s om la ge
da ase s. Fu he mo e, clus e ing analysis acili a es he g ouping o objec s wi h cha ac e is ics simila o
hose o a undamen al da a-mining echnique. hence, his s udy aims o iden i y pa e ns and ela ion-
ships wi hin da ase s ha p o ide aluable in o ma ion o decision-making p ocesses. he e o e, his
s udy u ilized he K-means clus e ing me hod as a nonhie a chical app oach o pa i ion he da ase in o
dis inc clus e s.
acco ding o Kangallı e al. (2014), i e me hods a e employed in s acke clus e ing: single link, ull
link, a e age link, wa d me hod, and cen al me hod, all based on di e en p inciples. an e al. (2022)
used he di iso hie a chical me hod o o m clus e s by di iding he la ge clus e s in o small clus e s
based on hei simila i y. in addi ion, swa ndepp and pandya (2016), in pa i ion- ype clus e ing, such as
K-means, i e a i ely adjus clus e cen e s un il poin s a e closes , o ming dis inc clus e s based on he
14 h. al Qah ani anD J. p. sanKa
h ough a sys ema ic app oach in ol ing s akeholde s ha can lead o he g ow h and compe i i e-
ness o Bah ain’s aluminum clus e , which scan he s udy by p ebanić and Vukomano ić (2023). Fu he ,
he s udy displayed he posi ioning o he aluminum clus e in Bah ain, including u u e p oduc po -
olios, ma ke egions, and alue chain co e age, including s a egic posi ioning aligned wi h p o i abil-
i y, ma ke in elligence, and egional ocus, which scan he s udy by OecD (2019). his s udy p o ides
insigh s in o applying clus e ing echniques, pa icula ly K-means, in a ious con ex s, aiding
decision-making p ocesses and s a egic planning o clus e de elopmen in Bah ain’s aluminum
indus y.
Based on empi ical and de ailed esea ch, his s udy p oposes coun e measu es o clus e analysis in
he aluminum indus y using he K-means me hod in Bah ain. in addi ion, ich esou ces and complex
ne wo k s uc u es in he clus e a ea can p o ide be e esou ces and in o ma ion o en e p ises. Fi s ,
o add ess he heo e ical gap, his s udy p o ides ac ionable insigh s and ecommenda ions ha will
in o m he s a egic decision-making p ocess, p omo e inno a ion, and d i e he sus ainable g ow h o
he aluminum sec o in Bah ain. hence, he easibili y o comp ehensi e esea ch on Bah ain’s aluminum
sec o is i al o iden i ying g ow h oppo uni ies and os e ing inno a ion by analyzing ma ke ends,
compe i o s, and egula ions o pinpoin a eas o inno a ion and g ow h, conside ing eme ging echnol-
ogies and sus ainabili y. he e o e, hese ailo ed ecommenda ions will p omo e sus ainable g ow h and
align wi h indus y objec i es, in ol ing s akeholde collabo a ion. p esen ing indings and ecommenda-
ions will acili a e collec i e s a egy de elopmen . con inuous moni o ing and adap a ion will d i e
g ow h and inno a ion in Bah ain’s aluminum sec o .
second, da a collec ion in ol ed ga he ing and clea ing ele an me ics o add ess he me hodolog-
ical gap h ough clus e ing analysis, which was pe o med using a de eloped K-means algo i hm e alu-
a ed h ough in a-clus e simila i y and he Da ies-Bouldin index. hi d, he s udy add essed he p ac ical
gap by analyzing ac o s, such as manu ac u ing dis ibu ion and sales, and aimed o o e insigh s o
indus y enhancemen ha will guide s a egic decisions and suppo Bah ain’s economic g ow h. hence,
combining sus ainabili y and echnology is eshaping Bah ain’s indus ies, d i en by global ini ia i es like
he sDgs h ough in eg a ing eco-conscious p ac ices o ul ill social esponsibili ies and b ing cos sa -
ings and compe i i e ad an ages by echnologies, such as ai, io , blockchain, and 3D p in ing o enhance
e iciency and cus ome expe iences, o e ing signi ican compe i i e edges when combined wi h sus ain-
able p inciples. also, emb acing sus ainabili y and echnology can spu economic g ow h, a ac in es -
men , os e en ep eneu ship, and c ea e jobs, necessi a ing go e nmen policies and public-p i a e
pa ne ships o a p ospe ous u u e.
Fou h, his s udy add essed he con ex ual gap by applying K-means clus e ing o unde s and
Bah ain’s aluminum manu ac u ing sec o by de e mining op imal clus e numbe s, e alua ing clus e ing
quali y, and examining linkages wi hin he indus y, aiming o in o m s a egic decision-making and
in es men s. Finally, he s udy add essed he li e a u e gap by explo ing da a mining me hodologies,
mainly clus e ing algo i hms, in analyzing Bah ain’s aluminum sec o . i also co e ed da a collec ion,
cleaning, K-means clus e ing, algo i hm s eps, and e alua ion me ics, and assessed he indus y clus e ,
p oposing a de elopmen oadmap o s a egic posi ioning and g ow h oppo uni ies.
6. Conclusion
his s udy ho oughly examines clus e ing analysis in Bah ain’s aluminum indus y, u ilizing he K-means
me hod o add ess gaps in heo y, me hodology, p ac ice, con ex , and li e a u e. Fu he mo e, he
s udy emphasizes he signi icance o clus e ing in boos ing p oduc i i y, p oduc quali y, and compe -
i i eness wi hin he sec o and os e ing collabo a ion, inno a ion, and economic connec ions.
addi ionally, he s udy achie ed a DBi alue o 0.918, indica ing he clus e ing quali y o he da ase .
his lowe DBi sugges s be e clus e ing, wi h mo e dis inc clus e s and dense packing wi hin each
clus e . also, by applying he K-means algo i hm, he s udy success ully iden i ied dis inc clus e s
wi hin he da ase , o e ing insigh s in o he indus y’s s uc u e and dynamics and sugges ing g ow h
and s a egic de elopmen oppo uni ies. also, he s udy p oposes a oadmap o clus e de elopmen ,
p o iding ac ionable ecommenda ions o policymake s, indus y s akeholde s, and esea che s o
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 15
enhance compe i i eness and sus ainabili y. O e all, i con ibu es o exis ing knowledge by applying
ad anced clus e ing echniques and o e s aluable insigh s o shaping s a egic decisions and os e -
ing sus ainable de elopmen in Bah ain’s aluminum sec o amid e ol ing echnological and ma ke
landscapes.
6.1. Limi a ions and u u e esea ch
he s udy on Bah ain’s aluminium indus y p esen s limi a ions and a enues o u u e esea ch. Fi s , his
s udy’s ocus on Bah ain’s aluminium indus y es ic s he gene alizabili y o indings o b oade egional
o sec o al con ex s. his limi a ion highligh s he need o u he esea ch o explo e clus e ing dynam-
ics ac oss di e se indus ies and egions. second, he absence o dynamic indus y ac o s, such as ech-
nological ad ancemen s and global ma ke ends in he analysis limi s he s udy’s comp ehensi eness.
Fu u e esea ch should aim o inco po a e hese ac o s o p o ide a mo e nuanced unde s anding o
indus y e olu ion and clus e ing dynamics. hi d, da a limi a ions and biases aise conce ns abou ans-
pa ency and eliabili y. a ho ough examina ion o da a limi a ions is necessa y o ensu e he c edibili y
o indings and in e p e a ions.
in u u e esea ch. Fi s , compa a i e analyses wi h indus ies o sec o s in o he coun ies o wi hin
Bah ain i sel could yield aluable insigh s in o uni e sal clus e ing ends and a ia ions. explo ing sim-
ila i ies and di e ences ac oss con ex s can en ich unde s anding and in o m policy decisions. second,
longi udinal s udies o examine he impac o ex e nal ac o s, such as economic condi ions and ade
policies, on indus y clus e ing dynamics could p o ide a mo e comp ehensi e unde s anding. long- e m
analysis allows o he obse a ion o ends and pa e ns o e ime, o e ing insigh s in o he esilience
and adap abili y o indus ies. hi d, employing al e na i e clus e ing me hods o complemen exis ing
app oaches and enhance he accu acy and eliabili y o esul s. expe imen ing wi h di e en me hodol-
ogies can o e new pe spec i es and imp o e he obus ness o indings. Finally, enhancing da a collec-
ion p ocesses can con ibu e o he eliabili y and alidi y o esea ch ou comes. employing ad anced
da a collec ion echniques and ensu ing da a quali y is essen ial o p oducing c edible insigh s and
conclusions. add essing hese limi a ions and pu suing sugges ed u u e esea ch di ec ions will enable
schola s o ad ance hei unde s anding o indus y clus e ing dynamics, ul ima ely leading o mo e
obus and applicable indings wi h b oade implica ions.
E hical app o al
e hical app o al o his s udy was ob ained om he e hics commi ee o he esea ch cen e a he
Uni e si y o echnology Bah ain. his s udy adhe ed o he e hical p inciples ou lined in he i B-hsBs
in o med consen guidelines o he Uni e si y o echnology Bah ain.
Consen o publica ion
no applicable.
Au ho con ibu ions
haQ designed he s udy and was esponsible o he quali y assu ance o he s udy esul s. Jps was esponsible o
he quali y assu ance o he in e p e a ion o he esul s. haQ was mainly esponsible o analyzing he da a o his
manusc ip , and Jps d a ed he manusc ip in close collabo a ion wi h haQ. Bo h au ho s pa icipa ed in edi ing,
eading, and app o ing he inal manusc ip .
Disclosu e s a emen
no po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho (s).
16 h. al Qah ani anD J. p. sanKa
Abou he au ho s
D . Hai ham Al Qah ani, a highly educa ed p o essional, holds a phD in chemical enginee ing om he p es igious
Uni e si y o u s in Bos on, a Mas e o ene gy enginee ing om he es eemed Uni e si y o leeds in he UK, and
a Bachelo o pe oleum enginee ing om he enowned Uni e si y o sou he n cali o nia in he Usa. his academic
jou ney has equipped him wi h a deep unde s anding o his ield, which he now applies in his ole as he Vice
p esiden o academic a ai s a he Uni e si y o echnology Bah ain. his weal h o academic and p o essional expe-
ience is e iden in his p e ious oles as a p ojec leade du ing he es ablishmen o he B i ish college o Bah ain,
g oup s a egic planning & p ojec De elope a he Yusu Bin ahmed Kanoo g oup o companies, and Vice p esiden
o knowledge-based se ices a he economic De elopmen Boa d.
D . Jayendi a P. Sanka ecei ed his phD om he Uni e si y o Mad as, india. he wo ked o en yea s in india and
in Bah ain o se en yea s. O e all, se en een yea s o academic expe ience, senio Fellow hea-UK and academic
Fellow cip D-UK wi h many publica ions in a ious high-impac jou nals and con e ences. he cu en esea ch in e -
es s include De elopmen economics: economic g ow h, po e y, inequali y, ma ke ailu e, iscal, economic and
social condi ions, heal hca e, educa ion, employmen sec o , indus ial and social in as uc u e; human esou ce
Managemen : employee wel a e, wo k- amily balance, consume beha iou , e ail ma ke ing, co po a e social espon-
sibili y, sus ainabili y, and eaching-lea ning and assessmen s.
Funding
no unding was ecei ed o conduc ing his s udy.
ORCID
hai ham al Qah ani h p://o cid.o g/0009-0009-0817-4746
Jayendi a p. sanka h p://o cid.o g/0000-0001-8435-2123
Da a a ailabili y s a emen
he da a ha suppo he indings o his s udy a e a ailable om he co esponding au ho Jps upon easonable
eques .
Re e ences
a güelles, M., Bena ides, c., & Fe nández, i. (2014). a new app oach o he iden i ica ion o egional clus e s:
hie a chical clus e ing on p incipal componen s. Applied Economics, 46(21), 1–19. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/0003684
6.2014.904491
Baghe zadeh, M., ghade i, M., & Fe nandez, a. s. (2022). coope i ion o inno a ion – he mo e, he be e ? an
empi ical s udy based on p e e ence disagg ega ion analysis. Eu opean Jou nal o Ope a ional Resea ch, 297(2),
695–708. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ejo .2021.06.010
Boix, ., he ás-Oli e , J. l., & De Miguel-Molina, B. (2015). Mic o-geog aphies o c ea i e indus ies clus e s in
eu ope: F om ho spo s o assemblages. Pape s in Regional Science, 94(4), 753–773. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/
pi s.12094
ca alhei o, g. M. D. c., & B andao, M. (2017). assessing he ip po olio o indus ial clus e s: he case o he B azilian
oo wea indus y. Jou nal o Manu ac u ing Technology Managemen , 28(8), 994–1010. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/
JM M-10-2016-0137
chang, p. c., liu, c. h., & Fan, c. Y. (2009). Da a clus e ing and uzzy neu al ne wo k o sales o ecas ing: a case
s udy in p in ed ci cui boa d indus y. Knowledge-Based Sys ems, 22(5), 344–355. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.kno-
sys.2009.02.005
chen, l. c. (2011). he go e nance and e olu ion o local p oduc ion ne wo ks in a clus e : he case o aiwan’s
machine ool indus y. GeoJou nal, 76(6), 605–622. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10708-009-9317-2
cook, g. a. s., & pandi , n. . (2012). clus e ing and he loca ion o mul ina ional en e p ises: an explo a ion o
inancial se ices in london. in The egional economics o knowledge and alen : Local ad an age in a global con ex
(pp. 281–299). edwa d elga . h ps://doi.o g/10.4337/9781781953549.00019
cook, g. a. s., pandi , n. ., & swann, g. M. p. (2001). he dynamics o indus ial clus e ing in B i ish b oadcas ing.
In o ma ion Economics and Policy, 13(3), 351–375. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/s0167-6245(01)00041-5
Da ies, D. l., & Bouldin, D. W. (1979). a clus e sepa a ion measu e. IEEE T ansac ions on Pa e n Analysis and Machine
In elligence, 1(2), 224–227. h ps://doi.o g/10.1109/ paMi.1979.4766909
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 17
De eli, ., & Du muşoğlu, a. (2009). classi ying echnology pa en s o iden i y ends: applying a uzzy-based clus e -
ing app oach in he u kish ex ile indus y. Technology in Socie y, 31(3), 263–272. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. ech-
soc.2009.06.007
Du, M., & Wu, F. (2022). g id-based clus e ing using bounda y de ec ion. En opy, 24(11), 1606. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
e24111606
Du e i, g. g., abe-Ojong, M. p., & Owusu-sekye e, e. (2023). he new no mal? clus e a ming and smallholde com-
me cializa ion in e hiopia. Ag icul u al Economics, 54(6), 900–920. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/agec.12790
edina, e., Józse , p., Miklós, n., & Judi , O. (2021). he ole o indus y 4.0 echnologies in he inno a ion ac i i ies
o ood manu ac u ing companies. S a isz ikai Szemle, 99(10), 978–996. h ps://doi.o g/10.20311/s a 2021.10.
hu0978
e gun, M., Uyguçgil, h., & a alik, Ö. (2020). c ea ing a geodemog aphic classi ica ion model wi hin geo-ma ke ing:
he case o eskişehi p o ince. Bulle in o Geog aphy. Socio-Economic Se ies, 47(47), 45–61. h ps://doi.o g/10.2478/
bog-2020-0003
ge gely, B., & Va gha, a. (2021). how o use model-based clus e analysis e icien ly in pe son-o ien ed esea ch.
Jou nal o Pe son-O ien ed Resea ch, 7(1), 22–35. h ps://doi.o g/10.17505/jpo .2021.23449
geum, Y., Kim, M. s., & lee, s. (2016). how indus ial con e gence happens: a axonomical app oach based on
empi ical e idences. Technological Fo ecas ing and Social Change, 107, 112–120. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. ech-
o e.2016.03.020
guo, B., & guo, J. J. (2011). pa e ns o echnological lea ning wi hin he knowledge sys ems o indus ial clus e s in
eme ging economies: e idence om china. Techno a ion, 31(2–3), 87–104. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. echno a-
ion.2010.10.006
hadh i, W., a ani is, ., & M’henni, h. (2016). De e minan s o inno a ion ac i i ies in small and open economies:
he lebanese business sec o . Jou nal o Inno a ion Economics & Managemen , 21(3), 77–107. h ps://doi.o g/10.3917/
jie.021.0077
hanawal , e., & ouse, W. (2017). assessing loca ion a ac i eness o manu ac u ing au omobiles. Jou nal o Indus ial
Enginee ing and Managemen , 10(5), 817–852. h ps://doi.o g/10.3926/jiem.2321
he, Y., Xing, Y., Zeng, X., Ji, Y., hou, h., Zhang, Y., & Zhu, Z. (2022). Fac o s in luencing ca bon emissions om china’s
elec ici y indus y: analysis using he combina ion o lMDi and K-means clus e ing. En i onmen al Impac
Assessmen Re iew, 93, 106724. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.eia .2021.106724
he agu, s. s., & ek en, B. (2009). Ma e ials handling sys em design. in En i onmen ally conscious ma e ials handling
(pp. 1–26). John Wiley & sons. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/9780470432730.ch1
holý, V., sokol, O., & Če ný, M. (2017). clus e ing e ail p oduc s based on cus ome beha iou . Applied So Compu ing,
60, 752–762. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.asoc.2017.02.004
hong, s. J., Kwon, i. W. g., & li, J. (2014). assessing he pe cep ion o supply chain isk and pa ne ships using
impo ance-pe o mance analysis model: a case s udy o sMes in china and Ko ea. Supply Chain Fo um, 15(2),
110–125. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/16258312.2014.11517344
hsiao, K. a., & chen, l. l. (2006). Fundamen al dimensions o a ec i e esponses o p oduc shapes. In e na ional
Jou nal o Indus ial E gonomics, 36(6), 553–564. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.e gon.2005.11.009
huang, X. (2023). he oles o compe i ion on inno a ion e iciency and i m pe o mance: e idence om he chinese
manu ac u ing indus y. Eu opean Resea ch on Managemen and Business Economics, 29(1), 100201. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1016/j.iedeen.2022.100201
hwang, W. s., & Kim, h. s. (2022). Does he adop ion o eme ging echnologies imp o e echnical e iciency? e idence
om Ko ean manu ac u ing sMes. Small Business Economics, 59(2), 627–643. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/
s11187-021-00554-w
iko un, a. M., ezugwu, a. e., abualigah, l., abuhaija, B., & heming, J. (2023). K-means clus e ing algo i hms: a com-
p ehensi e e iew, a ian s analysis, and ad ances in he e a o big da a. In o ma ion Sciences, 622, 178–210.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ins.2022.11.139
Jabba zadeh, a., Fahimnia, B., & sabouhi, F. (2018). esilien and sus ainable supply chain design: sus ainabili y anal-
ysis unde dis up ion isks. In e na ional Jou nal o P oduc ion Resea ch, 56(17), 5945–5968. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080
/00207543.2018.1461950
Jain, ., gup a, s., Meena, M. l., & Dangayach, g. s. (2016). Op imisa ion o labou p oduc i i y using wo k measu e-
men echniques. In e na ional Jou nal o P oduc i i y and Quali y Managemen , 19(4), 485–510. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1504/iJpQM.2016.10000353
Jun, s., & pa k, s. s. (2013). examining echnological inno a ion o apple using pa en analysis. Indus ial Managemen
& Da a Sys ems, 113(6), 890–907. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/iMDs-01-2013-0032
Kadokawa, K. (2013). a sea ch o an indus ial clus e in Japanese manu ac u ing sec o : e idence om a loca ion
su ey. GeoJou nal, 78(1), 85–101. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10708-011-9433-7
Kalicanin, D., & ga ic, O. (2014). he impo ance o clus e s as d i e s o compe i i e ad an age o companies.
Ekonomika P eduzeca, 62(3–4), 164–172. h ps://doi.o g/10.5937/ekop e1404164K
Kangallı, s. g., Uya , U., & Buy okoğlu, s. (2014). OecD Ülkele inde ekonomik Özgü lük: Bi Kümeleme analizi.
Ulusla a ası Alanya İşle me Fakül esi De gisi, 6(3), 95–109.
18 h. al Qah ani anD J. p. sanKa
Ka aca, Z. (2018). he clus e analysis in he manu ac u ing indus y wi h K-mean me hod: an applica ion o u key.
Eu asian Jou nal o Economics and Finance, 6(3), 1–12. h ps://doi.o g/10.15604/eje .2018.06.03.001
Kim, D. h., Kim, s., & lee, J. s. (2023). he ise and all o indus ial clus e s: expe ience om he esilien
ans o ma ion in sou h Ko ea. The Annals o Regional Science, 71(2), 1–23. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/
s00168-022-01170-6
Kim, h., hwang, s. J., & Yoon, W. (2023). indus y clus e , o ganiza ional di e si y, and inno a ion. In e na ional Jou nal
o Inno a ion S udies, 7(3), 187–195. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ijis.2023.03.002
König, . (2023). Be ween collabo a ion and compe i ion: co-loca ed clus e s o di e en indus ies in one egion—
he con ex o u lingen’s medical enginee ing and me al p ocessing indus ies. Regional Science Policy & P ac ice,
15(2), 288–325. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/ sp3.12581
Koo, g. p. Y., Zheng, h., aik, J. c. l., an, B. Y. Q., sha ma, V. K., sia, c. h., Ong, M. e. h., & ho, a. F. W. (2023). clus e ing
o en i onmen al pa ame e s and he isk o acu e ischaemic s oke. In e na ional Jou nal o En i onmen al Resea ch
and Public Heal h, 20(6), 4979. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ije ph20064979
libae s, D., & Meye , M. (2011). highly inno a i e small echnology i ms, indus ial clus e s and i m in e na ionaliza-
ion. Resea ch Policy, 40(10), 1426–1437. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. espol.2011.06.005
libe i, l., la o , c., Maculan, n., & Muche ino, a. (2014). euclidean dis ance geome y and applica ions. SIAM Re iew,
56(1), 3–69. h ps://doi.o g/10.1137/120875909
liu, . (2022). Da a analysis o educa ional e alua ion using K-means clus e ing me hod. Compu a ional In elligence
and Neu oscience, 2022, 3762431. h ps://doi.o g/10.1155/2022/3762431
MacQueen, J. (1967). some me hods o classi ica ion and analysis o mul i a ia e obse a ions. in P oceedings o he
Fi h Be keley Symposium on Ma hema ical S a is ics and P obabili y (Vol. 1, pp. 281–297).
Madsen, e. s., smi h, V., & Dilling-hansen, M. (2003). indus ial clus e s, i m loca ion and p oduc i i y – some empi -
ical e idence o Danish i ms. in Wo king Pape 03-26 (03-26, issue May 2014). h ps://pu e.au.dk/ws/
iles/32304323/03-26_esm s.pd
Mi al, h., pandey, a. c., sa aswa , M., Kuma , s., pal, ., & Modwel, g. (2022). a comp ehensi e su ey o image
segmen a ion: clus e ing me hods, pe o mance pa ame e s, and benchma k da ase s. Mul imedia Tools and
Applica ions, 81(24), 35001–35026. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s11042-021-10594-9
nidhi, & pa el, K. a. (2016). an e icien and scalable densi y-based clus e ing algo i hm o no malize da a. P ocedia
Compu e Science, 92, 136–141. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.p ocs.2016.07.336
no illo-Villegas, s., ayala-and ade, ., lopez-cox, J. p., salaza -Oyanede , J., & acos a-Va gas, p. (2022). a oadmap o
inno a ion capaci y in de eloping coun ies. Sus ainabili y, 14(11), 6686. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su14116686
OecD (2019). Measu ing dis o ions in in e na ional ma ke s: he aluminium alue chain. in OECD ade policy pape s
(pp. 1–121). OecD publishing. h ps://doi.o g/10.1787/c82911ab-en
Oyewole, g. J., & hopil, g. a. (2023). Da a clus e ing: applica ion and ends. A i icial In elligence Re iew, 56(7),
6439–6475. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10462-022-10325-y
palama a, F., piglione, F., & piccinini, n. (2011). sel -o ganizing map and clus e ing algo i hms o he analysis o oc-
cupa ional acciden da abases. Sa e y Science, 49(8–9), 1215–1230. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ssci.2011.04.003
pa k, J., lee, h., & pa k, Y. (2009). Disembodied knowledge lows among indus ial clus e s: a pa en analysis o he
Ko ean manu ac u ing sec o . Technology in Socie y, 31(1), 73–84. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. echsoc.2008.10.011
pe ei a, D., lei ão, J., Oli ei a, ., & pei one, D. (2023). p oposing a holis ic esea ch amewo k o uni e si y s a egic
alliances in sus ainable en ep eneu ship. Heliyon, 9(5), e16087. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16087
pe ei a, ., Kennedy, J. V., & po gie e , J. (2019). a compa ison o adi ional manu ac u ing s addi i e manu ac u ing,
he bes me hod o he job. P ocedia Manu ac u ing, 30, 11–18. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.p om g.2019.02.003
plan ec, Q., le Masson, p., & Weil, B. (2021). impac o knowledge sea ch p ac ices on he o iginali y o in en ions: a
s udy in he oil & gas indus y h ough dynamic pa en analysis. Technological Fo ecas ing and Social Change, 168,
120782. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. ech o e.2021.120782
p akash, a., Jha, s. K., p asad, K. D., & singh, a. K. (2017). p oduc i i y, quali y and business pe o mance: an empi -
ical s udy. In e na ional Jou nal o P oduc i i y and Pe o mance Managemen , 66(1), 78–91. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/
iJppM-03-2015-0041
p ebanić, K. ., & Vukomano ić, M. (2023). explo ing s akeholde engagemen p ocess as he success ac o o in a-
s uc u e p ojec s. Buildings, 13(7), 1785. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/buildings13071785
an, c., song, K., & Yang, l. (2020). an imp o ed solu ion o pa ne selec ion o indus y-uni e si y coope a ion.
Technology Analysis & S a egic Managemen , 32(12), 1478–1493. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/09537325.2020.1786044
i e a, l., gligo , D., & she i, Y. (2016). he bene i s o logis ics clus e ing. In e na ional Jou nal o Physical Dis ibu ion
& Logis ics Managemen , 46(3), 242–268. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/iJpDlM-10-2014-0243
schulz, M. a., chapman- ounds, M., Ve ma, M., Bzdok, D., & geo ga zis, K. (2020). in e ing disease sub ypes om
clus e s in explana ion space. Scien i ic Repo s, 10(1), 12900. h ps://doi.o g/10.1038/s41598-020-68858-7
sha ma, s. (2011). imp o ed Bsp clus e ing algo i hm o social ne wo k analysis. Bon ing In e na ional Jou nal o
So wa e Enginee ing and So Compu ing, 1(1), 15–20. h ps://doi.o g/10.9756/BiJsesc.1003
sheikh, a., ghanba pou , ., & gholamiangonabadi, D. (2019). a p elimina y s udy o in ech indus y: a wo-s age
clus e ing analysis o cus ome segmen a ion in he B2B se ing. Jou nal o Business- o-Business Ma ke ing, 26(2),
197–207. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/1051712X.2019.1603420
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 19
singhal, V., singh, a. B., ahuja, V., & ge a, . (2023). consume segmen a ion in he ashion indus y using social
media: an empi ical analysis. Jou nal o In o ma ion and O ganiza ional Sciences, 47(2), 399–419. h ps://doi.
o g/10.31341/jios.47.2.9
sun, J., Fan, p., Wang, K., & Yu, Z. (2022). esea ch on he impac o he indus ial clus e e ec on he p o i s o new
ene gy en e p ises in china: Based on he Mo an’s i index and he ixed-e ec panel s ochas ic on ie model.
Sus ainabili y, 14(21), 14499. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su142114499
swa ndepp, s. J., & pandya, s. (2016). an o e iew o pa i ioning algo i hms in clus e ing echniques. In e na ional
Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch in Compu e Enginee ing & Technology, 5(6), 1943–1946.
an, a. J. J., chong, c. Y., & ale i, a. (2022). e-sc4 : explaining so wa e clus e ing o emodula isa ion. Jou nal o
Sys ems and So wa e, 186, 111162. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jss.2021.111162
haka e, Y., & Bagal, s. (2015). pe o mance e alua ion o K-means clus e ing algo i hm wi h a ious dis ance me ics.
In e na ional Jou nal o Compu e Applica ions, 110(11), 12–16. h ps://doi.o g/10.5120/19360-0929
ingley, D., Ásmundsson, J., Bo odzicz, e., conides, a., D ake o d, B., úna eð a ðsson, i., holm, D., Kapi is, K., Kuikka,
s., & Mo ensen, B. (2010). isk iden i ica ion and pe cep ion in he ishe ies sec o : compa isons be ween he
Fa oes, g eece, iceland and UK. Ma ine Policy, 34(6), 1249–1260. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ma pol.2010.05.002
Un e be ge , p., & Mülle , J. M. (2021). clus e ing and classi ica ion o manu ac u ing en e p ises ega ding hei
indus y 4.0 esho ing incen i es. P ocedia Compu e Science, 180, 696–705. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.p ocs.2021.01.292
Va gas-he nández, J. g., Va gas gonzalez, O. c., & Mo ones se ín, J. s. (2020). a heo e ical app oach o he concep
o he clus e . P oblems o Managemen in he 21s Cen u y, 15(1), 56–67. h ps://doi.o g/10.33225/10.33225/
pmc/20.15.56
Wang, W., ang, Q., & gao, B. (2023). explo a ion o cO2 emission educ ion pa hways: iden i ica ion o in luencing
ac o s o cO2 emission and cO2 emission educ ion po en ial o powe indus y. Clean Technologies and
En i onmen al Policy, 25(5), 1–15. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10098-022-02456-1
Wen ing, . (2008). spino dynamics and he spa ial o ma ion o he ashion design indus y, 1858–2005. Jou nal o
Economic Geog aphy, 8(5), 593–614. h ps://doi.o g/10.1093/jeg/lbn030
Wes e dijk, M., Zuu bie , J., ludwig, M., & p ins, s. (2012). De ining ca e p oduc s o inance heal h ca e in he
ne he lands. The Eu opean Jou nal o Heal h Economics, 13(2), 203–221. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10198-011-0302-6
Yang, F., & gu, s. (2021). indus y 4.0, a e olu ion ha equi es echnology and na ional s a egies. Complex &
In elligen Sys ems, 7(3), 1311–1325. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s40747-020-00267-9
Yang, W. c., lai, J. p., liu, Y. h., lin, Y. l., hou, h. p., & pai, p. F. (2023). Using medical da a and clus e ing echniques
o a sma heal hca e sys em. Elec onics, 13(1), 140. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/elec onics13010140
Ye, D., Zheng, l., & he, p. (2021). indus y clus e inno a ion upg ading and knowledge e olu ion: a simula ion anal-
ysis based on small-wo ld ne wo ks. SAGE Open, 11(3), 215824402110316. h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/21582440211031604
Yuan, c., & Yang, h. (2019). esea ch on K- alue selec ion me hod o K-means clus e ing algo i hm. J, 2(2), 226–235.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/j2020016
Zhao, l., liang, Y., & u, h. (2023). how do clus e s d i e i m pe o mance in he egional inno a ion sys em? a
causal complexi y analysis in chinese s a egic eme ging indus ies. Sys ems, 11(5), 229. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
sys ems11050229
Zhou, K., Yang, s., & shao, Z. (2017). household mon hly elec ici y consump ion pa e n mining: a uzzy
clus e ing-based model and a case s udy. Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion, 141, 900–908. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
jclep o.2016.09.165
