Effects of individual client's competencies on construction project performance: Mediating participation attitude and partnership

Pa k, Kanghee; Kim, Bo-Young
A icle
E ec s o indi idual clien 's compe encies on cons uc ion
p ojec pe o mance: Media ing pa icipa ion a i ude and
pa ne ship
Adminis a i e Sciences
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Pa k, Kanghee; Kim, Bo-Young (2024) : E ec s o indi idual clien 's compe encies
on cons uc ion p ojec pe o mance: Media ing pa icipa ion a i ude and pa ne ship,
Adminis a i e Sciences, ISSN 2076-3387, MDPI, Basel, Vol. 14, Iss. 3, pp. 1-17,
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Ci a ion: Pa k, Kanghee, and
Boyoung Kim. 2024. E ec s o
Indi idual Clien ’s Compe encies on
Cons uc ion P ojec Pe o mance:
Media ing Pa icipa ion A i ude and
Pa ne ship. Adminis a i e Sciences 14:
40. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
admsci14030040
Recei ed: 17 Janua y 2024
Re ised: 19 Feb ua y 2024
Accep ed: 21 Feb ua y 2024
Published: 23 Feb ua y 2024
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adminis a i e
sciences
A icle
E ec s o Indi idual Clien ’s Compe encies on Cons uc ion
P ojec Pe o mance: Media ing Pa icipa ion A i ude
and Pa ne ship
Kanghee Pa k and Boyoung Kim *
Seoul Business School, aSSIST Uni e si y, Seoul 03767, Republic o Ko ea; [email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : Wi hin a cons uc ion p ojec , he clien s a e ca ego ized as p i a e indi iduals, p i a e
companies, public ins i u ions, e c. In his esea ch, he p i a e clien is iden i ied as a non-p o essional
indi idual building owne and is in ol ed in making decisions and sol ing p oblems o success ul
cons uc ion p ojec pe o mance. Howe e , i a ional decision-making and con lic s equen ly occu
wi h p ojec delay and poo pe o mance because he indi idual clien s a e no mally non-p o essionals
and lack he capaci y o lead a ious s akeholde s on he p ojec . This s udy analyzes he e ec s o he
p ojec manage ial compe encies o he p i a e indi idual clien s on he cons uc ion pe o mance. The
clien ’s compe encies we e de ined as ‘pe sonal’, ‘social’, and ‘p o essional’ ac o s, and pa icipa ion
a i ude and pa ne ship we e used as he media ing ac o s. The o line su ey was conduc ed wi h
241 building owne s in Sou h Ko ea. The esul indica es ha pe sonal and p o essional compe encies
had a posi i e e ec on p ojec pe o mance, whe eas social compe ency did no ha e an e ec .
Pe sonal compe ency had he g ea es e ec on pa icipa ion a i ude and pa ne ship. Social and
p o essional compe encies had a posi i e e ec on pa ne ship, no pa icipa ion a i ude. Hence, his
shows ha he pe sonal compe encies o he building owne as he end use o he p ojec ela ed o
cogni ion, planning, and decision-making a e impo an o p ojec success.
Keywo ds: indi idual clien ; cons uc ion p ojec ; compe ency; pa icipa ion a i ude; pa ne ship
1. In oduc ion
The global cons uc ion indus y has expe ienced an inc ease in public–p i a e
pa ne ships (PPPs) and no able shi s in he cons uc ion en i onmen , d i en by p ojec
expansion, complexi y, and specializa ion. Acco ding o Global Indus y Analys s, Inc.
(2019), he global cons uc ion p ojec managemen ma ke is wi nessing g ow h a
a compound
annual g ow h a e (CAGR) o 12.7%. Da a B idge Ma ke Resea ch (2020)
es ima es ha he global cons uc ion ma ke will con inue o g ow a a CAGR o 8.70%
om 2020 o 2027, eaching an es ima ed USD 2.73 billion in 2027. Especially, he small-
scale building in es men sec o is expe iencing s eady g ow h in he Asian cons uc ion
p ojec ma ke (Lee and Jeon 2018;Nikjow e al. 2021). Despi e he impac s o he
COVID-19 pandemic, such as inc easing in e es a es and aw ma e ial p ices, he new
housing cons uc ion and eal es a e ma ke s con inue o be a ac i e o companies and
indi iduals. Fo example, in Sou h Ko ea, 90% o he buildings a e less han 661 squa e
me e s (sqm), and 83.6% o hese a e p i a ely owned (Kim e al. 2021). Al hough
egional a ia ions exis , he ma ke o small-scale p i a e cons uc ion p ojec s o
indi idual clien s is an icipa ed o expand as he global implemen a ion o sys ems o
enhance s anda ds o building clien pe mi s gains momen um (Ogunnusi e al. 2021;
E ans and Fa ell 2023).
Odusami (2002) ca ego ized p ojec leade s in o in es o s, de elope s, owne s, and
cen al and local go e nmen s, depending on he cons uc ion p ojec ’s pu pose. In es o s
and de elope s p ima ily unde ake cons uc ion p ojec s o en ing ou o selling acili ies,
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 40. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/admsci14030040 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/admsci
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 40 2 o 17
seeking economic bene i s om de elopmen p ojec s. Howe e , building owne s, in
addi ion o en ing ou and selling, a e in ol ed in cons uc ion in es men s o unde ake
de elopmen p ojec s o pe sonal use o he building. Thus, indi idual clien s a e hose
who own o de elop eal es a e p ojec s, such as housing o comme cial buildings. In
cons uc ion p ojec managemen , he impo ance o a ional decision-making and e ec i e,
anspa en p ocess managemen canno be o e s a ed, gi en he a ia ions in he design,
wo k en i onmen , cons uc ion imeline, and expenses depending on si e condi ions
and equi emen s (b Zaka ia e al. 2015). Howe e , as he majo i y o indi idual clien s
engaged in small-scale p i a e cons uc ion p ojec s lack p o essional expe ise in he ield,
he p ojec s a e o e seen by designe s o builde s, i espec i e o he indi idual clien s’
compe encies (Meng 2012). Consequen ly, challenges in cons uc ion p ojec s a ise as
inadequa e communica ion wi h non-p o essional building owne s as p ojec clien s.
P e ious s udies (Chou and Yang 2012;T an e al. 2017;Ha and T an 2018;Dinis
e al. 2020) ha e highligh ed ela ionship managemen and communica ion be ween
indi idual clien s and p ojec s akeholde s, including designe s, cons uc o s, consul-
an s, and
adminis a o s
, as he mos c i ical issues in cons uc ion p ojec s. Belassi and
Tukel (1996) poin ed ou ha he p o essional expe ise and expe ience o indi iduals
o e seeing cons uc ion p ojec s in luence p ojec pe o mance. Some li e a u e (Chan
and Chan 2004;Williams 2016) emphasizes ha he leade ship and compe ency o he
p ojec decision-make s play a decisi e ole in shaping p ojec ou comes. Cons uc ion
ac i i ies gene ally in ol e p ojec clien s, a chi ec s, a chi ec u al enginee s, and builde s
(Rowlinson and McDe mo 2005). Since he compe ency o indi idual clien s may impac
cons uc ion p ojec pe o mance, hei compe encies a e collabo a i ely enhanced wi h
he s akeholde s in ol ed in he cons uc ion p ojec (Gunduz and Almuajebh 2020).
The indi idual clien s de ine he na u e o he p ojec and es ablish decision-making
indica o s along wi h a chi ec s and use s h oughou he p ocess (Al-Hammad and
Al-Hammad 1996).
Howe e , unlike co po a e cons uc ion p ojec s, decision-making and pe o mance
esponsibili ies in p i a e cons uc ion p ojec s a e en us ed o indi idual clien s (Za a i and
A sha 2023). The e o e, he pe sonali y and communica ion me hods o non-p o essional
building owne s signi ican ly in luence he cou se o he p ojec (Assa e al. 1995;Mayo and
Issa 2012). Addi ionally, unp o essionalism o i a ionali y in p ojec planning and p ocesses
may be highligh ed by he pe sonal p e e ences and decision-making cha ac e is ics o
indi idual clien s (Zhang e al. 2019). Indi idual clien s in small-scale p ojec s lack in e es
in p o essional p ojec managemen (Olanipekun e al. 2017). Despi e small-scale p ojec s
in ol ing lowe cons uc ion cos s and ime, hei signi icance and managemen complexi y
should no be unde es ima ed (Alaghba i e al. 2019;Wa d e al. 2020). Howe e , insu icien
awa eness o he con ac o ’s esponsibili ies, mis us in subcon ac o s, and limi ed insigh
as a p ojec owne equen ly con ibu e o unsa is ac o y ou comes (Toole e al. 2017;
Zalejska and Gunnelin 2019;Roda e al. 2020).
Consequen ly, he e is a need o hese p i a e building owne s o s eng hen hei
p o essional knowledge, ga he p ojec in o ma ion, make a ional decisions, and enhance
hei p ojec managemen compe ency o achie e sa is ac o y p ojec pe o mance. This
s udy examines he impac o he compe encies o indi idual clien s on cons uc ion p ojec
pe o mance wi h he media ing e ec s o pa icipa ion a i ude and pa ne ship. This
a icle is designed as he esea ch backg ound and necessi y in he in oduc ion o Sec ion 1
and p io esea ch and hypo hesis de elopmen o an indi idual clien ’s compe ency,
pa icipa ion a i ude, pa ne ship, and p ojec pe o mance h ough he heo e ical back-
g ound o Sec ion 2. And in Sec ion 3, esea ch models and me hods a e p esen ed, and in
Sec ion 4, analysis esul s a e p esen ed. And in Sec ions 5and 6, he in e p e a ion and
implica ions o he esea ch esul s a e p esen ed.
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 40 3 o 17
2. Li e a u e Re iew and Hypo hesis De elopmen
2.1. Indi idual Clien ’s Compe ency in Cons uc ion P ojec s
The CIOB (Cha e ed Ins i u e o Building 1995) de ined clien s as indi iduals o
o ganiza ions wi h he au ho i y o commission cons uc ion p ojec s, app o e p ojec
plans, and bea he associa ed cos s. Indi idual clien s spea head cons uc ion p ojec s wi h
hei plans and budge s, aiming o maximize cons uc ion p o i s, like p ope y igh s (Boyd
and Chinyio 2008). They a e legal en i ies ha ac i ely lead (di ec , manage, and con ol)
cons uc ion as he ac ual indi idual clien s (Aliakba lou e al. 2017). I is expec ed ha hey
play an ac i e ole by clea ly communica ing hei needs and consis en ly pa icipa ing in
he p ojec o ensu e he ul ilmen o hei needs. This ex ends beyond he passi e ole
o me ely explaining hei needs, co e ing cos s, and no ac i ely pa icipa ing (Si a and
London 2011;Aliakba lou e al. 2018).
Figu e 1exhibi s he a chi ec u al design me hodology. As Fe ia and Amado (2019)
men ioned, once a p ojec owne commissions an a chi ec u al enginee ing company, he
company ini ia es he collec ion o pe inen in o ma ion in he ini ia ion phase, such as
he cons uc ion pu pose, loca ion, and in es men amoun . Subsequen ly, he p epa a ion
phase ollows, du ing which he clien - eques ed in o ma ion and da a, including condi ions
aligning wi h he pu pose, cons uc ion elemen s, si e en i onmen , and legal conside a ions,
a e p o ided. The p oposal-making, e alua ion, and ac ion phases ollow. The e o e, in
his p ocess, he clien ’s decision plays he mos signi ican ole in a p ojec (Mülle and
Tu ne 2010;Ryd 2014). Acco ding o Kilby (1983), owne s can be conside ed a ional
decision-make s who an icipa e isks and manage he p ojec . Can (2009) emphasized ha
enhancing he managemen compe ency o indi idual clien s in small-scale cons uc ion
p ojec s is essen ial.
Adm.Sci.2024,14,xFORPEERREVIEW3o 18


p esen ed,andinSec ion4,analysis esul sa ep esen ed.AndinSec ions5and6, he
in e p e a ionandimplica ionso  he esea ch esul sa ep esen ed.
2.Li e a u eRe iewandHypo hesisDe elopmen 
2.1.Indi idualClien ’sCompe encyinCons uc ionP ojec s
TheCIOB(Cha e edIns i u eo Building1995)de inedclien sasindi idualso 
o ganiza ionswi h heau ho i y ocommissioncons uc ionp ojec s,app o ep ojec 
plans,andbea  heassocia edcos s.Indi idualclien sspea headcons uc ionp ojec s
wi h hei plansandbudge s,aiming omaximizecons uc ionp o i s,likep ope y
igh s(BoydandChinyio2008).Theya elegalen i ies ha ac i elylead(di ec ,manage,
andcon ol)cons uc ionas heac ualindi idualclien s(Aliakba loue al.2017).I is
expec ed ha  heyplayanac i e olebyclea lycommunica ing hei needsand
consis en lypa icipa ingin hep ojec  oensu e he ul ilmen o  hei needs.This
ex endsbeyond hepassi e oleo me elyexplaining hei needs,co e ingcos s,andno 
ac i elypa icipa ing(Si ae al.2011;Aliakba loue al.2018).
Figu e1exhibi s hea chi ec u aldesignme hodology.AsFe iaandAmado(2019)
men ioned,onceap ojec owne commissionsana chi ec u alenginee ingcompany, he
companyini ia es hecollec iono pe inen in o ma ionin heini ia ionphase,suchas
hecons uc ionpu pose,loca ion,andin es men amoun .Subsequen ly, he
p epa a ionphase ollows,du ingwhich heclien - eques edin o ma ionandda a,
includingcondi ionsaligningwi h hepu pose,cons uc ionelemen s,si een i onmen ,
andlegalconside a ions,a ep o ided.Thep oposal-making,e alua ion,andac ion
phases ollow.The e o e,in hisp ocess, heclien ’sdecisionplays hemos signi ican 
oleinap ojec (Mülle andTu ne 2010;Ryd2014).Acco ding oKilby(1983),owne s
canbeconside ed a ionaldecision-make swhoan icipa e isksandmanage hep ojec .
Can (2009)emphasized ha enhancing hemanagemen compe encyo indi idualclien s
insmall-scalecons uc ionp ojec sisessen ial.

Figu e1.A chi ec u aldesignp ocess(Sou ces:Fe iaandAmado(2019);Mülle andTu ne 2010;
Ryd2014).
Incons uc ionp ojec s,indi idualclien sse s a egicobjec i es,whichmaybe
pu suedbyindi idualso o ganiza ions,encompassingeconomicbene i so public
Figu e 1. A chi ec u al design p ocess (Sou ces: Fe ia and Amado 2019;Mülle and Tu ne 2010;
Ryd 2014).
In cons uc ion p ojec s, indi idual clien s se s a egic objec i es, which may be
pu sued by indi iduals o o ganiza ions, encompassing economic bene i s o public
in e es s, and a icula e he equi emen s o he building (Kome a e al. 1995;Al esson
e al. 2009;Fe nando e al. 2020). P ojec pa icipan s, including designe s and builde s,
p oceed o cons uc he building based on he decisions made by he clien (Shalleck 1993;
Chan and Kuma aswamy 1996). The e o e, i is impe a i e o u nish accu a e and speci ic
in o ma ion abou he building in he planning phase o a ain he es ablished s a egic
objec i es (Le ande e al. 2011;Sa ickas 2013).
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 40 4 o 17
To u nish app op ia e in o ma ion o p ojec pa icipan s, cons uc ion p ojec
owne s le e age hei expe ience, in o ma ion ela ed o simila cons uc ion p ojec s,
and he knowledge gained om gene al du ies, such as human esou ces, inance,
and business managemen (Kome a e al. 1996). The e o e, as a p ojec leade and
decision-make , he indi idual clien equi es he compe ency o success ully lead
p ojec s. Baum e al. (2001) de ined compe ency as he pe sonal cha ac e is ics, such
as knowledge, skills, and abili ies, necessa y o pe o m speci ic jobs. Acco ding o
Chandle and Jansen (1992), en ep eneu ial compe ency enhances p oduc i i y, and
success ul en ep eneu s wi h high p oduc i i y possess a high le el o echnical and
unc ional educa ion, along wi h echnical capabili ies and expe ise in he ele an
ield. F om a business managemen pe spec i e, Chinyio e al. (1998) concep ualized
compe ency as knowledge, skills, and abili ies ha esul in e ec i e and ou s anding
pe o mance in a speci ic job. The e o e, indi idual clien s possess he gene al abili ies
o success ully ul il hei ole as en ep eneu s and p ojec leade s, encompassing
a ious cha ac e is ics, such as expe ience, aining, educa ion, a amily backg ound,
pe sonali y ai s, skills, and knowledge (Blayse and Manley 2004).
Simila ly, Le Deis and Win e on (2005) and Sha elson (2010) emphasized he
impo ance o ‘pe sonal’, ‘social’, and ‘p o essional’ compe encies. Pe sonal compe ency
e e s o wo k pe o mance skills ha indi idual clien s ha e when conduc ing con-
s uc ion p ojec s, including leade ship, analysis, cogni ion, in es men , planning, and
decision-making skills (Le ande e al. 2011;Ha en id e al. 2016). I can be subdi ided
in o concep ual compe encies, such as analy ical and concep ual hinking, which a e
alued as cogni i e app oaches (Ho mann 1999;Na a o e al. 2010;Winkle e al.
2021). Mo eo e , i is in e p e ed as achie emen compe ency in which an indi idual
a emp s o unde s and hei sense o pu pose in ce ain si ua ions, asks, p oblems, o
oppo uni ies h ough he p ocess in ol ed in cons uc ion p ojec s.
Social compe ency e e s o ac i ely making use o ex e nal esou ces, such as impo ing
managemen esou ces ha a e lacking in e nally and ecei ing echnical suppo om
ex e nal
pa ne s (Si a and London 2011;Meng 2012;Del P e e and Del P e e 2021). Cons uc ion
p ojec s o en in ol e mul iple subcon ac o s in each p ocess and equi e close coope a ion
depending on he p ocess. The clien s need he compe ency o choose subcon ac o s and o m
ne wo ks o mu ual communica ion be ween subcon ac o g oups and know cons uc ion-
ela ed adminis a i e asks (Al-Hammad and Al-Hammad 1996).
P o essional compe ency e e s o he abili y o unde s and he de ails o cons uc ion
p ojec s, con ol hem in acco dance wi h he en i onmen and a iables, and de i e speci ic
s a egies o comple e he p ojec (Ju ik and Cowgill 2005;Ha zallah e al. 2005;Williams
2016). Owing o he ac ha cons uc ion p ojec s encompass a ange o specialized
companies and complex p ocesses ma ked by high unce ain y and nume ous ac o s,
indi idual clien s, esponsible o o mula ing s a egies o cons uc ion p ojec s h ough
comp ehensi e insigh , need o possess s a egic compe ency (A i ua e al. 2009;Awuzie
e al. (2018).
2.2. Compe ency, Pa icipa ion A i ude, and Pa ne ship
Th ough engagemen in he o de ing p ocess, indi idual clien s can acqui e ele an
da a, such as app oaches adop ed in simila p ojec s o conside a ions ela ed o bidding
and con ac s (Kome a e al. 1996). To achie e business objec i es, such as educing cos s,
inc easing p o i s, elimina ing non-economic ac o s, imp o ing p oduc i i y and e iciency,
and domina ing he ma ke (Anyanwu 2013), indi idual clien s e lec on hei s a egies,
ope a ing expe ience, and eedback esul s in he p oposal (Josephson and Hamma lund
1999). Fu he mo e, hey de e mine he p ojec scope and special ag eemen s o decide on
he success ul bidde who mee s he bidding equi emen s (Chan e al. 2004). Indi idual
clien s a e asked wi h assessing p oposed solu ions and ensu ing compliance wi h business
needs o selec easible p oposals and supe ise p ojec pa icipan s o ensu e ha he
implemen a ion s ays wi hin de ined cons ain s (Koll ei and G ønhaug 2004).

Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 40 5 o 17
The esponsibili y o he ou comes o a cons uc ion p ojec lies wi h bo h he p ojec
pa icipan s, such as designe s and builde s, and he clien , who is he decision-make
(Oyewobi and Ogunsemi 2010). Inadequa e ole pe o mance poses a isk o p ojec s and
esul s in inc eased cons uc ion cos s and p olonged p ojec imelines. The e o e, i a gap
exis s be ween he plan and pe o mance, indi idual clien s di ec he p ojec pa icipan s
o implemen measu es de i ed om oo cause analysis (Ha is e al. 2007). Fu he mo e,
hey ac as supe iso s, conside ing he cons ained cons uc ion pe iod and he po en ially
haza dous wo k en i onmen (Mia 1999;Thompson 1991;B yde and Robinson 2005).
The e o e, Ca alho and Rabechini Junio (2015) a gued ha indi idual clien s p esen
hei needs and pu poses o cons uc ion p ojec s and olun a ily pa icipa e in he p ojec s
o ob ain he desi ed esul s. Building clien s pa icipa ing in cons uc ion p ojec s in lu-
ence he p ojec s as decision-make s by di ec ing, managing, and con olling he p ojec s.
Unce ain ies ha occu du ing he execu ion o he p ojec , such as decision-making, con-
sul a ions, ci il complain s, adminis a i e p ocedu es, changes in he ex e nal en i onmen ,
and p ice inc eases, should be add essed h ough mu ual communica ion wi h s akeholde s
(B yde and Robinson 2005;Mülle and Tu ne 2010). E en ually, indi idual clien s mus
ac i ely pa icipa e in he p ojec . Howe e , as much as pa icipa ing in he p ojec , e o s o
ac i ely communica e wi h p ojec pa ne s and build us ela ionships a e equi ed. This
is because pa ne s’ coope a ion and suppo a e pa amoun o success ully lead building
p ojec s ha equi e a a ie y o knowledge and in o ma ion. I is also necessa y o e lec
he opinions o p o essional pa ne s in decision-making.
Ac i e p ojec pa icipa ion is ela ed o compe ency, which is gained by u ilizing
and in eg a ing esou ces, such as knowledge, skills, expe iences, and alues, acqui ed by
indi iduals h oughou hei li es. Pe sonal compe ency can be maximized by pe o mance
when i ma ches he compe ency equi ed o execu e p ojec s (Acıka a e al. 2017). The e o e,
building clien s’ compe encies play a pi o al ole in he managemen o cons uc ion
p ojec s, as p ojec s can succeed when mul i-dimensional compe ency is mani es ed as
a posi i e a i ude owa d p ojec pa icipa ion (Begum e al. 2009). Mo eo e , indi iduals
possessing a high compe ency le el exhibi con idence and a posi i e a i ude owa d hei
wo k (Kim e al. 2015). Me ochi (2002) a gued ha a highe pe sonal compe ency le el leads
o highe wo k pe o mance abili ies, a ec ing wo k commi men and a i udes. The e o e,
his s udy p oposes he ollowing hypo heses ega ding p i a e cons uc ion p ojec s:
H1. The pe sonal compe ency o a building clien has a posi i e e ec on pa icipa ion a i ude.
H2. The social compe ency o a building clien has a posi i e e ec on pa icipa ion a i ude.
H3. The p o essional compe ency o a building clien has a posi i e e ec on pa icipa ion a i ude.
Fu he mo e, unlike o he gene al p ojec ac i i ies, cons uc ion p ojec s in ol e
a p ocess
in which subjec s p oduce objec s cons i u ing a sys ema ic coope a i e ela ionship
(Williams 2016). To achie e he goals, smoo h communica ion and pa ne ship be ween
mul iple subcon ac o s ega ding he wo k ype, p ocesses, and cons uc ion pe iod a e
impo an . Such collabo a ions o e echnological, inancial, and s a egic ad an ages o e
adi ional ma ke place ansac ions o e ical in eg a ion (Chan e al. 2004). Join decision-
making and pa ne ship be ween pa icipan s o ope a ional and s a egic collabo a ion a e
c ucial in cons uc ion p ojec s (G ay 2007). Pa ne ship is an ac o s i ing o maximize
mu ual in e es s h ough coope a ion, a he han one-way assis ance o a ain pa ne s’
sha ed goals (Johnson and Ra en 1996). A pa ne ship can be de ined as join ly ca ying
ou a company’s co e ac i i ies om an en ep eneu ial pe spec i e in collabo a ion wi h
a pa ne (El Ansa i e al. 2010).
Indi idual p ocesses may ake an ex ended pe iod o comple e i communica ion
o decision-making is no seamless (Cheng e al. 2000). Mo eo e , p oblems caused by
insu icien unde s anding may lead o legal ac ion. The e o e, ega dless o he building
clien ’s planning, managemen , and coo dina ion capabili ies and he se ice p o ide ’s
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 40 6 o 17
compe ence, hey canno p oduce he bes esul s wi hou acknowledging each o he ’s
oles (B esnen and Ma shall 2000). Pa ne ships a e es ablished h ough collabo a i e
decision-making and s a egic coope a ion a he ope a ional le el (Dinis e al. 2020).
The e o e, he pa ne ship be ween building clien s and s akeholde s has a signi ican
impac on cons uc ion p ojec pe o mance. Meng (2012) a gued ha social compe ency
posi i ely a ec s wo k collabo a ion. An indi idual’s expe ise in p ojec implemen a ion
has a c i ical impac on p ojec pe o mance, equi ing he pe suasion o a ious s ake-
holde s. In addi ion, he pe sonal cha ac e is ics o p ojec leade s a ec collabo a ion
wi h pa ne s (Black e al. 2000). The e o e, his s udy p oposes he ollowing hypo heses
ega ding p i a e cons uc ion p ojec s:
H4. The pe sonal compe ency o a building clien has a posi i e e ec on pa ne ship.
H5. The social compe ency o a building clien has a posi i e e ec on pa ne ship.
H6. The p o essional compe ency o a building clien has a posi i e e ec on pa ne ship.
2.3. Pa icipa ion A i ude, Pa ne ship, and P ojec Pe o mance
The success o a cons uc ion p ojec can be unde s ood as deli e ing he necessa y
expec a ions o pa ne s and achie ing he planned objec i es (Sil a e al. 2016;Han
e al. 2012). The e o e, pe o mance can be de ined as sa is ac ion wi h he ou come,
depending on he pe cep ions and desi es o building clien s and pa ne s (Takim and
Adnan 2008;Chand e al. 2012). Sho - e m p ojec pe o mance is mos ly ega ded as
pa ne sa is ac ion (Wang and Huang 2006;Ga bha an e al. 2012). P ojec pe o mance
has a di ec o indi ec e ec on pa ne sa is ac ion, and pe spec i es, such as he clien ’s
sa is ac ion and p o i abili y, a e impo an (Tabish and Jha 2012;Alzah ani and Emsley
2013). Phua and Rowlinson (2004) highligh ed in e cul u al awa eness as a ac o in
sa is ac ion e alua ion o he pe o mance and quali y o cons uc ion p ojec s. Beha io al
ac o s, such as communica ion, in p ojec pe o mance e alua ion ha e been p esen ed
(Zanji chi and Mo adi 2012). Babu (2015) emphasized pa ne s’ ypes and oles in he
p ojec p ocess.
In pa icula , Black e al. (2000) emphasized con ac -based pa ne ing, which can be
ca ied ou in an e icien and close ela ionship, and in a us ing a mosphe e wi h he
p ojec pa ne s. Cons uc ion p ojec con ac s a e di ided in o ixed-p ice con ac s in
which cos s a e paid in ba ches acco ding o he e ms o he con ac , cos -plus con ac s
wi h a gua an eed maximum p ice and bonus con ac s, ime and ma e ial con ac s when
he scope o he p ojec is no clea , and uni p ice con ac s ha allow owne s o demand
a speci ic quan i y and p ice o a uni p oduc (Ma hews e al. 1996;Ma zouk and Enaba
2019;Shash and Habash 2020). The pa ne ship in cons uc ion p ojec s a ies depending
on he ype o con ac , so app op ia e collabo a i e managemen unde he con ac should
be conside ed.
Mo eo e , he app op ia e con ac , which is signed wi h pa ne s acco ding o he size
and na u e o he cons uc ion p ojec , di ec ly a ec s p ojec pe o mance o educe isk
ac o s, he eby imp o ing quali y, educing cons uc ion cos s, and o sa e cons uc ion.
P ojec pe o mance is a key indica o o e alua ing he success o
a cons uc ion
p ojec
(Cheng e al. 2012;Demi kesen and Ozo hon 2007). The pe o mance o a cons uc ion
p ojec is classi ied in o objec i e aspec s, such as he cons uc ion ime, cons uc ion speed,
schedule changes, uni cos , change in inal cos , ne p esen alue, and en i onmen al
impac measu emen sco es, as well as subjec i e aspec s, such as quali y, unc ionali y,
clien sa is ac ion, design sa is ac ion, and cons uc ion sa is ac ion (Chan e al. 2004).
In gene al, c i e ia, such as ‘wi hin he ime limi ’, ‘wi hin budge ’, and ‘wi hin speci i-
ca ions’ ha e commonly been u ilized o measu e he pe o mance o cons uc ion p ojec
managemen (Assaad e al. 2020). Howe e , o e all p ojec pe o mance, including he
ime, cos , and quali y, as well as a ge pe o mance acco ding o isk, con lic , and claim
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 40 7 o 17
managemen , a e u ilized as he e alua ion ac o s. O he pe o mance indica o s exis
depending on he s ages in he p ojec li e cycle (Ke zne 2017;Da is 2014). Gunduz and
Almuajebh (2020) a gued ha s a egic conside a ions can be u ilized o measu e p ojec
pe o mance, such as po en ial u u e coope a ion and capabili y imp o emen .
Acco dingly, he pa icipa ion a i ude and pa ne ship o building cus ome s can
ha e a di ec impac on p ojec pe o mance. The p ojec pe o mance is o comple e
he building acco ding o he a ge cos and quali y le el h ough planned sys ema ic
ac i i ies (Cheng e al. 2000;Acıka a e al. 2017;Challende and Whi ake 2019). The e o e,
cons uc ion p ojec s can achie e he a ge ed ou comes h ough he selec ion o sui able
pa ne s, con ac managemen , p ocess ope a ion, and e icien mu ual coope a ion wi h
pa ne s (Babu and Sudhaka 2016;Gade and Opoku 2020). In hese backg ounds, his
s udy p oposes he ollowing hypo heses o p i a e indi idual cons uc ion p ojec s:
H7. The pa icipa ion a i ude o a building clien has a posi i e e ec on p ojec pe o mance.
H8. The pa ne ship o a building clien has a posi i e e ec on p ojec pe o mance.
3. Me hod
3.1. Resea ch Model
This s udy empi ically analyzed he e ec o building clien s’ compe encies on he
success o cons uc ion p ojec s. Compe ency was classi ied in o pe sonal, social, and
p o essional aspec s. These compe encies se ed as he independen a iables, while
building clien s’ pa icipa ion a i ude and pa ne ship ac ed as he media ing a iables.
P ojec pe o mance was he dependen a iable. The esea ch model, as exhibi ed in
Figu e 2, was designed by conside ing he s uc u al equa ion-based pa h analysis o
hese a iables.
Adm.Sci.2024,14,xFORPEERREVIEW8o 18
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

Figu e2.Resea chmodel.
3.2.Measu emen ToolsandDa aCollec ion
Asu eywasconduc edbyu ilizing oolsbasedonp e iouss udies(Table1).The
cons uc swe ede inedasope a ional a iablesinalignmen wi h hes udy’spu pose
andhypo heses.Consis en wi hMeng(2012),compe encywasde inedaspe sonal
cha ac e is ics,encompassingknowledge,skills,andabili ies,necessa y o effec i ely
leadingap ojec asadecision-make .
Inacco dancewi hSha elson(2010),pe sonalcompe encyencompasseswo k
pe o mance ela ed oanalysis,cogni ion,in es men ,planning,anddecision-making.
Socialcompe encype ains o ela ionshipcompe encywi hpa ne sandp ojec 
s akeholde s,encompassing heabili y oac app op ia elyand esponsiblyina
coope a i ecommuni ycon ex .P o essionalcompe encydeno es hele elo expe isein
he ield,encompassing ield-speci ico me hodologicalcompe ency,indica i eo  he
abili y op o icien lyadd ess asksandp oblemsu ilizingspecialized ield-speci ic
knowledgeandskills.Pa icipa iona i ude,se ingas hemedia ing a iable,pe ains o
heac i epa icipa iona i udeo indi idualclien s owa dp oblem-sol ing.Pa ne ship
e e s o hebeha io andwillingness ocoope a e o communica ionands a egic
collabo a ions.P ojec pe o mance, hedependen  a iable, ela es o hequali yo 
buildingcomple ionando e allsa is ac ionasassessedbyindi idualclien s oma
subjec i epe spec i e.
These a iableswe eassessedbyu ilizing20su eyi emsde eloped o  hiss udy.
Pe sonal,social,andp o essionalcompe encieswe egauged h oughninei ems.
Pa icipa iona i udeandpa ne shipwe emeasu edbyu ilizingeach h eei ems,
ollowing heapp oacho  he ela edli e a u e.Pe o mancewasmeasu edbyu ilizing
i ei ems.Howe e onei em inallywasdeemedinsigni ican andwasexcluded om
p o essionalcompe encyandp ojec pe o mance.Demog aphiccha ac e is icsand
desc ip i es a is icswe eexamined,andanexplo a o y ac o analysiswasconduc ed.
Da awe eanalyzedbyu ilizingSPSS24.0.AMOS25.0wasemployed o con i ma o y
ac o analysis,in ol ings uc u alequa ionmodeling,model alida ion,andpa h
analysis.
Table1.Va iablede ini ionsandmeasu emen i ems.
Fac o sMeasu emen I emsRe e ences
Pe sonal
Compe ency
-Iboldlyin es  imeand esou cesinnew hings.
-Iac i ely akeac ionwhennecessa y o pe o mingwo k.
-Iamskilleda makingplansandanalyzing hings.
Hoffmann(1999);
Na a oe al.(2010);
Winkle e al.(2021)
Social-Iha e heabili y oassignapp op ia e asks omypa ne .Si ae al.(2011);
Figu e 2. Resea ch model.
3.2. Measu emen Tools and Da a Collec ion
A su ey was conduc ed by u ilizing ools based on p e ious s udies (Table 1). The
cons uc s we e de ined as ope a ional a iables in alignmen wi h he s udy’s pu pose
and hypo heses. Consis en wi h Meng (2012), compe ency was de ined as pe sonal
cha ac e is ics, encompassing knowledge, skills, and abili ies, necessa y o e ec i ely
leading a p ojec as a decision-make .
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 40 8 o 17
Table 1. Va iable de ini ions and measu emen i ems.
Fac o s Measu emen I ems Re e ences
Pe sonal
Compe ency
- I boldly in es ime and esou ces in new hings.
- I ac i ely ake ac ion when necessa y o pe o ming wo k.
- I am skilled a making plans and analyzing hings.
Ho mann (1999);
Na a o e al. (2010);
Winkle e al. (2021)
Social
Compe ency
- I ha e he abili y o assign app op ia e asks o my pa ne .
- I can build a ne wo k o coope a ion be ween subcon ac o s.
-
I am well awa e o he wo k de ails o ela ed adminis a i e agencies o
p ojec comple ion.
Si a and London (2011);
Meng (2012);
Del P e e and Del P e e (2021)
P o essional
Compe ency
- I hink ha lea ning abou a chi ec u e is impo an o cons uc ing
a building.
- I end o sea ch o ela ed in o ma ion o cons uc ing a building.
- I use s a egic hinking o sol e p oblems.
Ju ik and Cowgill (2005);
Williams (2016);
Awuzie e al. (2018)
Pa icipa ion
A i ude
-
I ac i ely exp ess my opinions o he a chi ec u al enginee ing company.
- I ac i ely sugges ideas.
- I make e o s o con ol and manage he p ojec .
Me ochi (2002);
Begum e al. (2009);
Acıka a e al. (2017)
Pa ne ship
- I p edic and sol e p oblems h ough join planning wi h he
subcon ac o s.
- I handle wo k in coope a ion wi h he subcon ac o s.
-
As he leade , I exchange high-le el in o ma ion wi h he subcon ac o s.
Meng (2012);
Black e al. (2000)
P ojec
Pe o mance
- As a leade , he design is a a sa is ac o y le el.
- The comple ed building has a design alue.
- The building was cons uc ed ollowing sa e y s anda ds.
- The building was cons uc ed ollowing he design and quali y con ol.
- The p ocess p oceeded app op ia ely acco ding o he p ocess plan.
Chan e al. (2004);
Cheng e al. (2012);
Demi kesen and Ozo hon (2007)
In acco dance wi h Sha elson (2010), pe sonal compe ency encompasses wo k
pe o mance ela ed o analysis, cogni ion, in es men , planning, and decision-making.
Social compe ency pe ains o ela ionship compe ency wi h pa ne s and p ojec s ake-
holde s, encompassing he abili y o ac app op ia ely and esponsibly in a coope a i e
communi y con ex . P o essional compe ency deno es he le el o expe ise in he ield,
encompassing ield-speci ic o me hodological compe ency, indica i e o he abili y o
p o icien ly add ess asks and p oblems u ilizing specialized ield-speci ic knowledge
and skills. Pa icipa ion a i ude, se ing as he media ing a iable, pe ains o he
ac i e pa icipa ion a i ude o indi idual clien s owa d p oblem-sol ing. Pa ne ship
e e s o he beha io and willingness o coope a e o communica ion and s a egic
collabo a ions. P ojec pe o mance, he dependen a iable, ela es o he quali y o
building comple ion and o e all sa is ac ion as assessed by indi idual clien s om
a subjec i e pe spec i e.
These a iables we e assessed by u ilizing 20 su ey i ems de eloped o his s udy.
Pe sonal, social, and p o essional compe encies we e gauged h ough nine i ems. Pa ic-
ipa ion a i ude and pa ne ship we e measu ed by u ilizing each h ee i ems, ollowing
he app oach o he ela ed li e a u e. Pe o mance was measu ed by u ilizing i e i ems.
Howe e one i em inally was deemed insigni ican and was excluded om p o essional
compe ency and p ojec pe o mance. Demog aphic cha ac e is ics and desc ip i e s a is ics
we e examined, and an explo a o y ac o analysis was conduc ed. Da a we e analyzed by
u ilizing SPSS 24.0. AMOS 25.0 was employed o con i ma o y ac o analysis, in ol ing
s uc u al equa ion modeling, model alida ion, and pa h analysis.
3.3. Demog aphic In o ma ion o Da a
The o line su ey was adminis e ed o building clien s wi h p io expe ience in
o e seeing a cons uc ion p ojec h ough a design o ice in Seoul o he Gyeonggi a ea. The
scope o he cons uc ion p ojec in his s udy a ge ed indi idual cus ome -led designs and
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 40 15 o 17
Can , Robyn. 2009. Cons uc ions o compe ence wi hin die e ics: T us , p o essionalism and communica ions wi h indi idual clien s.
Nu i ion & Die e ics 66: 113–18.
Ca alho, Ma ly Mon ei o De, and Roque Rabechini Junio . 2015. Impac o isk managemen on p ojec pe o mance: The impo ance
o so skills. In e na ional Jou nal o P oduc ion Resea ch 53: 321–40. [C ossRe ]
Challende , Jason, and Russell Whi ake . 2019. The Clien Role in Success ul Cons uc ion P ojec s. New Yo k: Rou ledge.
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