Mis e, Baiba; Leibus, Inguna; Mazu e, Guni a
A icle
Assessmen o social p o ec ion o amilies wi h child en
in he EU membe s a es
Con empo a y Economics
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
VIZJA Uni e si y, Wa saw
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Mis e, Baiba; Leibus, Inguna; Mazu e, Guni a (2024) : Assessmen o social
p o ec ion o amilies wi h child en in he EU membe s a es, Con empo a y Economics, ISSN
2300-8814, Uni e si y o Economics and Human Sciences in Wa saw, Wa saw, Vol. 18, Iss. 2, pp.
210-222,
h ps://doi.o g/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.534
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
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The ex en o social p o ec ion p o ided o amilies wi h child en a ies acco ding o each coun y's unique
economic, social, and demog aphic condi ions. The mos impo an ac o s o assessing social p o ec ion
we e s udied and iden i ied by means o he mul i a ia e s a is ical analysis me hod, and he le el o social
p o ec ion was iden i ied h ough clus e analysis in o de o e alua e he le el o social p o ec ion o amilies
wi h child en in he EU Membe S a es. The esea ch esul ed in he classi ica ion o ac o s cha ac e izing
social p o ec ion o amilies wi h child en in o h ee g oups: demog aphic, social, and economic. Respec i ely,
he EU Membe S a es may be di ided in o ou di e en clus e s. The mos gene ous social p o ec ion o
amilies wi h child en is epo ed by he coun ies included in o Clus e 4 (Scandina ia and Wes e n Eu ope
– wel a e s a es), which spend a la ge p opo ion o expenses on social p o ec ion compa ed o he o he
coun ies. Coun ies wi h g ea e demog aphic p oblems and low social p o ec ion a e included in o Clus e
2 (Sou he n Eu ope). I eland, which is he only coun y in Clus e 1, has he bes demog aphic and economic
si ua ion. Rela i ely weake economic and social de elopmen is demons a ed by he EU Membe S a es
belonging o Clus e 3 (Cen al Eu ope, Eas e n Eu ope and Po ugal); howe e , he demog aphic si ua ion
indica o s in hese coun ies a e abo e he EU a e age indica o and hey do no signi ican ly di e om he
indica o s o he coun ies belonging o Clus e 4.
1. In oduc ion1. In oduc ion
Each coun y c ea es a social secu i y sys em o
i s ci izens, which la gely depends on he economic
si ua ion o he coun y as well as on he implemen ed
social policy. Simila ly, he social policy o amilies
wi h child en di e s in each coun y bu i has one
a ge – o imp o e he wel a e o child en and o e-
duce po e y in amilies wi h child en.
Acco ding o Peze , he mos e ec i e o m o sup-
po is a uni e sal and a ge ed combina ion o sup-
po , which is implemen ed h ough a ious social
bene i s; hus, signi ican ly educing po e y in ami-
lies. Family policy aims o o se he cos s o aising
child en, p omo e child en’s wel a e, p o ide e ili y
suppo , imp o e he balance be ween wo k and am-
ily, and p omo e gende equali y (Peze , 2022, 2023).
Mezs (2013) a e analyzing demog aphic policy
di e ences in he EU Membe S a es has come o he
conclusion ha he e is a co ela ion be ween inan-
cial suppo o amilies wi h child en and he bi h
a e. The mo e unds he s a e alloca es o he suppo
o amilies wi h child en, he highe he bi h a e, and
ice e sa.
Howe e , i is ecognized ha he na ional expen-
di u e indica o s do no p o ide a su icien pic u e o
he gene osi y o amily policy; ye , hey allow d aw-
ing conclusions on he social policy o he coun y
Assessmen o Social P o ec ion o Families wi h
Child en in he EU Membe S a es
ABSTRACT
I38, I39.
KEY WORDS:
JEL Classi ica ion:
social p o ec ion, amilies wi h child en, clus e , EU Membe S a es.
La ia Uni e si y o Li e Sciences and Technologies, La ia, Liela iela 2, LV-3001
Co espondence conce ning his a icle should be add essed o:
Inguna Leibus,
La ia Uni e si y o Li e Sciences and Technologies,
La ia, Liela iela 2, LV-3001
. E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Baiba Mis e , Inguna Leibus , and Guni a Mazu e
P ima y submission: 12.05.2023 | Final accep ance: 05.10.2023
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and i s impac in educing child po e y. I is also
ecognized ha an inc ease in public spending in he
social sphe e by one pe cen pe capi a educes he
numbe o child en a isk o po e y also by app oxi-
ma ely one pe cen on a e age (La ijas Republikas
Saeima, 2022).
As no ed by Nyga d e al. (2019) he gene osi y
o social p o ec ion among he EU Membe S a es
di e s and he esea ch au ho s highligh ha Con-
inen al and Medi e anean coun ies mainly use a
“ ans e -based” s a egy. Cash bene i s (pe iodic and
one- ime), he p o ision o se ices in kind, includ-
ing childca e, and ax c edi s a e he main means o
he suppo o amilies in he OECD social p o ec ion
sys ems.
Gene ous social bene i s play a i al ole in educ-
ing child po e y, especially in la ge and low-income
amilies. Consequen ly, coun ies mos o en decide
in a o o p o iding highe bene i s o pe sons wi h
child en who a e a he g ea es isk o po e y (La i-
jas Republikas Saeima, 2022).
De aney e al. (2023) ha e admi ed ha he amily
suppo may be a ge ed a child en, pa en s, o he
whole amily in gene al in o de o imp o e child en’s
wel a e. The esea che s ha ing s udied amily sup-
po mo e equen ly indica e in he li e a u e ha
he suppo is o pa en s, i is less child en o amily
o ien ed.
Resea che s ha e di e en opinions on he mos e -
ec i e ypes o suppo . As Daly and Fe agina (2018)
indica e he amily policy has de eloped bo h in e ms
o con en and ime pe iod. The esea che s admi ha
coun ies a e supplemen ing hei amily policy po -
olio by di e si ying amily- ela ed lea es, inc easing
child ca e se ices and p o iding ax allowances.
Resea ch hypo hesis – he le el o social p o ec ion
o amilies wi h child en di e s in he EU Membe
S a es consis en wi h hei economic, social and de-
mog aphic si ua ion. The esea ch aim is o assess he
le el o social p o ec ion o amilies wi h child en in
he EU con ex . The ollowing asks a e ad anced o
achie e he se aim: o s udy and de e mine he mos
impo an ac o s o he assessmen o social p o ec-
ion in he EU Membe S a es and o iden i y he le el
o social p o ec ion in he EU Membe S a es by ap-
plying clus e analysis.
Resea ch me hods: he monog aphic and desc ip-
i e me hods, analysis and syn hesis, he g aphic
me hod, mul i a ia e s a is ical analysis me hod and
economic s a is ical me hod a e used o he esea ch
pu pose. The esea ch employs he Eu os a da a o
2020 and scien i ic publica ions ela ed o he opic
unde he p esen s udy done by he esea ch au ho s.
The esea ch no el y – iden i ica ion o he mos
impo an ac o s o he assessmen o social p o ec-
ion o amilies wi h child en and he app op ia e
classi ica ion o he EU Membe S a es in o clus e s.
2. Resul s and Discussion2. Resul s and Discussion
2.1. Indica o s Cha ac e izing Social P o ec-
ion and Wel a e, and Changes o Indica o s
Social p o ec ion plays a i al ole in ensu ing
human wel a e in si ua ions when one o he
social isks occu s inc easing insecu i y abou
ma e ial wel a e. The social p o ec ion sys em
plays a s abilizing ole and helps indi iduals and
amilies manage isks and p o ides suppo . Bo h
quan i a i e and quali a i e indica o s may be
applied o measu e wel a e and, subsequen ly,
social p o ec ion.
G in elde ad e s ha h ee g oups o
measu emen s migh be used o measu e wel a e
and po e y: measu es o economic wel a e,
measu es o non-economic wel a e, and composi e
indica o s (G in elde, 2010). Li e a u e no es
ha economic measu emen s a e mos sui able
when he e is a need o p o ide quick, gene al
calcula ions and summa y conclusions in he sho
e m. In con as , non-economic measu emen s a e
be e sui able when a mo e p o ound analysis is
equi ed, s udying ends in he medium and long
e m (Sumne , 2004).
La ie e (2012) has classi ied wel a e
cha ac e izing indica o s acco ding o he
de elopmen o he concep o wel a e wi hin
he pe iod om 1950s o he i s decade o he
21s cen u y. The esea che asce ained ha he
concep o wel a e has e ol ed om an economic
pe spec i e o mul idimensional de ini ions.
Ini ially, he GDP g ow h a e and he GDP
g ow h pe capi a we e used o measu e wel a e.
Though, la e mo e emphasis is placed on a ious
indica o s cha ac e izing he wel a e o popula ion,
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o example, he Human De elopmen Index
(La ie e, 2012). I is a composi e index ha allows
assessing long- e m p og ess in he h ee main
a eas o human de elopmen – heal h, educa ion
and income. The index clea ly shows ha he
de elopmen is some hing mo e han he economic
g ow h.
The Human De elopmen Index (HDI) o he
i s ime was published in he Human De elopmen
Repo in 1990. Since hen, he HDI has a oused a
lo o in e es as i s componen s and he me hod
o calcula ion a e being b oadly discussed among
poli icians, jou nalis s and scien is s. The me hod
o calcula ing he Human De elopmen Index and
he selec ion o indica o s a e being cons an ly
imp o ed since he changes in 1990 (La ijas
Uni e si a e, 2020).
As he wo king g oup o he S a egic Analysis
Commission has indica ed in i s epo “The Quali y
o Li e Index o La ia’s Popula ion” (2006) such
ela i ely simple index is good o compa ing many
coun ies o he wo ld; ye , i does no encompass
he main alues o he popula ion, and hus, he
g oup o esea che s conduc ed a su ey and
iden i ied he p io i y aspec s ha a e impo an
o he popula ion o inc easing he quali y o
li e (ma e ial wel a e, employmen , oppo uni y
o pa icipa e in he labo ma ke , educa ion, le el
o knowledge; heal h, social secu i y, housing and
physical secu i y). A he same ime, he social
s udies and su eys conduc ed by he Commission
in 2005-2006 showed he impo an ole o o he
aspec s in he popula ion assessmen o hei quali y
o li e ( amily, inclusion in p ocesses, pa icipa ion,
ull- alue es , and ec ea ion).
P ope desc ip ion o he ma e ial wel a e
equi es conside ing he di ec income o
popula ion and i s bene i s om public unds
(suppo o educa ion, heal h, and cul u al
se ices, public anspo g an s, e c.). In his case,
he so-common GDP pe capi a canno be applied,
as i does no cha ac e ize he eal income g ow h
o an indi idual. In addi ion, in la ion shall be aken
in o accoun , which in u n educes he g ow h o
income (Bela-K umina e al., 2006).
Je so a and Ko ane, in hei u n, ha e ema ked
ha he wel a e o popula ion may be s udied by
employing bo h objec i e and subjec i e indica o s
( o example, li e sa is ac ion o he popula ion).
Ma e ial wel a e is mos o en cha ac e ized by
he e i o ial de elopmen index, g oss na ional
p oduc and g oss domes ic p oduc pe capi a,
quan i y o du able goods pe 100 inhabi an s,
a ious social indica o s ( o example, ood
consump ion pe capi a, li e expec ancy, le el o
educa ion e c.), le el o pu chasing powe , income
inequali y indica o s and disposable income
(Je so a & Ko ane, 2021).
Ma e ial wel a e o he popula ion is closely
ela ed o he economic de elopmen o he
coun y. Only a high g ow h o he g oss domes ic
p oduc can ensu e a apid inc ease o he income
o popula ion, bo h in nominal and eal e ms
(Bela-K umina e al., 2006).
I is possible o dis inguish h ee in e connec ed
dimensions o amily wel a e – ma e ial, p ac ical-
mo al and emancipa o y dimension. The ma e ial
dimension includes he necessi y o ood, clo hing
and housing. The p ac ical-mo al dimension
emphasizes common unde s anding on he
meaning o hings, alues and no ms, and mani es s
i sel h ough communica ion. The emancipa o y
dimension ocuses on human au onomy and
eedom, and emphasizes a e lexi e c i ique o
social p ac ices and powe s uc u es a ec ing
he amily li e. All he h ee dimensions a e
in e ela ed in he amily li e, and communica ion
plays a undamen al ole in ensu ing amily wel a e
(Mille e, 2012).
Halasko a and Bedna (2020) ha e classi ied
socio-economic indica o s in o ou g oups based
on hei analysis o he ela ionship be ween social
p o ec ion expendi u es and socio-economic
indica o s o he EU Membe S a es:
1. socio-economic de elopmen indica o s (GDP
pe capi a, Human De elopmen Index);
2. employmen indica o s (unemploymen a e,
long- e m unemploymen a e);
3. income inequali y indica o s (smoo hed Gini
coe icien , disposable income, income quin ile
sha e a io);
4. po e y indica o s (a isk o po e y o social
exclusion a e o elde ly people 65+, impac o
social ans e s on po e y educ ion).
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Resea che s speci y ha eal GDP is used also
o compa e he ma e ial wel a e o coun ies.
GDP pe capi a shows he le el o ma e ial wel a e
o he coun y’s popula ion. Howe e , i is no a
comple e indica o o economic wel a e, as he
nega i e consequences o economic ac i i y, such
as en i onmen al deg ada ion, a e no conside ed
when calcula ing his indica o . On he con a y,
he Human De elopmen Index is a much mo e
complica ed indica o han income pe capi a o
GDP. The Human De elopmen Index combines
in o ma ion on economic g ow h (GDP pe capi a
acco ding o he la es na ional income calcula ion
me hodology), educa ion le el, and heal h s a us.
The esea che s ha e ound a posi i e ela ionship
be ween he Human De elopmen Index and he
coun y’s unemploymen a e and social p o ec ion
expendi u e (Halsko a & Bedna , 2020).
The Gini coe icien , in u n, is he mos
commonly used measu e o income inequali y. I
a ies be ween 0 and 100. The Gini coe icien is 0,
i he e is an absolu e income equali y. An indica o
– a e age equi alen ne income, namely, income
a e axes paid pe household membe , is applied
also by he o icial s a is ics o measu e income
inequali y. I is calcula ed as a weigh ed a e age,
whe e di e en weigh s a e applied o di e en
household membe s. This compa es inequali y
which a ises due o he ma ke ac i i y (a e axes
bu be o e pensions and bene i s) wi h he exis ing
income inequali y (a e pensions and bene i s).
Hence, i is possible o de e mine he impac o
pensions and bene i s on he educ ion o income
inequali y. In addi ion, he coe icien shows he
e ec i eness o he s a e social suppo sys em
(Vanaga & Sloka, 2022).
Gosa (2009) admi s ha social, economic,
en i onmen al and o he ac o s a ec he
quali y o li e o each indi idual. The quali y o
li e is cha ac e ized by he le el o consump ion
a ailable o he indi idual, he ange and quali y
o social se ices as well as he oppo uni y o ge
an educa ion, o li e a long and heal hy li e and
o pa icipa e in he poli ical li e o he coun y.
I is also cha ac e ized by he elimina ion o
disc imina ion due o gende , e hnici y, ace,
eligion, disabili y, sexual o ien a ion and age;
hus, c ea ing oppo uni ies o he indi idual o
implemen i s po en ial in he p ocess o building
public wel a e.
The ma e ial wel a e o popula ion is also closely
ela ed o he economic de elopmen le el o he
espec i e egion, since only a high g ow h o he
g oss domes ic p oduc can ensu e he inc ease o
wages, pensions, bene i s and o he income. The
g oss domes ic p oduc pe capi a mo e p ecisely
cha ac e izes he economic de elopmen o egions
(Gosa, 2009).
Acco ding o Ciemina (2009), he ma e ial
wel a e is one o he indica o s o he li e quali y o
popula ion and i can be cha ac e ized in di e en
aspec s. Income, consump ion expenses, sa ings
and loans, and p ope y migh be men ioned as he
main indica o s. P o essional conside a ions a e
he de e mining ac o in he selec ion o he main
aspec ; hough, he choice is limi ed by ob aining
he ele an s a is ical da a.
Balode e al. (2009) indica e ha s a is ics
equen ly p esen he o al amoun o consump ion
expendi u e calcula ed on a e age pe household
membe pe mon h as he main indica o o he
s anda d o li ing, while disposable income is
conside ed as a subo dina e indica o due o i s
educed eliabili y, since people a e eluc an o
disclose in o ma ion abou hei income.
Consume p ice index (CPI) e lec s changes in
he p ices o consume goods and se ices wi hin a
ce ain pe iod o ime. The CPI measu es changes
in he a e age p ice le el in he consump ion o
popula ion o he mos signi ican p ices and
se ices ( o a ixed consump ion baske ) (O icialas
s a is ikas po als, 2023a).
Resea che s Adema e al. (2014) s udying he
ends o amily policy om an in e na ional
pe spec i e ma k h ee main indica o s ha
cha ac e ize he amily suppo policy: o al
e ili y a e, emale employmen and in an
mo ali y. To al e ili y a e is he a e age numbe
o child en ha would be bo n o a emale o e
he li e ime i he e ili y a e in each age g oup
emained a he le el o he calcula ion yea . The
o al e ili y a e should be a ound 2.1 o ensu e
he gene a ional change o he minimum equi ed
e ili y a e is 2.1 child en on a e age pe woman
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(O icialas s a is ikas po als, 2023b). Low e ili y
may be ela ed no only o a ela i ely low s anda d
o li ing bu also o social and psychological ac o s
(Gosa, 2009).
Acco ding o Adema e al. (2014), emale
employmen is also an impo an indica o
ep esen ing he amily wel a e, as i shows gende
equali y in he labo ma ke o amily po e y
isks. The isk o po e y will be lowe in wo-
ea ne amilies. On he con a y, he bene i sys em
is c ea ed o p o ide a wo king mo he o a he an
oppo uni y o ake he childca e lea e and aise
a child wi hou losing hei job, which ce ainly
would ha e a posi i e e ec on he child bu lea es
signi ican consequences on he ca ee o he
pa en s, especially he mo he ; hus, inc easing he
isk o losing quali ica ion and wo k, which in he
u u e may in luence a woman’s decision o ha e
ano he child (Egli e e al., 2013).
Onambele e al. (2019) indica e on in an
mo ali y as an essen ial indica o cha ac e izing
he si ua ion in he ield o heal h and also
e lec ing he socio-economic de elopmen o he
coun y.
Based on he esea ch o scien i ic li e a u e on
indica o s cha ac e izing wel a e, he au ho s o he
p esen a icle classi y hese indica o s in o h ee
g oups – economic, social and demog aphic ones –
o de e mine social p o ec ion suppo o amilies
wi h child en (Table 1). Indi idual indica o s
can be included bo h in he g oup o economic
indica o s and in he g oup o social indica o s, o
example, he indica o s “Tax e enue”, “Household
disposable income” and so on.
Based on he a ailable s a is ical da a, he
esea ch au ho s apply pa o he iden i ied
indica o s cha ac e izing social p o ec ion in he
ollowing s udy o de e mine he le el o social
p o ec ion o amilies wi h child en in he EU
Membe S a es.
Table 1
Economic, Social and Demog aphic Indica o s Cha ac e izing he Social P o ec ion
G oup o indica o s Indica o s
Economic indica o s
GDP, GDP pe capi a
G oss na ional p oduc
Tax e enue
Household disposable income
G oss o ne sala y
A e age ac ual consume p ice index
A e age equi alen ne income
Te i o ial de elopmen index
Social indica o s Social p o ec ion expendi u e (social ans e s)
Female employmen
Gini coe icien
Housing
Heal h
Educa ion
Human De elopmen Index
Demog aphic indica o s Fe ili y ( o al e ili y a e, c ude bi h a e)
In an mo ali y
Age s uc u e o he popula ion
Li e expec ancy
Mig a ion
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2.2. Analysis o Fac o s Impac ing Social P o-
ec ion o Families wi h Child en in he EU
Membe S a es
The ac o analysis ollowed by he clus e
analysis was pe o med du ing he cou se o he
esea ch by means o he SPSS so wa e.
The ac o analysis dis inguishes i e main s eps:
S ep 1 – c ea ion o he ini ial ac o ma ix;
S ep 2 – calcula ion and e alua ion o he
co ela ion ma ix (Kaise -Meye -Olkin es and
Ba le ’s es );
S ep 3 – de e mina ion o complex ac o s;
S ep 4 – calcula ion o he ac o ma ix and
e alua ion o he ob ained complex ac o s
(Componen Ma ix), use o he o a ion me hod
(Va imax);
S ep 5 – e alua ion o he ac o analysis esul s.
S ep 1. In o de o pe o m he ac o analysis,
a da a ma ix was cons uc ed, whe e he
phenomenon unde s udy is desc ibed by m
ini ial ac o s x1, x2, ......, xm o a se consis ing o
n objec s. The in o ma ion was a anged in a wo-
dimensional da a a ay:
The ows o he able co espond o he uni s o
he esea ched objec o he EU-27 Membe S a es.
The columns o he able co espond o he ini ial
ac o s ha cha ac e ize he phenomenon unde s udy.
The ini ial ac o s o he s udy include 12 s a is ical
indica o s ha di ec ly and indi ec ly cha ac e ize
social p o ec ion o amilies wi h child en. Based on
he Eu os a da abase, he la es a ailable s a is ical
indica o s we e used, ha is, o he yea 2020.
The ini ial ac o s o each o he EU-27 Membe
S a es a e as ollows:
1. social p o ec ion expendi u e o amilies wi h
child en, % o GDP;
2. c ude bi h a e;
3. o al e ili y a e;
4. in an mo ali y (pe 1000 li e bi hs);
5. Gini coe icien ;
6. a e age annual equi alen ne income pe
household (excluding social ans e s), EUR;
7. p opo ion o he numbe o child en a isk o
po e y o o al numbe o child en up o he age o 18,
%;
8. emale employmen , % o o al popula ion;
9. p opo ion o child en unde he age o 14 o o al
popula ion, %;
10. ax e enue (including social con ibu ions), %
o GDP;
11. e enue om social con ibu ions, EUR;
12. GDP pe capi a, EUR.
S ep 2. Applying he SPSS so wa e, a co ela ion
ma ix was calcula ed, which shows he ela ionship
o co ela ion o ac o s. The da a ma ix e eals
ela ionship o one ac o wi h some o he ac o .
Howe e , h ee ac o s – in an mo ali y, Gini
coe icien and e enue om social con ibu ions –
co ela e wi h only one ac o , so he au ho s abandoned
he use o hese ac o s in u he analysis. In o de o
p o e ha he da a sample is co ec and applicable
in u he esea ch, he ac o analysis was conduc ed
using he Kaise -Meye -Olkin and he Ba le ’s es s.
The Kaise -Meye -Olkin es examines he
sui abili y o a iables o he ac o analysis. The es
alue should be g ea e han 0.5. The Ba le ’s es , in
i s u n, shows he signi icance o co ela ions be ween
ai s i i s signi icance alue is less han 0.05 (Manly,
Albe o, 2016).
Table 2
The Kaise -Meye -Olkin (KMO) and he Ba le ’s Tes s Resul s
Kaise -Meye -Olkin Measu e o Sampling Adequacy. 0.543
Ba le 's Tes o Sphe ici y App ox. Chi-Squa e 114.270
d 36
Sig. 0.000
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Compa a i e Analysis o SMEs In ensi y in Uk aine and Indonesia Using FIS App oach
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The Kaise -Meye -Olkin (KMO) es and he
Ba le ’s es esul s app o e ha he cons uc ed da a
sample is su icien and he use o ac o analysis is
app op ia e because he KMO exceeds he alue o 0.5
and he signi icance alue o he Ba le ’s es is less
han 0.05 (Table 2).
S ep 3. Th ee se s o ac o s (g oups) wi h eigen alues
g ea e han 1 and explaining 73.4% o he a iance o
possible dispe sion be ween he EU Membe S a es
we e ob ained a e he applica ion o he Kaise -
Meye -Olkin (KMO) es (Table 3).
The i s g oup o complex ac o s, he eigen alue
o which exceeds 1, explains 38.6% o he o al se o
a iables. The second g oup o complex ac o s, in u n,
explains 21%, while he hi d g oup o complex ac o s
explains 13.8% o he o al se o a iables.
S ep 4. The calcula ion esul s o he Componen
Ma ix allow de e mining elemen s belonging o he
ele an g oup o ac o s, assigning he name o he
g oup o ac o s and e alua ing hei con en . The esul
o calcula ion o his ma ix showed ha almos all
indica o s, excep o he “Tax e enue” indica o , all
unde he i s g oup o complex ac o s. The e o e, he
o a ed ac o ma ix was calcula ed using he Va imax
o a ion me hod o a mo e comple e in e p e a ion o
he esul s. Fac o o a ion is impo an o simpli y he
ac o s uc u e and acili a e he in e p e a ion o he
es ima ed esul s (Manly, Albe o, 2016). The esul s o
his me hod indica e ha he elemen s included in he
complex ac o s a e e enly dis ibu ed among all h ee
g oups o complex ac o s (Table 4).
Acco ding o he calcula ed ac o loadings, all
ac o s in he o a ion ma ix we e g ouped consis en
wi h he size o he ac o loading coe icien .
The i s complex ac o , which combines h ee
indica o s, is de ined as he “Demog aphic ac o ” and
i desc ibes he demog aphic si ua ion in he coun y.
The second complex ac o , which combines he
la ges numbe o indica o s – 4 o 44.4% o hei o al
numbe , is de ined as he “Social ac o ”, since mos o
he indica o s in his g oup o ac o s di ec ly desc ibe
social p o ec ion o amilies wi h child en. Only he
indica o “Tax e enues, % o GDP” is mo e o en
classi ied as an economic indica o ; ye , in his analysis,
i belongs o he social ac o g oup, since ax e enue
is he basis o social ans e paymen s (pensions and
bene i s).
The hi d complex ac o , which includes wo
indica o s “A e age equi alen ne income” and “GDP
pe capi a” is de ined as he “Economic ac o ”.
Fac o s wi h a highe ac o loading alue a e mo e
ep esen a i e o hei impo ance in he complex
ac o . In he i s complex ac o , he ac o “C ude
bi h a e” has he highes ac o loading coe icien
(0.883), while he ac o “P opo ion o child en
unde he age o 14 o o al popula ion” has he lowes
coe icien (0.811). In he second complex ac o , he
ac o “P opo ion o he numbe o child en a isk o
po e y o o al numbe o child en up o he age o 18”
has he la ges ac o loading coe icien bu he alue
is nega i e (-0.742), which means ha he isk o child
po e y dec eases wi h he imp o emen o he social
si ua ion in he coun y. In he hi d complex ac o ,
he indica o “GDP pe capi a” has he highes ac o
loading coe icien (0.899), which indica es ha he
le el o social p o ec ion inc eases wi h he inc ease o
his indica o .
A clus e analysis was pe o med based on he
Table 3
The Resul o Fac o G oup Analysis o Social P o ec ion o Families wi h Child en in he EU Membe S a es (The Yea 2020)
G oups o
ac o s
Ini ial eigen alues o ac o s In e se sums o squa e loading
To al Explained
a iances, %
Cumula i e
pe cen age
To al Explained
a iances, %
Cumula i e
pe cen age
1 3.5 38.6 38.6 3.5 38.6 38.6
2 1.9 21.0 59.6 1.9 21.0 59.6
3 1.2 13.8 73.4 1.2 13.8 73.4
217
Baiba Mis e, Inguna Leibus, Guni a Mazu e
10.5709/ce.1897-9254.534DOI: CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS
Vol. 18 Issue 2 210-2222024
h ee g oups o complex ac o s ob ained in he
ac o analysis. The EU Membe S a es we e di ided
in o se e al clus e s acco ding o he le el o social
p o ec ion o amilies wi h child en. The clus e
analysis was conduc ed in wo s ages. In he i s s age,
he s a is ical signi icance o he complex ac o s was
de e mined, while he numbe o clus e s and hei
in e p e a ion we e iden i ied in he second s age.
The analysis o a iance (ANOVA) was pe o med
o de e mine he s a is ical signi icance o complex
ac o s. The analysis o a iance showed ha all
complex ac o s a e s a is ically signi ican , as hei
signi icance does no exceed he limi o 0.05 (Table 5).
In a u he s udy, he numbe o clus e s was
de e mined using he Elbow ule. The Elbow’s ule is
one o he me hods ha helps de e mine he op imal
numbe o clus e s. (Ca ei a-Pe pinan, 2015). The
i s s ep in ol ed he pe o mance o he hie a chical
clus e analysis and calcula ion o he agglome a ion
schedule. The second s ep deal wi h he c ea ion o he
g aph o agglome a ion schedule coe icien s (Fig.1).
As depic ed in Figu e 1, he o al numbe o s eps
Table 4
The Resul o he Ma ix Analysis o he Ro a ed Componen s o Social P o ec ion o Families wi h Child en o he EU
Membe S a es (The Yea 2020)
Indica o Componen s
1 2 3
Demog aphic ac o
C ude bi h a e 0.883
P opo ion o child en unde he age o 14 o o al popula ion, % 0.811
To al e ili y a e 0.828
Social ac o
P opo ion o social p o ec ion expendi u e o amilies wi h child en, % o GDP 0.723
Female employmen , % o o al popula ion 0.642
P opo ion o he numbe o child en a isk o po e y o o al numbe o child en up o
he age o 18, %
-0.742
Tax e enue, % o GDP 0.689
Economic ac o
A e age annual equi alen ne income pe household, EUR 0.877
GDP pe capi a, EUR 0.899
No e: Ex ac ion Me hod: P incipal Componen Analysis. Ro a ion Me hod: Va imax wi h Kaise No maliza ion
Table 5
The Analysis o Va iance (ANOVA) o Fac o s Used in Clus e ing
Indica o s Clus e E o F Sig.
Mean Squa e d Mean Squa e d
REGR ac o sco e 1 o Analysis 1 5.665 3 0.391 23 14.471 0.000
REGR ac o sco e 2 o Analysis 1 5.375 3 0.429 23 12.522 0.000
REGR ac o sco e 3 o Analysis 1 7.733 3 0.122 23 63.468 0.000
No e: The F es s should be used only o desc ip i e pu poses because he clus e s ha e been chosen o maximize he
di e ences among cases in di e en clus e s. The obse ed signi icance le els a e no co ec ed o his; and hus, canno
be in e p e ed as es s o he hypo hesis ha he clus e means a e equal
