Soom o, Mohsin Ali; Ali, Ahsan; Memon, A ab Hameed; Khah o, Shabi Hussain;
Memon, Zubai Ahmed
A icle
Imp o ing inno a ion in cons uc ion p ojec s: Knowledge-
sha ing, open-mindedness and sha ed leade ship
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge (JIK)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Else ie
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Soom o, Mohsin Ali; Ali, Ahsan; Memon, A ab Hameed; Khah o, Shabi Hussain;
Memon, Zubai Ahmed (2024) : Imp o ing inno a ion in cons uc ion p ojec s: Knowledge-sha ing,
open-mindedness and sha ed leade ship, Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge (JIK), ISSN 2444-569X,
Else ie , Ams e dam, Vol. 9, Iss. 4, pp. 1-9,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100629
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Imp o ing inno a ion in cons uc ion p ojec s: Knowledge-sha ing,
open-mindedness and sha ed leade ship
Mohsin Ali Soom o
a,*
, Ahsan Ali
b,*
, A ab Hameed Memon
c
, Shabi Hussain Khah o
d
,
Zubai Ahmed Memon
d
a
Resea ch Cen e o Hubei Mic o & Small En e p ises De elopmen , School o Economics and Managemen , Hubei Enginee ing Uni e si y, Xiaogan 432100, China
b
School o Economics and Managemen , Zhejiang Sci-Tech Uni e si y, Hangzhou, China
c
Depa men Ci il Enginee ing, Quaid-e-Awam Uni e si y o Enginee ing, Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Pakis an
d
Depa men o Enginee ing Managemen , College o Enginee ing, P ince Sul an Uni e si y, Saudi A abia
ARTICLE INFO
JEL classi ica ion:
L74
O31
O32: D83
Keywo ds:
Sha ed leade ship
Knowledge-sha ing densi y
Open-mindedness no ms
Team inno a ion
Cons uc ion indus y
ABSTRACT
In he dynamic wo ld o cons uc ion p ojec s, os e ing inno a ion is pa amoun . This s udy in es iga es he
ans o ma i e po en ial o sha ed leade ship as a ca alys o eam inno a ion. We examine knowledge-sha ing
densi y as a c i ical media o h ough he lens o knowledge managemen . We adop ed a mixed me hods
app oach, collec ing mul i-wa e and mul i-sou ce ield da a and using social ne wo k measu es. The esul s
demons a e sha ed leade ship ac s as a di ec d i e o knowledge-sha ing densi y, acili a ing inno a ion in
cons uc ion p ojec s. Knowledge-sha ing densi y eme ges as a ans o ma i e o ce, media ing he impac o
sha ed leade ship on eam inno a ion. This in ica e ela ionship un eils hidden po en ial o inno a ion wi hin
cons uc ion eams. Resul s also show he in luence o eam open-mindedness no ms, which mode a e he di ec
link be ween knowledge-sha ing densi y and eam inno a ion and he indi ec in luence o sha ed leade ship.
This s udy pionee s an in eg a ed app oach o unde s anding leade ship and knowledge managemen in he
cons uc ion sec o , wi h impo an insigh s o eam leade ship, knowledge-sha ing, and p ojec pe o mance.
In oduc ion
Technological de elopmen s and inc eased compe i ion ha e pu
cons uc ion o ganiza ions unde p essu e o p oduce inno a i e solu-
ions (Leslie, 2022). Teams a e indispensable o p ojec s and a e
esponsible o de eloping inno a i e solu ions o some imes uns uc-
u ed and obscu e echnical p oblems (Shibani e al., 2020). Cons uc-
ion o ganiza ions aiming o ocus on inno a ion p omo e eamwo k and
coo dina ion among eam membe s in a bid o di e si y and blend
s a egies and solu ions (Ali, Wang, Soom o e al., 2020; Lau en &
Leich , 2019). Teamwo k, h ough collabo a ion, esul s in c ea i e
ways o inno a e p oduc s, p ocesses, s a egies, and he o ganiza ion as
a whole (Li e al., 2015), ul ima ely leading o p ojec success (Khan,
2024) and he o e all pe o mance o cons uc ion o ganiza ions (Ali,
Wang, Soom o e al., 2020). Ne e heless, he success o eam inno a-
ion is a ec ed by he leade ship and by membe s’ openness o sha ing
ideas, lea ning om each o he , and o e alua ing he ideas o ellow
membe s.
Cons uc ion p ojec s a e complex ime- and cos -bound en u es,
and so a e hei p ojec eams. While cons uc ion eams a e ini ially
o med a he s a o a p ojec , hei composi ion o en e ol es o e
ime due o ac o s such as job-swi ching, in e nal company mo emen s,
and p ojec -speci ic demands (Ola unde e al., 2017). Cons uc ion
eams a e ypically assembled o speci ic p ojec s wi h ini e imelines,
equi ing apid mul i- ade collabo a ion, coo dina ion and adap abili y
among enginee s, a chi ec s, and echnicians (mechanical, elec ical,
plumbing, and IT, o example) (Dipin e al., 2023). Teams in many
o he indus ies di e in ha hey ha e long- e m s abili y and ope a e
wi hin a ela i ely p edic able en i onmen s (Khan e al., 2020). The
ac ha cons uc ion eams d aw on people om ac oss disciplines and
unc ions adds complexi y o coo dina ion e o s. Ano he ac o ha
can hinde smoo h coo dina ion, and ul ima ely inno a ion, is eluc-
ance among eam membe s o sha e hei knowledge (Lin & Wang,
2019). This eluc ance is mainly a ibu ed o he sho - e m na u e o
p ojec s and associa ed job secu i y. In he cons uc ion indus y, i akes
yea s o wo k o become a skilled employee, and he e o e he acqui ed
* Co esponding au ho s.
E-mail add esses: [email p o ec ed] (M.A. Soom o), [email p o ec ed] (A. Ali), [email p o ec ed] (A.H. Memon), [email p o ec ed]
(S.H. Khah o), [email p o ec ed] (Z.A. Memon).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/jik
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100629
Recei ed 16 Sep embe 2024; Accep ed 14 No embe 2024
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100629
A ailable online 21 No embe 2024
2444-569X/© 2024 The Au ho (s). Published by Else ie España, S.L.U. on behal o Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge. This is an open access a icle unde he
CC BY-NC-ND license (
h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).
knowledge is usually p o essionally sac ed (Khan e al., 2020). Faced
wi h job insecu i y, cons uc ion employees may pe cei e sha ing hei
ha d-won knowledge in a eam as jeopa dizing hei unique posi ion o a
alue a ibu ed o hem (Khan e al., 2020). Knowledge-sha ing hesi-
a ion among cons uc ion employees is e iden when economic gains
a e a s ake, such as in economically uns able egions o when he e a e
ew job acancies in he ma ke (Lin & Wang, 2019). While s udies ha e
emphasized he impo ance o knowledge-sha ing o eam inno a ion,
he e has been limi ed esea ch in o how leade s can mi iga e hese
challenges, pa icula ly in sho - e m cons uc ion eams acing dy-
namic membe ship changes (e.g., Ra ique e al., 2022).
While he ole o eamwo k in inno a ion has in igued esea che s
o e he yea s, he e a e s ill no de ini i e and eliable conclusions abou
he ela ionships be ween known p edic o s and inno a ion
(Ebe sbe ge e al., 2021; Ra ique e al., 2022). Ou s udy aimed o
demys i y he ela ionship be ween eam inno a ion and leade ship. In
oday’s o ganiza ions, leade ship is a ely he ole o a sole indi idual;
a he , a collec i e o m o adminis a ion (i.e., sha ed leade ship) is
o en how eams a e managed (Chiu e al., 2016). Sha ed leade ship
helps eams inno a e by enabling condi ions ha aise membe s’
awa eness o he p oblems, inc ease coo dina ion, and guide hem o
openly sha e ideas and pe spec i es wi h ellow membe s (Ali, Wang,
Soom o e al., 2020). The e has been a signi ican gap in ecen li e a u e
ega ding an explo a ion o how hyb id leade ship s yles migh os e
inno a ion in empo a y, mul i- ade cons uc ion eams (Gan e al.,
2024). Ou s udy p oposed ha sha ed leade ship––“a dynamic, in e -
ac i e in luence p ocess among indi iduals in g oups o which he
objec i e is o lead one ano he o achie e g oup o o ganiza ional
goals” (Pea ce e al., 2007)––would os e eam inno a ion by enabling
knowledge-sha ing and decision-making au onomy. We d ew on he
heo y o eam clima e (Ande son & Wes , 1998) and in eg a ed his
concep wi h social ne wo k esea ch o iden i y knowledge-sha ing
densi y as a mechanism ha links sha ed leade ship wi h eam
inno a ion.
Ano he a ea ha has been unde -explo ed is he bounda y condi ion
o sha ed leade ship e ec i eness when desc ibing sha ed leade ship as
a p edic o and knowledge-sha ing densi y as a mechanism o eam
inno a ion (Alshwaya e al., 2021). P e ious s udies ha e no ed ha
eam no ms a e unde -s udied in inno a ion esea ch in indus ies such
as cons uc ion (Mayna d e al., 2021; Tabassi e al., 2017). The e is
limi ed unde s anding o how eam no ms, such as open-mindedness,
can enhance knowledge-sha ing p ocesses in di e se eams, as in con-
s uc ion p ojec s (Pe e e al., 2015). In a eam consis ing o membe s
om di e se backg ounds and wi h di e se knowledge aced wi h a ea
o losing hei job a he end o he p ojec , membe s may exhibi less
willingness o sha e hei knowledge and will be less accep ing o he
sugges ions and ideas o o he membe s (Lin & Wang, 2019). In his
scena io, sha ed leade ship may no gene a e posi i e e ec s on inno-
a ion. So, aiming o unde s and his knowledge-sha ing dilemma in
cons uc ion p ojec eams, we p oposed a key eam
no m––open-mindedness–– o cap u e he ex en o which eam mem-
be s openly conside ed al e na i e pe spec i es and ques ioned hei
own posi ions (Tjos old & Sun, 2003). Open-mindedness, we sugges ed,
migh enhance he e ec i eness o sha ed leade ship o
knowledge-sha ing and inno a ion.
In summa y, ou s udy con ibu es o an unde s anding o sha ed
leade ship, knowledge managemen , and eam inno a ion in he ealm
cons uc ion o p ojec s. I answe s he call o explo e he in e ac i e
e ec s o inno a ion clima es on inno a ion ou comes (Newman e al.,
2019) We iew sha ed leade ship as a s uc u e in con as o hie a -
chical leade ship ha os e s collabo a ion, skill ecogni ion, ideas ex-
change, and inno a i e p oblem-sol ing (Ali, Wang & Johnson, 2020).
We p oposed knowledge-sha ing densi y as an in e ac i e, eam-le el
concep , indica ing he ex en o knowledge-sha ing among eam
membe s. We also in oduced open-mindedness no ms as a po en ial
mode a o , explaining sha ed leade ship’s e ec i eness in p ojec
eams. Fig. 1 shows he heo e ical model we used o his s udy. Table 1
illus a es he de ini ion o he model a iables.
Theo e ical amewo k and hypo heses de elopmen
The ole o eams in cons uc ion p ojec s is essen ial o p oblem-
sol ing and ope a ional e iciency (Shibani e al., 2020). Resea ch has
highligh ed he pi o al ole o sha ed leade ship in in luencing eam
c ea i i y and inno a ion pe o mance (Chiu e al., 2016; Lyndon e al.,
2020). While eam membe s may no inhe en ly possess inno a i e ca-
pabili ies indi idually, collec i e e o s and knowledge-sha ing d i e
eam inno a ion syne gis ically (Jiang & Chen, 2018). Ou s udy del ed
in o he co e mechanism o knowledge-sha ing densi y as a i al link
connec ing sha ed leade ship o eam inno a ion. D awing on eam
clima e heo y (Ande son & Wes , 1998) and ac o s such as ision,
pa icipa i e sa e y, ask o ien a ion, and suppo o inno a ion, we
explo ed he in ica e ela ionships among hese componen s, shedding
ligh on he nuanced dynamics shaping eam inno a ion in a cons uc-
ion con ex .
Sha ed leade ship and knowledge-sha ing densi y
Ou s udy was g ounded in he wo k o Hansen e al. (2005),
Kh a o a e al. (2016), Lin e al. (2015), and Ni mala and Vemu i
(2009). These s udies conside ed knowledge-sha ing as a
ne wo k-o ien ed p ocess. Knowledge esou ces inhe en ly a y in hei
con en and amoun among eam membe s (Choi e al., 2010). Answe s
o he ques ions “who needs which kind o knowledge?”, “who wan s o
sha e knowledge?’, and “who wan s o sha e knowledge wi h whom?”
ha e b oad implica ions o eam ou comes.
Ou concep o knowledge-sha ing densi y conside ed hese poin s.
Acco ding o ne wo k esea ch (Han e al., 2020), knowledge-sha ing
densi y e e s o how many membe s sha e knowledge wi h how many
eam membe s. A simila concep was also p esen ed by Ni mala and
Vemu i (2009) in hei s udy o knowledge managemen . They a gued
ha densi y could be a measu e o knowledge-sha ing. Each eam
membe is a node in he knowledge-sha ing densi y, and sha ing densi y
indica es how many nodes a e connec ed o sha e knowledge, such ha
he mo e nodal connec ions, he highe he eam’s knowledge-sha ing
densi y.
Due o he ne wo k-o ien ed cha ac e o knowledge-sha ing densi y,
we posi ed ha sha ed leade ship would posi i ely in luence
knowledge-sha ing densi y in a p ojec eam. Fi s , wi h sha ed leade -
ship, membe s a e awa e o he knowledge and limi a ions o one
domain o expe ise (Kukenbe ge & D’Innocenzo, 2020), as he pe -
o mance o indi idual membe s is measu ed collec i ely in e ms o
eam pe o mance (Sha i i ad, 2014). Membe s, he e o e, look collec-
i ely a eam ask p oblems, p oac i ely exchange knowledge and
suppo each o he in esol ing any issues ha a ec o e all eam pe -
o mance (Ali e al., 2019).
Second, sha ed leade ship de elops eam no ms o app ecia ing
o he membe s’ knowledge and expe ise while unde s anding one’s
own s eng hs and weaknesses (Wu & Chen, 2018). Th ough in e ac i e
sha ed leade ship, eam membe s ha e sel -awa eness and an awa eness
o o he membe s’ unique knowledge, unde s anding he con ibu ions
o each eam membe in eam asks (Ali, Wang, Soom o e al., 2020).
When a eam is looking o inno a i e ideas, membe s a e awa e o who
can help hem and can be e a ge hei knowledge con ibu ions o he
membe s in need o knowledge. They a e mo e willing, he e o e, o seek
and sha e knowledge e ec i ely among eam membe s (Cao & Ali,
2017). Based on hese concep s, we p oposed:
Hypo hesis 1.Sha ed leade ship will be posi i ely ela ed o eam
knowledge-sha ing densi y in a cons uc ion p ojec eam.
M.A. Soom o e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100629
2
Knowledge-sha ing densi y and eam inno a ion
Acco ding o Schumpe e (1934), inno a ion is he esul o in e-
g a ing disconnec ed chunks o knowledge and ecombining hem in o a
no el p oduc , p ocess, p ocedu e, concep , o p ac ice ha can b ing
alue o he o ganiza ion. How eam membe s os e , de elop, ca y
h ough, eac o, and modi y ideas di ec ly ela es o his p ocess,
leading o eam inno a ion (Paulus e al., 2021). The e o e, eam
membe s’ in e ac ion and knowledge-exchange play a c i ical ole in
inc easing he ele an knowledge pool and di e gen ideas. Ou s udy
p oposed ha knowledge-sha ing densi y os e ed by sha ed leade ship
would be ela ed o eam inno a ion. Sha ed leade ship encou ages
knowledge-sha ing by e e y eam membe (Ali, Wang & Johnson,
2020). This in e ac ion be ween eam membe s leads o a wo-way
knowledge-sha ing p ocess, in which all eam membe s a e encou -
aged o pa icipa e, b inging di e se knowledge, unique insigh s, and
di e gen iewpoin s, acili a ing he gene a ion o c ea i e ideas
(Zhang e al., 2019). In his way, eam knowledge-sha ing densi y b ings
mo e knowledge, ideas, and pe spec i e, b oadens he scope o eam
skills, and p o ides esh ideas and hough s. I inspi es eam membe s
o look o inno a i e solu ions (Hu e al., 2018), p omo ing eam
inno a ion (Mi chell & Boyle, 2019). The e o e, we hypo hesized:
Hypo hesis 2.Team knowledge-sha ing densi y will be posi i ely ela ed
o eam inno a ion in a cons uc ion p ojec eam.
The mode a ing ole o open-mindedness no ms
The abo e a gumen s highligh he p oposi ion ha sha ed leade -
ship is posi i ely ela ed o knowledge-sha ing densi y among eam
membe s, inc easing eam inno a ion. Al hough knowledge-sha ing
densi y has a posi i e e ec on eam pe o mance, he e ec i eness o
knowledge-sha ing migh also depend on he le el o open-mindedness
o eam membe s. We sugges ed ha knowledge-sha ing densi y migh
ha e a weake in luence on eam inno a ion i membe s we e hesi an o
accep con as ing iewpoin s. In his si ua ion, open-mindedness would
be a eam no m ha helped educe his eluc ance (Mi chell & Boyle,
2015). Open-mindedness as a eam’s collec i e no m indica es how
membe s should espond o di e gen ideas, pe spec i es, and opinions
in a eam, c ea ing a pe cep ion among membe s ha hey can make
sugges ions and aise conce ns wi hou hesi a ion.
In eams wi h a high knowledge-sha ing densi y, membe s ecei e
di e se knowledge and become awa e o di e en ideas and iewpoin s
(Khan e al., 2023). In a complex cons uc ion p ojec , howe e , abun-
dan knowledge, pe spec i es, and ideas is no in i sel enough o eam
e ec i eness (Hazzan e al., 2013). Success ul comple ion o a con-
s uc ion p ojec equi es subs an ial knowledge inpu om expe s in
a ious ields, such as ci il, elec ical, mechanical and IT, along wi h
specialized con ac o s and supplie s (Lau en & Leich , 2019). Team
membe s may ha e o ely hea ily on o he eam membe s’ inpu o
achie e p ac ical solu ions. In his scena io, we sugges ed ha
open-mindedness no ms would inc ease he likelihood o eam membe s
aking ad an age o he high knowledge-sha ing densi y by d awing on
he unique knowledge o di e en membe s. We posi ed ha when
knowledge-sha ing densi y was high, and open-mindedness no ms we e
heal hy, cons uc ion eam membe s would be likely o b ing mo e
knowledge in o eam discussions and would be less eluc an o sha e
ideas wi h o he membe s. Open-mindedness would encou age membe s
o sha e hei pe spec i es and wi h senio membe s and accep junio
membe s’ di e gen knowledge and ideas (Mi chell & Boyle, 2015),
he eby enhancing eam inno a ion.
In con as , when knowledge densi y was high, bu open-mindedness
no ms we e weak, he esponse o eam membe s o he knowledge o
o he s was likely o be less posi i e. In a cons uc ion p ojec eam
en i onmen , e en when membe s had access o each o he ’s knowl-
edge, he p esence o weake open-mindedness no ms would make
membe s eluc an o accep di e gen ideas o o apply knowledge o
eam asks. When eam membe s el uncom o able in openly consid-
e ing ideas om o he eam membe s and did no alue he knowledge
and compe encies o each o he , we posi ed he e would be an inc ease
in hos ili y and con lic , leading o a dec ease in knowledge-sha ing
densi y and ul ima ely unde mining eam inno a ion. We hypo hesized:
Hypo hesis 3.Open-mindedness no ms will mode a e he posi i e e ec o
knowledge-sha ing densi y on eam inno a ion. Knowledge-sha ing densi y
will ha e a mo e posi i e impac on eam inno a ion when a eam has a s ong
open-mindedness no m, and he posi i e e ec will be weake when a con-
s uc ion eam has weak open-mindedness no ms.
Fig. 1. Concep ual model o he s udy.
Table 1
Resea ch model a iable.
Model a iable De ini ion Re e ence
Sha ed
leade ship
Sha ed leade ship is a leade ship
model in which decision-making
and leade ship esponsibili ies a e
dis ibu ed be ween mul iple eam
membe s a he han cen alized in
a single leade .
(Ali, Wang, Soom o e al.,
2020; Pe e e al., 2015;
Wu & Chen, 2018)
Knowledge-
sha ing
densi y
Knowledge-sha ing densi y e e s
o he ex en and equency o
knowledge-exchange wi hin a
g oup o o ganiza ion. I measu es
how ac i ely and e icien ly
indi iduals sha e in o ma ion,
ideas, and expe ise, con ibu ing
o o e all o ganiza ional lea ning
and inno a ion.
(Schou en & Felps, 2011)(
Lin e al., 2015)
Team
inno a ion
Team inno a ion e e s o he
p ocess by which a g oup o
indi iduals collabo a i ely
gene a es and implemen s new
ideas, solu ions, o p oduc s. I
in ol es c ea i e hinking,
p oblem-sol ing, and he
in eg a ion o di e se pe spec i es
o d i e imp o emen and
adap a ion wi hin he eam o
o ganiza ion.
(Mi chell & Boyle, 2019;
Zache & Rosing, 2015)
Open-
mindedness
Open-mindedness is he
willingness o conside new ideas,
pe spec i es, and expe iences
wi hou p ejudice o bias. I
in ol es being ecep i e o
di e ing iewpoin s and being
lexible in hinking, allowing o
g ow h, lea ning, and be e
decision-making.
(Tjos old & Poon, 1998)
M.A. Soom o e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100629
3
In eg a ed model
In he p e ious sec ions, we p oposed ha sha ed leade ship would
be posi i ely ela ed o knowledge-sha ing densi y (H1), knowledge-
sha ing densi y would be posi i ely associa ed wi h eam inno a ion
(H2), and open-mindedness no ms would po en ially s eng hen he
posi i e e ec o knowledge-sha ing densi y on eam inno a ion (H3).
The inal hypo hesis in eg a es hese ela ionships in a amewo k based
on he mode a ed media ion concep sugges ed by Hayes (2018) and
Hayes and Rockwood (2019). We p oposed an in eg a ed amewo k in
which open-mindedness no ms would mode a e he indi ec e ec o
sha ed leade ship on eam inno a ion h ough knowledge-sha ing
densi y. When open-mindedness no ms we e s ong, sha ed leade ship
would ha e a s onge indi ec e ec on eam inno a ion h ough
knowledge-sha ing densi y. When open-mindedness no ms we e weak,
sha ed leade ship would ha e a weak indi ec e ec on eam inno a ion
h ough knowledge-sha ing densi y. We hypo hesized ha :
H4.Open-mindedness no ms will mode a e he indi ec ela ionship be-
ween sha ed leade ship and eam inno a ion ia knowledge-sha ing densi y.
The indi ec e ec will be s onge when open-mindedness no ms a e s ong,
and he indi ec ela ionship will be weake when open-mindedness no ms a e
weak.
Me hods
Resea ch con ex and da a collec ion
We collec ed da a om he cons uc ion indus y in Pakis an.
Pakis an is ypical o de eloping na ions, wi h economic unce ain y, a
pool o highly skilled p o essionals and a booming cons uc ion sec o .
As no ed ea lie , economic unce ain ies a e a p ime eason o con-
s uc ion p o essionals hesi a ing in sha ing knowledge and o educed
openminded no ms. The Pakis an cons uc ion indus y he e o e
appea ed as a po en ial labo a o y o es ing he p oposed model. We
collec ed da a om h ee companies ope a ing in majo ci ies. These
companies we e engaged in cons uc ion p ojec s, including b idges,
mul i-s o ey malls, hospi als, and indus ial si es. The human esou ce
managemen o ices o he companies helped con ac po en ial eam-
based esponden s and explained he na u e and goals o he s udy.
Da a was collec ed om p ojec design eams wo king on a ious
medium- la ge-scale and indus ial p ojec s. Each sample eam was
engaged in a common unc ion, such as p ojec planning, s uc u al
design, HVAC (hea ing, en ila ion, and ai -condi ioning) design, p oj-
ec execu ion moni o ing, and specialized indus ial cons uc ion. Su -
eys we e conduc ed o e nine mon hs in h ee phases. In he i s phase,
ou o 591 dis ibu ed ques ionnai es, 503 eam membe s esponded o
ques ions abou sha ed leade ship, including con ol a iables and de-
mog aphic cha ac e is ics o he indi iduals and eams (age, gende ,
educa ion, eam enu e, and eam size). In he second phase, h ee
mon hs la e , 475 esponden s ou o hose 503 esponden s a ed eam
knowledge-sha ing densi y. They also a ed hei pe cep ion o he open-
mindedness no ms o hei eam. Finally, h ee mon hs la e , 65 eam
leade s a ed he inno a ion pe o mance o hei eam. We emo ed
inaccu a e indi idual esponses ( hose wi h he same esponse o all
ques ions o no esponse in all ela ed su eys) and hose which we e
unsui able o ne wo k analysis ( eams wi h less han an 80% esponse).
The inal useable sample consis ed o 439 membe s in 65 eams, and 65
eam leade s. The o e all esponse a e was 74%, bu he eam esponse
a e emained a mo e han 80%, making i easible o conduc ne wo k
analysis (Spa owe e al., 2001). O he 439 eam membe s, 61% we e
male, and 83% had a leas a bachelo ’s deg ee. Among leade s, he
majo i y (91%) we e o e 35, 94% we e male, and all had a leas a
bachelo ’s deg ee.
Measu es
The su ey ins umen was de eloped based on p e iously alida ed
scales.
Sha ed leade ship is social in e ac ion-based leade ship, measu ed
using a ne wo k densi y app oach. This app oach has been commonly
used in p e ious s udies (Ali, Wang & Johnson, 2020; Chiu e al., 2016;
Ma in e al., 2018). We ga e a name lis o eam membe s and asked
each esponden o answe one ques ion: “To wha ex en does you
eam ely on his indi idual o leade ship?”, on a i e-poin Like scale.
We hen di ided he sum o esponses by he o al possible alue o eam
membe s’ esponses o ge he sha ed leade ship densi y alue o he
eam (Spa owe e al., 2001).
We concep ualized knowledge-sha ing densi y as a ne wo k measu e
e lec ing he ex en o which eam membe s sha ed knowledge wi h
each o he (Ni mala & Vemu i, 2009). We ollowed he guidance o
ne wo k li e a u e o measu e knowledge-sha ing densi y. We p o ided
all eam membe s wi h names and asked hem o a e acco ding o hei
pe cep ion: “To wha ex en do you ecei e knowledge om his indi-
idual o pe o m you eam asks?” on a i e-poin Like scale. We
assessed knowledge-sha ing densi y by agg ega ing all esponses and
di iding he sum by he o al possible esponses (Ca son e al., 2007;
Spa owe e al., 2001).
A h ee-i em scale om Tjos old and Poon (1998) was used o
measu e open-mindedness no ms. This scale has been used by o he
schola s (e.g., Mi chell & Boyle, 2015). A sample i em om he scale
was: “The eam belie es ha e e y membe ’s idea should be conside ed
open-mindedly.” A i e-poin Like scale was used o eco d he e-
sponses. C onbach’s alpha o his measu e was 0.93. We agg ega ed he
indi idual esponses o eam membe s o gene a e eam-le el sco es. To
jus i y he agg ega ion o indi idual assessmen s and con i m he al-
idi y and eliabili y o agg ega ed alues, we calcula ed he
wi hin-g oup ag eemen index (James e al., 1984) and in e -class co -
ela ion coe icien s (ICC1 and ICC2) (Bliese, 1998). The highe alues o
WG (0.83), ICC1 (0.12), and ICC2 (0.47) p o ided s a is ical suppo o
he da a agg ega ion o open-mindedness no ms.
Team inno a ion was measu ed using a ou -i em scale adop ed om
Welbou ne, Johnson and E ez (1998). This scale had also been alida ed
by o he s udies (e.g., Zache and Rosing (2015). Team leade s we e
asked: “On he ollowing measu es, how would you a e you eam
inno a ion compa ed wi h o he eams pe o ming simila unc ions?
(1) Coming up wi h new ideas; (2) Wo king o implemen new ideas; (3)
Finding imp o ed ways o do hings, and (4) c ea ing be e p ocesses
and ou ines.” Leade s a ed hei eam on a i e-poin Like scale– wi h
1 =needs much imp o emen and 5 =excellen . C onbach’s alpha o
his measu e was calcula ed a 0.90.
Finally, we con olled o eam size, eam enu e, a e age membe
age, a e age educa ion, and gende o he esponden . P e ious esea ch
indica ed ha o mal leade ship was ela ed o eam inno a ion. We
he e o e con olled he e ec o o mal ans o ma ional leade ship
beha io using a i e-i em measu e (Ca less e al., 2000) a ed by eam
membe s. C onbach’s alpha o his measu e was 0.98. The easonable
alue o 0.94 o WG, 0.44 o ICC1, and 0.84 o ICC2 p o ed he
app op ia eness o he agg ega ion o indi idual esponses o calcula e
eam-le el sco es o ans o ma ion leade ship. In a eam, whe e asks
a e in e dependen , membe s ha e o sha e mo e knowledge and coo -
dina e wi h each o he (Ali e al., 2019). Conside ing he na u e o
knowledge-sha ing densi y and eam inno a ion, we he e o e
con olled he e ec o ask in e dependence using a i e-i em scale
adop ed om Zhang e al. (2007). C onbach’s alpha (0.92), WG (0.96),
ICC1 (0.05), and ICC2 (0.26) we e all highe han he h eshold. So he
eliabili y and sui abili y o da a agg ega ion we e con i med.
M.A. Soom o e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100629
4
Analysis and esul s
Desc ip i e s a is ics
Table 2 shows he means, s anda d de ia ions, and co ela ions
among all a iables o he s udy. The co ela ion alues e eal ini ial
suppo o he hypo hesized ela ionships. Fo example, Table 2 e eals
ha sha ed leade ship is posi i ely ela ed o knowledge-sha ing densi y
( =0.38, p<.01), and knowledge-sha ing densi y is posi i ely associ-
a ed wi h eam inno a ion ( =0.55, p<.01).
Tes o hypo heses
We used PROCESS mac o-Model 14 in SPSS 23.0 o es all he hy-
po heses o his s udy. We chose SPSS Mac o as i allows o de ailed
media ing and mode a ion analysis, while o e ing lexibili y in es ing
complex ela ionships be ween a iables. I also p o ides obus esul s
o boo s apping and es ima ing indi ec e ec s, which we e c ucial o
ou s udy. Table 3 shows he esul s o he eg ession analysis. H1 p e-
dic ed ha sha ed leade ship would be posi i ely ela ed o knowledge-
sha ing densi y. The esul s indica e ha sha ed leade ship signi ican ly
p edic s he knowledge-sha ing densi y o a eam (β =0.33, p<.01). H2
p edic ed ha knowledge-sha ing densi y would lead o eam inno a-
ion. Resul s show ha knowledge-sha ing densi y is posi i ely ela ed
o eam inno a ion (β =0.42, p<.001).
H3 sugges ed ha open-mindedness no ms would s eng hen he
posi i e ela ionship be ween knowledge-sha ing densi y and eam
inno a ion. As shown in Table 3, he in e ac ion e ec is signi ican (β =
0.44, p<.001), hus suppo ing H3. To u he explain he mode a ing
e ec , we ollowed he ecommenda ions o Too hake e al. (1994), and
plo ed he in e ac ion e ec s a one s anda d de ia ion abo e and one
s anda d de ia ion below he mean o he mode a o . Fig. 2 indica es
ha , a a highe le el o open-mindedness no ms (one s anda d de ia-
ion abo e mean), he e ec o knowledge-sha ing densi y is s onge o
eam inno a ion (β =0.82, p<.001). When open-mindedness no ms a e
weak (one s anda d de ia ion below he mean), he e ec o
knowledge-sha ing densi y is weake (β =0.07, pns).
H4 sugges ed an in eg a ed mode a ed media ion model. Resul s o
he mode a ed media ion analysis indica e ha he indi ec e ec o
sha ed leade ship on eam inno a ion was highes when open-
mindedness no ms we e s onges a one s anda d de ia ion abo e
mean (e ec =0.27, 95% CL [.0427, 0.5311]); when open-mindedness
no ms we e less s ong a mean (e ec =0.14, 95% CL [.0219, 0.2618]),
and weak a one s anda d de ia ion below mean (e ec =0.02, 95% CL
[−0.0896, 0.0764]). The index o mode a ed media ion (Index =0.14,
95%CI [.0193, 0.3117]) also p o ided suppo o H4. The esul s
collec i ely suppo ed H4. The esul s o mode a ed media ion a e
p esen ed in Table 4.
Discussion
The indings o his s udy signi ican ly expand cu en unde s anding
o sha ed leade ship and inno a ion in cons uc ion p ojec eams,
pa icula ly in how hey align o di e ge om he indings o p e ious
esea ch. The posi i e impac o sha ed leade ship on knowledge-
sha ing densi y aligns wi h ecen s udies (e.g., Imam & pH, 2021),
who no ed ha sha ed leade ship os e s collec i e engagemen and
p oblem-sol ing in p ojec -based se ings. The esul s unde sco e he
pi o al ole o sha ed leade ship in enhancing eam pe o mance by
acili a ing communica ion be ween di e se, mul idisciplina y eam
membe s, which is c ucial in he cons uc ion indus y whe e
c oss- unc ional collabo a ion is essen ial (Ali, Wang & Johnson, 2020).
Ou s udy, howe e , adds u he nuance o he li e a u e by iden i ying
knowledge-sha ing densi y as a c i ical media o , a concep no su i-
cien ly explo ed in p io esea ch. P e ious s udies, such as hose by
Id ees, Xu, Haide and Tehseen (2023) and Imam (2021) ouched on he
impo ance o knowledge-sha ing bu ailed o desc ibe how he densi y
o hese exchanges di ec ly in luences eam inno a ion. Ou s udy ills
his gap by demons a ing ha high le els o knowledge-sha ing densi y
ampli y he inno a ion po en ial o cons uc ion eams, especially in he
con ex o sho - e m, p ojec -d i en en i onmen s. This echoes he
indings o Ra ique e al. (2022), who indica ed ha e ec i e
knowledge-sha ing p ocesses a e in eg al o eam inno a ion in dynamic
indus ies, u he cemen ing he alue o sha ed leade ship.
Ou indings abou he mode a ing ole o open-mindedness no ms
also suppo s he indings o Mi chell and Boyle (2015), who sugges ed
ha open-mindedness os e ed and s eng hened an inclusi e en i on-
men in which eam membe s we e mo e likely o sha e di e se
knowledge, c i ical o gene a ing inno a i e solu ions. We ound ha
when open-mindedness no ms we e weak, he eam migh expe ience
s agna ion o con lic , limi ing he e ec i eness o knowledge-sha ing.
This mi o s he conclusions o Wu and Chen (2018), who obse ed
ha he absence o open-mindedness diminished he po en ial o
eam-based inno a ion in complex p ojec s like cons uc ion.
Ou esul s con as wi h ea lie esea ch by Tyssen e al. (2014),
which sugges ed ha leade ship s yles had limi ed in luence in in-
dus ies wi h empo a y eams wi h complex asks due o he ansien
na u e o eam composi ion. Ou s udy demons a ed ha sha ed lead-
e ship emained e ec i e in hese con ex s, p o ided ha he eam
clima e was conduci e, especially in e ms o openness and willingness
o sha e knowledge. Ou s udy, he e o e, o e s a mo e op imis ic iew
o leade ship’s po en ial o acili a e inno a ion in he cons uc ion
sec o , mainly when suppo ed by a obus cul u e o open-mindedness
and ac i e knowledge-sha ing.
Con ibu ions o heo y
Ou s udy makes a signi ican con ibu ion o he heo e ical un-
de s anding o sha ed leade ship, knowledge-sha ing densi y, and eam
Table 2
Desc ip i e s a is ics and co ela ions ma ix.
Va iable Mean SD CA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1. Age 3.14 0.34 –1.00
2. Gende 1.61 0.17 –0.01 1.00
3. Educa ion 2.51 0.33 –−0.25* −0.02 1.00
4. Team enu e 2.66 0.96 –0.17 0.05 0.10 1.00
5. Team size 6.75 1.59 –.28* −0.03 0.10 0.08 1.00
6. T ans o ma ional leade ship 3.56 0.62 0.98 −0.04 0.07 −0.06 −0.03 0.16 1.00
7. Task in e dependence 3.04 0.25 0.92 −0.16 .282* .25* −0.04 0.04 .26* 1.00
8. Sha ed leade ship 3.50 0.60 –0.03 0.06 0.21 0.02 0.10 .29* 0.10 1.00
9. Knowledge-sha ing densi y 4.04 0.57 –0.05 .25* 0.02 −0.02 0.13 .28* .33** .38** 1.00
10. Open-mindedness no ms 3.04 0.45 0.93 −0.10 −0.11 0.15 0.07 −0.09 0.22 0.22 .28* .27* 1.00
11. Team inno a ion 3.02 0.81 0.90 −0.14 −0.04 0.11 −0.07 −0.02 .38** .25* .48** .55** .43** 1.00
No e: SE =s anda d de ia ion, CA =C onbach’s alpha, *p <0.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001.
M.A. Soom o e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100629
5
inno a ion, especially in he con ex s o cons uc ion indus y. Fi s , i
ex ends eam clima e heo y (Ande son & Wes , 1998) by i in he
concep o knowledge-sha ing densi y as an essen ial media o be ween
sha ed leade ship and inno a ion. P e ious applica ions o eam clima e
heo y ha e highligh ed ac o s such as pa icipa i e sa e y and suppo
o inno a ion bu ailed o ully cap u e how dense knowledge ne wo ks
wi hin eams can ampli y inno a ion ou comes, pa icula ly in dynamic
and sho - e m eams, as in he cons uc ion sec o . Ou s udy p o ides a
mo e nuanced unde s anding o he impac o sha ed leade ship on
inno a ion h ough in e pe sonal knowledge-exchanges among eam
membe s, he eby enhancing he heo y’s explana o y powe o com-
plex, p ojec -based en i onmen s.
Ou s udy also con ibu es o he heo e ical discou se on sha ed
leade ship by add essing a c i ical gap in unde s anding i s applicabili y
o empo a y eams in cons uc ion p ojec s. P io esea ch (e.g., Zhang
e al., 2023), highligh ed ha sha ed leade ship migh be less e ec i e in
empo a y eams due o changing eam composi ion and ime
cons ain s. Ou s udy challenges his iew by demons a ing ha sha ed
leade ship emains e ec i e when suppo ed by s ong
open-mindedness no ms.
Ou esea ch also in oduces a no el pe spec i e by in eg a ing social
ne wo k heo y (Bo ga i & Halgin, 2011) wi h leade ship and inno a-
ion esea ch. While social ne wo k heo y has p e iously explo ed
knowledge-sha ing beha io s, ou s udy ope a ionalizes
knowledge-sha ing densi y as a measu e o ne wo k connec i i y, link-
ing i di ec ly o eam inno a ion ou comes. By si ua ing sha ed lead-
e ship wi hin a ne wo ked con ex , ou s udy e ines he heo y o how
leade ship beha io s in luence he densi y o knowledge-exchanges and
how his densi y d i es inno a ion, pa icula ly in in e disciplina y
eams.
Finally, ou s udy enhances unde s anding o he ole o eam no ms,
pa icula ly open-mindedness, as a mode a ing ac o in he ela ionship
be ween knowledge-sha ing and inno a ion. While eam no ms ha e
been s udied in a ious o ganiza ional con ex s, hei ole in media ing
Table 3
Reg ession analysis esul s.
Ou come a iable Knowledge-sha ing densi y Ou come a iable Team inno a ion
βSE R
2
βSE R
2
Main e ec s Main and mode a ing e ec s
Sha ed leade ship 0.33 0.12 2.68** 0.29 Sha ed leade ship 0.21 0.09 2.43* 0.62
Knowledge-sha ing densi y 0.42 0.09 4.60***
Open-mindedness no ms −0.06 0.11 −0.60
In e ac ion 0.44 0.11 3.83***
Con olled e ec s Con olled e ec s
Age 0.04 0.13 0.35 Age −0.13 0.08 −1.56
Gende 0.15 0.12 1.26 Gende −0.16 0.08 −1.96
Educa ion −0.10 0.13 −0.78 Educa ion −0.02 0.09 −0.23
Team enu e −0.02 0.12 −0.18 Team enu e −0.03 0.08 −0.38
Team size 0.07 0.12 0.59 Team size −0.09 0.08 −1.10
T ans o ma ional leade ship 0.09 0.13 0.71 T ans o ma ional leade ship 0.21 0.09 2.31*
Task in e dependence 0.30 0.15 2.03* Task in e dependence 0.09 0.10 0.90
No e: SE =s anda d e o , *p <0.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001.
Fig. 2. In e ac ion e ec o knowledge-sha ing densi y and open-mindedness no ms on eam inno a ion.
Table 4
Condi ional indi ec e ec o sha ed leade ship on eam inno a ion ia knowledge-sha ing densi y a alues o open-mindedness no ms.
Independen a iable Media ing a iable Mode a o E ec SE Boo LLCI Boo ULCI
Sha ed leade ship Knowledge-sha ing densi y Open-mindedness no ms 0.02 0.04 −0.0896 0.0764
Sha ed leade ship Knowledge-sha ing densi y Open-mindedness no ms 0.14 0.06 0.0219 0.2618
Sha ed leade ship Knowledge-sha ing densi y Open-mindedness no ms 0.27 0.12 0.0427 0.5311
No e: SE =s anda d e o , CI =con idence in e als, LL =lowe limi , UL =uppe limi .
M.A. Soom o e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100629
6
he e ec s o sha ed leade ship on inno a ion has been unde explo ed,
especially in he cons uc ion indus y. Ou esea ch adds an essen ial
laye o he heo e ical amewo ks, explo ing he in e ac ion be ween
leade ship s yle, eam no ms, and inno a ion by iden i ying ha open-
mindedness no ms po en ially s eng hen he posi i e e ec s o
knowledge-sha ing densi y. Ou esul s show ha sha ed leade ship,
combined wi h a s ong open-mindedness no m, ac ually encou ages
b oade knowledge-exchange, b eaking down po en ial silos and p o-
mo ing inno a ion. This con ibu ion is pa icula ly ele an in in e -
disciplina y and p ojec -based en i onmen s, in which open-
mindedness can mi iga e he challenges posed by ansien eam
composi ion and can os e collabo a i e inno a ion.
P ac ical implica ions
Inno a ion is c ucial o cons uc ion o ganiza ions as a ca alys o
inc eased p ojec pe o mance and o su i al in he ace o global
compe i ion. Cons uc ion indus y li e a u e highligh s he need o
p ojec leade ship s uc u es ha can be de ined as an “enginee ing
pa adigm” o inc ease knowledge-sha ing and collabo a ion in de el-
oping c ea i e ideas o imp o ing inno a ion (Ali, Wang, Soom o e al.,
2020; Too & Geo ge, 2008). Ou s udy highligh s he need o hyb id
app oaches o leade ship when aiming o e icien cons uc ion p o-
jec s. In o mal sha ed leade ship p ac ices can help imp o e p ojec
leade ship and p ojec e iciency by inc easing indi iduals’ in ol e-
men , collabo a ion, and commi men (Coun e al., 2018). Sha ed
leade ship c ea es a collabo a i e and p oac i e cul u e, esul ing in
inc eased knowledge-sha ing and e alua ion o ideas, ul ima ely leading
o cons uc ion eam inno a ion. O ganiza ions should, he e o e, aim o
c ea e an en i onmen ha encou ages eam membe s o s ep up and
sha e leade ship.
Ou indings also highligh he signi ican con ibu ion ha sha ed
leade ship makes o acili a ing knowledge-sha ing densi y in p ojec
eams. This is especially impo an o cons uc ion p ojec s because
employee knowledge-sha ing is c i ical o eam inno a ion and p ojec
e ec i eness. Cons uc ion p ojec s in ol e complex and no el asks
ha equi e ex ensi e knowledge-sha ing (Yin, 2006). Ne e heless,
cons uc ion p ojec eams end o be sho - e m and o in ol e highly
di e se p o essions, including p ojec designe s, a chi ec s, ci il engi-
nee s, elec ical enginee s, and managemen execu i es. Due o hese
ea u es, cons uc ion p ojec s can lack knowledge-sha ing and collab-
o a ion among employees, po en ially limi ing he possibili y o inno-
a ion. Ou indings sugges ha sha ing he leade ship oles leads o
eam membe s eeling less ulne able o losing hei posi ion in he o -
ganiza ion and becoming mo e posi i e owa ds sha ing knowledge
wi h hei pee s. Recogni ion o he knowledge con ibu ed by membe s,
by i ue o sha ed leade ship, also enhances knowledge in e ac ion
among he eam membe s. Mo e p ecisely, we ound ha
knowledge-sha ing densi y media ed he ela ionship be ween sha ed
leade ship and eam inno a ion. We would he e o e sugges ha
manage s o cons uc ion p ojec s c ea e oppo uni ies o employees o
engage in leade ship sha ing, which encou ages all employees o
con ibu e hei knowledge owa ds imp o ing eam inno a ion.
We also ound ha open-mindedness no ms we e impo an o
p omo ing eam inno a ion. In cons uc ion p ojec s––whe e he scope
o wo k is usually unique and beyond he bounda ies o a single ield o
expe ise––ou esul s indica e ha when membe s a e open o ideas,
sugges ions, knowledge, pe spec i es, and c i icism, he e ec o
knowledge-sha ing densi y on eam inno a ion was inc eased. An
essen ial cha ac e is ic o open-mindedness no ms is ha hese de elop
a an ea ly s age o a p ojec and a e gene ally cons an . The sugges ion
he e, hen, is ha human esou ce manage s conside open-mindedness
no ms in he ec ui men p ocess, and ha p ojec manage s de elop a
cul u e o sha ing ideas and knowledge wi h eam membe s a he e y
s a o he p ojec .
Conclusions
This s udy highligh s he c i ical ole o sha ed leade ship,
knowledge-sha ing densi y, and open-mindedness no ms in os e ing
eam inno a ion wi hin he cons uc ion indus y. By in eg a ing eam
clima e heo y wi h social ne wo k heo y, ou esea ch p o ides a
comp ehensi e amewo k ha links leade ship s yles o knowledge-
sha ing dynamics and inno a ion ou comes. The indings highligh
sha ed leade ship as signi ican ly enhancing knowledge-sha ing densi y,
which in u n d i es inno a ion in p ojec -based and in e disciplina y
eams. The mode a ing ole o open-mindedness no ms is also shown o
be essen ial in ampli ying he e ec s o knowledge-sha ing, sugges ing
ha eam clima es conduci e o open dialogue and mu ual espec a e
necessa y o maximizing he bene i s o sha ed leade ship.
Howe e , his s udy is no wi hou limi a ions. Ou da a was
con ined o cons uc ion eams in one de eloping coun y, which may
limi he gene alizabili y o he indings o o he indus ies o de eloped
coun ies. Ne e heless, ou model amewo k and esul s a e likely o
apply o any egion wi h condi ions simila o hose o Pakis an––a
de eloping economy wi h economic and ma ke unce ain ies bu a
booming cons uc ion indus y. A second limi a ion is ha he c oss-
sec ional na u e o he da a educes he abili y o in e causali y.
While ou s udy del es in o he dynamics o sha ed leade ship and
knowledge-sha ing densi y, i does no explo e he po en ial e ec s o
o he leade ship s yles, such as ans o ma ional o ansac ional lead-
e ship, which could p o ide deepe insigh s in o he condi ions unde
which di e en leade ship app oaches a e mos e ec i e in p omo ing
inno a ion.
Fu u e esea ch should add ess hese limi a ions by ex ending he
s udy o di e se indus ies and de eloped egions o alida e he
gene alizabili y o he indings. Longi udinal s udies would also p o ide
a mo e obus unde s anding o he empo al e ec s o sha ed leade ship
on knowledge-sha ing and inno a ion. Explo ing how o he leade ship
s yles in e ac wi h sha ed leade ship, o e en examining hyb id lead-
e ship models, could o e aluable insigh s in o op imizing leade ship
s uc u es o complex, p ojec -based en i onmen s. Fu u e esea ch
could also examine he ole o digi al communica ion ools and pla -
o ms in enhancing o impeding knowledge-sha ing densi y, gi en he
inc easing eliance on echnology in mode n cons uc ion p ojec s.
Da a a ailabili y s a emen
Some o all da a, models, o codes ha suppo he indings o his
s udy a e a ailable om he co esponding au ho on easonable
eques .
E hical app o al
All p ocedu es pe o med in s udies in ol ing human pa icipan s
we e ollowing he e hical s anda ds o he ins i u ional and/o na ional
esea ch commi ee and wi h he 1964 Helsinki decla a ion and i s la e
amendmen s o compa able e hical s anda ds. E hical app o al was
aken om he e hical commi ee o pa icipa ing o ganiza ions.
Funding
The e was no unding aken o his s udy.
CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen
Mohsin Ali Soom o: W i ing – o iginal d a , Valida ion, Supe i-
sion, P ojec adminis a ion, Me hodology, In es iga ion, Fo mal anal-
ysis, Da a cu a ion, Concep ualiza ion. Ahsan Ali: So wa e, Resou ces,
Me hodology, Fo mal analysis, Da a cu a ion. A ab Hameed Memon:
W i ing – e iew & edi ing, Valida ion, Supe ision, P ojec adminis-
a ion, Me hodology, Fo mal analysis, Da a cu a ion. Shabi Hussain
M.A. Soom o e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100629
7
Khah o: W i ing – e iew & edi ing, Resou ces, P ojec adminis a ion,
Me hodology. Zubai Ahmed Memon: W i ing – e iew & edi ing,
So wa e, Resou ces, P ojec adminis a ion.
Decla a ion o compe ing in e es s
All au ho s o his s udy decla e ha hey ha e no con lic o in e es .
None o he au ho s is inancially o non- inancially in ol e wi h he
o ganiza ions being s udied in his a icle.
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho s a e hank ul o P ince Sul an Uni e si y, Riyadh, Saudi
A abia, o paying a icle p ocessing cha ges and schola ly suppo o
his publica ion. Addi ional his s udy was also pa ially suppo ed by
esea ch s a -up g an by Zhejiang Sci-Tech Uni e si y
(11212932612215).
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