S upa , Ch is oph; Yasoban , Sandul; S igi i, S ini asa Reddy; Sub amanian,
Sa a anan V.
Wo king Pape
O e coming silos o One Heal h: Key de e minan s o One
Heal h go e nance pla o ms in low- and lowe -middle-
income coun ies
IDOS Discussion Pape , No. 13/2025
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Ge man Ins i u e o De elopmen and Sus ainabili y (IDOS), Bonn
Sugges ed Ci a ion: S upa , Ch is oph; Yasoban , Sandul; S igi i, S ini asa Reddy; Sub amanian,
Sa a anan V. (2025) : O e coming silos o One Heal h: Key de e minan s o One Heal h go e nance
pla o ms in low- and lowe -middle-income coun ies, IDOS Discussion Pape , No. 13/2025, ISBN
978-3-96021-258-4, Ge man Ins i u e o De elopmen and Sus ainabili y (IDOS), Bonn,
h ps://doi.o g/10.23661/idp13.2025
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O e coming Silos o One Heal h
Key De e minan s o One Heal h Go e nance
Pla o ms in Low- and Lowe -Middle-Income
Coun ies
Ch is oph S upa
Sandul Yasoban
S ini asa S igi i
Sa a anan Sub amanian
IDOS DISCUSSION PAPER
13/2025
O e coming silos o One Heal h
Key de e minan s o One Heal h go e nance
pla o ms in low- and lowe -middle-income
coun ies
Ch is oph S upa
Sandul Yasoban
S ini asa S igi i
Sa a anan Sub amanian
Bonn 2025
D Ch is oph S upa is a P ojec Lead and Senio Resea che in he depa men “T ans o ma ion o Economic
and Social Sys ems” a he Ge man Ins i u e o De elopmen and Sus ainabili y (IDOS) in Bonn.
Email: ch is oph.s upa @idos- esea ch.de
Sandul Yasoban is Assis an P o esso a he Indian Ins i u e o Public Heal h Gandhinaga (IIPHG).
Email: yasoban @iiphg.o g
D S ini asa S igi i is a Senio Resea che in he depa men “En i onmen al Go e nance” a IDOS.
Email: s ini asa.s igi i@idos- esea ch.de
D Sa a anan Sub amanian is a Senio Resea che in he depa men “En i onmen al Go e nance” a IDOS.
Email: sa a anan.sub amanian@idos- esea ch.de
This Discussion Pape is pa o he IDOS p ojec “Fos e ing esilience h ough Heal h and Social P o ec ion
policies in imes o mul iple c ises”. Published wi h inancial suppo om he Fede al Minis y o Economic
Coope a ion and De elopmen (BMZ), based on a esolu ion o he Ge man Bundes ag. The ins i u es o he
Johannes-Rau-Fo schungsgemeinscha a e ins i u ionally unded by he s a e o NRW.
Sugges ed ci a ion:
S upa , C., Yasoban , S., S igi i, S., & Sub amanian, S. (2025). O e coming silos o One Heal h: Key de e minan s
o One Heal h go e nance pla o ms in low- and lowe -middle-income coun ies (IDOS Discussion Pape 13/2025).
Bonn: Ge man Ins i u e o De elopmen and Sus ainabili y (IDOS). h ps://doi.o g/10.23661/idp13.2025
Disclaime :
The analyses exp essed in his pape a e hose o he au ho (s) and do no necessa ily e lec he iews o
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ISSN 2751-4439 (P in )
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ISBN 978-3-96021-258-4 (P in )
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.23661/idp13.2025
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P in ed on eco- iendly, ce i ied pape .
IDOS Discussion Pape 13/2025
III
Abs ac
This s udy add esses a c i ical gap in One Heal h go e nance li e a u e by p o iding a
comp ehensi e e iew o c oss-sec o al One Heal h go e nance pla o ms in low- and lowe -
middle-income coun ies ac oss Asia and A ica. These pla o ms a e pi o al o building
esilience and imp o ing go e nance a he human–animal–en i onmen in e ace. Using a
scoping e iew me hodology, he s udy iden i ies 34 One Heal h pla o ms es ablished ac oss
52% o hese coun ies, wi h a p ima y ocus on zoono ic diseases and a g owing emphasis on
an imic obial esis ance and ood sa e y. A polycen ic go e nance lens was applied o analyse
he in e play o au ho i y, esou ces and in o ma ion in shaping pla o m unc ionali y. Key
indings highligh ha au ho i y imbalances and single-sec o dominance unde mine s akeholde
engagemen , insu icien inancial and human esou ces hinde ope a ional capaci y. Fu he -
mo e, weak da a-sha ing p o ocols limi imely coo dina ion and e idence-based decision-
making. The e iew iden i ies c i ical en y poin s o enhancing pla o m e icacy: cla i ying
go e nance amewo ks, in es ing in c oss-sec o al human capaci y-building and s eng hening
da a-sha ing in as uc u es wi h obus p o ocols and in e ope able pla o ms.
Keywo ds: One Heal h, go e nance, pla o ms, collabo a ion, LLMIC
IDOS Discussion Pape 13/2025
IV
Con en s
Abs ac
Abb e ia ions
1 In oduc ion 1
2 Coo dina ion in polycen ic One Heal h go e nance: concep ual amewo k 2
3 Scoping e iew me hods 4
4 Findings 5
4.1 O e iew o ope a ionalisa ion o One Heal h pla o ms 5
4.2 Implemen a ion achei emen s and challenges o One Heal h Go e nance pla o ms 9
5 Discussion 11
5.1 In e play be ween au ho i y, esou ces and in o ma ion 11
5.2 Key de e minan s o unc ioning One Heal h pla o ms 13
5.2.1 Cla i ying go e nance amewo ks and manda es 13
5.2.2 In es ing in c oss-sec o al capaci y-building and leade ship 14
5.2.3 De eloping o s eng hening da a and in o ma ion sha ing 14
6 Conclusion 14
Re e ences 16
Appendix 20
Table A1: De ailed cha ac e is ics o included One Heal h pla o ms 20
Figu es
Figu e 1: A ailabili y o One Heal h Pla o ms in A ica and Asia 5
Figu e 2: Numbe o pla o ms implemen ed by yea 6
Figu e 3: P io i y a eas o One Heal h Go e nance and coo dina ion pla o ms 7
Figu e 4: Key sec o s/minis ies in ol ed in One Heal h pla o ms 8
Figu e 5: Key sec o s in ol ed in One Heal h pla o ms acco ding o hei p io i y a ea 9
IDOS Discussion Pape 13/2025
V
Abb e ia ions
AMR an imic obial esis ance
IAD Ins i u ional Analysis and De elopmen
LLMICs low- and lowe -middle-income coun ies
LMICs low- and middle-income coun ies
MoU memo andum o unde s anding
OH One Heal h
IDOS Discussion Pape 13/2025
1
1 In oduc ion
The human–animal–en i onmen in e ace p esen s a numbe o public heal h challenges (e.g.
zoono ic diseases, an i-mic obial esis ance) ha canno be handled by a single sec o
(Zinss ag, Schelling, Wyss, & Mahama , 2005). One Heal h is a concep ha e e s o he
in e linkages o human, animal and en i onmen al heal h, de ined by One Heal h High-Le el
Expe Panel as an in eg a ed, uni ying app oach ha aims o sus ainably balance and op imise
he heal h o people, animals and ecosys ems. I ecognises ha he heal h o humans, domes ic
and wild animals, plan s and he wide en i onmen (including ecosys ems) a e closely linked
and in e dependen (OHHLEP [One Heal h High-Le el Expe Panel], 2021). One Heal h
emphasises collabo a ion and coo dina ion ac oss a ious sec o s and disciplines. I con ibu es
o he secu e heal h o humans, animals and he en i onmen by add essing mul iple challenges
such as in ec ious disease ou b eaks, he de elopmen o an i-mic obial esis ance, ood sa e y,
and p omo ing he heal h and in eg i y o ou ecosys em (E ecabo de e al., 2019).
The p ac ical implemen a ion o he One Heal h app oach is cen al o os e ing esilien socie ies
du ing heal h challenges. Acco ding o Blanche , Nam, Ramalingam and Pozo-Ma in (2017),
socie ies and heal h sys ems can main ain s able con ol o e hei s uc u e and unc ions while
emaining equipped o u u e heal h h ea s. This unde sco es he impo ance o a c oss-
sec o al, in eg a ed human, animal and en i onmen al heal h sys em ha can an icipa e, abso b,
eco e om and adap o heal h isks – whe he a ising om in ec ious disease ou b eaks,
clima e change o o he in e connec ed challenges.
Howe e , despi e he unanimous calls o c oss-sec o al collabo a ion as an unde lying p inciple
o One Heal h, human, animal and en i onmen al issues con inue o be go e ned unde
minis e ial silos, o en a ibu ed o poli ical economy issues, powe asymme ies and con lic ing
goals ac oss sec o s o go e nance (Nya anyi e al., 2017; Ribei o, an de Bu gwal, & Regee ,
2019). Con e gence owa ds he sus ainable implemen a ion o he One Heal h app oach is
o en complex i he o ganisa ions o agencies in ol ed in he pa ne ship ha e dis inc goals,
di e en ope a ing a eas and a need o mo e in eg a ion a ising om he in e dependencies
be ween hei goals (Alde wick, Hu chings, B iggs, & Mays, 2021).
In he pas , se e al a emp s ha e been made o o e come hese c oss-sec o al coo dina ion
challenges, pa icula ly by es ablishing a One Heal h coo dina ion mechanism, also commonly
known as One Heal h pla o ms (Fasina e al., 2022; Ghai e al., 2022).1 These pla o ms/
coo dina ion mechanisms e e o any o malised, s anding g oup ha s eng hens o de elops
collabo a ion, communica ion and coo dina ion among sec o s a he human–animal–
en i onmen in e ace. They can suppo na ional and sub-na ional au ho i ies wi h imp o ing
go e nance and coo dina ion, allow minis ies (o agencies) o in e ac egula ly o suppo
imp o ed p epa edness and esponse o One Heal h challenges, and c ea e a way o
coo dina e all One Heal h ac i i ies ac oss all ele an sec o s (WHO [Wo ld Heal h
O ganiza ion], 2019). The ope a ional modes o One Heal h pla o ms depend on he coun y’s
needs and p io i ies, and hey can include di e en mechanisms (e.g. s ee ing commi ee, in e -
sec o al coo dina ion uni , One Heal h o ice, e c.).
The scien i ic li e a u e p esen ly lacks a comp ehensi e e iew o One Heal h pla o ms om
low- and lowe -middle-income coun ies (LLMICs) (Hei z-Tokpa e al., 2024). These coun ies
o en ace a ious public heal h issues a he human–animal–en i onmen in e ace,
compounded by sca ce esou ces. This si ua ion unde sco es he necessi y o bols e ing mul i-
sec o al coo dina ion o add ess hese issues e ec i ely. I is impe a i e o explo e he c i ical
ac o s con ibu ing o he e ec i e implemen a ion o One Heal h pla o ms in hese coun ies,
al hough hey ha e no been adequa ely in es iga ed (Mwa ondo e al., 2023). This Discussion
1 We will e e o hese mechanisms as One Heal h pla o ms h oughou he pape .
IDOS Discussion Pape 13/2025
2
Pape , he e o e, aims o answe he ollowing esea ch ques ions: i) Wha is he ope a ionali-
sa ion le el o One Heal h pla o ms in LLMICs, pa icula ly when ocusing on egions in A ica
and Asia? ii) Wha a e he key de e minan s o hei unc ioning?
The ini ial ques ion is add essed h ough a comp ehensi e scoping e iew encompassing
policy-le el documen s, s a egic plans om a ious minis ies, esea ch a icles and o he
pe inen sou ces o colla e in o ma ion ac oss all LLMICs in A ica and Asia. Building on he
insigh s de i ed om his e iew, he second ques ion is explo ed h ough he analy ical lenses
o polycen ici y – based on Os om, Tiebou and Wa en’s (1961) p emise o polycen ic
go e nance – and Koon z and Ga ick’s (2019) p oposi ion on he ole o au ho i y, in o ma ion
and esou ces in de e mining he in e ac ions among ac o s in polycen ic sys ems. Al hough
decision-make s in he ele an sec o s o One Heal h in e ac wi h each o he a di e en le els
h ough a ious o mal and in o mal p ocesses, One Heal h go e nance pla o ms a e pu posi e
ins i u ional a angemen s designed o in e ac in a coo dina ed manne in o de o achie e
sha ed ou comes; he e o e, hey can be analysed by employing a polycen ic go e nance
app oach.
The es o he Discussion Pape is o ganised as ollows. Sec ion 2 de ines he key heo e ical
concep s, pa icula ly he polycen ic go e nance app oach used o analyse he e iew esul s.
Sec ion 3 desc ibes he me hods and he scope o his e iew. Sec ion 4 p esen s he indings,
including an o e iew o One Heal h go e nance and coo dina ion pla o ms in LLMICs and
he challenges aced du ing ope a ionalisa ion. Sec ion 5 discusses he key de e minan s o
he unc ioning o One Heal h pla o ms and Sec ion 6 concludes.
2 Coo dina ion in polycen ic One Heal h
go e nance: concep ual amewo k
The concep o One Heal h deals wi h he issues a ising om in e ac ions among human, animal
and ecological sys ems. As a no ma i e app oach, One Heal h s a egies aim a in eg a ing
policies o me hods o secu ing human, animal and en i onmen al heal h ha a e designed
and implemen ed wi hin o mally independen sec o s. The cha ac e is ics o he o mal
independence o he decision cen es (sec o s) in ol ed – despi e he exis ence o unc ional
in e dependencies among hei ac ions, he a ious in e ac ions hey en e in o and he
pu posi e ins i u ional a angemen s o coo dina ion among hem – ul il he c i e ia o
polycen ic sys ems, based on he de ini ion gi en by Os om e al. (1961). Wha kinds o
in e ac ions he di e en decision cen es en e in o, he choice o coo dina ion mechanisms
and hei e ec i eness in a pa icula con ex a e subjec s o an empi ical inqui y.
Analyses using a polycen ici y lens ypically examine he in e ac ions and a angemen s o
coo dina ion among decision cen es and how hese a angemen s impac go e nance
pe o mance (Thiel, 2016). The Ins i u ional Analysis and De elopmen (IAD) amewo k
(Os om, Ga dne , & Walke , 1994) is one o he mos widely used analy ical amewo ks o
ope a ionalizing he polycen ici y app oach. Schola s ha e adi ionally applied he IAD
amewo k owa ds analysing ins i u ions and go e nance in o de o p o ide public and
common goods, in ol ing he sel -o ganisa ion o communi ies o manage hei na u al
esou ces. These analyses p edominan ly ocus on single-ac ion si ua ions and use a ious
me hods such as case s udies, expe imen s and modelling (Kimmich, 2013; Po ee e, Janssen,
& Os om, 2010). Enhancemen s o he IAD amewo k, which inco po a e adjacen ac ion
si ua ions (McGinnis, 2011), ha e enabled he analysis o in e ac ions ac oss ne wo ked ac ion
si ua ions ha a e in ol ed in p oducing mul iple in e linked public goods. This is pa icula ly
ele an in ligh o he g owing demands o imp o ed coo dina ion ac oss nume ous sec o s in
deli e ing public goods, whe eby ac i i ies in one domain can posi i ely o nega i ely in luence
IDOS Discussion Pape 13/2025
9
Figu e 5: Key sec o s in ol ed in One Heal h pla o ms acco ding o hei p io i y a ea
No es: O he sec o s e e o cul u e, ou ism, social a ai s, land eclama ion, ade, de elopmen , ood.
Sou ce: Au ho s
4.2 Implemen a ion achie emen s and challenges o One
Heal h go e nance pla o ms
Ou analysis o One Heal h pla o ms in LLMICs has iden i ied achie emen s and challenges
ha suppo ed o impeded e ec i e unc ioning. The subsequen sec ions p o ide an in-dep h
discussion o such achie emen s and challenges linked o he h ee key ac o s o polycen ic
go e nance iden i ied by Koon z and Ga ick (2019): au ho i y, in o ma ion and esou ces.
Comp ehensi e de ails o each pla o m, he summa ised achie emen and he challenges a e
included in Table A1 in he Appendix. The Appendix includes all iden i ied documen s (e.g.
epo s, esea ch a icles, s a egies) ha p o ide in o ma ion abou he pla o ms and de ail
hei implemen a ion ou comes and challenges.
Au ho i y
The dis ibu ion and de olu ion o au ho i y a e pi o al in de ining leade ship oles, accoun abili y
and owne ship wi hin One Heal h pla o ms. The e ec i e egula ion o au ho i y can mi iga e
powe s uggles and ensu e a sha ed sense o owne ship and esponsibili y among all
pa icipa ing sec o s. Coun ies such as Kenya and Nepal ha e encoun e ed signi ican issues
in implemen ing hei coo dina ion mechanisms due o leade ship challenges, limi ed coo di-
na ed e o s among s akeholde s and an absence o necessa y policies o in e -sec o al
collabo a ion (Acha ya, Ka ki, Sh es ha, & Kaphle, 2019; Kimani e al., 2019). The unc ioning
o One Heal h pla o ms is no ably educed when hey a e pe cei ed o be led by a single minis y
such as heal h, ag icul u e o animal husband y a he han being a genuinely collabo a i e,
mul isec o al endea ou (Asaaga e al., 2021; Be he e al., 2018; Waswa e al., 2024).
Add essing he powe dynamics and os e ing a sha ed sense o owne ship and esponsibili y
among all pa icipa ing sec o s is essen ial o enhancing he e ec i eness and sus ainabili y o
pla o ms. To imp o e mul isec o al coo dina ion, dedica ed leade ship mus balance such
powe dynamics among a ious sec o s and ins i u ions (Agbo e al., 2019; Hei z-Tokpa e al.,
2024). Fo example, as demons a ed in he cases o Rwanda and Tanzania, es ablishing a
IDOS Discussion Pape 13/2025
10
o mal posi ion o he One Heal h go e nance pla o m wi hin he go e nmen hie a chy was an
essen ial s ep (Igihozo e al., 2022; Ki ua e al., 2019). This was accomplished h ough legisla i e
manda es ha clea ly de ine he pla o m’s oles, esponsibili ies and au ho i y, ensu ing i s
ecogni ion as an essen ial componen o he o e all na ional heal h go e nance amewo k.
In o ma ion
Es ablishing s ingen and anspa en p o ocols o in o ma ion exchange is undamen al o
success ul One Heal h pla o m implemen a ion, highligh ing he essen ial ole o in o ma ion in
enhancing coo dina ion and collabo a ion among a ious sec o s (USAID [US Agency o
In e na ional De elopmen ], 2018; WHO, 2019). In coun ies such as Uganda, India and Nepal,
he absence o es ablished p o ocols o in o ma ion exchange is e iden (Acha ya e al., 2019;
Asaaga e al., 2021; Bu egyeya e al., 2020). In se e al coun ies, egula in o ma ion-sha ing
does no occu ou inely, including he sha ing o ou b eak in es iga ion epo s be ween human
and animal heal h sec o s (Lagayan, 2020). Signi ican challenges ha e been iden i ied,
including he di icul y in eaching a consensus on p e-es ablished ules o in o ma ion-sha ing
a he ope a ional le el, which o en highligh s he limi a ions o a igid op-down app oach
(Igihozo e al., 2022). Addi ional obs acles include a lack o ounda ional mu ual us , a ying
o ganisa ional p io i ies, and egula o y and legal ba ie s o in o ma ion-sha ing (Tang-
wang i a e al., 2019). Mo eo e , di e ences in o ganisa ional cul u es ac oss sec o s u he
complica e he ealisa ion o in o ma ion exchange (Asaaga e al., 2021). This can lead o
ambigui y in de ining oles and esponsibili ies, subsequen ly impac ing he execu ion o One
Heal h pla o ms.
A u he common issue documen ed ac oss nume ous One Heal h pla o ms pe ains o he
di icul ies expe ienced in communica ion among he a ious in ol ed sec o s (Fasina e al.,
2021). Coun ies such as Kenya, E hiopia, Rwanda, Came oon, Uganda, he Philippines, India
and Bhu an ha e epo ed encoun e ing subs an ial obs acles in es ablishing e ec i e c oss-
sec o al communica ion (Asaaga e al., 2021; Bu egyeya e al., 2020; E kyihun, Ga i, Edao, &
Kassa, 2022; Fossouo & Mouliom, 2024; Igihozo e al., 2022; Kimani e al., 2019; Lagayan,
2020). This indica es a c i ical need o enhanced communica ion s a egies and p ac ices ha
can b idge gaps, align in e es s and p omo e cohesi e ac ion among he a ious s akeholde s
in ol ed in One Heal h pla o ms.
Resou ces
The alloca ion and a ailabili y o inancial esou ces a e c ucial o he unc ioning o One Heal h
pla o ms. Add essing he inadequacy o unding and in as uc u e equi es e ec i e
mobilisa ion and alloca ion o esou ces, unde sco ing he signi icance o esou ce dis ibu ion
in ope a ionalising and execu ing One Heal h ini ia i es.
A no able challenge in many coun ies is he inadequacy o unding, pa icula ly he lack o
dedica ed unds o One Heal h ini ia i es, which poses signi ican di icul ies in ope a ionalising
and execu ing a ious ac i i ies, including One Heal h pla o ms (Agbo e al., 2019; Isoda, 2019;
Lagayan, 2020). This issue o insu icien and unsus ainable unding is p e alen in A ican
coun ies (including he ECOWAS egion) such as Rwanda, Uganda, E hiopia and Came oon
(E kyihun e al., 2022; Fossouo & Mouliom, 2024; Igihozo e al., 2022; Lokossou e al., 2021;
Waswa e al., 2024) and Asian coun ies such as Nepal (Acha ya e al., 2019). One can
obse e ha unding o zoono ic diseases signi ican ly exceeds he amoun alloca ed o o he
p io i y a eas, such as AMR, wi h cu en in es men le els in AMR being app oxima ely 10
imes lowe (A ica CDC, 2024). This disc epancy indica es a disease-d i en app oach in
unding alloca ion, impac ing he e ec i eness o One Heal h pla o ms, which ocuses on
AMR.
IDOS Discussion Pape 13/2025
11
Mo eo e , beyond he inancial aspec s, he inadequacy o esou ces, such as echnical
capaci y and labo a o y in as uc u e, u he compounds hese challenges. In coun ies such
as Kenya, Guinea and Egyp , he ine ec i e mobilisa ion and alloca ion o esou ces be ween
sec o s ha e been iden i ied as signi ican impedimen s (Allal e al., 2019; Kimani e al., 2019;
S andley e al., 2019). This esou ce limi a ion es ic s he abili y o conduc join esponse
ac i i ies and impac s he o e all ope a ional e ec i eness o he One Heal h pla o ms.
The e o e, he lack o sus ainable unding and adequa e in as uc u e eme ges as a c i ical
ba ie o he success ul implemen a ion and long- e m iabili y o One Heal h ini ia i es.
Challenges associa ed wi h human esou ces – including skill gaps in c oss-sec o coope a ion
and One Heal h knowledge – a e signi ican in many coun ies and highligh he need o he
adequa e alloca ion and de elopmen o human esou ces. Coun ies in A ica, such as Kenya,
Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania and Egyp (Allal e al., 2019; Kimani e al., 2019; Ki ua e al., 2019;
Waswa e al., 2024), as well as Asian coun ies, including Bangladesh, Nepal and Vie nam
(Acha ya e al., 2019; Ahmed, Nahe , Tune, & Islam, 2022; Bo die e al., 2018), ha e epo ed
human esou ce- ela ed challenges as signi ican obs acles in he deploymen and unc ioning
o hei One Heal h pla o ms. P edominan ly, he la ges challenge lies no jus in he a ailabili y
o skilled pe sonnel, bu mo e c i ically in he knowledge and skills o how o os e e ec i e
c oss-sec o al coope a ion wi hin One Heal h pla o ms (Lagayan, 2020; Lokossou e al., 2021).
Fu he key issues equen ly iden i ied in ela ion o human esou ces include he high u no e
o senio -le el s a , a lack o he necessa y pe sonnel and inadequa e alloca ion o s a
esou ces (Ahmed e al., 2022). Gi en ha he success o One Heal h pla o ms is inhe en ly
linked o c oss-sec o al collabo a ion, he capabili y o human esou ces becomes a pi o al
ac o . A lack o unde s anding o he co e p inciples o One Heal h among s a can lead o
de icien coo dina ion, communica ion and collabo a ion be ween di e en sec o s (Wo ld Bank,
2012). This, in u n, can signi ican ly impede he in eg a ion and e ec i e implemen a ion.
5 Discussion
5.1 In e play be ween au ho i y, esou ces and in o ma ion
The in e play be ween au ho i y, esou ces and in o ma ion eme ges as a c i ical ac o
in luencing he unc ioning o One Heal h pla o ms. Based on he scoping e iew o exis ing
One Heal h pla o ms and hei challenges du ing ope a ionalisa ion, a holis ic app oach ha
e ec i ely in eg a es hese h ee elemen s is essen ial o imp o ing coo dina ion. The indings
showed ha One Heal h pla o ms ha e been implemen ed in 52% o LLMICs in A ica and Asia,
wi h Asia leading ea ly adop ion. Key challenges include weak c oss-sec o al in o ma ion-
sha ing p o ocols and esou ce cons ain s such as inadequa e unding and skilled pe sonnel.
Challenges wi h au ho i y in One Heal h pla o ms s em om powe imbalances and single-
minis y dominance. The ollowing discussion examines he in e play be ween au ho i y,
esou ces and in o ma ion, iden i ying he key de e minan s necessa y o o e come ba ie s and
enhance he unc ioning o One Heal h pla o ms.
Au ho i y and i s implica ions
Sec o al ac o s need clea manda es ha au ho ise hem o pa icipa e in he p ocesses o
making decisions abou p io i ising ac ions and alloca ing esou ces o di e en ac ions among
o he s. To which sec o s he highe -le el cen al cons i u ional au ho i y g an s p ecedence o
lead he p ocesses o coo dina ion depends on he socio-economic de elopmen le el o he
coun y and he mos imminen isks i aces. The p io i isa ion o One Heal h s a egies u he
depends on which sec o is manda ed wi h leading he mechanisms and which sec o s a e
subo dina ed. A clea and equi able dis ibu ion o au ho i y among sec o s can os e an
IDOS Discussion Pape 13/2025
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inclusi e en i onmen in which all sec o s eel alued and accoun able. Howe e , i au ho i y is
une enly dis ibu ed o concen a ed wi hin a single minis y o sec o , i can lead o powe
s uggles, diminished s akeholde engagemen and ine ec i e coo dina ion. Au ho i y also
in luences esou ce alloca ion and in o ma ion low. When au ho i y s uc u es a e ambiguous,
he mobilisa ion o inancial and human esou ces becomes subop imal, and in o ma ion-sha ing
p o ocols a e no s anda dised.
Es ablishing an ins i u ional o legal amewo k, such as legisla i e manda es o memo anda o
unde s anding, can s eng hen au ho i y by p o iding clea guidelines on go e nance and
ope a ions (Agbo e al., 2019). This cla i y helps p e en ole ambigui y and o e laps ha could
hinde collabo a ion. Fo example, coun ies such as Rwanda and Tanzania ha e demons a ed
success by legally embedding hei One Heal h pla o ms in o na ional go e nance sys ems.
These pla o ms bene i om legisla i e backing ha manda es in e sec o al collabo a ion and
o mally ecognises hei oles wi hin he b oade heal h go e nance ecosys em (Igihozo e al.,
2022; Ki ua e al., 2019). Uganda p o ides ano he example o ensu ing equi able powe -sha ing
among s akeholde s. The coun y employs a o a ing coo dina ion sys em o i s One Heal h
pla o m, whe ein each sec o akes u ns leading he pla o m o a speci ied pe iod (Agbo e
al., 2019). This app oach p omo es inclusi i y and ensu es ha no single sec o domina es he
decision-making p ocess. By o a ing leade ship esponsibili ies, Uganda has empowe ed
indi idual minis ies and enhanced mu ual unde s anding among s akeholde s. This model
demons a es how lexible au ho i y s uc u es can balance powe dynamics, which can
po en ially enable e ec i e c oss-sec o al coo dina ion.
Resou ces as an enable
Resou ces, mainly inancial and human esou ces, a e indispensable o ope a ionalising One
Heal h pla o ms and subsequen One Heal h ac i i ies. Howe e , he a ailabili y and alloca ion
o hese esou ces a e o en con ingen upon he au ho i y s uc u es in place. Pla o ms wi h
s ong legal and ins i u ional au ho i y a e be e posi ioned o secu e unding om bo h domes ic
and in e na ional sou ces (Lagayan, 2020; Lokossou e al., 2021). Fo example, Thailand has
demons a ed ha i has legal and ins i u ional au ho i y and can sus ainably und i s One Heal h
pla o m, bu i is being classi ied as an uppe -middle-income coun y (Tangwang i a e al.,
2024; Sommanus weechai e al., 2017). Al hough cla i y in au ho i y s uc u es may help a oid
con usion abou oles and esponsibili ies, clea ly manda ed au ho i ies alone a e no su icien
o gua an ee he e ec i e implemen a ion o One Heal h pla o ms. The assignmen o au ho i y
needs o be accompanied by he commensu a e alloca ion o esou ces. Pe sis en powe
imbalances among sec o s o en unde mine he ai dis ibu ion o esou ces among hem. The
in e play be ween esou ces and in o ma ion is also signi ican . Adequa e unding enables he
es ablishmen o obus in o ma ion-sha ing sys ems, such as cen alised da a eposi o ies,
coo dina ed c oss-sec o al su eillance and ou b eak moni o ing ne wo ks (E ecabo de e al.,
2019). These sys ems acili a e imely and accu a e da a exchange, which is c i ical o
coo dina ed decision-making du ing eme gencies. Fo ins ance, in coun ies whe e One Heal h
pla o ms ecei e consis en unding, he e is o en a highe deg ee o in eg a ion be ween
human, animal and en i onmen al heal h sec o s, leading o mo e e ec i e esponses o
zoono ic disease ou b eaks (Zinss ag e al., 2023).
Equally c i ical is he in es men in human esou ce capaci y, as he success o One Heal h
pla o ms is hea ily dependen on he skills and knowledge o hei membe s (Sulli an e al.,
2023). Capaci y-building ini ia i es should ocus on c oss-sec o al collabo a ion, con lic
managemen and leade ship skills o enhance he pla o m’s ope a ional e iciency. T aining
p og ammes ailo ed o add ess hese needs a e essen ial, pa icula ly o sec o s wi h limi ed
exposu e o c oss-sec o al managemen and leade ship p ac ices (E ecabo de e al., 2019).
Gi en he in ol emen o mul iple sec o s, a ge ed con lic - esolu ion aining can help mi iga e
IDOS Discussion Pape 13/2025
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po en ial challenges a ising om di e ing o ganisa ional cul u es and p io i ies ac oss he
di e en One Heal h sec o s.
Resou ce cons ain s, whe he inancial, echnical o human, can c ea e cascading challenges
in au ho i y and in o ma ion. Fo example, limi ed unding may es ic he de elopmen o
essen ial in as uc u e, such as da a-sha ing pla o ms, while low human esou ce capaci ies
can impai he execu ion o coo dina ed esponses o One Heal h pla o ms. This unde sco es
he need o sus ainable inancing models, including domes ic go e nmen unding, ensu ing
sho - e m unc ionali y and long- e m esilience.
In o ma ion as he glue o coo dina ion
In o ma ion ac s as he glue ha binds he ac o s o au ho i y and esou ces oge he . Wi hou
accu a e, imely and anspa en in o ma ion, e en he mos well- unded and mos equi ably
managed pla o ms can ail due o a lack o e ec i e coo dina ion. Es ablishing s anda dised
in o ma ion-sha ing p o ocols is he e o e c i ical o os e ing us and collabo a ion among
sec o s. In p ac ice, he low o in o ma ion wi hin One Heal h pla o ms is o en hinde ed by
legal, cul u al and echnical ba ie s (Asaaga e al., 2021; Fasina e al., 2021). Fo example,
egula o y es ic ions on da a-sha ing be ween sec o s can delay c i ical decision-making
du ing eme gencies (Hei z-Tokpa e al., 2024). Simila ly, di e ences in o ganisa ional p io i ies
and communica ion s yles can c ea e misunde s andings and con lic (Kimani e al., 2019;
Tangwang i a e al., 2019). Add essing hese challenges equi es clea s uc u es ha
equi ably dis ibu e au ho i y ac oss he One Heal h sec o s o ensu e compliance and os e
collabo a ion, alongside adequa e esou ces o de elop and main ain obus in o ma ion
sys ems. The ole o in o ma ion in b idging au ho i y and esou ces becomes pa icula ly
e iden du ing heal h c ises. Du ing a zoono ic disease ou b eak, o ins ance, imely da a-
sha ing be ween human, animal and en i onmen al sec o s can enable ea ly de ec ion and
esponse, sa ing li es and esou ces (Kelly e al., 2020).
5.2 Key de e minan s o he unc ioning o One Heal h
pla o ms
All h ee ac o s – au ho i y, esou ces and in o ma ion – a e closely in e linked, making i
challenging o designa e any single elemen as pa amoun . Au ho i y o ms he ounda ion o
go e nance s uc u es and in o ms esou ce alloca ion, while esou ces enable he p ac ical
implemen a ion o asks, including e ec i e in o ma ion-sha ing mechanisms. Su icien inancial
and human esou ces, combined wi h well-es ablished au ho i y, hen acili a e obus da a-
sha ing p o ocols and in as uc u e o suppo in o ma ion low. Consequen ly, he in e play
among hese h ee componen s, a he han eliance on any single de e minan , ensu es he
unc ioning o One Heal h pla o ms. Howe e , policy-make s and s akeholde s can le e age
speci ic key en y poin s o apidly imp o e pla o m unc ionali y.
5.2.1 Cla i ying go e nance amewo ks and manda es
Clea ly de ined manda es, anspa en esponsibili ies and in eg a ed accoun abili y measu es
educe o e laps, minimise po en ial con lic s and p o ide a legal ounda ion o in e sec o al
collabo a ion. Ini ially, his amewo k does no need o be a o mal legal documen ; howe e ,
ce ain aspec s may equi e legal o malisa ion o ensu e obus implemen a ion. Key o his is
he explici de ailing o a memo andum o unde s anding ha includes he composi ion and
o ma ion o he pla o m’s s ee ing g oup, i s membe s and hei espec i e unc ions ( egula o y
and inancing mechanisms). Adop ing a op-down app oach can help b ing cla i y du ing One
Heal h pla o m implemen a ion. De ining p ecise oles, esponsibili ies and unc ions o each
IDOS Discussion Pape 13/2025
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sec o and s akeholde is essen ial, and his p ocess can be guided by a highe -le el au ho i y
such as he p esiden ial o ice o a c oss-minis e ial s ee ing commi ee. A clea delinea ion o
hese oles enhances s akeholde unde s anding, leading o mo e e ec i e communica ion and
collabo a ion ac oss sec o s.
5.2.2 In es ing in c oss-sec o al capaci y-building and leade ship
A key en y poin is he human esou ce s a egy: de e mining whe he o u ilise exis ing s a ,
ec ui new pe sonnel, o ain exis ing s a and a wha le el. T aining should ocus on e ec i e
c oss-sec o al coope a ion wi hin One Heal h pla o ms, con lic managemen and leade ship
skills. Since con lic s a e mo e likely o a ise wi h he in ol emen o mul iple sec o s, minimising
hem h ough a ge ed aining becomes essen ial. I is impo an o ecognise ha no all sec o s
in ol ed in he One Heal h pla o ms may ha e p io exposu e o managemen and leade ship
aining. The e o e, a ge ed aining ini ia i es should be emphasised o ensu e ha all pla o m
pa icipan s ully comp ehend and can enac he collabo a i e e hos o he One Heal h app oach.
Es ablishing p o essional exchanges o o a ional leade ship oles ac oss minis ies can os e
mu ual unde s anding and b eak down ins i u ional silos. Leade ship de elopmen ac i i ies ha
include con lic esolu ion, communica ion s a egies and sys ems hinking u he ensu e ha
di e se pe spec i es a e in eg a ed in o decision-making p ocesses.
5.2.3 De eloping o s eng hening da a and in o ma ion-sha ing
Robus da a collec ion, p ocessing and exchange sys ems enable eal- ime su eillance, ea ly
de ec ion and e idence-based decision-making. The adop ion o in e ope able pla o ms,
s anda dised da a o ma s and secu e cloud-based eposi o ies can imp o e he accu acy and
imeliness o sha ed in o ma ion (OHHLEP e al., 2023). Clea guidelines on da a go e nance
ha includes p i acy egula ions and in ellec ual p ope y conside a ions bols e us among
s akeholde s (Me cu i & Eme son, 2024). Such in as uc u es and p o ocols allow ele an
minis ies and agencies o in eg a e su eillance e o s and apidly mobilise coo dina ed
esponses o eme ging heal h h ea s.
6 Conclusion
This scoping e iew unde sco es he g owing ecogni ion o One Heal h pla o ms as essen ial
coo dina ion mechanisms in LLMICs, pa icula ly in A ica and Asia. Al hough mo e han hal o
hese coun ies ha e implemen ed a leas one such pla o m, a clea emphasis on zoono ic
diseases emains dominan , e lec ing bo h he u gency and he disease-d i en unding p io i ies
wi hin many public heal h sys ems. A he same ime, AMR and ood sa e y conce ns g adually
gain isibili y, sugges ing a ajec o y owa ds mo e comp ehensi e One Heal h go e nance.
The analy ical lens o polycen ic go e nance p o ided a s uc u ed amewo k o examining
he unc ioning o One Heal h pla o ms. By ocusing on he key ac o s – au ho i y, esou ces
and in o ma ion – he e iew shows he mul iple in e ac ions ha can ei he enhance o
unde mine c oss-sec o al collabo a ion. I highligh s key en y poin s o imp o ing pla o m
unc ionali y. Resul s show ha ambiguous o une enly dis ibu ed au ho i y equen ly esul s
in powe asymme ies, diminishing s akeholde engagemen . Limi ed inancial and human
esou ces u he es ic pla o m unc ionali y and unde mine c oss-sec o al collabo a ions. The
absence o s anda dised in o ma ion-sha ing p o ocols also eme ges as a ecu ing obs acle,
hinde ing he imely exchange o c i ical da a and cons aining e idence-based decision-making.
Despi e hese hu dles, he expe iences o coun ies such as Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda
illus a e ha well-designed ins i u ional a angemen s – backed by legisla ion, o a ing
IDOS Discussion Pape 13/2025
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leade ship o obus memo anda o unde s anding – can pa e he way o mo e equi able
go e nance and collabo a i e momen um. Success, he e o e, depends on cla i ying
go e nance amewo ks and manda es, sus ainable inancing, in es ing in capaci y-building and
leade ship de elopmen , and s eng hening da a-sha ing in as uc u es. Fu u e esea ch
should e alua e how hese pla o ms unc ion o e ime, pa icula ly as coun ies seek o
add ess newe challenges, such as he impac s o clima e change on heal h. Sys ema ically
in eg a ing ac o s o au ho i y, esou ces and in o ma ion o imp o e c oss-sec o al coo dina ion
can enhance he esilience o One Heal h pla o ms, he eby ad ancing bo h human and animal
heal h while sa egua ding en i onmen al in eg i y.
IDOS Discussion Pape 13/2025
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Heal h Ou look, 5(1), 8.
S .
No.
Name o
pla o m
Imple-
men a-
ion yea
Geo-
g aph-
ical a ea
P io i y
a ea
Minis ies in ol ed
/ Key o ganisa ions
Achie emen s Challenges Online link o
s udy/pape
10. Na ional
One Heal h
S ee ing
Commi ee
(NOHSC)
2016 E hio-
pia
Zoono ic
diseases
MOH, MOA, EWCA,
MCT and uni e -
si ies such as Addis
Ababa, Jimma and
Mekelle
● P io i isa ion o zoono ic diseases
based on hei impac on humans
and li es ock
● The de elopmen o p e en ion
and con ol wo king documen s
o p io i ised zoono ic diseases
● Join disease su eillance and
ou b eak in es iga ion
● P io i isa ion o zoono ic diseases
● Capaci y-building
● O he OH p omo ions
● Poo in eg a ion among sec o s in da a-sha ing and
communica ion
● Ins i u ionalisa ion o OH
● Lack o con inuous ad ocacy among he communi y
● Lack o inancial unds om he go e nmen
● Limi ed esea ch und
h ps://www.ncbi.nlm.
nih.go /pmc/a icles/
PMC9023113/
11. Na ional
One Heal h
Pla o m
2018 Mali Disease
ou b eaks
o pandemic
po en ial,
AMR
Minis y o Heal h
Minis ies o Li es ock
Minis y o
En i onmen
Minis y o Ag icul u e
● The pla o m has a Na ional
S a egic Plan
● Mul isec o al ac i i ies and
implemen a ion: Holding 22
mon hly mee ings, holding he
p epa a o y wo kshop o he
s ee ing commi ee
● T aining module alida ion
ac i i y: Na ional wo kshop o
p io i ise zoonoses ( i e p io i y
zoonoses in Mali)
● 33 ocal poin s and depu ies
● Es ablishmen o egional
pla o ms
● Na ional S a egic Plan o igh
agains an imic obial esis ance
● T aining o aine s
● Insu icien unding o he o malisa ion o he pla o m h ps://cgspace.cgia .
o g/bi s eam/handle/
10568/129686/onehe
al h_wes a ica.pd ?s
equence
h ps:// elie web.in / ep
o /mali/mali-na ional-
ac ion-plan-an imic o
bial- esis ance- e iew-
p og ess-human-
heal h-sec o #:~: ex =
The%20Minis y%20o
%20Heal h%20and%2
0Social%20A ai s%20
ecen ly%20es ablishe
d%20a,dedica ed%20
o%20AMR%20(2).
h ps://ml.usembassy
.go /launch-o -one-
heal h-pla e o m-in-
mali/
S .
No.
Name o
pla o m
Imple-
men a-
ion yea
Geo-
g aph-
ical a ea
P io i y
a ea
Minis ies in ol ed
/ Key o ganisa ions
Achie emen s Challenges Online link o
s udy/pape
12. Na ional
One Heal h
Pla o m
2017 Sene-
gal
Zoono ic
disease
Minis y o Heal h
Minis y o Li es ock
and Animal
P oduc ion
Minis y o
En i onmen
● Regionalisa ion o he OH
app oach
● Simula ion exe cises o nuclea ,
adiological, chemical and
biological isks
● T aining/ awa eness- aising ki s
o schools
● S eng hening he ins i u ional amewo k o he High
Na ional Council o Heal h Secu i y
● OH, communi y owne ship, ope a ional esea ch
h ps://cgspace.cgia .
o g/bi s eam/handle/
10568/129686/onehe
al h_wes a ica.pd ?s
equence
h ps://www.measu ee
alua ion.o g/ esou ce
s/publica ions/ -18-
255/a _download/docu
men
h ps://www.ajol.in o/i
ndex.php/j sul/a icle/
iew/184545
13. Na ional
One Heal h
Pla o m
2020 Cô e
d’I oi e
Zoono ic
diseases
Minis y o Heal h
Minis y o Animal
Resou ces and
Fishe ies
Minis y o Ag icul u e
and Ru al De elop-
men
Minis y o En i on-
men and Sus ainable
De elopmen
● De elopmen o na ional
e e ence documen s: D a ing o
egula o y ex s
● Capaci y-building / exis ence o
s uden club in uni e si ies /
ansdisciplina y esea ch /
mul isec o al collabo a ion /
p io i isa ion o zoonoses / join
in es iga ions
Ad oca ing o he:
● Engagemen o all s akeholde s
● Ope a ionalisa ion o he pla o m / mobilisa ion o
esou ces
h ps://cgspace.cgia .
o g/bi s eam/handle/
10568/129686/onehe
al h_wes a ica.pd ?s
equence
14. Na ional
One Heal h
Pla o m
2014 Cam-
e oon
Zoono ic
diseases
Minis y o Li es ock,
Fishe ies and Animal
Husband ies
Minis y o Public
Heal h
Minis y o Fo es and
Wildli e
Minis y o En i on-
men and P o ec ion
o Na u e
● P e en ion and mi iga ion
● P io i isa ion o zoono ic diseases
● Risk assessmen
● Epidemiological su eillance
● P epa edness plans and
p ocedu es
● T aining simula ion exe cises
● Insu icien owne ship o he OH app oach by ce ain
sec o s, weak sensi isa ion o he p i a e sec o and ci il
socie y and insu icien esou ces o ca y ou ac i i ies o
p omo e he app oach
● Sus ainable inancing
● No ocusing on o he public heal h issues
h ps://www.a o.who.
in /si es/de aul / iles/2
018-02/Repo %20o
%20 he%20One%20
Heal h%20Technical
%20and%20Minis e i
al%20Mee ing%20--
%20Daka _.pd
h ps://www.woah.o g
/app/uploads/2023/04
/jm- eussom.pd
S .
No.
Name o
pla o m
Imple-
men a-
ion yea
Geo-
g aph-
ical a ea
P io i y
a ea
Minis ies in ol ed
/ Key o ganisa ions
Achie emen s Challenges Online link o
s udy/pape
h ps://www.sciencedi
ec .com/science/a i
cle/pii/S23527714240
00648
h ps://oneheal hbeha
io s.o g/coun ies/ca
me oon-2/# oggle-id-
2-closed
15. Na ional
One Heal h
Coo dina-
ion
Mechanism
(MCM)
2017 Egyp Zoono ic
diseases
Minis y o Heal h and
Popula ion (MoHP)
Minis y o Ag icul u e
and Land
Reclama ion (MoALR)
● Imp o e in o ma ion and da a-
sha ing, knowledge ans e and
collabo a ion be ween all sec o s,
he eby inc easing e iciency in
he use o esou ces
● De eloping cen es o excellence
o educa ion and aining in
speci ic a eas h ough enhanced
collabo a ion among colleges o
e e ina y medicine and human
medicine
● Capaci y-building
● Iden i ica ion o c i ical OH wo k o ce sho ages in all
sec o s and he de elopmen o solu ions in collabo a ion
wi h key s akeholde s
● Necessa y in as uc u e and esou ces
● Key leade ship o emb ace he concep o OH, o ob ain
buy-in om he human, animal and en i onmen heal h
sec o s and o he ele an pa ne s
● Di e ences in o ganisa ional cul u es and compe ing
p io i ies
● Lack o equi able esou ces
● Lack o communica ion and ad ocacy plan
● Lack o suppo om a ious s akeholde s
Allal e al. (2019)
16. Mul isec o-
al echni-
cal wo king
g oup
(AMR
pla o m)
2011 Ghana AMR Minis y o Heal h
Minis y o Food and
Ag icul u e
Minis y o Fishe ies
and Aquacul u e
De elopmen
Minis y o En i on-
men , Science,
Technology and
Inno a ion
AMR pla o m membe s’ ac ions
esul ed in h ee ema kable
ou comes:
● (1) Main ained ne wo k o AMR
champions
● (2) Design and launch o a
na ional policy on an imic obial
use esis ance in Ghana (1s
edi ion) and i s accompanying
NAP (2017-2021)
●
(3) Ghana’s hos ing o he second
global call o ac ion on AMR
● AMR pla o m as a policy com-
muni y loa ed ideas and solu
ions
on s a egies o imp o e AMR
N/A h ps://link.sp inge .c
om/a icle/10.1186/s4
2522-021-00051-
w#MOESM3
S .
No.
Name o
pla o m
Imple-
men a-
ion yea
Geo-
g aph-
ical a ea
P io i y
a ea
Minis ies in ol ed
/ Key o ganisa ions
Achie emen s Challenges Online link o
s udy/pape
awa eness, s eng hen
knowledge and e idence base,
educe incidence o in ec ion,
op imise he use o an imic obial
agen s and de elop an economic
case o sus ainable in es men s
in new medicines, diagnos ic
ools and o he in e en ions
17. Na ional
One Heal h
Technical
Commi ee
2023 Nige ia Zoono ic
diseases
Minis y o Heal h
Minis y o Ag icul u e
and Ru al
De elopmen
Minis y o
En i onmen
N/A N/A h ps://gphih . ghn.o g/
news/inaugu a ion-
nige ia-na ional-one-
heal h- echnical-
commi ee/
h ps://ncdc.go .ng/nc
dc.go .ng/news/503/ni
ge ia-holds-i s-
na ional-one-heal h-
s ee ing-commi ee-
inaugu al-mee ing
h ps://oneheal hbeha
io s.o g/wp-con en /
uploads/2022/09/Nige
ia_One_Heal h_S a e
gy_2019-2023.pd
18. Na ional
One Heal h
Pla o m
2011 DR
Congo
Zoono ic
diseases
Food
secu i y
AMR
Minis y o Highe
Educa ion
Minis y o Ag icul u e
Minis y o Fishe ies
and Li es ock
Minis y o In e io ,
Decen aliza ion,
Secu i y and
Cus oma y A ai s
Minis y o Heal h,
Hygiene and
P e en ion
● De elopmen o Na ional One
Heal h S a egy (2022-2026)
● De elopmen o go e nance
manuals and in e nal egula ions
● De eloped OH aining modules
o in-se ice p o essionals and
p e-se ice s uden s
● In eg a ed OH compe encies in o
cu icula a some uni e si ies
● Es ablished p o incial OH
pla o ms in 12 p o inces
● Despi e high-le el ecogni ion, p ac ical suppo and
unding om he go e nmen emain insu icien
● Lack o owne ship and eliance on ex e nal dono s
unde mine sus ainabili y
● Leade ship con lic s be ween minis ies, pa icula ly he
Minis y o Heal h and he Minis y o Highe Educa ion,
c ea e coo dina ion challenges
● Limi ed in eg a ion o OH ac i i ies in o he na ional
budge
● High u no e o ained pe sonnel a p o incial and
e i o ial le els dis up s con inui y
h ps://www.sciencedi
ec .com/science/a i
cle/pii/S23527714240
0260X
S .
No.
Name o
pla o m
Imple-
men a-
ion yea
Geo-
g aph-
ical a ea
P io i y
a ea
Minis ies in ol ed
/ Key o ganisa ions
Achie emen s Challenges Online link o
s udy/pape
Minis y o P ima y,
Seconda y and
Voca ional Educa ion
Minis y o Media and
Communica ion
Minis y o
En i onmen and
Sus ainable
De elopmen
Minis y o Social
A ai s
Minis y o Scien i ic
Resea ch and
Technological
Inno a ion
● Conduc ed sensi isa ion
wo kshops and aining o
p o incial s akeholde s
● Coo dina ed esponses o
ou b eaks, including Mpox and
abies
● De eloped na ional plans o
abies elimina ion (2022-2033)
and isk communica ion o
zoono ic diseases
● Published qua e ly OH
newsle e s o aise awa eness
and epo ac i i ies
● Lack o adequa e in as uc u e and esou ces o da a
collec ion and sha ing ac oss human, animal and
en i onmen al heal h sec o s
● P o incial OH pla o ms a e dependen on dono
suppo , lea ing some egions wi hou ope a ional
pla o ms
19. Na ional
One Heal h
Pla o m
2019 Bu kina
Faso
Zoono ic
disease
Minis y o Heal h
(MOH)
Minis y o Animal
Resou ces and
Fishe ies (MARF)
Minis y o he
En i onmen , G een
Economy and Clima e
Change (MEGECC)
● Implemen a ion o pla o m has
imp o ed collabo a ion be ween
he di e en sec o s, ei he by
o malising wha al eady exis ed
o by c ea ing a amewo k o
consul a ion ha is conduci e o
new in e ac ions
● Chai manship posi ions o he
a ious bodies is dis ibu ed
among he di e en sec o s and
ins i u ions
● Pe manen sec e a ia o he OH pla o m wi hin he
Minis y o Heal h, o which zoono ic diseases a e no a
p io i y
● Lack o in o ma ion-sha ing, h ough he issuing o a
S a egic Plan a minis e ial le el and h ough he miss-
ing de elopmen o p o ocols a he ope a ional le el
● Lack adequa e esou ces o unc ion, pa icula ly o i s
s ee ing and coo dina ion bodies. The e is s ill no speci ic
domes ic budge dedica ed o he pla o m’s ac i i ies, o
ain s a
om he a ious minis ies in he app oach o o
enable collabo a i e ac i i ies in he ield (e.g. join case
in es iga ions)
● Se ing up o he pla o m was en i ely inanced by
ex e nal dono s
h ps://link.sp inge .c
om/a icle/10.1186/s1
2889-022-13878-3
h ps://i is.who.in /bi s
eam/handle/10665/
351442/9789240040
410-
eng.pd ?sequence=1
S .
No.
Name o
pla o m
Imple-
men a-
ion yea
Geo-
g aph-
ical a ea
P io i y
a ea
Minis ies in ol ed
/ Key o ganisa ions
Achie emen s Challenges Online link o
s udy/pape
20. Na ional
One Heal h
Pla o m
2022 Nige Zoono ic
disease
Minis y o Public
Heal h, Popula ion
and Social A ai s
(MSP/P/AS)
Minis y o Li es ock
Minis y o he
En i onmen and
he Figh agains
Dese i ica ion
N/A N/A h ps://oneheal hbeha
io s.o g/wp-con en /
uploads/2022/09/Doc_
Final_Gou _One-
Heal h_27_7_22-
Nige .pd
h ps://b eak h oughac
ionand esea ch.o g/le
a ning- oge he -pee -
lea ning-inspi es-
ac ion- o-imp o e-one-
heal h-in-nige -and-
senegal/
21. Na ional
One Heal h
Pla o m
2023 Mada-
gasca
Zoono ic
disease
N/A N/A N/A h ps://www. ao.o g/ani
mal-heal h/news-
e en s/news/de ail/ma
dagasca -s eng hens-
animal-zoono ic-
disease-su eillance-
sys em- h ough-
SET/?u m_sou ce=ch
a gp .com
22. Na ional
One Heal h
Pla o m
2023 Togo Zoono ic
disease
Minis y o Heal h
Minis y o
En i onmen
Minis y o
Ag icul u e
N/A N/A h ps://www. ogo i s .c
om/ /san e/2908-
12429-le- ogo-lance-
la-pla e o me-une-
seule-san e-pou -
minimise -les- isques-
lies-aux-
epidemies?u m_sou c
e=cha gp .com
h ps://san e.gou . g/e
icaci e-e -e icience-
dans-la- eponse-aux-
epidemies/?u m_sou c
e=cha gp .com
S .
No.
Name o
pla o m
Imple-
men a-
ion yea
Geo-
g aph-
ical a ea
P io i y
a ea
Minis ies in ol ed
/ Key o ganisa ions
Achie emen s Challenges Online link o
s udy/pape
23. Zambia
Na ional
Public
Heal h
Ins i u e
(ZNPHI)
2020 Zambia Zoono ic
disease
AMR
Minis y o Heal h
Minis y o G een Eco-
nomy and En i onmen
Minis y o Fishe ies
and Li es ock
Minis y o In o ma ion
and Media
Minis y o Ag icul u e
Minis y o Local
Go e nmen and Ru al
De elopmen
Minis y o Tou ism and
A s
Minis y o Wa e De el-
opmen and Sani a ion
Disas e Managemen
and Mi iga ion Uni
(DMMU)
Minis y o Home
A ai s and In e nal
Secu i y (Police)
● De eloped Na ional One Heal h
S a egic Plan (2022-2026)
● Has suppo ed o de ec and
espond o zoono ic diseases
h ough he OH app oach by
p io i ising he coun y’s op en
zoono ic diseases, including
A ican ypanosomiasis,
an h ax, and abies, using a
mul isec o al OH app oach
● Launched he One Heal h
Su eillance Pla o m o AMR.
This pla o m aims o imp o e
da a collec ion, analysis and
quali y ac oss labo a o ies and
sec o s, enabling he go e n-
men o make da a-d i en
decisions o comba AMR
N/A h ps://www.cabidigi
allib a y.o g/doi/pd /1
0.1079/oneheal hcas
es.2024.0021
Asian coun ies
1. In e -
Agency
Commi ee
on An i-
Mic obial
Resis ance
(IACMR)
2014 Philip-
pines
AMR Depa men o Heal h
(lead), Depa men o
Ag icul u e (Co-lead)
Membe s:
Depa men o
Science and
Technology (DOST)
Depa men o he
In e io and Local
Go e nmen (DILG)
Depa men o T ade
and Indus y (DTI)
● Wi h suppo om he WHO-
WPRO, he Philippines was able
o conduc a Coun y Si ua ion
Analysis (CSA) on AMR and
de eloped policies o add ess
his p oblem
● This pa ne ship was u he
s eng hened wi h he coun y
being chosen in he Wes e n
Paci ic Region as one o he pilo
si es on he implemen a ion o
an imic obial s ewa dship (AMS)
p og amme in hospi als
● Weak collabo a ion be ween FDA and he BAI Animal
Feed, Ve e ina y D ug and Biologicals Di ision on he
con ol o e e ina y d ugs
h ps://icam .doh.go .
ph/wp-
con en /uploads/2022/
02/NATIONAL-
ACTION-PLAN-TO-
COMBAT-AMR.pd
h ps://www.mdpi.com
/2079-6382/11/6/820
h ps://www.sciencedi
ec .com/science/a icl
e/pii/S235277142400
0843
S .
No.
Name o
pla o m
Imple-
men a-
ion yea
Geo-
g aph-
ical a ea
P io i y
a ea
Minis ies in ol ed
/ Key o ganisa ions
Achie emen s Challenges Online link o
s udy/pape
2. Philippine
In e agency
Commi ee
on Zoo
nosis
(PhiICZ)
2011 Philip-
pines
Zoono ic
diseases
Depa men o Heal h
(DOH)
Depa men o
Ag icul u e (DA)
Depa men o
En i onmen and
Na u al Resou ces
(DENR)
Bu eau o Animal
Husband y
● To de elop a na ional s a egy
on p e en ion, con ol and
elimina ion o zoonoses and
es ablish a unc ional and
sus ainable mechanism o
s eng hen he animal-human
in e ace o he e ec i e
p e en ion, con ol and
elimina ion o zoono ic diseases
● Absence o coo dina ion be ween DA and DOH on
zoono ic diseases
h ps://www.bai.go .p
h/blog-
de ail?b=BAI%20Upd
a es%20Na ional%20
S a egic%20Plan%2
0on%20Zoonoses
h ps://www.sciencedi
ec .com/science/a icl
e/pii/S235277142400
0843
3. S anding
Commi ee
on
Zoonosis
ICAR and
ICINR
Task Fo ce
o
Zoonosis
2006 India Zoono ic
diseases
Depa men o Animal
Indus y, Dai ying,
and Fishe ies (DADF)
Minis y o Heal h and
Family Wel a e
(MoH&FW)
Minis y o
En i onmen , Fo es
and Clima e Change
Minis y o Science and
Technology (MST)
Minis y o Law and
Jus ice
Minis y o Food
P ocessing Indus ies
(MFPI)
Ag icul u al and
P ocessed Food
P oduc s Expo
De elopmen
Au ho i y (APEDA)
Expo Inspec ion
Council (EIC)
The Na ional Dai y
De elopmen Boa d
(NDDB)
● Mee s biannually / annually o
ad ise on a ious ace s o he
wo k on zoonoses
● One Heal h India – con e ence,
able- op exe cises
● Na ional mul isec o al echnical
consul a ion ISC
● Good coo dina ion wi h mul iple
s akeholde s a na ional le el and
in some s a es
● Regula o mal mee ings
es ablished wi h many
coo dina ing pa ne s wi h e ms
o e e ence, minu es and o mal
epo s
● A numbe o join p og ammes
ope a ing wi h go e nmen
s akeholde s
● Huge coun y
● Di e se adminis a i e s uc u e o di e en s a es and
di e en depa men s
● Compe ing p io i ies o he go e nmen
● Li le coo dina ion a s a e le el
● Unp edic able unding
● Geo-clima ic challenges
h ps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.n
ih.go /a icles/PMC82
04840/
h ps://www.sciencedi
ec .com/science/a icl
e/pii/S235277141930
0011
h ps://www.oneheal h
jou nal.o g/Vol.6/No.2
/12.h ml
h ps://link.sp inge .co
m/a icle/10.1186/s12
889-021-11545-7
Lagayan (2020)
S .
No.
Name o
pla o m
Imple-
men a-
ion yea
Geo-
g aph-
ical a ea
P io i y
a ea
Minis ies in ol ed
/ Key o ganisa ions
Achie emen s Challenges Online link o
s udy/pape
Depa men o
Ag icul u e and
Resea ch and
Educa ion (DARE)
Depa men o
Ag icul u e
Coope a ion and
Fa me s Wel a e
Ve e ina y colleges
4. In e sec o al
Coo dina-
ion Com-
mi ee on
An imic o-
bial Re-
sis ance
(ICCAMR)
2016 India AMR Minis y o Heal h
and Family Wel a e
Depa men o
Heal h Resea ch
Indian Council o
Medical Resea ch
(ICMR)
Depa men o
Animal Husband y,
Dai ying & Fishe ies
Depa men o
Bio echnology
CSIR
CDSCO, FSSAI,
AYUSH, NMC
Di ec o Gene al o
Heal h Se ices
(DGHS)
MoHFW
Depa men o
Animal Husband y,
Dai ying & Fishe ies
Minis y o Food
P ocessing
Indus ies
● Na ional Ac ion Plan on AMR ● Lack o su icien inances
● Inapp op ia e an ibio ic use owing o a numbe o
easons, lack o diagnos ic acili ies, widesp ead use o
an ibio ics in a ious sec o s, en i onmen al
con amina ion because o pha maceu ical indus y,
ag icul u al and hospi al was e, gaps in in ec ion
p e en ion and con ol, and di icul y in en o cing
egula ions
h ps://www.ncbi.nlm.
nih.go /pmc/a icles/P
MC6618210/#:~: ex =
The%20Indian%20NA
P%20 o %20AMR,a%
20big%20push%20is
%20needed
h ps://www.sciencedi
ec .com/science/a icl
e/pii/S221371652100
2228
S .
No.
Name o
pla o m
Imple-
men a-
ion yea
Geo-
g aph-
ical a ea
P io i y
a ea
Minis ies in ol ed
/ Key o ganisa ions
Achie emen s Challenges Online link o
s udy/pape
Minis y o En i on-
men & Fo es &
Clima e Change
5. High Le el
Na ional
Mul i-
sec o al
S ee ing
Commi ee
(NMSC)
2017
Myan-
ma
AMR Chai : Minis y o
Heal h and Spo s
Membe s:
Minis y o
Ag icul u e,
Li es ock and
I iga ion
Minis y o Educa ion
Minis y o
Comme ce
Minis y o Home
A ai s
Minis y o De ence
● P o ide he necessa y poli ical
commi men and suppo
● S ong labo a o y ne wo k,
exis ing in ec ion con ol and
biosecu i y p og amme
s in human
and animal heal h sec o s and a
Na ional One Heal h S a egy ha
iden i ies AMR as a p io i y
● Lack o awa eness on AMR and AMU among
s akeholde s ac oss he boa d
● A signi ican p oblem o o e - he-coun e sales o AMAs
in bo h human and animal sec o s
h ps:// aolex. ao.o g/
docs/pd /mya202553.
pd
h ps://www. helance .
com/jou nals/lanwpc/a
icle/PIIS2666-
6065(20)30084-
5/ ull ex
6. Zoonoses
Technical
Wo king
G oup
(Z-TWG)
Na ional
A ian
In luenza
Con ol
Commi ee
2019 Cam-
bodia
Zoono ic
disease
Minis y o
Ag icul u e, Fo es y
and Fishe ies
Minis y o Heal h
● Lab-epi aining AET/CAVET
N/A h ps://www.woah.o g/
ileadmin/Home/eng/M
edia_Cen e /docs/EN_
T ipa i eZoonosesGui
de_web e sion.pd
h ps://www.ghsindex.
o g/wp-
con en /uploads/2021/
12/Cambodia.pd
Lagayan (2020)
S .
No.
Name o
pla o m
Imple-
men a-
ion yea
Geo-
g aph-
ical a ea
P io i y
a ea
Minis ies in ol ed
/ Key o ganisa ions
Achie emen s Challenges Online link o
s udy/pape
Heal h (DAPH) in he
Minis y o Ag icul u e
21. Na ional
Ad iso y
Commi ee
on An i-
mic obial
Resis ance
(NAC-
AMR)
unde ‘One
Heal h’
concep
2017 S i
Lanka
AMR Minis y o Heal h
Medical Resea ch
Ins i u e and he
Communica ion and
Heal h P omo ion
Depa men
Heal h Educa ion
Bu eau
Depa men o Animal
P oduc ion and
Heal h (DAPH) in he
Minis y o Ag icul u e
● Finalisa ion o he Na ional
S a egic Plan
● The DAPH has no o mal link wi h he Depa men o
Fishe ies, Depa men o Wildli e in he Minis y o
En i onmen and Na u al Resou ces o ish o wildli e
su eillance
h ps://www.who.in /
publica ions/m/i em/
s i-lanka-na ional-
s a egic-plan- o -
comba ing-
an imic obial-
esis ance-in-s i-
lanka-2017-2022
Lagayan (2020)
22. One Heal h
Hub
2017 Pakis an Zoono ic
diseases
AMR
Minis y o Na ional
Heal h Se ices,
Regula ions, and
Coo dina ion
Minis y o Na ional
Food Secu i y and
Resea ch
Minis y o Clima e
Change
Minis y o Science
and Technology
● Collabo a ed wi h he US Cen e s
o Disease Con ol (CDC) and US
Depa men o Ag icul u e o c ea e
a amewo k o p io i ising endemic
and eme ging zoono ic diseases
● Es ablished wo king g oups
add essing AMR, in luenza and
labo a o y capaci y
● Engaged s akeholde s ac oss
sec o s, wi h ongoing e o s o
imp o e he inclusion o animal and
en i onmen al heal h
● S eng hened labo a o y capaci ies
and p o ided aining o e e ina y
o ice s h ough in e na ional
collabo a ions
● Conduc ed p io i isa ion exe cises
o ocus esou ces and e o s on
c i ical zoono ic diseases
● Facili a ed he implemen a ion o
global p ojec s, such as abies
elimina ion, a he p o incial le el
wi h WHO suppo
● Limi ed collabo a ion and coo dina ion among human,
animal and en i onmen al heal h sec o s
● Absence o a o malised s uc u e o ensu e sus ained
mul isec o al engagemen
● Inadequa e unding o suppo OH ini ia i es and long-
e m p ojec s
● Limi ed human esou ces, pa icula ly skilled
p o essionals ained in he OH app oach
● G ea e emphasis on human heal h, wi h unde e-
p esen a ion o animal and en i onmen al heal h sec o s
● Challenges in p io i ising en i onmen al heal h issues
alongside zoono ic disease managemen
● Limi ed labo a o y capaci ies and su eillance sys ems
o zoono ic diseases and AMR
● F agmen ed da a sys ems ac oss sec o s impede
e ec i e su eillance and isk assessmen
● Lack o s anda dised mechanisms o sha ing in o ma ion
be ween minis ies and agencies
h ps://www.cabidigi
allib a y.o g/doi/ep
d /10.1079/cabione
heal h.2023.0015
h ps://www. and on
line.com/doi/ ull/10.
3402/iee. 6.33842#
d1e521
