Smi no a, Elena; Hajiye , Nazim; Glazko a, I ina; Hajiye a, Ay aj
A icle
P oduc ion companies: E alua ion o accessibili y and
e iciency o anspo a ion and manu ac u ing p ocesses
Asian Jou nal o Shipping and Logis ics (AJSL)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Ko ean Associa ion o Shipping and Logis ics, Seoul
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Smi no a, Elena; Hajiye , Nazim; Glazko a, I ina; Hajiye a, Ay aj (2024) :
P oduc ion companies: E alua ion o accessibili y and e iciency o anspo a ion and
manu ac u ing p ocesses, Asian Jou nal o Shipping and Logis ics (AJSL), ISSN 2352-4871, Else ie ,
Ams e dam, Vol. 40, Iss. 1, pp. 52-60,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ajsl.2024.01.002
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/329734
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P oduc ion companies: E alua ion o accessibili y and e iciency o
anspo a ion and manu ac u ing p ocesses
Elena Smi no a
a
,
*
, Nazim Hajiye
b
, I ina Glazko a
c
, Ay aj Hajiye a
d
a
Depa men o Taxes and Tax Adminis a ion, Financial Uni e si y unde he Go e nmen o he Russian Fede a ion, Kholmogo skaya S ., 2-3-71, 129347 Moscow,
Russian Fede a ion
b
Depa men o Business Adminis a ion, Aze baijan S a e Uni e si y o Economics (UNEC), 6 Is iglaliyya , Baku AZ1001, Aze baijan
c
Depa men o Pha macy, Secheno Fi s Moscow S a e Medical Uni e si y, 8-2, T ube skaya S ., 119991 Moscow, Russian Fede a ion
d
Depa men o Business and Logis ics, Aze baijan S a e Uni e si y o Economics (UNEC), 6 Is iglaliyya , AZ1001 Baku, Aze baijan
ARTICLE INFO
Keywo ds:
Clus e analysis
E iciency
En e p ise
Supply chain
Tax
T anspo logis ics pe o mance
ABSTRACT
Logis ics and anspo -p oduc ion p ocesses a e c i ical componen s in he managemen o supply chains o
en e p ises. Inc easing demands o he accessibili y and e iciency o hese p ocesses necessi a e u he
e inemen o logis ics heo y and p ac ice. The p ima y objec i e o his esea ch was o es ablish he in e e-
la ionship be ween he s uc u e and unc ioning o anspo ope a ions wi hin manu ac u ing en e p ises. The
applica ion o clus e analysis me hods e ealed he unique s uc u e o each clus e , e lec ing he speci ici y o
anspo ope a ions. The ob ained esul s de e mine he s abili y o he logis ic clus e o a speci ic ype o
anspo and i s impac on o e all e iciency. The esea ch also emphasizes he impo ance o imp o ing he
quali y o anspo -p oduc ion p ocesses o ensu e e iciency in supply chains. Quali y and logis ics se ice
analysis iden i ied ac o s ha can be enhanced, such as se ice complexi y, esponsi eness o un o eseen o de s,
p o essionalism o he pe sonnel, and ul illmen o o de - ela ed commi men s. The conclusions d awn
con ibu e o he de elopmen o logis ics science and heo y, p o iding p ac ical insigh s by u ging
manu ac u ing companies o implemen ecommenda ions o op imizing hei anspo -p oduc ion p ocesses
and selec ing he mos e ec i e pa ne s in his con ex . Thus, he o iginali y o he a icle lies in expanding
heo e ical concep s o logis ics and de ining he speci ics o anspo -p oduc ion p ocesses.
1. In oduc ion
Due o apid economic de elopmen and speci ics o mode n in e -
na ional ela ions, he ocus o economic ac i i y o p oduc ion com-
panies exclusi ely on in e nal e iciency becomes i ele an (Cui e al.,
2018). Ins abili y in he s ock ma ke and high compe i ion in he
business sphe e adjus s he wo k o p oduc ion companies wi h clea
o ganiza ional bounda ies and es ic ions in ela ions wi h o he
membe s o he supply chain (Ba kemeye & Miklian, 2019). Imp o e-
men o he anspo a ion suppo managemen o p oduc ion com-
panies p o ides o he imp o emen o economic analysis o he use o
olling s ock o mo e e ec i e managemen decisions (Dias & Ie ape-
i ou, 2017).
The e iciency o p oduc ion companies also depends di ec ly on he
e iciency o logis ics and i s ela ion o he p oduc s manu ac u ed,
in o ma ion, and cash lows (Lai & Cheng, 2003). The essence o he
anspo a ion sys em is o de e mine he physical lows o p oduc s, and
aw ma e ials, hei e iciency and eliabili y in supply chains, as well as
o gene a e cos s associa ed wi h s o age (E og al &
¨
Oz ü k, 2019).
Howe e , logis ics allow sa ing o money by choosing he igh ans-
po mode o ou e. T anspo mus be o ganized so ha he p oduc s a e
deli e ed o he ecipien in he sho es possible ime. The de elopmen
o logis ics and unde s anding o he in eg a ion be ween supplie s and
ecipien s has educed he wai ing pe iod o goods and hus con ibu ed
o a comp ehensi e exchange o p oduc s in he economy. The e a e also
mixed in e p e a ions o he supply chain wi hou aking in o accoun
inancial lows (Bo ga i & Li, 2009). Thus, he supply chain can be
e e ed o as all o ganiza ions and ac i i ies ha accompany he low
and ans o ma ion o p oduc s om he s age o ecei ing aw ma e ials
o he a i al o he inished p oduc o he end-use , conside ing he
* Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add esses: [email p o ec ed] (E. Smi no a), [email p o ec ed], [email p o ec ed] (N. Hajiye ), [email p o ec ed]
(I. Glazko a), [email p o ec ed], [email p o ec ed] (A. Hajiye a).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
The Asian Jou nal o Shipping and Logis ics
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/ajsl
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ajsl.2024.01.002
Recei ed 8 June 2023; Recei ed in e ised o m 30 No embe 2023; Accep ed 9 Janua y 2024
The Asian Jou nal o Shipping and Logis ics 40 (2024) 52–60
53
associa ed in o ma ion lows. The au ho s poin ou ha bo h ma e ials
and in o ma ion mo e up and down he supply chain. Howe e , in each
o hese con ex s, he supply chain is a b oade concep han he logis ic
chain (Zhu e al., 2008). The la e implies a wa ehouse and ehicles and
also akes in o accoun he echnological connec ion o anspo ou es
wi h poin s o s o age and ansshipmen o goods (Lubu i´
c & Bo as,
2020). The decisions and ac ions aken may also conce n he o ganiza-
ional, inancial, and legal coo dina ion o ope a ions, p ocesses, o de s,
and wo k o he wa ehouses in all a eas o his chain (Hussain, 2019;
Ka pun so & Ve esha, 2022; Moons e al., 2019). Rega dless o di e -
ences, he e is gene al ag eemen on he key impo ance o supply chain
in eg a ion ac o s, i.e., s anda diza ion, solu ion uni ica ion, in o ma-
ion anspa ency, in o ma ion echnology, managemen s a egy and
concep s, con idence, pa ne ship, in en o y cen aliza ion, in en o y
co-managemen , co-planning, and p oduc design (Ghandou e al.,
2021; Yao & Askin, 2019). A he same ime, each link in he chain has
i s posi ion in he e o o achie e he objec i e and sha e he bene i s o
syne gy coope a ion (Cao & Zhang, 2011). In he con ex o sus ainable
de elopmen and co po a e social esponsibili y, ‘g een supply’ is
widely used in manu ac u ing en e p ises (Ga cía-A ca e al., 2017).
Supply chains in he con ex o sus ainable de elopmen include he use
o clean esou ces and hei ans o ma ion in such a way ha hei side
p ope ies can be imp o ed o ecycled in he exis ing en i onmen
wi hou damaging i . The goal o a sus ainable ne wo k is he c ea ion,
p o ec ion, and long- e m de elopmen o en i onmen al, social, and
economic alue when deli e ing p oduc s and se ices o he ma ke
(E ans e al., 2017).
In he apidly e ol ing landscape o escala ing global supply olumes
and he impe a i e o p omp esponses o ma ke challenges, mode n
manu ac u ing companies a e compelled o na iga e he necessi y o
maximizing he e iciency o hei logis ics and anspo a ion p ocesses.
The signi icance o his ask is unde sco ed no only by he compe i i e
en i onmen bu also by he con inual ans o ma ions wi hin global
supply chains.
The ounda ions o his esea ch lie in he ecogni ion ha he
accessibili y and e iciency o anspo a ion and manu ac u ing p o-
cesses a e c ucial o he success ul ope a ion o manu ac u ing en e -
p ises. Howe e , up o his poin , he e exis s a gap in schola ly
in es iga ions ha would encompass a comp ehensi e e alua ion o
hese aspec s, pa icula ly in he con ex o enhancing supply chain e -
iciency and suppo ing he compe i i eness o manu ac u ing
en e p ises.
This esea ch aims o conduc a sys ema ic analysis and assessmen
o he quali y o accessibili y and e iciency in he anspo a ion and
manu ac u ing p ocesses o manu ac u ing en e p ises. This endea o
seeks o iden i y ac o s in luencing hei e iciency and de elop s a-
egies o enhancing logis ical and manu ac u ing p ac ices. The
esea ch endea o s o b idge bo h scien i ic and p ac ical gaps,
con ibu ing o he unde s anding o he in e ac ion be ween ans-
po a ion and manu ac u ing p ocesses o achie e op imal e iciency in
indus ial supply chains.
Thus, he a icle elucida es he ele ance o he esea ch, and he
necessi y o add ess speci ic issues, and delinea es i s a ge ed di ec ion
o esol ing c ucial asks in he ield o logis ics and manu ac u ing.
2. Li e a u e e iew
2.1. Explo ing sus ainable supply chains and logis ics e iciency
A compa a i e analysis o he concep o sus ainable supply chains
poin s o many common a eas, especially he con e gence o objec i es
and he means o achie e hem in e ms o espec o he en i onmen
and wide public ecogni ion. The au ho s belie e ha he e is an analogy
in he ela ion be ween he le el o cus ome se ice and company
p o i s in he con ex o he low ola ili y o he anspo a ion and
p oduc ion en i onmen (Lewis & Talalaye sky, 1997). The concep s o
e e se logis ics, eco e y, u iliza ion, and ecycling a e na owe con-
cep s as hey only conce n he was e low. The e ms ‘ e e se supply
chain’, ‘a e -sales logis ics’, ‘ e ogis ics’, and ‘a e -sales supply chain’
now also exis . Re e se logis ics aims o maximize was e ex ac ion and
use en i onmen ally iendly o ms o disposal. The cu en di ec ion in
he economy o en e p ises is o inc ease pe o mance by di iding i in o
logis ics p ocesses. The classi ica ion is designed o se e en e p ises in
building a p og am o inc ease he e iciency o anspo a ion and
manu ac u ing p ocesses. Thus, he classi ica ion includes an indica ion
o when o use which ool o me hod o imp o e he selec ed p ocess.
The concep s, me hods, and ools p esen ed se e o imp o e many as-
pec s o he en e p ise. The classi ica ion is in ended o educe he ime
equi ed o companies o de elop imp o emen solu ions. The e i-
ciency o anspo and p oduc ion p ocesses unde s ood as he a io o
he numbe o p oduc s manu ac u ed and sold in a ce ain pe iod o he
esou ces consumed o used in ha pe iod, can also e e o he logis ic
p ocesses. The au ho s p opose many indica o s o de e mine he e i-
ciency o logis ic p ocesses (Ba illa e al., 2020). Thei classi ica ion can
be ound in wo ks (Hu e al., 2019; S e i´
c & B ko i´
c, 2020). Some o
hese indica o s conside he numbe o logis ic ope a ions pe o med
du ing he p oduc ion p ocess ins ead o p oduc ion i sel . In his case,
logis ic p ocesses a e analyzed as se ices when e alua ing e iciency.
The e o e, some indica o s do no di ec ly exp ess he pe o mance le el
bu e lec i well. The e a e many me hods o inc ease he e iciency and
pe o mance ou pu o he en e p ise. En e p ises do no always ealize
he possibili y o imp o ing many ope a ional aspec s. App op ia e
classi ica ion o such me hods is missing in he li e a u e, so he au ho s
ha e ied o de elop a classi ica ion ha would include concep s,
me hods, and ools o imp o e he e iciency o logis ics p ocesses. This
classi ica ion is used o implemen i s e iciency es ing me hodology o
logis ics p ocesses. The p ospec s o c ea ing a concep ual model o
imp o e he e iciency o anspo a ion and manu ac u ing p ocesses
a e discussed by many au ho s (Abuo a e al., 2019; Le i¨
akangas &
¨
O¨
o ni, 2020).
One aspec in ol es he u iliza ion o e e se logis ics means o
maximize was e eco e y and he applica ion o en i onmen ally
iendly disposal me hods. This ypically pe ains o was e ci cula ion,
esou ce es o a ion, and he educ ion o manu ac u ing impac s on he
en i onmen . Re e se logis ics and he a e -sales supply chain a e also
gaining a en ion, unde sco ing he impo ance o esou ce conse a ion
and mee ing he demands o he con empo a y ma ke .
Addi ionally, in he con ex o enhancing en e p ise p oduc i i y, i
is c ucial o conside logis ic p ocesses as a key ins umen . The classi-
ica ion de eloped by he au ho s p o ides en e p ises wi h solu ions o
cons uc ing p og ams o imp o e he e iciency o anspo a ion and
manu ac u ing p ocesses. This may encompass ou e op imiza ion, he
selec ion o anspo a ion means, and he u iliza ion o o he ools o
enhance speci ic aspec s o p oduc ion and supply (Zhu e al., 2008).
Fu he mo e, i is impo an o conside ha he e iciency o
anspo a ion and manu ac u ing p ocesses can also be de ined as he
e ec i eness o logis ic p ocesses, whe e nume ous indica o s play a
c ucial ole. Some o hese indica o s may analyze logis ic ope a ions,
iewing hem as se ices when assessing e iciency.
Mo eo e , many en e p ises may no be cognizan o he oppo u-
ni ies o enhance hei ope a ional aspec s; hus, i is c ucial o de elop a
classi ica ion o concep s, me hods, and ools o imp o e he e iciency
o logis ic p ocesses. This classi ica ion is u ilized o implemen ing a
me hodology o assessing he e iciency o logis ic p ocesses, which can
aid en e p ises in iden i ying op imal pa hways o op imizing hei lo-
gis ic ope a ions. Conside ing hese aspec s, i becomes e iden ha he
issues o esilien supply chains and he e iciency o logis ic p ocesses
a e closely in e wined, and hei in eg a ion can eme ge as a pi o al
ac o in achie ing sus ainable de elopmen o en e p ises in he
con empo a y economic en i onmen .
E. Smi no a e al.
The Asian Jou nal o Shipping and Logis ics 40 (2024) 52–60
54
2.2. Enhancing anspo a ion and p oduc ion p ocesses: Technologies
and s a egies o e iciency
In his wo k, U ku (2023) no es ha modelling anspo a ion lows
and o he aspec s allows o a de ailed analysis and op imiza ion o
a ious elemen s wi hin logis ic p ocesses. The use o models acili a es
he iden i ica ion o po en ial bo lenecks and he de e mina ion o
op imal s a egies.
Suppo ing his no ion, Ca alcan i e al. (2022) indica e ha he
applica ion o op imiza ion algo i hms can assis in iden i ying he bes
deli e y ou es, he eby enhancing he u iliza ion o anspo a ion e-
sou ces and educing deli e y ime. This is c ucial o he e iciency o
logis ic sys ems.
The collec ion and analysis o p oduc ion da a also play a c ucial ole
in iden i ying po en ial issues in manu ac u ing p ocesses. A de ailed
examina ion o equipmen p oduc i i y, esou ce u iliza ion, and o he
pa ame e s allows o he p ecise iden i ica ion o a eas o u he
imp o emen (E ceg & Mula i o i´
c, 2019; Nu mi e al., 2019).
Acco ding o Ca agnini e al. (2020), he es ablishmen o key pe -
o mance indica o s (KPIs) aids in objec i ely assessing he pe o mance
o anspo a ion and manu ac u ing p ocesses. This becomes a signi i-
can s ep in he de elopmen o s a egies o enhancing p oduc i i y.
Acco ding o Bueno e al. (2020), conduc ing audi s o
manu ac u ing and anspo a ion p ocesses enables a sys ema ic
explo a ion, iden i ica ion o po en ial sho comings, and he de elop-
men o ecommenda ions o u he imp o emen s. The use o In e ne
o Things (IoT) echnologies in he logis ics domain allows o he
collec ion o eal- ime da a and he au oma ion o p ocesses, acili a ing
e icien acking and managemen o anspo a ion (Bendul & Blunck,
2019).
Conside ing hese aspec s, he assessmen o he accessibili y and
e iciency o anspo a ion and manu ac u ing p ocesses becomes a key
ask o achie ing op imal p oduc i i y and compe i i eness (Kim,
2021). In his ega d, he u iliza ion o au oma ed sys ems can
con ibu e o ope a ional e iciency imp o emen s and e o a oidance
(Kim, 2021).
Acco ding o Ku yło e al. (2022), conside ing en i onmen al aspec s
in anspo a ion and p oduc ion p ocesses, such as educing emissions
o ha m ul subs ances and u ilizing eco- iendly echnologies and
enewable ene gy sou ces, con ibu es o mi iga ing he nega i e impac
on he en i onmen and ensu es he sus ainabili y o p oduc ion p o-
cesses (Ku yło e al., 2022).
Modibbo e al. (2021) asse ha p ocess e alua ion helps iden i y
p oblem a eas and de iciencies ha limi p oduc i i y. This enables he
implemen a ion o measu es o add ess hem and enhance o e all en-
e p ise p oduc i i y. Fu he mo e, analyzing anspo a ion and p o-
duc ion p ocesses aids in iden i ying sou ces o excessi e cos s,
unnecessa y ope a ions, o delays. This allows o he implemen a ion o
measu es o educe expenses and op imize esou ce u iliza ion (Mod-
ibbo e al., 2021).
Logis ics p ocesses include he deli e y, i.e., o de ing and aking ca e
o he deli e y o aw ma e ials o semi- inished p oduc s o p oduc-
ion, s o age, i.e., keeping, manipula ion, and acquisi ion o goods,
p oduc ion, i.e., mainly anspo ope a ions di ec ly in he p ocess: o
p oduc ion, dis ibu ion, i.e., sale o goods, cus ome se ice, e c.
Accessibili y is a complex and ambiguous concep ha is de ined in
di e en ways, es ed by di e en me hods, and measu ed by di e en
indica o s, depending on he o ganiza ion conduc ing he esea ch and
he pu pose o which i is pe o med. The main p oblem is he incom-
pa abili y o esul s ob ained du ing anspo accessibili y esea ch by
a ious esea che s based on he p ima y da a ob ained by hem. P e -
e ably, he esea ch should be conduc ed using he same ools and a he
same ime o compa e di e en spa ial uni s, which equi es qui e a lo
o esea ch e o . Fo his eason, anspo accessibili y s udies a e
usually agmen ed. The ools usually used o de e mine a el ime by
ca a e a el planne s, bo h p o essional and employed by anspo
companies, and a e a ailable on he In e ne (Mülle & D¨
aschle, 2018).
The a emp s o e alua e a el ime o he same anspo ope a ion
using di e en applica ions gi e di e en esul s. Ano he di icul y is
he dynamics o a elling ime. Commissioning e en a small in es men
in in as uc u e can signi ican ly a ec a el ime on many anspo
ou es due o he ne wo k na u e o he in as uc u e (Bubalo & Rajs-
man, 2020).
Thus, in es iga ing p oblema ic aspec s o anspo a ion and p o-
duc ion p ocesses and de eloping ecommenda ions o imp o emen
can ensu e con inuous p og ess and p ocess op imiza ion. Mo eo e ,
any en e p ise mus educe cos s, enhance esou ce u iliza ion e i-
ciency, and inc ease p o i abili y, pa icula ly in a compe i i e ma ke
en i onmen . Based on he analysis o scien i ic publica ions, his
esea ch aims o de elop a concep ual model o assessing he co ela-
ion be ween accessibili y and e iciency o anspo a ion and p oduc-
ion p ocesses in comme cial companies.
3. Me hods
3.1. Me hods o es ima e he accessibili y and e iciency o anspo a ion
and manu ac u ing p ocesses in p oduc ion companies
The me hods o es ing he accessibili y and p oduc i i y o ans-
po a ion and manu ac u ing p ocesses in p oduc ion companies a e
p esen ed in Fig. 1. The scheme o he esea ch p ocedu e includes ou
s ages (Ros ek & Knosala, 2016): I - sepa a ion o p ocesses (in Fig. 1 an
o al wi h a pink backg ound), II - p epa a ion o da a o analysis (in
Fig. 1 ec angles wi h a g een backg ound), III - analysis and e iciency
assessmen (in Fig. 1 ec angles wi h a yellow backg ound), IV - de el-
opmen o an imp o emen and con ol p og am (in Fig. 1 ec angles
wi h a blue backg ound).
The esea ch on he e iciency o p oduc ion companies was pe -
o med based on di ec and indi ec pe o mance indica o s o he
pe iod 2015–2019. The selec ion o hese i e yea s is jus i ied om he
pe spec i e o ob aining a comp ehensi e and ep esen a i e depic ion
o he s a e o anspo a ion and manu ac u ing p ocesses wi hin en-
e p ises du ing his ime. U ilizing i e yea s allows o he co e age o
a signi ican du a ion and ensu es a comp ehensi e ep esen a ion o he
dynamics in he ealms o anspo a ion and p oduc ion. The aim was o
imp o e he company’s pe o mance by imp o ing he aspec s ha
indi ec ly a ec he p oduc ion p ocesses. The audi o he ans-
po a ion sys em aimed o de ine he in e ela ionships be ween ans-
po a ion and p oduc ion p ocesses a he en e p ise. The
implemen a ion o he ou h s age in he p esen ed me hodology o
e iciency assessmen s a s wi h he de elopmen o he solu ion o be
implemen ed, and he expec ed e ec is o inc ease pe o mance. A
ha , a ious concep s, me hods, and ools aimed a inc easing he pe -
o mance ou pu o he company would be use ul. Pa icula a en ion
should be paid o he assessmen o ax consequences o jus i y he ax
bene i by o ming a "po olio o comme cial p udence" con aining
documen s on:
– he abili y o he pa ies o ca y ou he ansac ion;
– he eal in e ac ion o coun e pa ies (be o e, du ing, and a e he
ansac ion);
– he expediency and legali y o he p ice, as well as he conclusion o
he ansac ion.
When analyzing he e iciency o logis ics p ocesses, i is necessa y o
iden i y he logis ics bo leneck and de elop a p og am o co ec i .
3.2. S a is ical p ocessing
Me hods o se ice quali y assessmen . Acco ding o ´
Swide ski e al.
(2018), a comp ehensi e delinea ion has been p o ided encompassing a
mul i ude o ace s, including inancial expendi u es, po en ial haza ds,
E. Smi no a e al.
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55
and essen ial esou ce alloca ions. E alua ion o anspo se ice was
p esen ed as a o mula:
Rn(
τ
) = (wn,1(
τ
),wn,2( ),…., wn,k(
τ
)) (1)
whe e: Rn(
τ
)is he e alua ion o he n- h anspo se ice o he ime ;
wn, k (
τ
) is he e alua ion o he k- h applica ion o he n- h anspo
se ice o he ime .
The anspo a ion and p oduc ion sys em o en e p ises was exam-
ined o pa e ns and egula i ies h ough he applica ion o clus e
analysis using he STATISTICA 7.0 p og am. Na u al alues o indica o s
we e used in calcula ions. The clus e ing o objec s was ca ied ou
ollowing he Wa d me hod.
Calcula ion o quali y coe icien s o anspo a ion and o wa ding
se ice in p oduc ion companies.
The pape uses he Ross a s a is ical da a o he Russian Fede a ion
and The S a e S a is ical Commi ee o he Republic o Aze baijan. Se -
ice quali y indica o s we e de e mined by GOST R-52297, R-52298,
and GOST R 51133–98, as well as ollowing in e na ional quali y s an-
da ds (ISO 9000:2000), and anspo pe iodicals. P ese a ion o
ca goes by quan i y, p ese a ion o ca goes by quali y, imely deli e y
o ca goes, insu ance gua an ees, he complexi y o cus ome se ice,
cus ome sa is ac ion, lexibili y, e iciency on he p ocessing o CIF, LCL
applica ion, e iciency on he p ocessing o FOB, EXW, DDU applica-
ions, eadiness, a ailabili y o ep esen a i e o ices in he coun ies o
deli e y and o igin o ca go, p esence o he simpli ied cus oms egis-
a ion ecei ed using he anonymous ques ionnai e o subjec s o
anspo and logis ical ac i i y o he Russian Fede a ion and he Re-
public o Aze baijan. The in eg al indica o o he quali y o ans-
po a ion ki was de e mined by he o mula (Naish e al., 2015):
ki=
(k q )2+ (kcqc)2+ (ksqs)2+ (keqe)2
√(2)
whe e k is he imely anspo a ion ac o , qc is he anspo a ion
comple eness ac o , ks is he coe icien o anspo a ion sa e y, ke is
he anspo a ion economy ac o , q is he weigh iness ac o o imely
anspo a ion, qc is he weigh iness ac o o anspo a ion comple e-
ness, qs is weigh iness ac o o anspo a ion sa e y, qe is he weigh i-
ness ac o o anspo a ion economy.
3.3. Clus e analysis o anspo a ion and manu ac u ing p ocesses
Clus e analysis is a esea ch me hod ha includes a ious classi i-
ca ion algo i hms. The main pu pose o i s use in esea ch p ac ice is o
iden i y se s o simila da a and hen g oup hem so ha objec s
belonging o he same g oup a e ela i ely well in e connec ed, aking
in o accoun he adop ed c i e ion o c i e ia. Expe imen al da a we e
impo ed in o he STATISTICA 7.0 so wa e package. Indi idual samples
unde go a compa ison p ocess using designa ed me hods o simila i y,
di e ence, and cohesion, ollowed by hei classi ica ion in o dis inc
clus e s. Due o i s inhe en na u e as a esea ch me hodology, clus e
analysis o e s he capabili y o iden i y s uc u es wi hou p o iding
causal explana ions. Consequen ly, i equen ly se es as a ca alys o
subsequen esea ch endea o s ha s i e o un a el he ac o s ha
go e n he pa icula s uc u e exhibi ed by he objec s unde in es i-
ga ion. In esea ch p ac ice, clus e analysis includes h ee classes o
algo i hms (Li e al., 2019): a) hie a chical me hods, in which a ee o
ela ionships be ween objec s belonging o he da ase unde s udy is
cons uc ed; b) g ouping h ough he k-a e age me hod, which sea ches
o objec s ha a e mos closely ela ed o each o he o a p e-
de e mined numbe o classes; c) uzzy clus e analysis me hod, in which
each objec unde s udy can be assigned o mo e han one class and i s
belonging o ce ain classes a e desc ibed as uzzy. The use o clus e
analysis is ela ed o he associa ion o ela i ely closely ela ed objec s
wi h he accep ed c i e ion o dis ance in one-dimensional o mul idi-
mensional space, al hough his dis ance does no ha e o be a eal uni .
S a is ical analysis o he esul s was pe o med using
χ
2
and -c i e ia. A
95% con idence in e al was de e mined. The s a is ical signi icance
was se a P <0.005. Also, he mean squa e de ia ion, pe cen ile,
s anda d de ia ion, and median we e calcula ed.
4. Resul s
The concep s, me hods, and ools wi h he di ision in o logis ics
p ocesses ha e been classi ied o assess he e iciency o anspo a ion
and manu ac u ing p ocesses in p oduc ion companies (Ros ek & Kno-
sala, 2016). Table 1 p esen s he classi ica ion in which he selec ed
concep s, me hods, and ools ha e been di ided acco ding o he ap-
plica ions aimed a imp o ing he espec i e logis ic p ocesses and,
Fig. 1. Pe o mance e alua ion model o manu ac u ing companies.
E. Smi no a e al.
The Asian Jou nal o Shipping and Logis ics 40 (2024) 52–60
56
consequen ly, hei pe o mance.
O pa icula in e es is he s uc u e o he anspo a ion and
manu ac u ing sys em. This classi ica ion includes mos concep s and
me hods ha can be implemen ed in p oduc ion companies. Howe e ,
he e is a space o elabo a e solu ions designed o speci ic en e p ises,
in pa icula , o high- ech manu ac u ing p ocesses. The e o e, he use
o adi ional classi ica ion me hods o a deepe s udy o he mode n
s a us o anspo a ion and logis ics se ices should be eplaced by
cha ac e is ics o he s a i ica ion ype and suppo ed by speci ic
esea ch ools, such as clus e analysis. Table 2 and Fig. 2 p esen he
esul s o he anspo sys em clus e analysis.
As can be seen om he dend og am, oad anspo akes a leading
place in he anspo a ion sec o o p oduc ion i ms (Fig. 2).
Repea ed obse a ions o he beha io o anspo low in com-
panies allow he conclusion ha business en i ies end o g a i a e o-
wa ds a ce ain a ea, some imes consciously, some imes only in ui i ely
choosing he condi ions o hei unc ioning, in which hey belie e i is
bes o achie e economic goals. Consequen ly, ce ain laye s o subjec s
appea in he ma ke , which in some way a e simila o each o he (wi h
simila compe i i e po en ial, willingness o achie e simila goals, o he
same deg ee o e iciency in achie ing he goals). The s a i ica ion
image o he anspo ma ke , which is an impo an e e ence sys em
o all economic p ocesses o indi idual en e p ises, de e mines hei
posi ion in his ma ke space bu is also impo an o o de ing he
ma ke space i sel .
The esul s o clus e ing (Table 3) showed ha he sha e o oad
anspo in he s uc u e o anspo ope a ions is om 59 o 61.66667.
The sha e o ai , sea, and mainline anspo is om 13 o 14 (Table 4).
Clus e s included all a eas o business using ce ain ypes o ans-
po a ion in he pe iod 2014–2019. Fo example, clus e analysis
allowed o he de e mina ion o he s a i ica ion s uc u es o anspo
objec s in he ma ke , which may indica e he gene al condi ions o wo k
o mo e en i ies. O ce ain in e es a e ac o s ha de ine he eason o
hese objec s o be concen a ed a a ce ain le el (Table 5).
The s udy o he s uc u e o anspo ope a ions in p oduc ion
companies using clus e analysis has shown ha he s abili y o a lo-
gis ics clus e o a pa icula anspo ype is p opo ional o he alues
o s uc u al and unc ional elemen s included in he clus e . Thus, he
need o apply ma hema ical s a is ics me hods o de e mine he sys em’s
s abili y and ulne abili y a ises (Pe ebyinis & Pe ebyinis, 2005)
(Fig. 3).
This scheme is aimed a imp o ing he quali y o logis ics and
p oduc ion p ocesses wi h a simul aneous educ ion in anspo a ion
cos s. The adop ion o hese wo app oaches acili a es he augmen a ion
o en e p ises’ p o i abili y, as elucida ed by Be gami (2011). The a io
o accessibili y and e iciency o anspo a ion and manu ac u ing
p ocesses is a lis o quali y indica o s ob ained by calcula ing quali y
coe icien s o anspo and o wa ding se ices in p oduc ion com-
panies, which a e p esen ed in Table 6.
Conside ing he pe o mance e alua ion p o isions de ined, ehicle
use s and expe s es ima ed indi idual equi emen s. The da a on 812
anspo ope a ions pe o med in he las i e yea s on he deli e y o
goods o he p oduc ion si e ha e been collec ed. Acco ding o his in-
o ma ion, a consolida ed able o he quali y o anspo and o -
wa ding se ices o p oduc ion companies has been comp ised
(Table 5). To assess he quali y o eigh o wa ding se ices o p o-
duc ion companies, expe s ha e assigned weigh cha ac e is ics on a
scale (0−1), whe e 0 means li le and 1 means e y impo an . The e-
qui emen s a e assigned he ollowing weigh alues: 0….1. Based on
he weigh ed a e age alue o indi idual equi emen s, he quali y o
anspo se ices was assessed as posi i e o nega i e. Acco ding o
Table 6, he le el o anspo and o wa ding se ices quali y was ound
o be sa is ac o y and se a he le el o 0.6 and highe . No ewo hy, he
quali y o anspo and o wa ding se ices o p oduc ion companies
end o imp o e, and al hough he le el o gene aliza ion o he s udy
indings is limi ed since he sample o companies unde s udy is di icul
o be conside ed ep esen a i e, he esul s con i m he alidi y o he
adop ed hesis and indica e ha anspo and o wa ding en e p ises
a ec he e ec i eness o he supply chain h ough a wide ange o
ac o s. A he same ime, he s udy o he implemen a ion deg ee o
hese ac o s allowed iden i ying hose issues whose applica ion should
be imp o ed. I is known ha i anspo and o wa ding companies
mee ag eed deli e y deadlines, ensu e ha he goods will be shipped
in ac , and he ime om o de placemen o deli e y o he inal
ecipien will be educed, as well as a e eady o o e come sudden and
un o eseen obs acles and ully sa is y o de s, he supply chain wo ks
mo e e icien ly. Fac o s ela ed o pa cel p ocessing a e pe o med by
anspo and o wa ding companies a a good le el. Consequen ly,
anspo and o wa ding companies a e compelled o enhance a ious
dimensions, including he in icacy o se ices ende ed, he espon-
si eness o un o eseen and spon aneous eques s, he p o iciency o hei
pe sonnel, and he capaci y o diligen ly ul il he obliga ions a ising
om con ac ed o de s. The imp o emen o hese ac o s will un-
doub edly con ibu e o mo e e icien supply chain ope a ions.
5. Discussion
O high ele ance is he op imiza ion o pe o mance and accessi-
bili y o anspo and manu ac u ing p ocesses, bu he schemes o
decision-making in mos cases a e no uni e sal and a e cha ac e ized by
a a he complex s uc u e (Ba kemeye & Miklian, 2019; Yao & Askin,
2019). Gi en he ac ha mode n anspo is he a ea o implemen a-
ion o mode n solu ions o supply chain o ganiza ion and anspo
p ocess managemen , a concep ual scheme o op imize he quali y o
anspo se ices in he con ex o p oduc ion and comme cial ac i i ies
o en e p ises has been de eloped in his pape . Fi s o all, i is necessa y
o pay a en ion o o ganiza ional decisions in he ield o anspo
in eg a ion.
In Hu’s esea ch (Hu e al., 2019), aimed a assessing he e iciency o
Table 1
The classi ica ion o concep s, me hods, and ools o e iciency imp o emen
h ough sepa a ion o anspo logis ics p ocesses.
Supply Dis ibu ion
LT, MRP, EWZ, in o ma ion le el
upda e, upda e based on pe iodic
e iew, MIN-MAX sys em
ABC, OEE, POK, LT, DRP
P oduc ion S o age
SMED, CONWIP, FIFO, FEFO, RFID, 3 R,
OEE
ABC, XYZ, ABC/XYZ, VMI, FIFO, FEFO,
LIFO, RFID, sys em MIN-MAX,
in o ma ion le el upda e, upda e based
on pe iodic e iew, OEE, WMS, VMI
All p ocesses
Benchma king, LM, TQM, TOC, kanban, Poka-Yoke, 5 S. kaizen, TPM
Table 2
The s uc u e o anspo a ion in p oduc ion companies on he e i o y o Russia (1) and Aze baijan (2).
T anspo ype 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
(1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2)
Au omobile 61 62 59 64 59 58 62 60 62 65
Railway 25 18 27 17 27 18 25 17 26 17
O he anspo 14 20 14 19 14 24 13 23 12 18
E. Smi no a e al.
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57
logis ic p ocesses in manu ac u ing en e p ises using he ne wo k
analysis me hod, i was ound ha h ough he de elopmen o e ec i e
planning and managemen s a egies, op imal esou ce u iliza ion can
be achie ed while a oiding unnecessa y ime and cos expendi u es.
This may in ol e ime op imiza ion, p io i y se ing, and he use o
au oma ion ools (Hu e al., 2019). E ans e al. (2017) a gue ha
op imal wa ehouse placemen can ensu e as and accu a e o de p o-
cessing, p e en ing delays and e o s. Fu he mo e, es ablishing op imal
anspo a ion ou es can posi i ely impac he in eg i y and secu i y o
goods du ing deli e y (E ans e al., 2017).
Acco ding o Dias and Ie ape i ou (2017), companies ypically
adhe e o ag eed-upon deli e y e ms, gua an eeing p oduc in eg i y,
educing he ime om o de placemen o deli e y, and being p epa ed
o o e come obs acles, hus o ming an e icien supply chain. Howe e ,
o u he enhance i s e ec i eness, companies should be eady o
handle un o eseen o de s, demons a e p o essionalism among em-
ployees, and exhibi he abili y o ully ul il he commi men s a ising
om accep ed o de s, as suppo ed by he conduc ed esea ch (Dias &
Ie ape i ou, 2017).
The s udy conduc ed by Li e al. (2019), which employs clus e
analysis o analyze he s uc u e o anspo a ion ope a ions in
manu ac u ing en e p ises, e ealed ha each clus e possesses i s
unique s uc u e e lec ing he speci ici y o anspo a ion ope a ions.
Unde s anding how di e en s uc u al elemen s impac he e iciency
and quali y o anspo a ion ope a ions is c ucial o imp o ing logis ic
p ocesses, as indica ed in he conduc ed esea ch (Li e al., 2019).
Moons e al. (2019) disco e ed ha speci ic clus e s o anspo a ion
ope a ions exhibi high deli e y speeds bu high cos s, while o he s ha e
low p ices bu longe deli e y imes. This p o ides g ounds o iden i-
ying di e en op imiza ion s a egies based on he p io i ies o he
en e p ise (Moons e al., 2019). The e o e, he s a emen s made by e-
sea che s ega ding he impo ance o ac o s o achie ing e iciency in
he anspo a ion and logis ics sec o , as well as hei esea ch indings,
hold signi ican scien i ic alue. They unde sco e he signi icance o
hese ac o s and elucida e hei impac on he p ocesses and ou comes
o logis ical ope a ions.
A dec ease in he e iciency o he logis ics p ocess in he long e m o
Fig. 2. Dend og am o he s uc u e o anspo a ion and manu ac u ing sys em o p oduc ion companies as pe ypes o anspo .
Table 3
Clus e means.
Case ID Clus e No. 1 Clus e No. 2
C_1 59.00000 61.66667
C_2 27.00000 25.33333
C_3 14.00000 13.00000
Table 4
Euclidean dis ances be ween clus e s.
Clus e numbe No. 1 No. 2
No. 1 0.000000 3.629630
No. 2 1.905159 0.000000
Table 5
The desc ip i e s a is ics.
Va iable 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Mean 33.33 33.33 33.33 33.33 33.33
Valid N 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Median 25.00 27.00 27.00 25.00 26.00
Mode no mode no mode no mode no mode no mode
Minimum 14.00 14.00 14.00 13.00 12.00
Maximum 61.00 59.00 59.00 62.00 62.00
25.000 h Pe cen ile 14.00 14.00 14.00 13.00 12.00
75.000 h Pe cen ile 61.00 59.00 59.00 62.00 62.00
Geome ic Mean 27.74 28.15 28.15 27.21 26.84
Ha monic Mean 23.47 23.92 23.92 22.55 21.75
S d.De . 24.58 23.16 23.16 25.54 25.79
Va iance 604.33 536.33 536.33 652.33 665.33
A e age De ia ion 18.44 17.11 17.11 19.11 19.11
Range 47.00 45.00 45.00 49.00 50.00
Qua ile Range 47.00 45.00 45.00 49.00 50.00
Skewness 1.35 1.14 1.14 1.31 1.18
Sum 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
E. Smi no a e al.
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58
a lack o s abili y indica es he need o imp o emen . Thus, a classi i-
ca ion has been de eloped ha can educe he ime equi ed o ind a
sa is ac o y solu ion.
We ha e iden i ied se e al possible di ec ions o imp o ing he
supply chain:
1. Reducing anspo a ion cos s: By op imizing ou es, u ilizing e i-
cien ehicles, and enhancing logis ical p ocesses, anspo a ion
expenses can be lowe ed. This will enable he p o ision o mo e
compe i i e p ices o consume s and imp o e he p o i abili y o he
en e p ise (Alqodsi, 2021).
2. Dec easing anspo a ion delays: Imp o ing he o ganiza ion o
anspo a ion p ocesses, aligning deli e y schedules, and employing
sma moni o ing sys ems can help educe delays du ing p oduc
anspo a ion. This will ensu e imely o de deli e y and cus ome
sa is ac ion.
3. Enhancing se ice quali y: By p o iding high-quali y se ice,
including imely deli e y, eliabili y, and p oduc in eg i y,
cus ome needs can be sa is ied. This will help e ain exis ing cus-
ome s, a ac new ones, enhance he company’s epu a ion, and
inc ease sales olumes.
4. E icien in en o y managemen : By op imizing in en o y manage-
men p ocesses, educing excess in en o y, and imp o ing demand
o ecas ing accu acy, he e iciency o he p oduc ion p ocess can be
enhanced, and cos s can be educed.
The esea ch has he po en ial o make a signi ican con ibu ion o
se e al key a eas:
1. Assessmen o T anspo a ion and F eigh Fo wa ding Se ice
Quali y: The s udy p o ides a sys ema ic app oach o e alua ing he
quali y o anspo a ion and eigh o wa ding se ices o
manu ac u ing companies based on da a om 812 anspo ope a-
ions. The assessmen was conduc ed using weigh ed cha ac e is ics
assigned by expe s, o e ing a aluable ool o en e p ises in
selec ing op imal anspo a ion and eigh o wa ding pa ne s.
2. Enhancemen o Supply Chain E iciency: The esul s indica e ha
he quali y o anspo a ion and eigh o wa ding se ices in-
luences he e iciency o supply chains. I is elucida ed ha he
pe o mance o anspo a ion and eigh o wa ding companies,
such as imely deli e y and ca go in eg i y p ese a ion, signi ican ly
impac s he e iciency o supply chains.
3. Imp o emen o Fac o s A ec ing Se ice Quali y: The esea ch
poin s ou speci ic aspec s, such as se ice complexi y, esponse o
un o eseen eques s, p o essionalism o he pe sonnel, and commi -
men ul ilmen , which can be imp o ed by anspo a ion and
eigh o wa ding companies o enhance he e iciency o supply
chains.
4. Valida ion o he Impac o T anspo a ion and F eigh Fo -
wa ding Companies: The s udy alida es he hesis ha ans-
po a ion and eigh o wa ding companies ha e a subs an ial
impac on he e iciency o supply chains h ough a ious in luencing
ac o s.
In conclusion, he a icle can se e as a ounda ion o he de elop-
men o s a egies aimed a enhancing he quali y and e iciency o lo-
gis ic se ices wi hin manu ac u ing companies, he eby con ibu ing o
u he ad ancemen and e inemen o supply chain managemen .
Fig. 3. Concep ual scheme o anspo se ices quali y op imiza ion wi h espec o p oduc ion and comme cial ac i i y o en e p ises.
Table 6
Quali y coe icien s o anspo and o wa ding se ices in p oduc ion companies.
Se ice Quali y Fac o s 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 р
χ
2 - es
P ese a ion o goods by quan i y 0.999 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.0001 0.98 0.71
P ese a ion o goods by quali y 0.990 0.991 0.987 0.989 0.990 0.0001 0.98 0.72
Timely deli e y o goods 0.753 0.827 0.789 0.786 0.759 0.005 0.52 0.91
Insu ance gua an ees 1.000 0.750 0.400 0.333 1.000 0.005 0.96 0.71
Complex cus ome se ice 0.827 0.761 0.829 0.810 0.806 0.005 0.96 0.71
Cus ome sa is ac ion 0.965 0.967 0.970 0.969 0.971 0.05 0.80 0.67
Flexibili y 0.942 0.942 0.911 0.901 0.964 0.05 0.28 0.80
Timeliness o p ocess CIF, LCL applica ion. 0.700 0.769 0.833 0.750 0.933 0.15 0.85 0.87
Timeliness o p ocess FOB, EXW, DDU applica ion 0.921 0.833 0.758 0.714 0.800 0.05 0.96 0.92
Readiness 0.981 0.983 0.975 0.979 0.978 0.05 0.96 0.96
Rep esen a i e o ices in coun ies o deli e y and ca go composi ion 1 1 1 1 1 0.05 0.98 0.77
Simpli ied cus oms clea ance 0 0 0 1 1 0.0001 0.98 0.71
Compliance o documen s wi h in e na ional s anda ds 1 1 1 1 1 0.0001 0.98 0.71
Possibili y o independen ly ack he ca go by cus ome s 0 1 1 1 1 0.0001 0.98 0.72
In eg al indica o o anspo se ice quali y 0.816 0.802 0.783 0.932 1 0.005 0.52 0.91
E. Smi no a e al.
The Asian Jou nal o Shipping and Logis ics 40 (2024) 52–60
59
Thus, he scien i ic alue o his esea ch lies in i s con ibu ion o he
unde s anding and imp o emen o anspo a ion and p oduc ion p o-
cesses wi hin he con ex o manu ac u ing companies. This esea ch
makes an impo an con ibu ion o he de elopmen o logis ics heo y
and p ac ical ac i i ies in manu ac u ing en e p ises, as i helps e ine
heo e ical concep s and de elop new me hods o he analysis and
op imiza ion o anspo a ion and p oduc ion p ocesses.
6. Conclusions
The esea ch on e alua ing he accessibili y and e iciency o ans-
po a ion and p oduc ion p ocesses in en e p ises makes a signi ican
con ibu ion o he de elopmen o logis ics heo y and p ac ical ac i -
i ies. An essen ial aspec o his s udy is he es ablishmen o a ela-
ionship be ween he s uc u e and unc ioning o anspo a ion
ope a ions in manu ac u ing en e p ises.
I has been es ablished ha each clus e possesses i s unique s uc-
u e, which e lec s he speci ici y o anspo a ion ope a ions. The
applica ion o clus e analysis has allowed o he iden i ica ion o he
s abili y o he logis ics clus e o a pa icula ype o anspo a ion,
which is p opo ional o he alues o he s uc u al- unc ional elemen s
ha cons i u e he clus e . The esea ch indings also con i m he
impo ance o imp o ing he quali y o anspo a ion and p oduc ion
p ocesses o achie e e iciency in supply chains. The assessmen o he
quali y o anspo a ion and logis ics se ices has e ealed ha com-
panies ha e he po en ial o enhance ac o s such as se ice complexi y,
eadiness o handle un o eseen o de s, p o essionalism o employees,
and he abili y o mee he obliga ions associa ed wi h accep ed o de s in
a comp ehensi e manne .
Key Conclusions:
1. Con ibu ion o Science and Theo y: The a icle makes a subs an ial
con ibu ion o he scien i ic domain o logis ics by speci ying he
in e connec ions and signi icance o ac o s in luencing he quali y o
anspo a ion and eigh o wa ding se ices. I expands heo e ical
concep s and p o ides a ounda ion o u he esea ch in his a ea.
2. P ac ical Signi icance: The esea ch holds di ec p ac ical alue o
manu ac u ing companies, o e ing me hodologies ha can be u i-
lized o enhance hei logis ic p ocesses and selec op imal ans-
po a ion and eigh o wa ding pa ne s.
3. Di e en ia ion and Jus i ica ion o Conclusions: D awing on he
analysis o da a om 812 anspo ope a ions, he a icle p esen s
well- ounded and di e en ia ed conclusions ega ding he quali y
and e iciency o anspo a ion and eigh o wa ding se ices
wi hin manu ac u ing companies.
4. Call o Ac ion: Concluding he indings, a call o ac ion can be
inco po a ed, u ging manu ac u ing companies and p o essionals o
implemen he p oposed app oaches o imp o ing logis ic and
anspo a ion eigh o wa ding p ocesses.
Resea ch Limi a ions: The e ec i eness and accessibili y unde
in es iga ion may be in luenced by he economic con ex , which is
subjec o changes, and he applica ion o echnical solu ions and in-
no a ions may a y o e ime, po en ially impac ing he esul s.
The p ospec o u he esea ch lies in he necessi y o de eloping
and e ining solu ions ailo ed o speci ic en e p ises, pa icula ly hose
in ol ing high- ech p oduc ion p ocesses.
Funding
The au ho s ecei ed no inancial suppo o he esea ch, au ho -
ship, and/o publica ion o his a icle.
Decla a ion o Compe ing In e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial
in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o in luence
he wo k epo ed in his pape .
Acknowledgmen s
No applicable.
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