Cai, Junjie; Sha kawi, Ismawa i; Taasim, Shai il Izwan
A icle
Enhancing he esilience o supply chains in he ashion
appa el indus y h ough in elligen logis ics—e idence
om China
Cogen Business & Managemen
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Taylo & F ancis G oup
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Cai, Junjie; Sha kawi, Ismawa i; Taasim, Shai il Izwan (2024) : Enhancing he
esilience o supply chains in he ashion appa el indus y h ough in elligen logis ics—e idence
om China, Cogen Business & Managemen , ISSN 2331-1975, Taylo & F ancis, Abingdon, Vol. 11,
Iss. 1, pp. 1-19,
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Enhancing he esilience o supply chains in he
ashion appa el indus y h ough in elligen
logis ics—e idence om China
Junjie Cai, Ismawa i Sha kawi & Shai il Izwan Taasim
To ci e his a icle: Junjie Cai, Ismawa i Sha kawi & Shai il Izwan Taasim (2024) Enhancing
he esilience o supply chains in he ashion appa el indus y h ough in elligen
logis ics—e idence om China, Cogen Business & Managemen , 11:1, 2437248, DOI:
10.1080/23311975.2024.2437248
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Cogen Business & ManageMen
2024, VoL. 11, no. 1, 2437248
Enhancing he esilience o supply chains in he ashion appa el
indus y h ough in elligen logis ics—e idence om China
Junjie cai, ismawa i sha kawi and shai il izwan aasim
Depa men o social science and Managemen , Facul y o Humani ies, Managemen and science, uni e si i Pu a Malaysia,
Bin ulu, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
enhancing he esilience o supply chains is a key ac o in ensu ing economic ci cula ion
and social de elopmen . his s udy examines he impac o in elligen logis ics on he
esilience o supply chains in he ashion appa el indus y, based on da a om
p e ec u e-le el ci ies in china and a-sha e lis ed ashion appa el companies om 2008
o 2021. he indings show ha in elligen logis ics signi ican ly enhance bo h he
esis ance and eco e y capabili ies o supply chains, p omo ing an o e all imp o emen
in supply chain esilience. he key mechanisms include expanding co po a e ma ke
s a egies, educing ansac ion cos s, and imp o ing supply chain e iciency. his s udy
no only b oadens he esea ch ield o in elligen logis ics’ impac on supply chain
esilience bu also p o ides aluable e e ences o he chinese go e nmen o op imize
ele an policies.
1. In oduc ion
he cu en global economic landscape is unde going his o ic changes, wi h a ious ac o s inc easingly
es ic ing supply chain secu i y. hese cons ain s include in ensi ied compe i ion among majo powe s,
ising an i-globaliza ion sen imen s, eliance on o he coun ies o key echnologies, and obs acles posed
by he pandemic o he cen u y. in he ‘VUca’ e a—cha ac e ized by ola ili y, unce ain y, complexi y,
and ambigui y— he logis ics indus y, as a ounda ional, s a egic, and leading sec o suppo ing na ional
economic de elopmen , plays a c ucial ole in ex ending he indus ial chain, enhancing he alue chain,
and cons uc ing he supply chain as pa o he mode n indus ial sys em. in ecen yea s, o adap o
he de elopmen al needs o he digi al age, he logis ics indus y has in eg a ed new-gene a ion in o -
ma ion and logis ics echnologies—based on ‘aBcDe’ (a i icial in elligence, Blockchain, cloud compu ing,
Big Da a, edge compu ing)— o o m a new in elligen logis ics ecosys em cha ac e ized by digi aliza ion,
in elligence, g eening, ne wo king, in e na ionaliza ion, and inclusi i y (chen e al., 2024; li & li, 2022).
he supply chain is no only he mains ay o he mode n physical economy bu also he p ima y
sou ce o logis ics demand o he en i e socie y. in elligen logis ics inhe en ly acili a e economic ci cu-
la ion and main ain supply chain esilience and s abili y, e ec i ely p e en ing phenomena such as ‘chain
b eaks’, ‘chain blockages’, and ‘chain d op-o s’. he e o e, combining he in insic a ibu es and ad ance-
men me hods o in elligen logis ics o esea ch whe he he logis ics indus y can enhance he supply
chain’s c isis esponse capaci y and explo e new a enues o p omo ing supply chain esilience and secu-
i y is an ex emely impo an opic.
he inno a ion poin s and necessi y o his s udy a e e lec ed in he ollowing aspec s. Fi s ly, om
he esea ch pe spec i e, exis ing s udies p ima ily ocus on he impac o he digi al economy, indus ial
s uc u e, and echnological inno a ion on supply chain esilience, bu no schola s ha e ye explo ed he
causal ela ionship be ween in elligen logis ics and supply chain esilience. his s udy, o he i s ime,
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup
CONTACT ismawa i sha kawi isma[email p o ec ed] Depa men o social science and Managemen , Facul y o Humani ies,
Managemen and science, uni e si i Pu a Malaysia, Bin ulu, Malaysia.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2437248
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pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
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ARTICLE HISTORY
ecei ed 19 June 2024
e ised 9 sep embe
2024
accep ed 23 no embe
2024
KEYWORDS
logis ics; in elligen
logis ics; ashion appa el
indus y; supply chain
esilience
SUBJECTS
indus y & indus ial
s udies; asian s udies;
U ban De elopmen
2 J. cai e al.
explo es new a enues o enhancing supply chain esilience om he enabling pe spec i e o in elligen
logis ics, illing a gap in his esea ch a ea and expanding he alue c ea ion domain o he logis ics
indus y. secondly, in e ms o indica o measu emen , his s udy adop s supply chain esis ance and
eco e y as indica o s o cha ac e ize supply chain esilience, o e coming de iciencies in he exis ing li -
e a u e. addi ionally, in obus ness checks, his s udy subs i u es hese indica o s o help achie e p ecise
and scien i ic assessmen s o supply chain esilience and he impac o in elligen logis ics. hi dly,
ega ding mechanism pa hways, his s udy del es in o and e i ies he mechanisms and ansmission
pa hways h ough which in elligen logis ics a ec supply chain esilience om h ee angles: co po a e
ma ke s a egy layou , ansac ion cos s, and supply chain e iciency, deepening he heo e ical unde -
s anding o he ‘black box’ be ween he wo.
agains he backd op o inc easing global unce ain y, he esilience and secu i y o supply chains
ha e become a ocus o policymake s wo ldwide. his s udy no only ills a heo e ical gap in he
esea ch on he ela ionship be ween in elligen logis ics and supply chain esilience bu also p o-
ides p ac ical guidance a he policy le el. he applica ion o in elligen logis ics has been shown o
enhance he supply chain’s esponsi eness and isk esis ance. speci ically, his s udy holds signi ican
impo ance in he ollowing a eas: Fi s ly, by analyzing how in elligen logis ics enhance supply chain
esilience h ough imp o ing co po a e ma ke s a egy layou , educing ansac ion cos s, and
inc easing supply chain e iciency, his s udy p o ides policymake s wi h scien i ic e idence and p ac-
ical ecommenda ions, helping hem o mula e e ec i e supply chain managemen and logis ics
policies o enhance na ional economic s abili y and isk esis ance. secondly, his s udy e i ies he
impac o in elligen logis ics on supply chain esilience by selec ing ep esen a i e samples o ensu e
he gene al applicabili y o he esul s. he di e si y and ep esen a i eness o he samples make he
indings no only s a is ically signi ican bu also ope a ional and widely applicable in p ac ice. las ly,
he indings and policy ecommenda ions a e no only signi ican o china bu also p o ide e e -
ences o o he coun ies and egions. as a key means o enhancing supply chain esilience, he
applica ion expe iences and esea ch indings o in elligen logis ics can be p omo ed globally, help-
ing coun ies main ain supply chain s abili y and secu i y when acing global economic luc ua ions
and eme gencies.
in conclusion, by deeply explo ing he mechanisms h ough which in elligen logis ics enhance supply
chain esilience, his s udy no only o e s academic inno a ion and heo e ical con ibu ions bu also
p o ides aluable guidance o policy and p ac ical applica ions, laying a solid ounda ion o u he
p omo ing he de elopmen o in elligen logis ics and enhancing he supply chain’s capaci y o wi h-
s and ex e nal shocks. he emainde o his a icle is o ganized as ollows: sec ion 2 summa izes p io
ele an esea ch. sec ion 3 in oduces he empi ical models and me hods. sec ion 4 desc ibes he da a
used in his s udy. sec ion 5 p esen s and discusses he es ima ed esul s. Finally, sec ion 6 concludes
and o e s some policy ecommenda ions.
2. Li e a u e e iew
2.1. Cu en esea ch on supply chain esilience and secu i y
supply chain esilience and secu i y a e c i ical mechanisms ha ensu e en e p ises’ con inuous ope a ion
and eco e y capabili ies in he ace o ex e nal shocks. lummus and Voku ka (1999) in oduced he
concep o supply chain managemen , highligh ing he essen ial ole o esilience in main aining ope a-
ions when con on ed wi h unce ain ies and ex e nal dis u bances. his esilience is no only c ucial o
main aining ope a ions bu also o ms he ounda ion o c ea ing long- e m alue (guo e al., 2023). as
global supply chains ace inc easingly complex challenges, he impo ance o supply chain esilience and
secu i y has become mo e p onounced ( eng & lin, 2024). howe e , he e emains a gap in he li e a u e
ega ding he ela ionship be ween hese wo concep s, especially in he con ex o speci ic indus ies.
Unde he condi ions o globaliza ion and complex supply chain sys ems, esilience and secu i y a e
closely ela ed, al hough hei ocal poin s may di e in ce ain scena ios (hussain e al., 2023). hus, he
in eg a ion o esilience and secu i y mechanisms in enhancing supply chain pe o mance emains a key
challenge o bo h academia and indus y.
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 3
2.2. The connec ion be ween In elligen Logis ics and supply chain esilience
in elligen logis ics, as an eme ging echnology and inno a i e managemen model, has shown signi i-
can po en ial in enhancing supply chain esilience. While supply chain adap abili y has been discussed
in he li e a u e (Winkelhaus & g osse, 2020; gölgeci & Kui alainen, 2020; oki o e al., 2023), whe e
esilience depends on he abili y o i ms o eo ganize esou ces and op imize p ocesses in esponse o
ex e nal shocks, he ole o in elligen logis ics in his p ocess has no been ully s udied. h ough empi -
ical analysis, his a icle e eals o he i s ime he c i ical ole o in elligen logis ics in he ashion
appa el indus y. speci ically, in elligen logis ics in eg a es in o ma ion and logis ics ac i i ies along he
supply chain, accele a ing in o ma ion low and imp o ing supply chain anspa ency, he eby enhancing
i ms’ esponsi eness and decision-making speed. his capabili y is pa icula ly c ucial when dealing wi h
luc ua ions in ma ke demand and changes in he ex e nal en i onmen .
Fu he mo e, in elligen logis ics enables companies o be e adjus and expand hei ma ke layou s
(nakandala e al., 2022; Bai e al., 2024). he s udy inds ha by u ilizing in elligen logis ics echnolo-
gies, companies can no only educe supply chain ope a ing cos s bu also apidly en e new ma ke s.
his expanded capabili y u he enhances supply chain lexibili y, allowing i o espond mo e e ec i ely
o unce ain ies in global ma ke s. he e o e, he ole o in elligen logis ics in imp o ing supply chain
esilience in he ashion appa el indus y goes beyond echnological imp o emen s; i also includes a
deep impac on supply chain s a egy, o e ing a new pe spec i e o he applica ion o in elligen
logis ics in a ious supply chain en i onmen s.
2.3. Mechanisms by which In elligen Logis ics imp o es supply chain e iciency
supply chain e iciency is one o he key indica o s o supply chain esilience (Fahim & Mahadi, 2022;
guo e al., 2023). imp o ed e iciency no only enhances a supply chain’s eco e y capabili ies bu also
s eng hens a i m’s ma ke compe i i eness ( ang & Meng, 2021; liao, 2023). exis ing li e a u e (hosseini
e al., 2019; liu e al., 2020; shang, 2022; li e al., 2023) discusses eco e y mechanisms in supply chains
bu p o ides limi ed explo a ion o how logis ics echnologies di ec ly impac supply chain e iciency.
his a icle add esses his gap by e ealing a ious mechanisms h ough which in elligen logis ics
imp o es supply chain e iciency. Fi s ly, in elligen logis ics op imizes esou ce alloca ion and simpli ies
ope a ional p ocesses, enabling he supply chain o mo e goods a lowe cos s and highe speeds.
in elligen logis ics echnologies, such as au oma ed wa ehousing sys ems, in elligen anspo a ion, and
eal- ime acking sys ems, no only educe ime consump ion and human e o s inhe en in adi ional
logis ics bu also imp o e he accu acy and imeliness o in o ma ion low.
secondly, in elligen logis ics accele a es p oduc u no e and educes in en o y buildup, he eby
imp o ing i ms’ capi al u iliza ion e iciency. in elligen logis ics sys ems can analyze ma ke demand in
eal ime and dynamically adjus in en o y le els, educing imbalances be ween supply and demand
caused by in o ma ion delays. he empi ical s udy conduc ed in his a icle demons a es ha hese
mechanisms signi ican ly enhance supply chain eco e y capabili ies and p o ide i ms wi h a mo e lex-
ible and e icien ope a ional model, which is pa icula ly c ucial in he apidly changing en i onmen o
he ashion appa el indus y.
las ly, he widesp ead adop ion o in elligen logis ics no only educes ansac ion cos s o i ms bu
also op imizes collabo a ion e iciency ac oss he supply chain. Wi h in elligen logis ics echnologies,
in o ma ion wi hin he supply chain becomes mo e anspa en , and in e - i m collabo a ion becomes
mo e seamless, he eby educing in o ma ion asymme ies and ic ion cos s wi hin he supply chain.
h ough empi ical da a, his a icle e i ies he e ec i eness o in elligen logis ics in imp o ing o e all
supply chain e iciency and esilience o ex e nal shocks. hese indings p o ide policymake s and com-
panies wi h a conc e e amewo k o demons a e how in elligen logis ics echnologies can enhance
bo h he esilience and e iciency o supply chains.
3.Theo e ical analysis and esea ch hypo heses
a p esen , china is a he junc ion o a new ound o echnological e olu ion, indus ial ans o ma ion,
and supply chain esilience enhancemen , acing he iple challenges o incomple eness, ins abili y, and
4 J. cai e al.
lack o obus ness in supply chain cons uc ion. Dis up ion has become a signi ican cons ain hinde ing
he imp o emen o supply chain esilience (guo e al., 2024). i is e iden ha he enhancemen o
supply chain esilience in china needs o adjus om esis ing ‘dis up ion’ and quickly eco e ing om i .
adi ional logis ics, h ough packaging, anspo a ion, wa ehousing, loading and unloading, p ocessing,
and dis ibu ion, deli e s p oduc s om ups eam o downs eam o he supply chain, esul ing in a long
p oduc u no e cycle. his leads o asymme y be ween he inal p oduc and apidly changing pe son-
alized ma ke demand, causing uns able supply and demand ela ionships in he ma ke and hus a ec -
ing he esilience and secu i y o he supply chain. in elligen logis ics p o ides a new app oach o
o e coming his dilemma. compa ed wi h adi ional logis ics, in elligen logis ics can no only sho en
he p oduc u no e cycle h ough ypical scena ios such as ‘in e ne + e icien anspo a ion’,
‘in e ne + in elligen wa ehousing’, ‘in e ne + con enien dis ibu ion’, and ‘in e ne + sma e minals’
( ang & Veelen u , 2019) bu also enhance he unc ionali y o logis ics pla o ms, p omo ing he dock-
ing o bila e al ma ke s be ween ups eam and downs eam en e p ises in he supply chain and educing
he asymme y o in o ma ion in he supply chain. speci ically, in elligen logis ics may d i e he esil-
ience o he supply chain h ough he ollowing channels. Fi s , in elligen logis ics can b eak he spa ial
and empo al es ic ions o he chain domain and egion, expand he s a egic ma ke layou o en e -
p ises, he eby s eng hening he supply chain’s ‘ex ending chain’ and ‘supplemen ing chain’ capabili ies
and p omo ing supply chain esilience. second, in elligen logis ics helps o alle ia e he deg ee o in o -
ma ion asymme y aced by en e p ises and educe anspo a ion cos s, imp o e ansac ion cos s,
he eby op imizing coope a ion and collabo a ion be ween ups eam and downs eam en e p ises in he
supply chain and enhancing supply chain esilience. hi d, in elligen logis ics can p omo e he ci cula-
ion speed o p oduc s and unds, imp o e he e iciency o he supply chain, help o enhance ade
be ween ups eam and downs eam en e p ises in he supply chain, and imp o e supply chain esilience.
Following his, he a icle analyses he mechanism h ough which in elligen logis ics imp o e supply
chain esilience h ough hese h ee channels.
Fi s , om he pe spec i e o ma ke s a egic layou , p e ious esea ch has indica ed ha s eng hen-
ing a supply chain’s ‘ex ending chain’ and ‘supplemen ing chain’ capabili ies is an impo an means o
imp o e supply chain esilience (Xu e al., 2022). he imp o emen o he supply chain’s ‘ex ending chain’
and ‘supplemen ing chain’ capabili ies usually mani es s as he expansion o en e p ises’ ma ke scope
and an inc ease in po en ial pa ne s, i.e. he expansion o he s a egic layou o he en e p ise ma ke .
heo e ically, in elligen logis ics can expand he s a egic layou o he en e p ise ma ke in h ee ways.
Fi s , in elligen logis ics is bene icial o weakening he ex e nal in o ma ion cons ain s be ween
ups eam and downs eam en e p ises in he supply chain. as p o i -o ien ed o ganiza ions, en e p ises
ypically aspi e o access b oade ma ke s and consume g oups. cons ained by he blockage o in o -
ma ion low in adi ional logis ics, oppo uni ies o en e p ises o explo e ma ke s in o he egions and
o disco e new use s a e limi ed, wi h long dis ances causing asymme y o in o ma ion and low e i-
ciency in in o ma ion ansmission, leading o lee ing coope a i e oppo uni ies be ween en e p ises in
he supply chain; howe e , in elligen logis ics, h ough logis ics pla o ms o sha ing in o ma ion, e ec-
i ely mi iga es he isola ion o in o ma ion among supply chain node en e p ises and b eaks spa ial and
empo al cons ain s, u he p omo ing he low o in o ma ion h oughou he en i e supply chain and
he eby enhancing node en e p ises’ awa eness o ma ke demand. he e o e, in elligen logis ics can
op imize he in o ma ion en i onmen be ween ups eam and downs eam en e p ises in he supply
chain (gold a b & ucke , 2019), acili a ing ade coope a ion beyond dis ance ba ie s. second, in elli-
gen logis ics a e conduci e o b oadening en e p ises’ sales channels. he logis ics pla o ms os e ed by
in elligen logis ics d i e he ans o ma ion o he supply chain om en e p ise-led o pla o m
ecosys em-led; ha is, he business model o he supply chain e ol es om closed collabo a ion o open
coc ea ion (akba i & hopkins, 2022; Kamble e al., 2022; Bak e al., 2023), inc easing he numbe o
po en ial pa ne s be ween ups eam and downs eam en e p ises, which is bene icial o b oadening
en e p ises’ sales channels. in elligen logis ics also helps in le e aging he pla o m o sea ch o in e -
na ional cus ome in o ma ion and lowe he h eshold o expo s, achie ing he alignmen o ules
be ween domes ic and in e na ional ma ke s and u he expanding en e p ise sales channels o he
in e na ional ma ke (han & Wang, 2022). Finally, in elligen logis ics is ad an ageous o en e p ises
ocusing on he ‘long ail ma ke ’. By u ilizing digi al analysis echnology, in elligen logis ics e ec i ely
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 5
pene a es he hidden and ola ile cha ac e is ics o eal cus ome demands by con eying in o ma ion
h ough logis ics pla o ms, allowing en e p ises o inely segmen and accu a ely g asp cus ome needs
(lumpkin & Dess, 2004).
second, in e ms o ansac ion cos , which is an impo an ac o a ec ing coope a i e collabo a ion
be ween i ms ups eam and downs eam o he supply chain (l & shang, 2023; Fa ooque e al., 2022),
collabo a i e collabo a ion os e s join decision-making and business us be ween i ms and educes
unce ain y in business coope a ion, hus enhancing supply chain esilience. Fo i ms, in elligen logis ics
can educe ansac ion cos s by lowe ing in o ma ion asymme y and anspo cos s (gold a b & ucke ,
2019). On he one hand, ups eam supply chain i ms need o incu sea ch cos s in de ec ing ma ke
demand, and downs eam i ms need o ind sui able supplie s. Wi h he help o digi al echnology,
in elligen logis ics can ully unde s and he c edi wo hiness o ups eam and downs eam en e p ises
in he supply chain, and en e p ises can lexibly adjus he ansac ion de ails acco ding o he ma ke
si ua ion, hus educing hei sea ch cos s (lin & eng, 2024). e en a e business coope a ion be ween
ups eam and downs eam en e p ises in he supply chain, hey s ill need o pay he cos s o signing,
communica ion and supe ision, and i one pa y ails o ul ill he e ms o he con ac , hey s ill need
o pay he cos s o b eaching he con ac o he cos s o looking o o he business pa ne s in exchange.
in elligen logis ics can in eg a e supply and demand in o ma ion in he supply chain, and en e p ises
can no only choose business pa ne s h ough he logis ics pla o m bu also compa e po en ial coun-
e pa s, which helps ups eam and downs eam en e p ises in he supply chain adap and sc een hei
business pa ne s and e ec i ely educes he p obabili y o en e ing in o con ac s wi h en e p ises ha
may de aul on hei con ac s o engage in oppo unis ic beha io s (li e al., 2022) and u he educes
ansac ion cos s. his u he educes ansac ion cos s. On he o he hand, anspo cos is an impo -
an componen o he ansac ion cos o en e p ises; en e p ises will comp ehensi ely conside he ade
cos when choosing supplie s (huang e al., 2023), and high and long-dis ance anspo cos s will educe
he willingness o en e p ises o coope a e. he adi ional logis ics model is limi ed by he lack o digi al,
in elligen , and ne wo ked capabili ies, and anspo cos s emain high, whe eas in elligen logis ics sup-
po s he supe ision and managemen and op imiza ion o he en i e li e cycle o p oduc ci cula ion
(packaging, anspo a ion, wa ehousing, loading and unloading, p ocessing and dis ibu ion, and in o -
ma ion se ices) in a highly lexible and in eg a ed manne , imp o ing he esou ce alloca ion e iciency
o he logis ics indus y and e ec i ely lowe ing he ansac ion cos s aced by en e p ises. Fo example,
ehicleless ca ie s and d i e less echnologies a e used in anspo links, and au oma ic handling ech-
nologies such as au oma ed guided ehicles (agVs) and au onomous mobile obo s (aM s) a e used in
wa ehousing links (cohen e al., 2022).
hi d, in e ms o supply chain e iciency, which is e lec ed in he equen ade exchanges be ween
i ms ups eam and downs eam o he supply chain, he imp o emen o supply chain e iciency enables
i ms o in eg a e mo e deeply in o he supply chain ade ne wo k, s eng hens he syne gis ic ela ion-
ship be ween i ms in he supply chain, and hus imp o es supply chain esilience (huang e al., 2022).
heo e ically, in elligen logis ics can signi ican ly educe he numbe o days o capi al u no e and
in en o y u no e and imp o e he e iciency o he supply chain because, on he one hand, he in o -
ma ion e ec o in elligen logis ics causes ups eam and downs eam en e p ises in he supply chain
o g adually o m an in e connec ed supply chain ecosys em (liao, 2023) and p omo es he ela ionship
be ween ups eam and downs eam en e p ises in he supply chain o change om ‘one-way depen-
dence’ o ‘ wo-way dependence’ (liao, 2023). ‘ his kind o business coope a ion g ea ly educes he pos-
sibili y o ea ly deli e y, la e collec ion’, accele a es he speed o capi al exchange be ween he ups eam
and downs eam o he supply chain, and he esul ing con inuous cash low is conduci e o educing
he numbe o days o capi al u no e (liao, 2023) and educing he numbe o days o capi al u no e
(liao, 2023). he esul ing sus ained cash low is conduci e o sho ening he numbe o wo king days
(nakandala e al., 2022). in addi ion, he online ading unc ion o in elligen logis ics p o ides a i ual
ading pla o m o bo h ups eam and downs eam en e p ises in he supply chain, which is conduci e
o s anda dizing ading ope a ions and accele a ing he u no e speed o he en e p ise’s capi al chain,
hus imp o ing he e iciency o he supply chain. On he o he hand, in e ms o smoo h p oduc ci -
cula ion in he supply chain, adi ional logis ics a e con ined by he lack o in elligen scena ios and he
low deg ee o a ionaliza ion o anspo s uc u es, esul ing in low p oduc ci cula ion e iciency. in his
6 J. cai e al.
scena io, en e p ises o en ace he p oblem o in en o y accumula ion, which leads o ine iciency in he
supply chain. he eme gence o in elligen logis ics no only inc eases he ese e o in elligen acili ies
in logis ics links and imp o es he ope a ional e iciency o co e links bu also ealizes he in eg a ion o
in e modal anspo h ough he whole p ocess by comp ehensi ely u ilizing oad, ailway and wa e
anspo modes o imp o e he e iciency o di e en logis ics links and e ec i ely educe he numbe
o days o in en o y u no e o en e p ises. in elligen logis ics can also p o ide auxilia y decision-making
unc ions o he o ecas ing, planning and p og am e alua ion o en e p ise in en o y managemen
h ough an in eg a ed in o ma ion pla o m, which can u he op imize en e p ise in en o y manage-
men and imp o e he e iciency o he supply chain (Yin & an, 2022).
Based on he abo e analysis, his a icle p oposes he ollowing hypo heses.
Hypo hesis 1: in elligen logis ics can e ec i ely imp o e supply chain esilience.
Hypo hesis 2: in elligen logis ics can imp o e supply chain esilience by expanding he s a egic layou o
he en e p ise ma ke .
Hypo hesis 3: in elligen logis ics can imp o e supply chain esilience by educing en e p ise ansac ion
cos s.
Hypo hesis 4: in elligen logis ics can imp o e supply chain esilience by enhancing supply chain e iciency.
he heo e ical amewo k o his a icle is shown in Figu e 1.
4. Resea ch design
4.1. Model and a iable de ini ion
he co e aim o his a icle is o iden i y he e ec o in elligen logis ics on supply chain esilience;
he e o e, he p oposed basic econome ic model is se as ollows:
Resil IL X C
ij ij con ol i ij
= + + +++
α α α λε
01 2
Figu e 1. echnology oadmap.
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 7
whe e he subsc ip s i, j, and a e he ci y, en e p ise and yea , espec i ely.
Resil
ij deno es he le el o
supply chain esilience, which is decomposed in o wo a iables—supply chain esis ance ( esis) and
supply chain esilience ( eco )—in his a icle.
ILij
ep esen s he le el o egional logis ics in elligence
de elopmen ,
α
1
is he coe icien o he co e explana o y a iable o ocus,
Xcon ol
ep esen s he se o
con ol a iables,
Ci
and
λ
ep esen he indi idual and yea ixed e ec s, espec i ely, and
ε
ij
ep esen s
he andom e o e m.
4.1.1. Explana o y a iables
he wo d ‘ esilience’ is de i ed om he la in wo d ‘ esili e’, which is ansla ed as ‘ e u n o he o iginal
s a e’ and indica es he abili y o a sys em o eco e om an ex e nal pe u ba ion. esilience is he
abili y o a sys em o eco e a e an ex e nal pe u ba ion. Based on he de ini ion o esilience, his
a icle di ides supply chain esilience in o wo dimensions: supply chain esis ance, which ep esen s he
abili y o he supply chain o esis ex e nal shocks, and supply chain esilience, which ep esen s he
abili y o he supply chain o eco e a e being hi by ex e nal shocks.
1. supply chain esis ance ( esis). supply esis ance e lec s he s abili y o he coope a i e ela ionship
be ween ups eam and downs eam en e p ises in he supply chain; ha is, in he ace o ex e nal
pe u ba ions, en e p ises can s ill main ain collabo a i e ela ionships. in his a icle, we use he
numbe o s able cus ome s/5 o he op i e cus ome s o cha ac e ize supply chain esis ance. ake
ic
i j
(, )
o deno e whe he he e exis s a supply ela ionship be ween en e p ise i and cus ome
cj
(j = 1, 2…, 5) in yea . i he e exis s, hen
ic
i j
(, )
= 1, and ice e sa, is 0. ake
ic
i j−1
(, )
o deno e
he supply ela ionship be ween en e p ise i and cus ome
cj
in yea − 1. i he e exis s, hen
ic
i j−1
(, )
= 1, and ice e sa 0; using
F ic ic ic
i j i j i j
, (, ) (, )
()
= × −1) o indica e whe he he e is a s able supply
ela ionship be ween i m i and cus ome
cj
in yea , i
F ic
i j
,
()
= 1, i means ha he e is a s able
supply ela ionship be ween i m i and cus ome
cj
in yea , and ice e sa. exis s. Based on he
abo e de ini ion o he i m-cus ome supply ela ionship, his a icle p oposes adop ing he ollow-
ing me hod o e lec he composi e alue o he s able ela ionship be ween i m i and i s op i e
cus ome s.
Rsis
F ic
i
j
i j
=
()
=
∑
1
5
5
,
1. When esis∈[0,1], he la ge he alue is, he s onge he esis ance o he supply chain.
2. supply chain esilience ( eco ). supply chain esilience e lec s he ebound abili y o ups eam and
downs eam en e p ises in he supply chain o de ia e om he o iginal ope a ion ajec o y when
hey a e hi by ex e nal shocks, and hey can e en achie e chain upg ading by ‘ esponding o
changes and aking ad an age o he si ua ion’; hus, he deg ee o ‘de ia ion’ o en e p ise pe o -
mance can e lec he esilience o he supply chain a e being hi by shocks. he e o e, he deg ee
o ‘de ia ion’ o en e p ise pe o mance can e lec he esilience o he supply chain a e i is hi . in
his a icle, we cons uc he ollowing econome ic model, using he esiduals ( he di e ence
be ween he ac ual obse ed alue and he es ima ed alue) o cap u e he changes and esponses
o he economic pe o mance o en e p ises when hey a e subjec ed o ex e nal pe u ba ions in
di e en pe iods; he la ge he alue is, he s onge he supply chain esilience is, and he weake
i is.
Pe o mance IL X C
i ij con ol i ij
= + + +++
β β β λε
01 2
pe o mance ep esen s he business pe o mance o he i m, which is measu ed by he a io o
eBi Da o he numbe o employees. a se ies o con ol a iables ela ed o i m pe o mance a e added
o he model, including i m size, i m age, le e age, boa d size, and he p opo ion o independen
di ec o s (indpe).
14 J. cai e al.
eco a e −0.0042 and −0.0112 and a e signi ican a he 1% le el, espec i ely. he eg ession coe i-
cien s o he a iable asse on esis and eco a e −0.0042 and −0.0112, espec i ely, and a e signi ican
a he 1% le el. his esul be e e i ies he heo e ical hypo hesis o his a icle (Figu e 6), which indi-
ca es ha in elligen logis ics can educe he ansac ion cos s o en e p ises and hus imp o e he
esilience o he supply chain, and hypo hesis 3 is suppo ed by empi ical e idence.
5.4.3. Supply chain e iciency channels
heo e ically, in elligen logis ics is conduci e o imp o ing supply chain e iciency by sho ening he
numbe o days o capi al u no e and in en o y u no e , while he imp o emen o supply chain e i-
ciency implies ha he in e ac ions be ween di e en node en e p ises o he supply chain in p oducing
and dis ibu ing speci ic p oduc s o se ices a e mo e equen and ha he node en e p ises can ca y
ou business coope a ion mo e e icien ly, which s eng hens supply chain coope a ion and collabo a ion
and hus imp o es supply chain esilience. in e ms o supply chain e iciency (sce), s udies ha e used
en e p ises’ in en o y o non inished goods as an indica o o supply chain e iciency (huang e al., 2022).
howe e , he e iciency o he supply chain is ep esen ed only by he in en o y le el, which igno es
ac o mobili y among he node en e p ises o he supply chain. in his a icle, supply chain e iciency is
u he ep esen ed by in en o y u no e days based on he in en o y s ock o en e p ises, and he
algo i hm is ln(365/in en o y u no e a e). his indica o is chosen mainly o he ollowing wo con-
side a ions. Fi s , he numbe o days o in en o y u no e e ec i ely o e comes he measu emen e o
o lowe supply chain e iciency due o he e en ion o sa e y s ock by en e p ises. o p e en he isk
o unce ain y, en e p ises will hold a ce ain amoun o sa e y s ock, so i is no he case ha he smalle
he s ock is, he highe he supply chain e iciency. second, in en o y u no e days e lec he equency
o dialog and ade ansac ions be ween ups eam and downs eam en e p ises in he supply chain,
e lec ing supply chain lexibili y and esponsi eness, and he lowe he u no e days a e, he as e he
in en o y can be liquida ed, and he highe he e iciency o he supply chain. F om he eg ession
esul s epo ed in column (1) o able 7, i can be ound ha he eg ession esul s o he co e explan-
a o y a iables il and supply chain e iciency a e signi ican ly nega i e, and he eg ession coe icien s o
he a iable il on esis and eco in columns (2) and (3) a e 0.0610 and 0.0871, espec i ely, and hey
a e signi ican a he 1% le el; he eg ession coe icien s o he a iable sce on esis and eco a e
−0.0212 and −0.0212 and −0.0211, espec i ely, and he eg ession coe icien s o he a iable sce on
eco a e −0.0212 and −0.0212 and −0.0212, espec i ely. he eg ession coe icien s o he a iable sce
on esis and eco a e −0.0212 and −0.0125 and a e signi ican a he 10% and 5% le els, espec i ely,
indica ing ha in elligen logis ics can e ec i ely sho en he numbe o days o in en o y u no e o
en e p ises, imp o e he e iciency o he supply chain, and p omo e he esilience o he supply chain
o enhance he esul s, which is consis en wi h he expec ed esul s o hypo hesis 4 (Figu e 7).
6. Conclusions and policy implica ions
enhancing supply chain esilience and secu i y is he ounda ion o a sound na ional economic cycle and
is also an ine i able equi emen o ensu ing long- e m s able and high-quali y economic and social
de elopmen . his a icle empi ically analyzes he impac and mechanisms o in elligen logis ics on
Figu e 6. Mechanism analysis2.
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 15
supply chain esilience based on da a om chinese p e ec u e-le el ci ies and a-sha e lis ed ashion
appa el companies om 2008 o 2021. he s udy inds ha in elligen logis ics helps p omo e supply
chain esis ance and esilience, meaning ha in elligen logis ics can imp o e supply chain esilience,
and he co e conclusions emain alid a e applying he ins umen al a iable me hod and obus ness
es ing using subs i u e a iables. he mechanism es shows ha in elligen logis ics can imp o e sup-
ply chain esilience by expanding he s a egic layou o en e p ises, educing ansac ion cos s, and
imp o ing supply chain e iciency. his esea ch p o ides impo an p ac ical signi icance and policy
implica ions on how o enhance supply chain esilience in he con ex o he u gen need o imp o e
supply chain esilience and indus ial chain secu i y.
in he cu en con ex o global economic challenges, he ole o in elligen logis ics in enhancing
supply chain esilience has become inc easingly p ominen . he e o e, policymake s a e ad ised o make
he applica ion o in elligen logis ics a co e ocus o he sma ans o ma ion policy in he logis ics
indus y. speci ic measu es could include he ollowing: Fi s , s eng hen he cons uc ion o secu i y
sys ems in p oduc ci cula ion p ocesses. policies should p omo e he linkage be ween logis ics en e -
p ises and secu i y inspec ion depa men s o es ablish in o ma ion-sha ing mechanisms, pa icula ly
ega ding he sa e y o anspo ed goods, ensu ing anspa ency and secu i y du ing he ci cula ion o
goods. en e p ises should be encou aged o widely apply cu ing-edge echnologies such as he in e ne
o hings (io ), cloud compu ing, and big da a o moni o he low o p oduc s in eal- ime, p edic , and
wa n o po en ial delays and in e up ions a each supply chain node. Fo example, es ablishing
Table 7. analysis o mechanisms3.
(1) (2) (3)
sCe Resis Reco
iL −0.0023*** 0.0610*** 0.0871***
[−4.1118] [3.2810] [4.7098]
size 0.0963*** 0.0041 0.0741***
[4.4645] [0.2182] [3.9327]
age 0.0621** −0.0289 0.0354
[2.3670] [−1.1299] [1.3866]
Le 0.0017 0.0088 −0.0000
[0.1583] [0.7052] [−0.0002]
Boa d −0.0409 0.0510 0.0904**
[−1.2749] [1.3498] [2.4061]
indpe 0.0273* 0.0330* 0.0598***
[1.6711] [1.6870] [3.0718]
sCe −0.0212* −0.0125**
[−1.8480] [−2.4995]
_cons −0.0045 0.0092 −0.0744***
[−0.3724] [0.5728] [−4.6596]
2 0.2373 0.2291 0.2171
F 3.7615 3.2656 7.7960
p 0.0005 0.0018 0.0000
Con ol Yes Yes Yes
Code Yes Yes Yes
Yea Yes Yes Yes
ind Yes Yes Yes
Ci y Yes Yes Yes
P o Yes Yes Yes
s a is ics in b acke s.
*p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.
Figu e 7. analysis o mechanisms3.
16 J. cai e al.
s anda dized digi al secu i y moni o ing sys ems can ensu e he secu i y o c i ical supply chain nodes,
he eby educing he isk o supply chain dis up ions.
nex , build supply-demand coo dina ion pla o ms. he go e nmen should ac i ely suppo he
de elopmen and implemen a ion o indus y-le el supply chain coo dina ion pla o ms o help en e -
p ises achie e supply chain secu i y in o ma ion sha ing and esou ce coo dina ion, b eaking down he
in o ma ion silos among node en e p ises. Fo ins ance, a digi al pla o m can be used o connec supply
and demand and p o ide eal- ime da a analysis and o ecas ing o help businesses quickly adjus supply
chain p ocesses, lowe isks, and op imize e iciency.
in addi ion, policies should encou age in es men in big da a echnology o c ea e da a-d i en supply
chain managemen sys ems. By analyzing eal- ime da a on consume beha io , ma ke demand, and
logis ics p ocesses, en e p ises can accu a ely p edic ma ke changes and p omp ly adjus supply chain
s a egies. public-p i a e pa ne ships can be le e aged o es ablish egional o indus y-wide big da a
pla o ms ha help businesses achie e e icien supply chain managemen a he lowes cos , mee ing
he inc easingly di e se needs o consume s. Fu he mo e, policies should guide en e p ises o ake
ad an age o hei geog aphical p oximi y o consump ion hubs, op imizing in en o y managemen and
logis ics scheduling, allowing quick esponses o demand, and ensu ing ha ups eam and downs eam
en e p ises can access and p ocess key ma ke in o ma ion, he eby enhancing he lexibili y and espon-
si eness o he en i e supply chain.
issues such as ‘s uck chains’, ‘b oken chains’, and ‘d opped chains’ a e signi ican h ea s o imp o ing
supply chain esilience. o add ess hese challenges, i is ecommended o ocus on ‘chain mas e ’ en e -
p ises and adop he ollowing s a egies o s eng hen mu ual suppo wi hin he supply chain. Fi s ,
cul i a e he leade ship ole o ‘chain mas e ’ en e p ises. policies should p io i ize suppo ing hese com-
panies as hey ypically ha e s onge esou ce alloca ion and echnological inno a ion capabili ies,
enabling hem o coo dina e and d i e ups eam and downs eam en e p ises. he go e nmen should
p o ide policy incen i es (such as ax bene i s and echnical subsidies) o suppo ‘chain mas e ’ en e -
p ises in in eg a ing small and medium-sized en e p ises in o he supply chain, encou aging collabo a-
ion among la ge, medium, and small en e p ises. Fo p omising ‘chain mas e ’ en e p ises, speci ic
unding and echnical suppo should be p o ided o enhance hei leading posi ion wi hin he sup-
ply chain.
p omo e he in eg a ion o ‘specialized, special new’, ‘single champion’, and ‘hidden champion’ en e -
p ises in o he chain. he go e nmen should encou age mo e o hese en e p ises o join he supply
chains led by ‘chain mas e ’ companies. By enhancing hei co e echnical capabili ies and collabo a i e
inno a ion, hese companies can u he s eng hen supply chain esilience. policymake s can de elop
a ge ed ac ion plans o hese companies, clea ly ou lining he s anda ds o in eg a ing in o supply
chains and o e ing app op ia e inancing and echnical suppo .
es ablish digi al supply chain alliances. Digi al ans o ma ion is he u u e end wi hin exis ing supply
chains. he go e nmen is ad ised o p omo e he c ea ion o digi al supply chain alliances cen e ed
a ound ‘chain mas e ’ en e p ises, using digi al ools (such as blockchain echnology, a i icial in elligence,
and big da a) o connec ups eam and downs eam supply chain en e p ises, op imizing esou ce allo-
ca ion and enhancing collabo a ion e iciency. Fo example, by in eg a ing eal- ime in o ma ion om
di e en nodes wi hin he supply chain ia a digi al pla o m, in o ma ion asymme y can be educed,
and o e all supply chain collabo a ion and anspa ency can be imp o ed. he go e nmen can p o ide
speci ic unding o suppo digi al ans o ma ion, d i ing he in elligen mode niza ion o indus ial sup-
ply chains.
las ly, policymake s should map key supply chain links. Fo iconic and specialized indus ial supply
chains, go e nmen s should d aw ‘key link maps’ and a ac app op ia e en e p ises o ill gaps and
s eng hen supply chains h ough p ecise in es men a ac ion. Fo example, policies can ocus on ce -
ain weak links in he supply chain, pa icula ly in he supply o c i ical ma e ials o echnologies, ac i ely
s eng hening hose a eas o achie e sus ainable supply chain de elopmen .
By implemen ing hese measu es, he go e nmen can e ec i ely p omo e collabo a ion be ween
‘chain mas e ’ en e p ises and small and medium-sized businesses, ein o cing supply chain esilience and
lexibili y while d i ing he long- e m s abili y and e iciency o supply chains.
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 17
6.1. Limi a ions and u u e esea ch
al hough his s udy p o ides meaning ul insigh s in o how in elligen logis ics enhances supply chain
esilience in he ashion appa el indus y, i has some limi a ions and a eas o imp o emen . Fi s , he
esea ch is p ima ily based on da a om chinese p e ec u e-le el ci ies and a-sha e lis ed ashion
appa el companies om 2008 o 2021. While his da a e lec s he chinese ma ke , geog aphic and
indus y limi a ions may in oduce sample bias. incomple e da a om some ci ies, especially in emo e
a eas, may cause egional bias. addi ionally, he eliance on a-sha e lis ed companies may lead o
sample selec ion bias, po en ially ailing o ully ep esen small and medium-sized en e p ises.
al hough we applied da a il e ing and Winso iza ion echniques o mi iga e hese issues, hey may
no en i ely elimina e he biases.
Fu u e esea ch should expand he da a sample o include mo e non-lis ed companies and da a om
o he coun ies and egions o e i y he b oad applicabili y o in elligen logis ics in enhancing supply
chain esilience. c oss-indus y s udies a e also impo an o explo ing he e ec s o in elligen logis ics
in o he sec o s, such as manu ac u ing o high- ech indus ies, o gain a comp ehensi e unde s anding
o i s ole in di e en supply chain en i onmen s.
Fu he mo e, u u e esea ch can e ine he applica ion scena ios o in elligen logis ics, examining he
di e ences in adop ion dep h and b ead h among a ious ypes and sizes o en e p ises o mo e accu-
a ely assess i s impac on supply chain esilience and e iciency. as his s udy is conduc ed wi hin china’s
speci ic policy and ma ke en i onmen , u u e esea ch should conside how di e en policy amewo ks
a ec he implemen a ion o in elligen logis ics. pa icula ly in he con ex o globaliza ion and inc eas-
ing supply chain challenges, c oss-na ional compa isons will p o ide mo e ac ionable insigh s o
policymake s.
Finally, combining eal- ime upda es om big da a and eme ging echnologies will imp o e da a accu-
acy and b ead h, enhancing he eliabili y and applicabili y o esea ch indings. By u he expanding
sample anges, conduc ing c oss-indus y analysis, and alida ing indings unde di e en policy en i on-
men s, u u e esea ch can p o ide b oade heo e ical suppo and p ac ical guidance on how in elligen
logis ics can enhance supply chain esilience.
Acknowledgmen s
We g a e ully acknowledge he adminis a i e suppo o he Doc o al p og amme o Business economics.
Au ho s’ con ibu ions
he e au ho s we e in ol ed in he concep ion, design and selec ion o he opic o his s udy. M . Junjie cai and
D . ismawa i sha kawi we e esponsible o he p epa a ion o he ma e ial, da a collec ion and p elimina y analyses.
D . ismawa i sha kawi, D . shai il izwan aasim we e esponsible o he planning and supe ision o he esea ch
opic. he manusc ip was d a ed by M . Junjie cai, D . ismawa i sha kawi and D . shai il izwan aasim p o ided
commen s and edi s. h ee o au ho s ead and app o ed he inal manusc ip .
A ailabili y o da a
he da a and ela ed ma e ials co e ed in his a icle a e in he suppo ing documen s. Da a a ailable on easonable
eques om he co esponding au ho M . Junjie cai.
Disclosu e s a emen
no po en ial compe ing in e es was epo ed by he au ho s.
Funding
no unding was ecei ed o his s udy.
18 J. cai e al.
ORCID
ismawa i sha kawi h p://o cid.o g/0000-0001-8800-162X
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