A migration miracle? Indian migration to Germany: Opportunities and challenges

Kipp, Da id
Resea ch Repo
A mig a ion mi acle? Indian mig a ion o Ge many:
Oppo uni ies and challenges
SWP Resea ch Pape , No. 4/2025
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
S i ung Wissenscha und Poli ik (SWP), Ge man Ins i u e o In e na ional and Secu i y A ai s,
Be lin
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Kipp, Da id (2025) : A mig a ion mi acle? Indian mig a ion o Ge many:
Oppo uni ies and challenges, SWP Resea ch Pape , No. 4/2025, S i ung Wissenscha und Poli ik
(SWP), Be lin,
h ps://doi.o g/10.18449/2025RP04
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SWP Resea ch Pape
S i ung Wissenscha und Poli ik
Ge man Ins i u e o
In e na ional and Secu i y A ai s
Da id Kipp
A Mig a ion Mi acle?
Indian Mig a ion o Ge many
Oppo uni ies and Challenges
SWP Resea ch Pape 4
Sep embe 2025, Be lin
Abs ac
∎ The numbe o Indian mig an s in Ge many has isen sha ply in ecen
yea s. In pa icula , hey a e helping alle ia e he sho age o skilled
wo ke s in STEM p o essions.
∎ Fo Ge many, India is he mos impo an coun y o o igin o labou
and educa ion mig a ion. Cu en ly, he p o ile o mig a ion o Ge many
is changing: ewe expe s a e en e ing on he EU Blue Ca d (which, un il
ecen ly, was he mos impo an esidence pe mi o skilled wo ke s),
while mo e s uden s, ainees and p o essionally quali ied people a e
coming o look o jobs o ha e hei quali ica ions ecognised by he Ge -
man au ho i ies.
∎ The Mig a ion and Mobili y Pa ne ship Ag eemen (MMPA) concluded
by Be lin and New Delhi in 2022 does no expand he Ge man legal
amewo k o ec ui ing skilled wo ke s h ough he p o ision o new
access ou es. Howe e , i does imp o e he p ac ical implemen a ion o
sel -o ganised mig a ion om India – o example, by speeding up isa
p ocedu es.
∎ The MMPA Join Wo king G oup o e s he oppo uni y no only o en-
gage in a dialogue wi h he Indian go e nmen aimed a ha nessing he
ull po en ial o inc easing mig a ion bu also o add ess he challenges
ha ha e a isen om ha end, including he inadequa e egula ion o
p i a e ec ui men agencies.
∎ The example o India shows ha Ge many’s ex e nal in as uc u e and
mig a ion- ela ed de elopmen coope a ion mus be used much mo e
e ec i ely in coun ies o o igin in o de o de elop new app oaches
o he ai and success ul ec ui men o skilled wo ke s o he Ge man
labou ma ke .
∎ Mig a ion coope a ion is a b idge builde in Ge man-Indian ela ions,
which a e becoming inc easingly impo an . Key a eas o bila e al col-
labo a ion – such as digi isa ion, a i icial in elligence and clima e p o-
ec ion – should be sys ema ically linked o knowledge exchange and
he mobili y o skilled p o essionals in hese sec o s.
SWP Resea ch Pape
S i ung Wissenscha und Poli ik
Ge man Ins i u e o
In e na ional and Secu i y A ai s
Da id Kipp
A Mig a ion Mi acle?
Indian Mig a ion o Ge many
Oppo uni ies and Challenges
SWP Resea ch Pape 4
Sep embe 2025, Be lin
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S i ung Wissenscha und
Poli ik
Ge man Ins i u e
o In e na ional
and Secu i y A ai s
Ludwigki chpla z 3–4
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Ge many
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ISSN (P in ) 2747-5123
ISSN (Online) 1863-1053
DOI: 10.18449/2025RP04
(English e sion o
SWP-S udie 12/2025)

Table o Con en s
5 Issues and Recommenda ions
7 T ends in Indian Mig a ion
7 His o ical and social ac o s
8 Recen ends in in e na ional mig a ion
11 The de elopmen o Indian mig a ion o Ge many
14 Founda ions, legal amewo k and ac o s in
Ge man-Indian mig a ion coope a ion
14 The ounda ions o bila e al mig a ion coope a ion
16 Legal amewo k and s a e ac o s
18 Non-s a e ec ui men ac o s
20 Mig a ion Coope a ion: Oppo uni ies and Challenges
20 Di e en app oaches o mig a ion coope a ion
22 Skills ma ching o labou mig a ion
24 Educa ion mig a ion – High le el o in e es demands
imp o ed selec ion p ocedu es
26 Re u n policy – (no ) a majo p oblem
28 Enhancing Ge many’s Ex e nal In as uc u e in India
28 Imp o emen o Ge many’s ex e nal in as uc u e
29 Rede ining mig a ion- ela ed de elopmen
coope a ion wi h India
31 App oaches o EU coope a ion wi h India
33 Conclusion and Recommenda ions
34 Abb e ia ions
Da id Kipp is an Associa e in SWP’s Global Issues Resea ch
Di ision. This Resea ch Pape was w i en as pa o he
“S a egic Re ugee and Mig a ion Policy” p ojec , which is
unded by he Ge man Minis y o Economic Coope a ion
and De elopmen .
The au ho would like o hank Emma Landmesse , Janna
Langosch and A hu Buliz o hei suppo .
SWP Be lin
A Mig a ion Mi acle? Indian Mig a ion o Ge many
Sep embe 2025
5
Issues and Recommenda ions
A Mig a ion Mi acle?
Indian Mig a ion o Ge many:
Oppo uni ies and Challenges
The new Ge man go e nmen emphasises ha i s
mig a ion policy aims o limi i egula a i als and
s eng hen s a e con ol o e mig a ion p ocesses. I
is paying less a en ion, howe e , o he challenge o
u he de eloping skilled mig a ion om hi d coun-
ies so ha he demog aphic decline in he wo king-
age popula ion o Ge many can be add essed. While
he Ge man go e nmen in ends o es ablish a digi al
cen al agency ( he so-called Wo k and S ay Agency)
in o de o boos he e ec i eness o he p ocedu es
equi ed o he mig a ion p ocess and he ecogni-
ion o quali ica ions o applican s, such measu es
alone will no su ice o achie e he desi ed numbe
o skilled wo ke s ec ui ed om ab oad. E en an up-
o-da e legal amewo k and digi al p ocedu es will
ha e he hoped- o impac only i a sus ained e o is
made o coope a e on mig a ion policy wi h coun ies
o o igin. This is clea ly e iden in he case o India,
he coun y ha has become he la ges sou ce o
labou and educa ion mig a ion o Ge many.
The numbe o Indian na ionals in Ge many
has mo e han ipled o e he pas decade – om
86,000 in 2015 o 280,000 in 2025 – while he al eady
low numbe o asylum applica ions om India has
con inued o all. The majo i y o Indians employed
in Ge many a e highly skilled wo ke s in na u al
sciences, (in o ma ion) echnology, enginee ing and
ma hema ics (STEM) and he e a e now mo e han
50,000 Indians cu en ly s udying a Ge man uni e -
si ies. As a esul , Indian mig a ion o Ge many is
conside ed a success s o y. Some obse e s e en speak
o a “mig a ion mi acle”.
In 2022, Ge many signed a Mig a ion and Mobili y
Pa ne ship Ag eemen (MMPA) wi h India. The aim
o ha ag eemen is o u he imp o e he condi-
ions o “sa e, o de ly and egula mig a ion” om
India o Ge many. This esea ch pape examines he
lea ning p ocesses ha can be obse ed in Ge man
mig a ion policy amid deepe mig a ion coope a ion
wi h India and conside s he oppo uni ies and chal-
lenges a ising om Indian mig a ion o Ge many.
India has a la ge numbe o ins i u ions, p o-
g ammes and bila e al ag eemen s de o ed o mig a-
Issues and Recommenda ions
SWP Be lin
A Mig a ion Mi acle? Indian Mig a ion o Ge many
Sep embe 2025
6
ion coope a ion. On he one hand, he Indian go -
e nmen is in e es ed in alle ia ing p essu e on he
domes ic labou ma ke , whe e 7–9 million new jobs
need o be c ea ed each yea o he g owing wo king-
age popula ion. On he o he hand, i is seeking o
ha ness mig a ion as a ool o deepen o eign ela-
ions, enhance he s a egic ole o he diaspo a and
ensu e he s eady in low o emi ances. Measu ed
in e ms o hese ambi ions, mig a ion go e nance
is weak in India, pa ly because he long-o e due
e o m o i s mig a ion law has been epea edly pos -
poned. A he le el o cen al go e nmen , he e is a
lack o us wo hy pa ne ins i u ions o he o e -
seas ec ui men o skilled wo ke s. So a , Ge man
ec ui men e o s ha e ocused on he subna ional
le el, ha is, he Indian s a es, some o which ha e
s uc u es ha inspi e mo e us han hose o he
cen al go e nmen .
Bu when Indians wan o go ab oad o wo k, s udy
o unde go aining, mos o hem u n o p i a e
ec ui men agencies a he han s a e ins i u ions.
Toge he , hese agencies o m a mig a ion in as uc-
u e ha has g own o e he decades and enables
mig an s o iden i y he as es and easies mig a ion
ou es o di e en des ina ion coun ies. Howe e ,
audulen business p ac ices a e equen ly epo ed
owing o he lack o anspa ency, quali y s anda ds
and go e nmen egula ion.
Recen ly, many p i a e ec ui men agencies ha e
been s epping up hei ac i i ies in Ge many. One
eason o his is ha since he e o m o i s Skilled
Labou Immig a ion Ac , Ge many has become mo e
open o skilled wo ke s and s uden s. By con as ,
adi ional des ina ions o Indian mig a ion – such
as he Uni ed S a es, he Uni ed Kingdom, Canada and
Aus alia – ha e become mo e es ic i e. Elsewhe e,
he Gul s a es s ill a ac mainly low-skilled Indian
mig an s, who con inue o li e and wo k la gely in
poo condi ions in hose coun ies. Al hough p i a e
ec ui men agencies a e ex emely impo an o he
mig a ion o Indians, hey a e no men ioned in he
MMPA – an omission ha he Ge man go e nmen
co ec ed in i s “Skilled Labou S a egy o India”,
adop ed in Oc obe 2024. This is a good s a ing poin
o engaging wi h he Indian go e nmen in he
MMPA Join Wo king G oup wi h a iew o de elop-
ing new ins umen s ha ake in o accoun he im-
po an ole p i a e agencies play in he ec ui men
o skilled wo ke s and a he same ime ensu e hey
a e be e egula ed.
The numbe o Indian s uden s a Ge man uni e -
si ies is s eadily inc easing. Despi e i s in e na ionali-
sa ion since he mid-2000s, he Ge man highe edu-
ca ion sys em is no ye su icien ly equipped o deal
wi h he la ge numbe o s uden s om India. Fo
example, he e a e no eliable selec ion me hods o
he nume ous applica ions om India, which makes
quali y con ol di icul . And despi e he g ea labou
ma ke po en ial o Indian s uden s, ins umen s o
in eg a ing hem in o he Ge man economy a e no ye
su icien ly de eloped. In addi ion, unde he busi-
ness model de eloped by some p i a e ec ui men s
agencies in India wo king wi h a ious p i a e uni-
e si ies in Ge many, young Indians pay high ees
o a place a uni e si y only o ind ou ha in some
cases, he s udy condi ions a e poo and hei deg ee
is o limi ed alue. Because o he la ge deb s hey
ha e incu ed, many Indian s uden s depend on
sho - e m ways o ea ning money in he gig economy.
This means wo king in se ices such as ood deli e y,
which, a anged ia pla o ms, do no o e a pe -
manen employmen ela ionship.
Despi e he challenges, Indian mig a ion p o ides
many oppo uni ies. Ge many’s in ensi ied coope a-
ion wi h India in his policy a ea should be seen in
he con ex o he la e ’s g owing in e na ional impo -
ance. Mo eo e , mig a ion plays a c ucial ole as
b idge builde o he s eng hening o bila e al ela-
ions. This is a p ocess ha necessi a es he c ea ion
o syne gies wi h o he a eas o coope a ion. In he
case o Ge many, he ex ensi e bila e al de elopmen
coope a ion wi h India should be u he opened up
o mig a ion- ela ed coope a ion. The aim should be
o wo k wi h Indian pa ne s o es ablish he s uc-
u al condi ions ha make mig a ion om India o
Ge many (and o he des ina ion coun ies) as ai as
possible. Finally, a he EU le el, i should be ensu ed
ha he coope a ion e o s o he indi idual membe
s a es do no wo k agains one ano he and he EU’s
ins umen s o coope a ion in mig a ion policy a e
b ough up o da e.
The de elopmen o Indian mig a ion o Ge many
SWP Be lin
A Mig a ion Mi acle? Indian Mig a ion o Ge many
Sep embe 2025
13
numbe s ha e been inc easing, albei om a low
base. The Oppo uni y Ca d, which was in oduced
in Ge many in June 2024 wi h he Ac on he Fu he
De elopmen o Skilled Labou Immig a ion, is in
pa icula ly high demand. This poin s-based ins u-
men enables quali ied skilled wo ke s – e en hose
wi hou an employmen con ac – o ob ain a esi-
dence pe mi (ini ially limi ed o one yea ) o he
pu pose o seeking employmen o ha ing hei quali-
ica ions ecognised in Ge many; i also allows hem
o swi ch la e o a pe manen esidence pe mi . O
he 12,000 o so applica ions o his esidence pe mi
p ocessed in he 11 mon hs om June 2024, mo e han
4,000 – o one hi d – we e om Indian na ionals.
47
By con as , he numbe o asylum applica ions iled
by Indian na ionals in Ge many has con inued o all
om wha was an al eady low le el ( o 1,543 in 2024
48
om 2,485 in 2023
49
). A he beginning o 2024, how-
e e , he e we e 4,037 Indians li ing in Ge many who
we e equi ed o lea e he coun y; o hese, 3,353
we e in possession o a Duldung, which means hey
a e pe mi ed o emain empo a ily bu do no ha e
egula esidence s a us.
50
Since he beginning o he 2010s, he gende dis-
ibu ion o mig an s om India has changed, oo:
he a io be ween male and emale mig an s, which
was 70:30 in 2012,
51
has na owed o 60:40 in 2023.
52
47
Ma cus Engle and Pau Palop-Ga cía, Ein Jah Chancen-
ka e. E s e Bilanz des deu schen Punk esys ems ü Fachk ä e-
einwande ung, DeZIM B ie ing No es (Be lin: Deu sches Zen-
um ü In eg a ions- und Mig a ions o schung [DeZIM],
28 May 2025), h ps://www.dezim-ins i u .de/publika ionen/
publika ion-de ail/ein-jah -chancenka e/ (accessed 4 June
2025).
48
Bundesam ü Mig a ion und Flüch linge (BAMF),
An ags-, En scheidungs- und Bes andss a is ik 2024 (Nu embe g,
2024), h ps://www.bam .de/Sha edDocs/Anlagen/DE/S a is ik/
Asylgeschae ss a is ik/hkl-an ags-en scheidungs-bes ands
s a is ikl-kumulie -2024.pd ?__blob=publica ionFile&
=21.
49
Mig a ionsbe ich de Bundes egie ung 2023, ed. Bundes-
minis e ium des Inne n und ü Heima (BMI) and Bun-
desam ü Mig a ion und Flüch linge (BAMF) (Be lin and
Nu embe g, Janua y 2025), 259, h ps://www.bam .de/
Sha edDocs/Anlagen/DE/Fo schung/Mig a ionsbe ich e/
mig a ionsbe ich -2023.h ml.
50
Ge man Bundes ag, An wo de Bundes egie ung au die
Kleine An age de F ak ion de CDU/CSU (see no e 46), 10.
51
Schulze Pals ing, Das Po en ial de Mig a ion aus Indien
(see no e 1), 126.
52
BMI and BAMF, ed., Mig a ionsbe ich de Bundes egie ung
2023 (see no e 49), 225.
Acco ding o a su ey conduc ed by he Ge man Em-
ploymen Agency’s esea ch ins i u e (IAB) in 2021,
he majo i y o mig an s om India wan o s ay pe -
manen ly in Ge many, while 37 pe cen ha e al eady
ob ained Ge man ci izenship.
53
In 2024, he numbe o isas issued o s udy pu -
poses exceeded 25,000 and he eby su passed hose
issued o labou mig a ion.
54
Mo e han 50,000
Indian s uden s we e en olled a Ge man uni e si ies,
making hem he la ges g oup o in e na ional s u-
den s in he coun y (be ween he 2018–19 win e
semes e and he 2023–24 win e semes e , hei
numbe inc eased by 138 pe cen
55
). No leas
because o i s nume ous uni e si ies, Be lin is he
main des ina ion o mig a ion om India o Ge -
many – mo e han 40,000 Indian mig an s now
li e in he Ge man capi al (in 2014, he e we e jus
3,500
56
) – ollowed by Munich and F ank u am
Main. The g owing numbe o Indian mig an s is also
e lec ed in he inc easing low o emi ances om
Ge many o India, which, acco ding o es ima es by
he Bundesbank, ose om €131 million in 2022 o
€164 million in 2024 – an inc ease o a ound 25 pe
cen .
57
53
Da i Adun s e al., Indische A bei sk ä e in Deu schland
(Nu embe g: Ins i u e o Employmen Resea ch [IAB],
21 Feb ua y 2024), 10, h ps://iab.de/da en/indische-
a bei sk a e-in-deu schland/ (accessed 10 Ap il 2025).
54
Ge man Bundes ag, An wo de Bundes egie ung au die
Kleine An age de F ak ion de CDU/CSU (see no e 46), 14.
55
Deu sche Akademische Aus auschdiens e.V. (DAAD),
Wissenscha wel o en 2024. Da en und Fak en zu In e na ionali ä
on S udium und Fo schung in Deu schland und wel wei (Biele eld:
wb Media, 2024), 36, h ps://www.wissenscha -wel o en.
de/con en /uploads/2024/11/WWO_2024_DT_ak ualisie _BF.
pd (accessed 15 July 2025).
56
Sebas ian Schöbel, “Wa um de Boom de indischen
Communi y in Be lin kein Zu all is ”, RBB, 22 Ma ch 2025,
h ps://www. bb24.de/pano ama/bei ag/2025/03/be lin-
mig a ion- achk ae e-indien-mig a ionsabkommen-.h ml
(accessed 24 Ma ch 2025).
57
Ca s en Wol and Fabio Ghelli, “Neue Bundesbank-
Zahlen – Meh Rückübe weisungen ins Ausland”, Medien-
diens In eg a ion, 3 Ap il 2025, h ps://mediendiens -in eg a
ion.de/a ikel/meh - ueckuebe weisungen-ins-ausland.h ml
(accessed 3 June 2025).

Founda ions, legal amewo k and ac o s in Ge man-Indian mig a ion coope a ion
SWP Be lin
A Mig a ion Mi acle? Indian Mig a ion o Ge many
Sep embe 2025
14
Ha ing slowly gained ele ance o e he p e ious
wo decades, mig a ion was inally iden i ied as a new
a ea o coope a ion wi h he signing o he Mig a ion
and Mobili y Pa ne ship Ag eemen (MMPA) a he
Ge man-Indian go e nmen consul a ions in Be lin in
May 2022. The MMPA has s eng hened coope a ion
e o s on bo h sides.
58
And in he case o Ge many, i
was accompanied by he u he libe alisa ion o he
Skilled Labou Immig a ion Ac and he in oduc ion
o he “Skilled Labou S a egy o India”.
The ounda ions o bila e al
mig a ion coope a ion
The Mig a ion and Mobili y
Pa ne ship Ag eemen
In he ea ly 2000s, Ge many pa ed he way o la ge-
scale skilled labou mig a ion om India h ough i s
p og amme aimed a mee ing IT skills sho ages ( he
G een Ca d) and, in he 2010s, h ough he EU Blue
Ca d. A he same ime (2011), Ge many and India
concluded a bila e al social secu i y ag eemen on
pension insu ance. This ag eemen s ipula es ha
social secu i y con ibu ions paid in one o he wo
coun ies a e o be aken in o accoun in he o he
coun y in o de o sa egua d pension en i lemen s.
59
58
“Ag eemen be ween he Fede al Republic o Ge many
and he Go e nmen o he Republic o India on a Comp e-
hensi e Mig a ion and Mobili y Pa ne ship”, BGBl. 2023
II/128, 5 May 2023, 2–20, h ps://www. ech .bund.de/bgbl/
2/2023/128/ egelungs ex .pd ?__blob=publica ionFile&
=2 (accessed 10 Oc obe 2024).
59
“Ag eemen be ween he Fede al Republic o Ge many
and he Republic o India on Social Secu i y”, BGBl. 2012
II/19, 588–600, h ps://www.d ka.de/media/dokumen e/
I ook se e al yea s o nego ia ions o he MMPA
o be signed. Ini ially, in 2019, he esponsible Ge -
man minis y – he Minis y o he In e io (BMI) –
wan ed o nego ia e only a bila e al ag eemen on
he eadmission o Indian na ionals.
60
Inspi ed by he
MMPA be ween F ance and India (signed in Ma ch
2018),
61
he ini ia i e o a b oade ag eemen de el-
oped du ing he bila e al dialogue. In he end, he
Indian-Ge man MMPA was nego ia ed no by wha a
he ime was he G and Coali ion bu by i s successo ,
he Scholz go e nmen , and ag eemen was eached
du ing he Ge man-Indian consul a ions in Be lin in
May 2022. This was he i s comp ehensi e bila e al
mig a ion ag eemen unde he hen new Ge man
go e nmen and was o be ollowed by o he s.
62
The
signing ook in o accoun India’s g owing impo ance
o Ge many’s o eign policy, which had al eady
been acknowledged in he go e nmen ’s Indo-Paci ic
Guidelines o 2020
63
and was econ i med mo e
ech squellen/s abkommen/indien_s a.pd (accessed
23 Ma ch 2025).
60
Backg ound discussion be ween he au ho and a ep-
esen a i e o he Fede al Minis y o he In e io in Be lin
in Ma ch 2025.
61
Go e nmen o India, Mig a ion and Mobili y Ag eemen
be ween The Go e nmen o he Republic o India and The Go e n-
men o he F ench Republic (New Delhi, 10 Ma ch 2018), h ps://
www.mea.go .in/Po al/LegalT ea iesDoc/FR18B3321.pd
(accessed 1 Ap il 2025).
62
Nadine Biehle , Da id Kipp and Anne Koch, The Po en ial
o Bila e al Mig a ion Ag eemen s, SWP Commen 47/2024 (Be -
lin: S i ung Wissenscha und Poli ik, Sep embe 2024), doi:
10.18449/2024C47.
63
Auswä iges Am (AA), “Ge man Go e nmen Adop s
Guidelines o he Indo-Paci ic egion”, p ess elease (Be lin,
1 Sep embe 2020), h ps://www.bundes egie ung.de/b eg-
Founda ions, legal amewo k
and ac o s in Ge man-Indian
mig a ion coope a ion
The ounda ions o bila e al mig a ion coope a ion
SWP Be lin
A Mig a ion Mi acle? Indian Mig a ion o Ge many
Sep embe 2025
15
ecen ly (in Oc obe 2024) in a s a egy pape i led
“Focus on India”.
64
Following he logic o he ag eemen be ween
F ance and India, he MMPA aims o comp ehensi ely
egula e mig a ion: i seeks, on he one hand, o p o-
mo e he mobili y o Indian s uden s, ainees and
skilled wo ke s and, on he o he hand, o s eng hen
eadmission coope a ion. While he Ge man go e n-
men has emphasised imp o ed eadmission coope a-
ion,
65
he Indian go e nmen has s essed he need
o accele a ed isa p ocedu es.
66
The o me p e e s
he concep o “mobili y” o ha o “mig a ion”,
which i ega ds as ha ing nega i e conno a ions.
Because he MMPA is an ag eemen abou bo h mig a-
ion and mobili y, a b idge ha spans he wo con-
cep s is hus being buil be ween he pa ies.
The ag eemen comp ises a se ies o non-binding
decla a ions o in en , which do no , howe e , go
beyond he exis ing legal amewo k. The mos con-
c e e objec i e, which is se ou in A icle 6, aims o
send a leas 3,000 young p o essionals om India o
Ge many each yea .
67
In addi ion, de ailed ules a e
laid down on he e u n o Indian na ionals equi ed
o lea e Ge many, on olun a y e u n and ein e-
g a ion, and on comba ing i egula mig a ion and
human a icking (A icles 12–14). In acco dance
wi h A icle 16, a Join Wo king G oup on Mig a ion
and Re u n Issues has been es ablished. This g oup is
o o e see he moni o ing o he implemen a ion o
he ag eemen and will mee egula ly (a leas once
a yea ). The BMI is he esponsible minis y and he
es ablishmen o a sepa a e sub-wo king g oup is
planned o deal wi h issues ela ed o he e u n o
na ionals equi ed o lea e. In Ap il 2025, a sub-wo k-
en/se ice/a chi e/indo-paci ic-1781916 (accessed 21 Augus
2025).
64
Id., ed., Focus on India (Be lin, Oc obe 2024), h ps://
www.auswae iges-am .de/ esou ce/blob/2680288/
8909ac2c501ab85d55de 7d1b8b75d/241016- okus-indien-
da a.pd (accessed 21 Augus 2025).
65
BMI, “Deu sch-indisches Mig a ionsabkommen un e -
zeichne ”, p ess elease (Be lin, 5 Decembe 2022), h ps://
www.bmi.bund.de/Sha edDocs/p essemi eilungen/DE/2022/
12/abkommen-indien.h ml (accessed 16 Sep embe 2024).
66
Minis y o Ex e nal A ai s, Go e nmen o India,
Dis ic and S a e Wise Lis o Ac i e Rec ui ing Agen s (New Delhi,
4 Janua y 2024), h ps://www.mea.go .in/Images/a ach/03-
Lis -4-2024.pd (accessed 17 Sep embe 2024).
67
“Ag eemen be ween he Fede al Republic o Ge many
and he Go e nmen o he Republic o India on a Comp e-
hensi e Mig a ion and Mobili y Pa ne ship” (see no e 58), 8 .
ing g oup on labou mig a ion was se up; he Ge -
man Fo eign O ice (AA), he Ge man Minis y o
Labou and Social A ai s (BMAS) and hei Indian
coun e pa s a e in cha ge o his new g oup.
Ge many’s MMPA wi h India – like he mig a ion
ag eemen s ha i has since concluded wi h Geo gia
and Kenya – is an in e na ional ea y. A he same
ime, he Ge man go e nmen has eached in o mal
ag eemen s wi h Mo occo and Colombia ha allow
o g ea e lexibili y and o domes ic sensi i i ies in
he pa ne coun y o be aken in o accoun .
68
The
ad an age o an in e na ional ea y o e an in o mal
ag eemen is ha mig a ion coope a ion is no as
dependen on luc ua ing p io i ies and changing
go e nmen s. This is e iden in he con ex o Indian
mig a ion coope a ion wi h he Gul s a es: India has
had be e expe ience unde i s in e na ional mig a-
ion ag eemen wi h Saudi A abia han unde he
non-binding memo andums o unde s anding wi h
o he Gul s a es such as Oman and Bah ain.
69
Skilled Labou S a egy o India
Once he BMI and he AA had secu ed ag eemen on
he MMPA, he en i e Ge man go e nmen was called
upon o implemen i . Du ing he p e ious legisla i e
pe iod, he BMAS de eloped he poli ical will o shape
he coope a ion on skilled labou ec ui men om
India; and in au umn 2024, i published, oge he
wi h he AA, a co esponding s a egy.
70
The “Skilled Labou S a egy o India” ocuses on
he imp o ed ma ching o Indian skilled wo ke s
wi h companies in Ge many and on inc eased e o s
o each he Ge man language in India, including
h ough mo e online language cou ses. Economic and
academic coope a ion is o be expanded and pa ne -
ships wi h Indian ins i u ions in he ield o highe
educa ion and oca ional aining in ensi ied. In addi-
ion, a se ies o measu es a e planned o p omo e
a ge ed ou each and p o ide in o ma ion on egula
mig a ion channels o Ge many. They include u he
68
Biehle , Kipp and Koch, The Po en ial o Bila e al Mig a ion
Ag eemen s (see no e 62).
69
Sameena Hameed, “India’s Labou Ag eemen s wi h
he Gul Coope a ion Council Coun ies: An Assessmen ”,
In e na ional S udies 58, no. 4 (2021), 442–65 (458).
70
Skilled Labou S a egy: India, ed. Bundesminis e ium
ü A bei und Soziales (BMAS) and Auswä iges Am (AA)
(Be lin, Oc obe 2024), h ps://www.bmas.de/Sha edDocs/
Downloads/EN/a798e-skilled-labou -s a egy-india.pd ?__
blob=publica ionFile& =1 (accessed 18 Augus 2025).
Founda ions, legal amewo k and ac o s in Ge man-Indian mig a ion coope a ion
SWP Be lin
A Mig a ion Mi acle? Indian Mig a ion o Ge many
Sep embe 2025
16
de eloping he “Make i in Ge many” in o ma ion
po al so ha i is mo e coun y-speci ic as well as
wo king wi h Indian in luence s on social media and
making use o ade ai s in India.
The s a egy also includes measu es o imp o e
he ecogni ion o Indian p o essional quali ica ions
(which was included in he MMPA) and s eamline
he adminis a i e p ocesses in Ge many and ab oad
necessa y o he mig a ion o skilled wo ke s. A new
sub-wo king g oup has been se up o deal wi h
labou mig a ion issues sepa a ely om e u n policy.
Al hough he s a egy may be o sho e - e m na u e
compa ed wi h he MMPA, i has e ec i ely high-
ligh ed he po en ial o mig a ion coope a ion o
bo h pa ies. Mo eo e , in his documen , he eno -
mous impo ance o p i a e ec ui men agencies is
ecognised o he i s ime and hei egula ion has
been made an a ea o u u e coope a ion.
71
Legal amewo k and s a e ac o s
Following a e o m in 2020, he Skilled Labou Immi-
g a ion Ac was amended in 2023, u he opening up
he al eady libe al legal amewo k o labou mig a-
ion o Ge many om hi d coun ies. As ea ly as
2013, he O ganisa ion o Economic Co-ope a ion
and De elopmen (OECD) had s a ed ha Ge many
had he mos libe al immig a ion egula ions o
skilled wo ke s and highly quali ied people o all
OECD membe s a es.
72
Howe e , unlike in coun ies
such as I aly and Spain, Ge many’s mig a ion law is
no gea ed owa ds accep ing la ge con ingen s o
wo ke s om ab oad.
73
Fo his eason, he MMPA
does no se binding a ge s o labou mig a ion o
ules ha a ou Indian mig an s. Ra he , he ag ee-
men aims me ely a in e p e ing he ules in he
spi i o goodwill and s eng hening and imp o ing
he condi ions o coope a ion be ween s a e ac o s
om he wo coun ies. Fo Ge many, his means he
con inued p esence o Goe he ins i u es and cen es
71
Ibid., 18.
72
S e en Angenend , Nadine Knapp and Da id Kipp, Ge -
many Is Looking o Fo eign Labou , SWP-Resea ch Pape 3/2023
(Be lin: S i ung Wissenscha und Poli ik, Janua y 2023),
doi: 10.18449/2023RP03.
73
Biehle , Kipp and Koch, The Po en ial o Bila e al Mig a ion
Ag eemen s (see no e 62).
in India, while hose acili ies ha e ecen ly been
closed in o he coun ies.
74
Va ious minis ies om each o he wo coun ies
ha e ag eed o coope a e wi h one ano he . In Ge -
many, he AA and he BMAS a e playing a key ole.
The AA is esponsible o coo dina ing speci ic meas-
u es in India h ough i s coun y desk and missions
ab oad; and he BMAS is esponsible o coo dina ing
he measu es in Ge many ou lined in he Skilled
Labou S a egy o India and o dealing wi h speci ic
issues ela ed o labou mig a ion. O he Ge man
minis ies ha ha e dealings wi h India a e in ol ed,
oo, h ough a new, in e minis e ial coun y concep
o he ec ui men o skilled labou om India. They
include he Minis y o Economic A ai s and Ene gy
(BMWE), he Minis y o Resea ch, Technology and
Space (BMFTR), he Minis y o Educa ion, Family
A ai s, Senio Ci izens, Women and You h (BMBFSFJ),
he Minis y o Heal h (BMG) and he Minis y o Eco-
nomic Coope a ion and De elopmen (BMZ). Finally,
he AA and BMAS a e esponsible o implemen ing
he coun y concep , which, he i s o i s kind, is
in ended o ensu e ha he ac i i ies o he indi idual
depa men s a e coo dina ed on he g ound.
In India, he Minis y o Ex e nal A ai s (MEA), he
Minis y o Labou and Employmen (MOLE) and he
Minis y o Skill De elopmen and En ep eneu ship
(MSDE) a e esponsible o mig a ion coope a ion
wi h Ge many. F om 2004 o 2016, he e was a sepa-
a e Minis y o O e seas Indian A ai s (MOIA), which
was esponsible o p omo ing labou mig a ion and
he Indian diaspo a; o easons o e iciency, i was
la e in eg a ed in o he Minis y o Ex e nal A ai s.
75
Responsibili y o issues ela ed o he e u n o
na ionals lies wi h he Minis y o In e nal A ai s, as
in he case o Ge many.
The espec i e embassies and implemen ing o ga-
nisa ions o he wo coun ies play a key ole in
mig a ion coope a ion, oo. On he Ge man side, hey
include he Ge man Employmen Agency (BA), he
Ge man Agency o In e na ional Coope a ion (GIZ),
he Ge man Academic Exchange Se ice (DAAD), he
Goe he ins i u es and cen es, and he Indo-Ge man
74
Backg ound discussion be ween he au ho and minis y
ep esen a i es in Be lin in Feb ua y 2024.
75
“Go e nmen o Me ge O e seas Indian A ai s Minis y
wi h MEA”, Times o India (online), 8 Janua y 2016, h ps://
imeso india.india imes.com/india/go e nmen - o-me ge-
o e seas-indian-a ai s-minis y-wi h-mea/a icleshow/
50491031.cms (accessed 3 Ap il 2025).
Legal amewo k and s a e ac o s
SWP Be lin
A Mig a ion Mi acle? Indian Mig a ion o Ge many
Sep embe 2025
17
Chambe o Comme ce (AHK). On he Indian side, he
semi-s a e Na ional Skill De elopmen Co po a ion
(NSDC) has a special ole o play. A public-p i a e pa -
ne ship (PPP) ha is 51 pe cen p i a ely unded, he
NSDC was es ablished by he MSDE in 2008. Besides
pe o ming i s main ask o oca ional aining, he
NSDC is also ac i e in he aining and ec ui men o
Indian mig an wo ke s h ough i s subsidia y NSDC
In e na ional (NSDCI). Bu because he NSDCI does
no ha e a licence as a ec ui men agency, i has o
depend on coope a ion wi h licensed agencies.
In India, mig a ion is only loosely
egula ed; a emp s o e o m
mig a ion legisla ion ha e ailed.
In India, he egula ion o mig a ion is less de el-
oped han in Ge many o e en o he leading coun-
ies o o igin o mig an wo ke s. Fu he mo e, he
p o ec ion o Indian wo ke s om exploi a ion and
abuse has long been neglec ed. The employmen o
Indian na ionals ab oad is egula ed by he Emig a-
ion Ac o 1983.
76
The P o ec o Gene al o Emig an s
(PGE) unde he Minis y o Ex e nal A ai s is espon-
sible o implemen ing Indian mig a ion legisla ion.
I s mos impo an ask is o p o ec Indian mig an
wo ke s om exploi a i e o audulen ec ui men
p ac ices. The PGE is suppo ed by 14 egional sub-
uni s, known as P o ec o s o Emig an s (PoEs), which
ac as licensing and supe iso y bodies a he ope a-
ional le el. In ea ly 2025, i was announced ha he
numbe o PoEs is o be inc eased o ensu e be e
e i o ial co e age.
77
One o he PGE’s main powe s is o g an licences
o ec ui men agencies. A he same ime, i has an
o e sigh ole and is esponsible o ensu ing ha
employmen ela ionships a e based on ai ec ui -
men p ac ices and binding con ac s. (To his end,
he eMig a e sys em was in oduced in 2014. This is
a digi al pla o m ha connec s all ele an go e n-
men agencies wi h po en ial employe s, wo ke s and
insu ance companies. I also enables a ec ed mig an s
76
Mee a Se hi and Debolina Kundu, “Mig a ion Policy:
Whe e Do We S and?” in Handbook o In e nal Mig a ion
in India (see no e 12), 684–702 (692), doi: 10.4135/
9789353287788.n50.
77
“A New Law in he Wo ks o Sa e, O de ly Mig a ion”,
Economic Times (online), 6 Feb ua y 2025, h ps://economic
imes.india imes.com/n i/mig a e/a-new-law-in- he-wo ks- o -
sa e-o de ly-mig a ion/a icleshow/117978626.cms? om=
md (accessed 10 June 2025).
o hi d pa ies o epo un egis e ed o audulen
ec ui men agencies.
78
) The PGE’s supe iso y powe s
a e limi ed by execu i e o de o 18 a ge coun ies in
Asia and he Gul s a es – bo h egions whe e wo king
condi ions can be pa icula ly p eca ious. Fu he -
mo e, checks a e ca ied ou only on employmen
con ac s o low-skilled and selec ed medium-skilled
jobs. Highly skilled wo ke s and s uden s, along wi h
mig an s o Wes e n coun ies such as Ge many, a e
exemp om s a e con ol and app o al p ocedu es.
In 2021, an a emp o e o m India’s ou da ed
mig a ion legisla ion p o ed unsuccess ul.
79
Howe e ,
he g owing numbe o abusi e ec ui men p ac ices
– including hose ha may ha e been deployed in
he case o he Indian mig an s who claim o ha e
been unwi ingly ec ui ed as me cena ies o he
Russian wa o agg ession agains Uk aine – has
igge ed new dynamics.
80
The Indian go e nmen
is epo edly planning o in oduce a new bill o he
pa liamen in 2025 – an O e seas Mobili y Facili a-
ion and Wel a e Bill.
81
Meanwhile, he Immig a ion
and Fo eigne s Bill
82
was passed in sp ing 2025 as a
eplacemen o he ou da ed law on he en y, s ay
and depa u e o o eigne s in India. Unde he new
law, a mode n, digi ally suppo ed sys em is o be
in oduced – one ha includes a isa and egis a-
ion equi emen and he es ablishmen o an immi-
g a ion au ho i y.
78
Minis y o Ex e nal A ai s, Go e nmen o India,
“eMig a e – Lis o Un egis e ed Agencies agains which
G ie ances Recei ed” (New Delhi), h ps://www.emig a e.
go .in/#/emig a e/ ec ui ing-agen /lis -o -un egis e ed- a-
agencies-o -agen s (accessed 21 May 2025).
79
PRS Legisla i e Resea ch, Wel a e o Indian Diaspo a and
S a us o Emig a ion Bill, S anding Commi ee Repo Summa y
(New Delhi, 9 Ap il 2025), h ps://p sindia.o g/policy/ epo -
summa ies/wel a e-o -indian-diaspo a-and-s a us-o -
emig a ion-bill (accessed 3 May 2025).
80
Shibimol KG, “Emo ional Video om Ke ala Man Fo ced
o Figh in Russia-Uk aine Con lic Su aces”, India Today,
15 Janua y 2025, h ps://www.india oday.in/india/ke ala/
s o y/ke ala-man-inju ed-in- ussia-uk aine-con lic -says-
con ac -canceled- o ced- o- igh -2665185-2025-01-15
(accessed 10 June 2025).
81
“A New Law in he Wo ks o Sa e, O de ly Mig a ion”
(see no e 77).
82
Lok Sabha ( he lowe house o he Indian pa liamen ),
The Immig a ion and Fo eigne s Bill, 2025, 27 Ma ch 2025,
h ps://p sindia.o g/ iles/bills_ac s/bills_pa liamen /2025/
Immig a ion_and_Fo eigne s_Bill_2025.pd (accessed 16
June 2025).
Founda ions, legal amewo k and ac o s in Ge man-Indian mig a ion coope a ion
SWP Be lin
A Mig a ion Mi acle? Indian Mig a ion o Ge many
Sep embe 2025
18
The Indian s a es a ach g ea impo ance o mig a-
ion coope a ion, al hough he e is no men ion in he
MMPA o such coope a ion a he s a e le el.
83
They
pu sue hei mig a ion policy in e es s mo e o less
independen ly o he Indian cen al go e nmen , and
almos hal o hem ha e hei own semi-s a e ec ui -
men agencies. A he same ime, he e ha e been
new egula o y a emp s a he le el o he s a es o
p e en abusi e ec ui men p ac ices. In he sou h-
e n s a e o Ke ala, o example, a ask o ce headed
by he local PoE has been o med,
84
which, among
o he hings, launched in es iga ions agains nume -
ous audulen ec ui men agencies in Ma ch 2025.
85
Non-s a e ec ui men ac o s
Non-s a e ac o s play a c ucial ole in sel -o ganised
mig a ion om India o Ge many. They include he
Indian mig an wo ke s hemsel es, who o en use
hei ne wo ks and knowledge o he local language
and condi ions o in o m and suppo people in India
who a e in e es ed in mig a ing. The impo ance
o hese diaspo a ac o s is ecognised in he MMPA
(A icle 11) and p omo ed wi hin he amewo k o
he GIZ p og amme “Mig a ion & Diaspo a”.
86
O he -
wise, he e is no men ion in he MMPA o non-s a e
ac o s.
The Indian s a ing and ecui men ma ke is
luc a i e: i was es ima ed o be wo h US$18 billion
in 2022 and p ojec ed o each a ound US$48.5 bil-
lion by 2030.
87
P i a e ec ui men agencies ope a e
83
Geis-Thöne, Zuwande ung aus Indien (see no e 11).
84
“Ke ala Go e nmen Fo ms Task Fo ce o Comba Illegal
Rec ui men and Visa F aud”, Deccan He ald (online), 18 Oc o-
be 2024, h ps://www.deccanhe ald.com/india/ke ala/ke ala-
go e nmen - o ms- ask- o ce- o-comba -illegal- ec ui men -
and- isa- aud-3238440 (accessed 10 June 2025).
85
“C ackdown on Illegal Rec ui men Agencies Unco e s
Widesp ead F aud”, Times o India (online), 21 Ma ch 2025,
h ps:// imeso india.india imes.com/ci y/ hi u anan hapu am/
c ackdown-on-illegal- ec ui men -agencies-unco e s-
widesp ead- aud/a icleshow/119270217.cms (accessed
10 June 2025).
86
Deu sche Gesellscha ü In e na ionale Zusammen-
a bei (GIZ), “Fachk ä e onds Mig a ion & Diaspo a”
(Bonn and Eschbo n, 2025), h ps://www.giz.de/de/wel wei /
80044.h ml (accessed 19 May 2025).
87
The Insigh Pa ne s, “India S a ing and Rec ui men
Ma ke o Reach US$48,530.94 Million by 2030”, p ess
elease (5 Oc obe 2023), h ps://www. heinsigh pa ne s.
in complex ne wo ks in ol ing employe s, p i a e
uni e si ies and o he agencies bo h wi hin India and
elsewhe e.
Many p i a e ec ui men agencies
a e no egis e ed, making i e en
mo e di icul o egula e hem.
Jus unde 2,000 ec ui men agencies a e egis-
e ed wi h he Indian Minis y o Ex e nal A ai s.
All a e equi ed o p o ide a bank gua an ee: agen-
cies ha place ewe han 100 wo ke s a yea ha e
o deposi he equi alen o a ound €8,000, while
he o he s ha e o deposi he equi alen o some
€50,000.
88
Because e en he lowe amoun can be oo
high a hu dle o smalle ec ui men agencies, i is
no su p ising ha he e is a la ge numbe o un-
egis e ed p o ide s – mo e han 3,000 acco ding o
a 2024 pa liamen a y epo – whose ac i i ies a e
a ely p osecu ed.
89
I is o en p i a e ec ui men
agencies wo king in he ield o educa ion mig a ion
90
and a el agencies ha ope a e ou side he exis ing
egula o y amewo k, as hey a e no equi ed o
egis e wi h he Indian Minis y o Ex e nal A ai s
and hus hei ac i i ies a e no moni o ed.
91
Excessi e ec ui men ees o p ospec i e mig an s
is a common p oblem.
92
Al hough he e is an uppe
limi o 30,000 Indian upees (a ound €300) plus 18
pe cen VAT,
93
many mig an s ha e o pay up o
com/p /india-s a ing-and- ec ui men -ma ke (accessed
3 May 2025).
88
Minis y o Ex e nal A ai s, Go e nmen o India,
“Rec ui ing Agen s (RAs): Guidelines o Regis a ion as RAs”
(New Delhi, 10 Feb ua y 2023), h ps://www.mea.go .in/
as.h m (accessed 1 July 2025).
89
PRS Legisla i e Resea ch, Wel a e o Indian Diaspo a and
S a us o Emig a ion Bill (see no e 79).
90
DAAD, India as a S a egic Pa ne . DAAD Recommenda ions
o Ge man Highe Educa ion Ins i u ions, DAAD Pe spec i es
(Bonn, Ma ch 2025), 13, h ps://s a ic.daad.de/media/daad_
de/pd s_nich _ba ie e ei/in os-se ices- ue -hochschulen/
kompe enzzen um/dokumen e/daad_pe spec i es_india_
engl_ba ie e ei.pd (accessed 21 Ma ch 2025).
91
Backg ound discussions be ween he au ho and in e -
na ional expe s on India in June 2025 (digi al).
92
Global Mobili y o Indian Wo k o ce, ed. KPMG and FICCI
(see no e 6), 11.
93
Neelanji Das, “O e seas Job Rec ui men Agen s Canno
Cha ge Mo e han Rs 30,000: Go ”, Economic Times (online),
23 Decembe 2023, h ps://economic imes.india imes.com/
weal h/sa e/o e seas-job- ec ui men -agen s-can -cha ge-

Non-s a e ec ui men ac o s
SWP Be lin
A Mig a ion Mi acle? Indian Mig a ion o Ge many
Sep embe 2025
19
US$1,500 o a job in he Gul s a es.
94
Highe ou -
digi eu o amoun s a e demanded o mig a ion o
Eu ope, wi h placemen s in Eas Eu opean coun ies
such as Romania o Hunga y ending o be cheape
han in hose in Ge many.
95
Though no explici ly s a ed in law, egis a ion is,
in e ec , limi ed o Indian na ionals o Indian- egis-
e ed legal en i ies. This is he eason why he AHK-
India was denied a ec ui men licence, o which i
had applied as pa o he BMWE- unded pilo p ojec
“Hand in Hand o In e na ional Talen s”: he imple-
men a ion o he p ojec , aimed a he ec ui men
o skilled wo ke s in he ca e ing indus y,
96
equi ed
pa ne ing wi h a egis e ed Indian ec ui men agency.
Fo in e na ional ec ui men agencies, ano he
op ion would be o es ablish an Indian subsidia y un
by a local manage .
Alongside he adi ional Ge man ec ui men
agencies, new ac o s a e o be ound along he
Ge man-Indian mig a ion co ido . They include
IndiaWo ks
97
in F eibu g, which is join ly ope a ed
by a o me employee o he local chambe o c a s
and a ep esen a i e o he Indian ec ui men agency
Magic Billion. IndiaWo ks ec ui s wo ke s o he
hospi ali y, skilled ades and heal hca e sec o s.
While skilled wo ke s a e placed ee o cha ge (ac-
co ding o he “employe pays p inciple”
98
), ainee
app en ices ha e o pay ees o alling se e al hou-
sand eu os o hei p epa a ion, language aining
and placemen , in pa as employe s a e unwilling
o con ibu e o hose cos s because hey will ha e o
p o ide expensi e aining once he ainees a e in
Ge many.
99
F om an Indian pe spec i e, he ea ning
po en ial in app en iceship p o essions in Ge many
seems o be a ac i e enough ha e en people wi h
mo e- han- his-limi -go /a icleshow/106213364.cms?u m_
sou ce=cha gp .com (accessed 18 July 2025).
94
Hameed, “India’s Labou Ag eemen s wi h he Gul
Coope a ion Council Coun ies” (see no e 69), 445.
95
Backg ound discussion be ween he au ho and a p i-
a e ec ui men agency in New Delhi in July 2024.
96
Backg ound discussion be ween he au ho and a ep e-
sen a i e o Indo-Ge man Chambe o Comme ce in June
2025 (digi al).
97
IndiaWo ks websi e: h ps://india-wo ks.de/ (accessed
18 May 2025).
98
Ins i u e o Human Righ s and Business (IHRB), “The
Employe Pays P inciple”, h ps://www.ih b.o g/p ojec s/
employe -pays-p inciple (accessed 2 July 2025).
99
Backg ound discussion be ween he au ho and he
managing di ec o o IndiaWo ks in July 2025 (digi al).
an Indian bachelo ’s deg ee a e being ec ui ed o
aining posi ions.
100
When app oaching employe s,
i is ad an ageous o ha e legal ep esen a ion and
local con ac s in Ge many – some hing ha Indian
ec ui men agencies ha e ecognised, oo. This
explains why Indian companies a e aking o e Ge -
man nu sing ec ui men agencies. Fo example,
Bo de Plus has acqui ed he Onea Ca e ec ui men
agency
101
and TERN he Rek uu company.
102
Bo h
Ge man-based companies a e ce i ied wi h he qual-
i y seal “Fai Rec ui men Heal hca e Ge many”,
which, in oduced by he BMG, is in ended o gua -
an ee, among o he hings, he “employe pays p in-
ciple” and comp ehensi e in eg a ion suppo .
103
Despi e he g owing numbe o p i a e ec ui men
agencies ac i e along he Indo-Ge man mig a ion co -
ido , he e is s ill no sys ema ic o e sigh and con-
ol o e hei p ac ices. To ensu e ai mig a ion,
bila e al mig a ion coope a ion should be aimed a
s eng hening he anspa ency and egula ion o
p i a e ec ui men agencies.
100
Till Fähnde s and Tim Niendo , “Die Inde sind mein
Kapi al”, F ank u e Allgemeine Zei ung (online), 14 Feb ua y
2024, h ps://www.djp.de/images/p eis aege -2024/die-inde -
sind-mein-kapi al.pd (accessed 5 June 2025).
101
B inda Sa ka , “Bo de Plus Acqui es Onea Ca e, Pa ing
he Way o Indian Nu ses in Ge many”, Economic Times
(online), 1 Ap il 2025, h ps://economic imes.india imes.com/
n i/wo k/bo de plus-acqui es-onea-ca e-pa ing- he-way- o -
indian-nu ses-in-ge many/a icleshow/119848160.cms?
om=md (accessed 18 May 2025).
102
Exp ess Heal hca e, “TERN G oup and NSDC (I) o Help
7,000+ Nu ses wi h Global Jobs in 2025” (24 Decembe 2024),
h ps://www.exp essheal hca e.in/news/ e n-g oup-and-nsdc-i-
o-help-7000-nu ses-wi h-global-jobs-in-2025/447419/ (accessed
21 May 2025).
103
RAL quali y seal “Fai Rec ui men Heal hca e Ge ma-
ny” (websi e), h ps:// ai - ec ui men -nu se.com (accessed
21 Augus 2025).
Mig a ion Coope a ion: Oppo uni ies and Challenges
SWP Be lin
A Mig a ion Mi acle? Indian Mig a ion o Ge many
Sep embe 2025
20
In gene al, inc easing mig a ion om India is iewed
posi i ely in Ge many, as i helps alle ia e he sho -
age o skilled wo ke s and because he e a e only a
small numbe o Indian na ionals esiding i egula ly
in Ge many, e en hough he o e all numbe o
Indian mig an s is ising. A he same ime, in e es
in Ge many as a mig a ion des ina ion con inues o
g ow in India.
104
Howe e , while many oppo uni ies
exis o expanding labou and educa ion mig a ion
om India o Ge many, he e a e also challenges.
These include he di e en app oaches o mig a ion
coope a ion, skills ma ching in he a ea o labou
mig a ion and quali y con ol in he selec ion o In-
dian s uden s. Fu he mo e, India’s coope a ion o e
he e u n o ci izens equi ed o lea e Ge many will
emain a ho ny issue, e en hough he numbe s o
such indi iduals a e ela i ely low.
Di e en app oaches o
mig a ion coope a ion
India has ex ensi e expe ience in mig a ion coope a-
ion wi h a la ge numbe o des ina ion coun ies. I
has concluded legally binding and non-binding ag ee-
men s wi h se en Eu opean coun ies (including
Ge many, F ance and he Uni ed Kingdom) and o he
des ina ion coun ies such as Aus alia, Jo dan, Is ael,
Japan, Taiwan and he Gul s a es.
105
Mig a ion co-
ope a ion clea ly con ibu es o he di e si ica ion o
India’s o eign policy ela ions, as i can se e as uni-
ying elemen ha s eng hens coope a ion in o he
a eas. The Indian go e nmen sees a leas some pa s
104
Sanjay Kuma , Indian Pe cep ions o Eu ope and Ge many.
A Repo (New Delhi, 2025), 62.
105
Minis y o Ex e nal A ai s, Go e nmen o India,
“Lis o MoUs/Ag eemen s Signed wi h O he Coun ies” (New
Delhi, 2024), h ps://www.mea.go .in/Images/CPV/RSe-1999-1-
12-12-2024.pd (accessed 3 May 2025).
o he diaspo a as ep esen a i es o i s in e es s
ab oad.
106
Ano he impo an incen i e o he Indian go e n-
men is emi ances, which ha e mo e han doubled
since 2010 and we e es ima ed o each a ound
US$129 billion, app oxima ely 3.4 pe cen o g oss
domes ic p oduc , in 2024.
107
Some egions o India
depend hea ily on emi ances, which a e c ucial
o hei economic de elopmen . In ecen yea s, he
sha e o emi ances om indus ialised coun ies
has isen signi ican ly, o e aking hose om he Gul
s a es.
108
In addi ion o he angible inancial gains,
India is coun ing on he in angible bene i s: namely,
ha a leas some s uden s and wo ke s om ab oad
will e u n o India wi h language skills, p o essional
knowledge and en ep eneu ial skills ha can con-
ibu e o he coun y’s economic de elopmen .
Ye ano he incen i e is linked o he immense
challenges acing India’s labou ma ke and educa-
ion sys em. A ound 90 pe cen o he wo k o ce is
employed in he in o mal sec o , and many people
emain dependen on e y low-paid casual wo k.
109
106
“Na end a Modi’s Sec e Weapon: India’s Diaspo a”,
The Economis (online), 27 Ma ch 2024, h ps://www.economis .
com/in e na ional/2024/03/27/na end a-modis-sec e -weapon-
indias-diaspo a (accessed 16 Sep embe 2024).
107
Gaya i Nayak, “India Recei es o e $100 Billion Remi -
ances o Th ee Consecu i e Yea s”, Economic Times (online),
31 Ma ch 2025, h ps:// inyu l.com/ms e75cc (accessed 5 June
2025).
108
Dhi end a Gajbhiye e al., Changing Dynamics o India’s
Remi ances. Insigh s om he Six h Round o India’s Remi ances
Su ey, RBI Bulle in (Mumbai: Rese e Bank o India, Ma ch
2025), h ps:// bi.o g.in/Sc ip s/BS_ViewBulle in.aspx?Id=
23260.
109
In e na ional Labou O ganiza ion, India Employmen
Repo 2024. You h Employmen , Educa ion and Skills (Gene a,
29 Ma ch 2024), 20, h ps://www.ilo.o g/publica ions/india-
employmen - epo -2024-you h-employmen -educa ion-and-
skills (accessed 17 Sep embe 2024).
Mig a ion Coope a ion:
Oppo uni ies and Challenges
Di e en app oaches o mig a ion coope a ion
SWP Be lin
A Mig a ion Mi acle? Indian Mig a ion o Ge many
Sep embe 2025
21
In o de o o e he g owing wo king-age popula ion
he p ospec o employmen , be ween 60 million
and 150 million new jobs will ha e o be c ea ed by
2030.
110
Bu o decades, he Indian educa ion sys em
has a ou ed an eli e highe educa ion sys em o e a
high-quali y b oad-based one, which has had nega i e
consequences o social jus ice and he long- e m
de elopmen o he Indian economy.
111
E en i hese
s uc u al de ici s we e o be ackled immedia ely,
he angible bene i s could be expec ed only in he
medium e m. In he mean ime, mig a ion is helping
alle ia e a leas some o he p essu e on he job
ma ke .
Fo he Indian go e nmen , mig a ion ag eemen s
p o ide an oppo uni y o e o m oca ional aining.
As a e e ence model, i ci es he Technical In e n
T aining P og amme (TITP) – an exchange p o-
g amme wi h Japan ha was launched by he MSDE
in 2017 and is being implemen ed by he NSDC. The
aim o he p og amme is o allow young Indians o
acqui e oca ional quali ica ions h ough p ac ical
aining a Japanese companies. Howe e , he impac
has been limi ed so a : by Ma ch 2024, he numbe
o pa icipan s had only sligh ly exceeded 1,000.
112
While India’s in e es in p ac ical aining and knowl-
edge ans e is unde s andable, such p og ammes
could no easily be ans e ed o Ge many because
hey would be a odds wi h Ge man immig a ion
law. Mo eo e , hey un coun e o he in e es s o
Ge man employe s, who a e keen o e ain skilled
wo ke s once hey ha e in es ed in hei aining.
The di e en app oaches o mig a ion coope a ion
a e also e iden in deba e abou he numbe o Indian
mig an s making hei way o Ge many. In 2024, he
Indian go e nmen c i icised he Ge man implemen-
a ion o he MMPA as oo hesi an , no ing ha he
MMPA a ge o ec ui ing 3,000 young wo ke s a yea
(A icle 6) had no been me h ough s a e-suppo ed
110
“India Needs o C ea e 148 mn Addi ional Jobs by
2030 Gi en Popula ion G ow h: Gi a Gopina h”, Economic
Times (online), 17 Augus 2024, h ps://economic imes.india
imes.com/news/india/india-needs- o-c ea e-148-mn-
addi ional-jobs-by-2030-gi en-popula ion-g ow h-im -dmd-
gopina h/a icleshow/112591177.cms? om=md (accessed
19 July 2025).
111
Ashoka Mody, India Is B oken. A People Be ayed, Independ-
ence o Today (S an o d, CA: S an o d Uni e si y P ess, 2023),
11 .
112
Na ional Skill De elopmen Co po a ion (NSDC), “Tech-
nical In e n T aining P og am (TITP)”, h ps://nsdcindia.o g/
home- i p (accessed 19 May 2025).
ec ui men p og ammes. In esponse, Ge many
poin ed ou ha signi ican ly mo e han 3,000 had
been ec ui ed hanks o sel -o ganised mig a ion and
ha his igu e was in any case no in ended o be
achie ed exclusi ely h ough s a e-suppo ed ec ui -
men p og ammes.
113
Al hough his dispu e has now been esol ed, i
highligh s he undamen al di e ences in app oaches
owa ds mig a ion coope a ion. While he Indian go -
e nmen is pushing o a apid scaling up o labou
mig a ion h ough s a e ec ui men p og ammes,
he e emains unce ain y in Ge many as o which
Indian s a e ac o can be conside ed a us wo hy
coope a ion pa ne . The NSDC ecen ly came unde
hea y c i icism o e a ec ui men ag eemen con-
cluded wi h Is ael in No embe 2023 ollowing he
sudden sho all o Pales inian wo ke s in he wake
o he Hamas a ack. The Indian wo ke s sen o Is ael
did no ecei e su icien in o ma ion o p o ec ion,
no we e hey su icien ly quali ied in he eyes o
hei Is aeli employe s.
114
E en be e -p epa ed, p i-
a ely ec ui ed Indians su e ed as a esul o he
poo epu a ion o Indian wo ke s ha he NSDC
ini ia i e gene a ed.
115
In addi ion o his p oblema ic
ack eco d, he e we e also allega ions o co up ion
made agains he NSDC in sp ing 2025. They led
o he dismissal o he chie execu i e o ice , who
simul aneously se ed as managing di ec o o he
NSDCI ( he subsidia y c ea ed o ec ui men ).
116
Agains his backd op, i is o Ge many’s ad an age
ha i is al eady coope a ing wi h indi idual Indian
s a es o ec ui skilled wo ke s. Fo example, unde
he “T iple Win” p og amme implemen ed by he
BA and GIZ o a ac nu sing s a , ec ui men ag ee-
men s we e concluded wi h he semi-s a e ec ui -
men agencies No ka Roo s in Ke ala (end o 2021)
113
Backg ound discussions wi h ep esen a i es o he
minis ies in ol ed in July 2024 in New Delhi and in May
2025 in Be lin.
114
“The Many Flaws in he Is aeli Job Scheme o Indians”,
Deccan He ald (online), 10 Sep embe 2024, h ps://www.
deccanhe ald.com/india/ he-many- laws-in- he-is aeli-job-
scheme- o -indians-3184472 (accessed 19 May 2025).
115
Backg ound discussions wi h p i a e ec ui men
agencies in New Delhi in July 2024.
116
Ri u Sa in, “A e Pile o Complain s, Na ional Skill
Co po a ion CEO Remo ed”, Indian Exp ess (online), 28 May
2025, h ps://indianexp ess.com/a icle/india/a e -pile-o -
complain s-na ional-skill-co po a ion-ceo- emo ed-
10032908/ (accessed 5 June 2025).
Mig a ion Coope a ion: Oppo uni ies and Challenges
SWP Be lin
A Mig a ion Mi acle? Indian Mig a ion o Ge many
Sep embe 2025
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and TOMCOM in Telangana (end o 2023).
117
Fo hei
pa , he Ge man s a es ha e launched hei own
ec ui men measu es oge he wi h a ious Indian
s a es; some o which a e linked o exis ing uni e si y
pa ne ships o India-based liaison o ices o eco-
nomic coope a ion.
The condi ions o coope a ion a y conside ably
om Indian s a e o s a e, abo e all owing o he
di e se mig a ion adi ions.
118
In e ms o he ol-
ume o in e na ional emi ances, Maha ash a,
Ke ala, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Ka na aka and
Andh a P adesh a e he mos impo an home s a es
o Indian mig an s.
119
Howe e , he e a e signi ican
di e ences in condi ions e en wi hin each o hese
s a es – o example, be ween u ban and u al a eas.
Good educa ional s anda ds and a eliable mig a ion
in as uc u e a e impo an ac o s o coope a ion.
The economy and social ab ic o Ke ala, o example,
has been shaped by mig a ion since he 1970s. I has
wo well- unc ioning semi-s a e ec ui men agencies:
No ka Roo s, which o e s comp ehensi e suppo
and ein eg a ion se ices o mig an s om Ke ala,
and ODEPC Ke ala, whose sole ocus is ec ui men .
Many o he s a es do no ha e such high-quali y
ec ui men s uc u es. They include Maha ash a,
no wi hs anding he la ge olume o emi ances ha
i ecei es. In ea ly 2024, Baden-Wü embe g signed
a memo andum o unde s anding (MoU) wi h he
s a e on he ec ui men o a sizeable numbe o
mig an wo ke s.
120
Fo i s pa , Maha ash a – du -
ing he un-up o he S a e Assembly elec ion – ook
s eps o apidly se up a new s a e ec ui men agency
and o he suppo s uc u es, including language
aining in coope a ion wi h he Goe he Ins i u e. Bu
hen i ushed ahead wi h he selec ion o se e al
housand candida es, despi e no ye ha ing ag eed
on he selec ion c i e ia wi h he Ge man s a e o
Baden-Wü embe g, which was no esponsi e o
117
GIZ, “Sus ainable Rec ui men o Nu ses (T iple Win)”,
2024, h ps://www.giz.de/de/wel wei /41533.h ml (accessed
17 Sep embe 2024).
118
Geis-Thöne, Zuwande ung aus Indien (see no e 11), 28.
119
Gajbhiye e al., Changing Dynamics o India’s Remi ances
(see no e 108), 92.
120
As id Scheppelmann, “Fachk ä e. THE LÄND und
de Pa ne bundess aa Maha ash a un e zeichnen Absich s-
e klä ung zu Zusammena bei bei de Fachk ä emig a ion”
(S u ga : Baden-Wü embe g, 20 Ma ch 2024), h ps://
www.bw-i.de/news oom/news/nach ich / achk ae e-se ice-
desk-koope a ionsbue o-indien (accessed 3 May 2025).
a emp s o o ge ahead wi h he p ojec .
121
Bo h sides
seemed o ha e lacked he expe ience and s a e s uc-
u es o implemen he MoU, which migh ha e been
signed p ima ily o poli ical pu poses. As a esul ,
he p ojec is cu en ly on hold, causing eno mous
disappoin men among he candida es selec ed in
India.
122
This whole episode unde sco es he need
o obus implemen a ion s uc u es as well as o
expe ise on bo h sides in launching such p ojec s.
In any case, p i a e ec ui men agencies a e o en
able o suppo mig a ion ambi ions mo e e ec i ely
and lexibly as many ha e a long ack eco d in he
selec ion o good p ospec i e mig an wo ke s and
he necessa y job-speci ic p epa a ion. Howe e , he
quali y o se ices o e ed a ies eno mously: while
some es ablished ec ui men agencies ha e been
ope a ing epu able businesses o many yea s, o he s
lu e po en ial clien s wi h un ealis ic p omises o
e en audulen claims. Mo eo e , he as majo i y
o he agencies cha ge hei clien s ees, he eby
iola ing he “employe pays p inciple”. Imp o ed
egula ion o p i a e ec ui men agencies is essen ial
o he sus ainable expansion o labou mig a ion
om India. Because Ge many canno di ec ly egula e
India-based agencies, i is equi ed unde he ame-
wo k o he MMPA o engage in close bila e al
coo dina ion wi h he Indian go e nmen and he
indi idual s a es om which he majo i y o labou
mig an s o Ge many a e ec ui ed.
Skills ma ching o labou mig a ion
Since he ea ly 2010s, mig a ion om India o Ge -
many has inc eased signi ican ly, mainly owing o
highly skilled wo ke s gaining access o he Ge man
labou ma ke ia he EU Blue Ca d. These skilled
wo ke s make an impo an con ibu ion o alle ia -
ing skilled-labou sho ages, pa icula ly in key sec-
o s such as IT. O e all, hei in eg a ion in o he
Ge man labou ma ke has been e y success ul: in
Feb ua y 2024, he unemploymen a e among Indian
na ionals was jus 3.7 pe cen , oughly hal he Ge -
man a e age. In addi ion, Indian wo ke s end o be
121
Go e nmen o Maha ash a, “Employmen Oppo uni y
in Ge many. Pa hda shi P ojec ”, Indian Exp ess, 24 Augus
2024.
122
Ni aj Pandi , “Go Inac ion S alls Ge many Job Hopes
o 7,500 Youngs e s”, Hindus an Times (online), 1 July 2025, 4,
h ps://www.p ess eade .com/simila /281672555938251.
Rede ining mig a ion- ela ed de elopmen coope a ion wi h India
SWP Be lin
A Mig a ion Mi acle? Indian Mig a ion o Ge many
Sep embe 2025
29
O he ins i u ions ha ce i y he le el o Ge man-
language skills include elc, a subsidia y o he Ge -
man Adul Educa ion Associa ion,
166
and he Aus ian
Ge man-Language Diploma (ÖSD).
167
A he same ime,
he e a e eno mous di e ences in he app oaches o
language eaching. Some p i a e agencies o e as -
ack cou ses in which Indians in e es ed in mig a-
ion a e p epa ed o he B1 le el examina ion in wo
o h ee mon hs o ull- ime s udy a boa ding school-
like s uc u es.
168
Gi en he inc easing numbe o
ce i ica ion bodies and he g owing ange o cou ses
on o e , i is essen ial o de ine quali y s anda ds and
sys ema ically moni o compliance wi h hem.
169
The g owing in e es in lea ning he Ge man
language is also e iden om he numbe o s uden s
lea ning he language wi hin he Indian educa ion
sys em. In 2024, he e we e 18,144 s uden s s udying
Ge man a 48 PASCH schools,
170
25,704 a 126 schools
pa icipa ing in he Deu sch an 1000 Schulen p ojec and
81,605 s uden s a 413 o he seconda y schools.
171
Be ween 2011 and 2014, a mo e sys ema ic app oach
had been pu sued by he Kend iya Vidyalaya Sanga-
han (KVS) – a cen al go e nmen o ganisa ion ha
uns mo e han 1,200 schools h oughou he coun y
and, abo e all, p o ides educa ional con inui y
h ough a uni o m cu iculum o he child en o
ci il se an s – which in eg a ed Ge man-language
ins uc ion in o i s syllabus. Howe e , a e jus h ee
yea s, Ge man was s uck om he cu iculum as a
esul o he na ionalis language policy pu sued by
he Indian go e nmen .
172
Unde he Na ional Educa ion Policy, which was
e o med in 2020, s uden s a e equi ed o lea n h ee
languages, one o which may be a non-Indian one;
166
“ elc wächs in Indien”, elc, 16 Decembe 2024, h ps://
inyu l.com/k3hedydj (accessed 20 May 2025).
167
ÖSD websi e: h ps://www.osd.a / (accessed 1 July 2025).
168
Backg ound discussion be ween he au ho and a p i-
a e ec ui men agency in New Delhi in July 2024.
169
Backg ound discussion wi h he au ho and an Indian
mig a ion expe in June 2025 (digi al).
170
“PASCH-Schulen in Indien”, Goe he-Ins i u , h ps://www.
goe he.de/ins/in/de/sp /eng/pasch/psn.h ml (accessed 6 June
2025).
171
In o ma ion (as o Sep embe 2025) ob ained by he
au ho om Goe he Ins i u e India.
172
Ch is ine Möllho , “Neu-Delhi: Indiens Regie ung
b ems Deu sch-Un e ich ”, Rheinische Pos (online), 4 No em-
be 2014, h ps:// p-online.de/poli ik/indiens- egie ung-
b ems -deu sch-un e ich _aid-20167319 (accessed 20 May
2025).
his means ha Ge man can be o e ed as a hi d
language only i a s a e decides acco dingly. Fo i s
pa , he Ge man Fo eign O ice has said he e is
eason o “cau ious op imism” o e he impac o
his policy.
173
Fo example, om he 2026–27 school
yea , he s a e o Maha ash a plans o in oduce 12
non-Indian o eign languages – including Ge man –
o G ades 8 o 10 and possibly G ade 11 o 12. In
o de o u he s eng hen he s a us o Ge man as a
o eign language wi hin he Indian educa ion sys em,
including a uni e si ies, new measu es should be
p omo ed wi hin he amewo k o mig a ion co-
ope a ion.
In o de o imp o e he managemen o s uden
mig a ion om India, he APS should be g an ed
inc eased esponsibili ies so ha , among o he hings,
a mo e compe i i e selec ion o s udy applica ions
could be es ablished in coope a ion wi h he DAAD
and Ge man uni e si ies. To his end, he Ge man
go e nmen should seek a dialogue wi h he Ge man
s a es and uni e si ies aimed a e o ming he admis-
sion p ocedu es o in e na ional s uden s. Measu es
should also be aken o inc ease he p opo ion o
Indians s udying o a bachelo ’s deg ee in Ge many,
as ecei ing a ull highe educa ion inc eases he
likelihood o language acquisi ion and e en ion.
Rede ining mig a ion- ela ed
de elopmen coope a ion wi h India
Al hough he BMZ has ocused on mig a ion- ela ed
de elopmen coope a ion o se e al yea s now, he
opic has ba ely been add essed in Ge many’s de el-
opmen coope a ion wi h India. Fo example, Ge -
many does no ha e a Cen e o Mig a ion and De el-
opmen in India, e en hough he es ablishmen o
such cen es has been a lagship ini ia i e in ecen
yea s.
174
The only ela ed unde aking ha he BMZ
has suppo ed is he much smalle “Shaping De elop-
men -o ien ed Mig a ion” (MEG) p ojec . Launched by
173
Auswä iges Am , “Deu sch als F emdsp ache wel wei
2025. Pe spek i en, He aus o de ungen, S a egien”, Be lin,
2025, h ps://www.auswae iges-am .de/de/news oom/deu sch-
als- emdsp ache-2728478 (accessed 6 Sep embe 2025).
174
Bundesminis e ium ü wi scha liche Zusammen-
a bei und En wicklung (BMZ), ed., Cen es o Mig a ion and
De elopmen , BMZ Fac shee (Be lin, No embe 2023), h ps://
www.bmz.de/ esou ce/blob/187792/bmz- ac shee -zen en-
ue -mig a ion-und-en wicklung-en.pd (accessed 21 Augus
2025).

Enhancing Ge many’s Ex e nal In as uc u e in India
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GIZ, MEG in ol es 15 pa ne coun ies in all, one
o which is India.
175
Fo a long ime, he e we e no links wi hin he
BMZ’s bila e al po olio o o he de elopmen co-
ope a ion p io i ies wi h India. I was only a he
eques o he Indian go e nmen ha a mig a ion
componen was added o an al eady planned GIZ
p ojec o imp o e oca ional aining in g een p o-
essions, especially o women.
176
Unde his p ojec ,
cu icula a e o be designed in such a way ha
ainees also quali y o employmen in Ge many o
o he des ina ion coun ies. Howe e , his should
be seen only as a s a . Toge he wi h he BMBFSFJ,
he BMZ is wo king wi h India’s MSDE o make he
Indian oca ional aining sys em mo e p ac ice-o i-
en ed.
177
And in sp ing 2025, he Indian go e nmen
signalled in he JWG sub-wo king g oup on labou
mig a ion ha i wan s he s a e oca ional aining
cen es o be mo e gea ed owa ds p ac ical p epa a-
ion o wo king in Ge many and o o e language
cou ses.
178
The BMZ’s hesi ance can be a ibu ed, among
o he hings, o he s ic limi s on he use o de el-
opmen unds se by he OECD O icial De elopmen
Assis ance (ODA) c i e ia.
179
Acco ding o hese c i-
e ia, no ac i i ies may be suppo ed i Ge man em-
ploye s a e likely o bene i mo e han he coun y o
o igin – in his case, India. In addi ion, he e may be
conce ns ha he ec ui men o skilled wo ke s by
Ge man companies could lead o a b ain d ain o
highly quali ied wo ke s in India. Indeed, he e a e
175
GIZ, Shaping De elopmen O ien ed Mig a ion (Eschbo n,
Sep embe 2024), h ps://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2023-
en-Shaping-De elopmen -O ien ed-Mig a ion.pd (accessed
22 Ap il 2025).
176
GIZ, B idging he Gende Gap in G een Skills. Indo-Ge man
G een Skills P og amme (IGGSP) (Bonn and Eschbo n, Augus
2024), h ps://www.giz.de/de/downloads/giz2024-en-b idging-
he-gende -gap-in%20g een-skills.pd (accessed 20 Ma ch
2025).
177
Skilled Labou S a egy: India, ed. BMAS and AA
(see no e 70), 18.
178
Backg ound discussion wi h ep esen a i es o he
minis y in ol ed in May 2025 in Be lin.
179
Public unds a e eligible as ODA i hey a e p o ided by
public au ho i ies o de eloping coun ies o hei na ionals
o o in e na ional o ganisa ions wi h he aim o p omo ing
hei economic and social de elopmen . BMZ, “Lei aden
‘Was is O icial De elopmen Assis ance (ODA)?’” (Be lin,
22 July 2025), h ps://www.bmz.de/de/minis e ium/zahlen-
ak en/oda-zahlen/hin e g und/lei aden-oda-19206 (accessed
22 July 2025).
labou sho ages in hose sec o s in India – such as
IT, enewable ene gies, elec omobili y, heal hca e
and manu ac u ing – in which mode n echnologies
equi e apid skills adjus men s. And wo ke s who
ha e unde gone p ac ical aining a e in sho supply,
oo, pa icula ly in he echnical p o essions and
hose equi ing digi al skills.
180
As o sho ages in he
heal h and ca e sec o s, hese a e e iden mainly in
he poo e , u al s a es.
181
Howe e , he main eason
o his is no mig a ion bu inequali ies wi hin he
coun y and he undamen al inabili y o exploi he
coun y’s demog aphic po en ial and ensu e ha he
se e al million wo ke s who join he wo k o ce each
yea ha e su icien employmen p ospec s.
Mo eo e , ecen mig a ion esea ch highligh s
he many bene i s o mig a ion o he de elopmen
o coun ies o o igin. Besides he posi i e impac o
emi ances, hey include s eng hening educa ional
incen i es in he coun y o o igin. Fu he mo e,
some mig an s do e u n o o in es in hei home
coun y – a phenomenon known as “b ain ci cula-
ion”. In India, his e ec was pa icula ly e iden in
he ise o he IT sec o : in luenced by hei expe i-
ences in Silicon Valley, membe s o he Indian dias-
po a in he US b ough echnical know-how, ma ke
knowledge and in e na ional business p ac ices back
o India, he eby making a signi ican con ibu ion
o he global compe i i eness o he Indian ech
indus y.
182
So a , “T iple Win” has been he only ec ui men
p ojec launched by a de elopmen coope a ion ac o .
I is unded no by he BMZ bu by Ge man employe s
and is being implemen ed by GIZ In e na ional Se -
ices, a subsidia y ha is allowed o gene a e e enue,
which i ein es s in o i s de elopmen p ojec s.
183
GIZ In e na ional Se ices is suppo ing he ec ui -
180
Alp Consul ing, “B idging he Gap: How is India
Add essing Skills Sho ages?”, h ps://alp.consul ing/how-
india-add essing-skills-sho ages/ (accessed 8 June 2025).
181
Sak hi el Sel a aj e al., India. Heal h Sys em Re iew (New
Delhi: Wo ld Heal h O ganisa ion, 2022), h ps://i is.who.in /
bi s eam/handle/10665/352685/9789290229049-eng.pd ?
sequence=1 (accessed 20 May 2025).
182
F ede ic Docquie and Hillel Rapopo , Globalisa ion,
B ain D ain and De elopmen , CID Wo king Pape no. 219
(Camb idge, MA: Cen e o In e na ional De elopmen a
Ha a d Uni e si y [CID], Ma ch 2011), 41 , h ps://www.hks.
ha a d.edu/si es/de aul / iles/cen e s/cid/ iles/publica ions/
acul y-wo king-pape s/219.pd (accessed 16 Janua y 2025).
183
GIZ, “Sus ainable Rec ui men o Nu ses (T iple Win)”
(see no e 117).
App oaches o EU coope a ion wi h India
SWP Be lin
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31
men ag eemen be ween he Ge man Employmen
Agency and he semi-s a e ec ui men agencies o
he s a es o Ke ala (since 2022) and Telangana (since
2024). The ad an age o hese p og ammes is ha
hey a e based on in e na ional s anda ds o ai
ec ui men , including he “employe pays p inciple”.
Howe e , only 670 nu sing s a ha e been ec ui ed
in h ee yea s; all o hem we e om Ke ala.
184
Mo e
ecen ly, he Con ede a ion o Ge man Employe s’
Associa ions (BDA) called o he “T iple Win” p o-
g amme o be phased ou , a guing ha i was no
a ac ing enough skilled wo ke s and ha p i a e
agencies had long since become mo e impo an .
185
I is di icul o make an empi ical assessmen o he
claim by he BA (which is also in ol ed in “T iple
Win”) ha he p og amme is a ailblaze o o he
ec ui men agencies and ha , in he bes case sce-
na io, he la e would be guided by he same p in-
ciples o ai and o de ly labou mig a ion going
o wa d.
186
Gi en India’s s a egic impo ance bo h as a pa -
ne coun y o de elopmen coope a ion and as an
impo an coun y o o igin o labou and educa ion
mig a ion, he BMZ should seek o de elop new meas-
u es and, oge he wi h he BMAS, s ep up he p o-
mo ion o he amewo k condi ions o ai mig a-
ion o Ge many. An impo an s ep in his di ec ion
is he decision o pu p i a e ec ui men agencies o
he agenda o he MMPA Join Wo king G oup ( he
sub-wo king g oup on labou mig a ion), which is
in line wi h he Skilled Labou S a egy o India. In
addi ion, he Ge man go e nmen should encou age
he Indian go e nmen o imp o e he egula ion o
p i a e agencies ec ui ing wo ke s o Eu ope – o
example, h ough he P o ec o Gene al o Emig an s
and he eMig a e pla o m – as a pa o a possible
e o m o Indian mig a ion law. Al e na i ely, a lis o
us wo hy ec ui men agencies could be d awn up
wi h he Indian go e nmen o dialogue sough wi h
he a ious associa ions o p i a e ec ui men agen-
cies wi h a iew o es ablishing olun a y commi -
men s along he Ge man-Indian mig a ion co ido .
184
In o ma ion p o ided by he Bundesagen u ü A bei
(as o Ap il 2025).
185
BDA, Wege ö nen: Eine mode ne S a egie ü E we bs-
mig a ion. Ke n o de ungen ü meh Zuwande ung in Beschä -
igung und Ausbildung (Be lin, 11 Ma ch 2025), 4, h ps://
inyu l.com/2eb4 p6d (accessed 22 Ap il 2025).
186
Backg ound discussion be ween he au ho and ep e-
sen a i es o he BA in Be lin in Feb ua y 2025.
I is unclea whe he he Ge man
concep o ai mig a ion is
compa ible wi h he eali y o he
Indian mig a ion landscape.
Howe e , i mus also be s a ed ha he e a e clea
limi s o mig a ion- ela ed de elopmen coope a ion.
I is unclea , o example, whe he he Ge man con-
cep o ai mig a ion is compa ible wi h he eali y
o he Indian mig a ion landscape o whe he he
“employe pays p inciple” can be ully implemen ed
( ega dless o pa hway and skill le el). Mo eo e ,
he Indian go e nmen has so a been eluc an o
igh en he egula ion o p i a e ec ui men agencies
and i emains o be seen whe he ha will change.
Fo his eason, coope a ion should be expanded wi h
us wo hy semi-s a e ec ui men agencies o indi id-
ual Indian s a es – such as No ka Roo s in Ke ala –
ha abide by he “employe pays p inciple” and he e-
by con ibu e, a leas a he egional le el, o aising
awa eness o ai ec ui men p inciples among
Indians in e es ed in mig a ion.
187
In addi ion, hese
semi-s a e ec ui men agencies should be helped o
s eng hen hei capaci ies o di ec placemen in
Ge many, ha is, wi hou de ou s ia Ge man imple-
men a ion o ganisa ions. And pilo p ojec s o de el-
oping ai c edi and epaymen models could be
designed oge he wi h Ge man employe s in o de
o suppo hose mig an s who use he se ices o
selec ed us wo hy p i a e agencies.
App oaches o EU coope a ion wi h India
India has concluded mig a ion ag eemen s wi h six
EU membe s a es. A knock-on e ec is e iden he e:
Ge many’s MMPA is based la gely on he F ench
ag eemen , while Aus ia’s is based on he Ge man
ag eemen . A he same ime, he EU has es ablished
a amewo k o dialogue on mig a ion, mobili y and
eadmission wi h India in he o m o he 2016 Com-
mon Agenda on Mig a ion and Mobili y (CAMM). This
legally non-binding ins umen has also been ag eed
wi h Nige ia, E hiopia, Jo dan and Mo occo. In he
187
Mahima Jain, “How No To Be Depo ed: India’s Nu ses
Seeking Wo k Ab oad Lea n How To Mig a e Sa ely”, The
Gua dian (online), 12 Ma ch 2025, h ps://www. hegua dian.
com/global-de elopmen /2025/ma /12/how-no - o-be-
depo ed-indias-nu ses-seeking-wo k-ab oad-lea n-how- o-
mig a e-sa ely (accessed 20 May 2025).
Enhancing Ge many’s Ex e nal In as uc u e in India
SWP Be lin
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32
case o India, i is being implemen ed by he In e -
na ional Cen e o Mig a ion Policy De elopmen
(ICMPD) in coope a ion wi h he In e na ional Labou
O ganisa ion (ILO) and he Indian Council o Wo ld
A ai s (ICWA).
188
Howe e , India would like o see an
o e haul o he dialogue o ma , no leas because i
eels he e is oo s ong a ocus on e u n policy.
189
E en be o e he CAMM en e ed in o o ce, he
Indian side had been conside ing he possibili y o a
comp ehensi e mig a ion ag eemen wi h he EU as a
whole. A ound 2010, he hen independen Minis y
o O e seas Indian A ai s (MOIA) was de e mined o
nego ia e such an ag eemen wi h he EU bu ailed
o do so owing o he EU Commission’s lack o legal
compe ence o mig a ion policy, which is he espon-
sibili y o he membe s a es. And while he EU Com-
mission’s plan o conclude a ee ade ag eemen
wi h India
190
would, in heo y, p o ide a obus
amewo k o s eng hening coope a ion on mig a-
ion policy,
191
he domes ic poli ical sensi i i y o he
issue in many membe s a es explains why no such
e e ences ha e been included in o he ade nego-
ia ions.
A he e y leas , howe e , i should be ensu ed
ha membe s a es exchange in o ma ion ela ed o
hei mig a ion coope a ion ag eemen s wi h India so
ha hey can lea n om one ano he ’s expe iences.
The condi ions o Indian mig a ion a y signi ican ly
om one membe s a e o he o he ; bu i is possible
ha me hods used elsewhe e in he EU o egula e
p i a e ec ui men om India could inspi e new
egula o y app oaches in Ge many. In addi ion, he e
should be a be e unde s anding o he mig a ion
co ido om India o he EU. This equi es imp o ed
188
ICMPD, “India-EU Coope a ion and Dialogue on Mig a-
ion and Mobili y Phase II”, h ps://www.icmpd.o g/ou -wo k/
p ojec s/india-eu-coope a ion-and-dialogue-on-mig a ion-
and-mobili y-phase-ii-india-eu-cdmm-phase-ii (accessed
2 No embe 2023).
189
Backg ound discussions wi h a ious in e locu o s in
B ussels in Decembe 2024.
190
Eu opean Commission Rep esen a ion in Aus ia, “EU
und Indien s eben Einigung au F eihandelsabkommen in
diesem Jah an”, 28 Feb ua y 2025, h ps://aus ia. ep esen
a ion.ec.eu opa.eu/news/eu-und-indien-s eben-einigung-
au - eihandelsabkommen-diesem-jah -2025-02-28_de
(accessed 4 May 2025).
191
Simon S ocke and Ma ion Panizzon, “Die Schweiz
geh mi Indien eine We e ein”, A eni Suisse (blog), 6 Sep-
embe 2024, h ps://www.a eni -suisse.ch/die-schweiz-geh -
mi -indien-eine-we e-ein- eil-1/ (accessed 15 June 2025).
da a on he mig a ion o Indian na ionals no only
om India o he indi idual membe s a es bu also
wi hin he EU. Fu he mo e, discussions should be
held wi h India on he app op ia e measu es o com-
ba i egula mig a ion and human a icking.
192
Finally, as pa o i s ex e nal mig a ion agenda,
he EU Commission is conside ing es ing a new in-
s umen – he so-called Legal Ga eway O ice – as
a pilo p ojec in India.
193
Going o wa d, s eps should
be aken o ensu e ha his ins umen does no o e -
lap wi h he app oaches o he indi idual membe
s a es and ha s uc u es a e no duplica ed. Real alue
added could be achie ed by asking he Legal Ga eway
O ice wi h he quali y con ol o p i a e ec ui men
agencies along he Eu opean-Indian mig a ion co -
ido .
192
Sahaj ee Baweja and Vansh Bha naga , “Add essing
he Void: The Call o a Human Smuggling Law in India”,
Law School Policy Re iew, 5 Ma ch 2024, h ps://lawschoolpolicy
e iew.com/2024/03/05/add essing- he- oid- he-call- o -a-
human-smuggling-law-in-india/ (accessed 17 May 2025).
193
U sula on de Leyen, Le e om P esiden on Mig a ion
(B ussels, 16 Decembe 2024), 4, h ps://www.eunews.i /wp-
con en /uploads/2024/12/Le e - om-P esiden -U dL-on-
Mig a ion_EUCO-Decembe -2024.pd (accessed 4 May 2025).
Conclusion and Recommenda ions
SWP Be lin
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Ge many’s mig a ion coope a ion wi h India has
in ensi ied no iceably in ecen yea s. The MMPA and
he Skilled Labou S a egy o India ha e c ea ed he
condi ions o u he ad ancing his de elopmen ,
and he ac ha a sepa a e sub-wo king g oup now
deals wi h issues o labou mig a ion is ad an ageous.
Howe e , he e a e s ill blind spo s in Ge many’s ap-
p oach o mig a ion om India – o example, wi h
ega d o he challenges a ising om he g owing
numbe o Indians who wan o s udy in Ge many. In
addi ion, Ge man ac i i ies in India should be be e
coo dina ed; his applies especially o he nume ous
pa allel skilled labou ini ia i es o he ede al s a es.
Mig a ion lows om India o Ge many a e becom-
ing mo e di e si ied: while he numbe o highly
skilled indi iduals en e ing he coun y on he EU
Blue Ca d is declining, mo e and mo e Indians a e
a i ing as s uden s, ainees and skilled wo ke s (pa -
icula ly in he ca e sec o ) o as job seeke s on he
Oppo uni y Ca d. As oday’s mig a ion om India is
la gely sel -o ganised, go e nmen measu es should
be mo e ocused on imp o ing he amewo k con-
di ions o ai mig a ion and a oiding undesi able
ou comes. An impo an lesson lea ned is he eno -
mous ele ance o p i a e ec ui men agencies
in ol ed in he mig a ion lows om India. E ec i e
egula ion o he ac i i ies o hese agencies should be
a op p io i y o he Join MMPA Wo king G oup. Al-
hough he quali y seal “Fai Rec ui men Heal hca e
Ge many” has se s anda ds, i canno be ans e ed
o Indian ec ui men agencies, no can i be applied
in all sec o s. Thus, new me hods should be es ed o
aise awa eness among p ospec i e Indian mig an s
abou he impo ance o ai and anspa en ec ui -
men p ac ices when choosing a p i a e ec ui men
agency.
Al hough eadmission coope a ion is an in eg al
pa o o e all mig a ion coope a ion, i should be
conside ed sepa a ely om labou mig a ion issues. I
India we e o be classi ied as a sa e coun y o o igin
by he new Ge man go e nmen o included on a
new join EU lis o such coun ies, his would be
consis en wi h he e y low asylum ecogni ion a e.
In any case, asylum applica ions and depo a ions
should no be he ocus o bila e al mig a ion coope a-
ion. A e all, he numbe o asylum applica ions
con inues o all, while he numbe o Indian na ion-
als in Ge many is g owing apidly. Thus, i is all he
mo e impo an o espond o p oblema ic ends
beyond he asylum s a is ics and o seek o nip hem
in he bud. This applies, o example, o Indian s u-
den s ha ing o pay la ge sums o money o ec ui -
men agencies and p i a e uni e si ies, only o ind
ou ha deg ees ob ained om he la e a e o en
o dubious quali y and, in some cases, no ecognised
by he Ge man au ho i ies and employe s.
Mig a ion coope a ion wi h India mus no be
iewed in isola ion om he coun y’s g owing in e -
na ional impo ance and economic s eng h. India is
expec ed o o e ake Ge many as he wo ld’s hi d-
la ges economy in he coming yea s. The e o e, i
seems ad isable o link bila e al coope a ion issues –
such as digi isa ion, AI and clima e p o ec ion – o
knowledge exchange and mobili y componen s. The
EU Commission has announced nego ia ions on a ee
ade ag eemen be ween he EU and India, which has
gene a ed high expec a ions. The esul ing momen-
um should be used o be e coo dina e mig a ion
policy wi h India wi hin he EU and o de elop a new
amewo k o coope a ion. And he Legal Ga eway
O ice ha he EU Commission p oposes o es ablish
in India should be designed in such a way as o a oid
duplica e s uc u es among membe s a es and
p omo e eal alue added.
As a as mig a ion diplomacy is conce ned, Ge -
many’s mig a ion pa ne ship wi h India has shown
ha a eas o esponsibili y wi hin he go e nmen
need o be edesigna ed. E en hough he BMI has led
he nego ia ions on ag eemen s wi h India, i can do
li le o deli e on he p omises made in he a ea o
Conclusion and
Recommenda ions
Conclusion and Recommenda ions
SWP Be lin
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labou mig a ion. Bo h he BMAS and he Fo eign
O ice ha e dis inguished hemsel es in his ega d by
ini ia ing a c oss-minis e ial, coun y-speci ic app oach
o he ec ui men o skilled wo ke s. Rega dless o
he bene i s ha he planned Wo k and S ay Agency
will b ing, i mus be cla i ied which minis y is o be
esponsible o mig a ion coope a ion wi h hi d
coun ies going o wa d. Gi en he impo an g ound-
wo k ha i has al eady laid, he Fo eign O ice would
be he mos ob ious choice. Bu a he same ime, he
impo ance o mig a ion- ela ed coope a ion mus be
e en mo e i mly ancho ed in he sel -image o Ge -
man diplomacy. And, u he mo e, he u u e ole o
he BA and implemen ing o ganisa ions such as he
GIZ mus be mo e p ecisely de ined.
Mig a ion- ela ed de elopmen coope a ion wi h
India should be signi ican ly expanded so ha he
inc easing mig a ion lows om India can be deal
wi h as ai ly and coope a i ely as possible. To his
end, he BMZ mus e ise i s bila e al po olio and
make use o syne gies wi h exis ing p ojec s – o
example, in he a ea o oca ional aining. In addi-
ion, bila e al coope a ion should di ec ly s eng hen
hose pa ne s in India ha a e con ibu ing o ai
ec ui men p ac ices, such as No ka Roo s in Ke ala.
Las bu no leas , he issue o ensu ing a welcom-
ing cul u e in Ge many is c ucial o he con inued
success ul managemen o mig a ion om India.
I a i udes owa ds mig a ion con inue o ha den,
despi e all he ad an ages i can b ing, Ge many will
su e damage bo h as a socie y and as a business
loca ion. Like o he s wi h a mig a ion backg ound,
Indians expe ience disc imina ion and acism in
Ge many on a daily basis. Coun e ing his eali y is a
ask no only o poli icians bu o socie y as a whole.
T ade unions and employe s, many o whom a e
eluc an o hi e wo ke s om ab oad, can play an
impo an ole he e. Ul ima ely, all e o s mus be
aimed a inc easing he oppo uni ies o Indian
mig an s o pa icipa e in Ge man socie y and a seek-
ing dialogue wi h he eme ging diaspo a ne wo ks in
Ge many, which will con inue o g ow bo h in size
and in impo ance in he coming yea s.
Abb e ia ions
AA
Fede al Fo eign O ice (Auswä iges Am )
AHK
Ge man Chambe s o Comme ce Ab oad (in his
con ex Indo-Ge man Chambe o Comme ce)
(Außenhandelskamme )
AI
A i icial in elligence
APS
Academic E alua ion Cen e
(Akademische P ü s elle)
BA
Fede al Employmen Agency
(Bundesagen u ü A bei )
BAMF
Fede al O ice o Mig a ion and Re ugees
(Bundesam ü Mig a ion und Flüch linge)
BDA
Con ede a ion o Ge man Employe s’ Associa-
ions (Bundes e einigung de Deu schen A bei -
gebe e bände e.V.)
B AA
Fede al Agency o Fo eign A ai s (Bundesam
ü Auswä ige Angelegenhei en)
BGBl
Fede al Law Gaze e (Bundesgese zbla )
BMAS
Fede al Minis y o Labou and Social A ai s
(Bundesminis e ium ü A bei und Soziales)
BMBFSFJ
Fede al Minis y o Educa ion, Family A ai s,
Senio Ci izens, Women and You h
(Bundesminis e ium ü Bildung, Familie,
Senio en, F auen und Jugend)
BMFTR
Fede al Minis y o Resea ch, Technology and
Space (Bundesminis e ium ü Fo schung,
Technik und Raum ah )
BMG
Fede al Minis y o Heal h
(Bundesminis e ium ü Gesundhei )
BMI
Fede al Minis y o he In e io
(Bundesminis e ium des Inne n)
BMWE
Fede al Minis y o Economy and Ene gy
(Bundesminis e ium ü Wi scha und Ene gie)
BMZ
Fede al Minis y o Economic Coope a ion and
De elopmen (Bundesminis e ium ü wi scha -
liche Zusammena bei und En wicklung)
CAMM
Common Agenda on Mig a ion and Mobili y
DAAD
Ge man Academic Exchange Se ice
(Deu sche Akademische Aus auschdiens )
DB
Ge man Railways (Deu sche Bahn)
ECJ
Eu opean Cou o Jus ice
EU
Eu opean Union
GIZ
Ge man Agency ü In e na ional Coope a ion
(Deu sche Gesellscha ü In e na ionale Zusam-
mena bei )
IAB
Ins i u e o Employmen Resea ch (Ins i u ü
A bei sma k - und Be u s o schung)
ICMPD
In e na ional Cen e o Mig a ion Policy De el-
opmen
ICWA
Indian Council o Wo ld A ai s
ILO
In e na ional Labou O ganiza ion
IT
In o ma ion echnology
IW
Ge man Economic Ins i u e Cologne (Ins i u de
deu schen Wi scha )
JWG
Join Wo king G oup (o he MMPA)
KVK
Kend iya Vidyalaya Sanga han
MEA
Minis y o Ex e nal A ai s (India)
MEG
Shaping De elopmen -o ien ed Mig a ion
(Mig a ion en wicklungspoli isch ges al en) (GIZ)

Abb e ia ions
SWP Be lin
A Mig a ion Mi acle? Indian Mig a ion o Ge many
Sep embe 2025
35
MMPA
Mig a ion and Mobili y Pa ne ship Ag eemen
MOIA
Minis y o O e seas Indian A ai s (India)
MOLE
Minis y o Labou and Employmen (India)
MSDE
Minis y o Skill De elopmen and En ep eneu -
ship (India)
NRI
Non- esiden Indian
NSDC
Na ional Skill De elopmen Co po a ion
NSDCI
Na ional Skill De elopmen Co po a ion In e -
na ional
ODA
O icial De elopmen Assis ance
ODEPC
O e seas De elopmen and Employmen
P omo ion Consul an s L d.
OECD
O ganisa ion o Economic Co-ope a ion and
De elopmen
ÖSD
Aus ian Ge man-Language Diploma
(Ös e eichisches Sp achdiplom Deu sch)
PGE
P o ec o Gene al o Emig an s (India)
PIO
Pe son o Indian o igin
PoE
P o ec o o Emig an s ( egional o ice in India)
PPP
Public-p i a e pa ne ship
REAG/GA
RP
Rein eg a ion and Emig a ion P og amme o
Asylum-Seeke s in Ge many/Go e nmen Assis ed
Repa ia ion P og amme
STEM
Science, echnology, enginee ing, ma hema ics
TITP
Technical In e n T aining P og amme (India-
Japan)
UN DESA
Uni ed Na ions Depa men o Economic and
Social A ai s
UAE
Uni ed A ab Emi a es
Fu he Reading
Ch is ian Wagne (ed.)
India as a Pa ne o Ge man Fo eign Policy
Be lin: S i ung Wissenscha und Poli ik,
No embe 2024 (SWP Resea ch Pape 17/2024)
Nadine Biehle
/
Da id Kipp
/
Anne Koch
The Po en ial o Bila e al Mig a ion Ag eemen s.
F om Symbolic Poli ics o P ac ical Implemen-
a ion
Be lin: S i ung Wissenscha und Poli ik,
Oc obe 2024 (SWP Commen 47/2024)
S e en Angenend
/
Nadine Knapp
/
Da id Kipp
Ge many is Looking o Fo eign Labou .
How o make ec ui men de elopmen -o ien a ed,
sus ainable and ai
Be lin: S i ung Wissenscha und Poli ik,
Ma ch 2023 (SWP Resea ch Pape 3/2023)