Scha enkamp, Ka in; Wicke , Pamela
A icle
Foo ball ans' in e es in and willingness- o-pay o
sus ainable me chandise p oduc s
Jou nal o Economics and S a is ics
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
De G uy e B ill
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Scha enkamp, Ka in; Wicke , Pamela (2024) : Foo ball ans' in e es in and
willingness- o-pay o sus ainable me chandise p oduc s, Jou nal o Economics and S a is ics, ISSN
2366-049X, De G uy e Oldenbou g, Be lin, Vol. 244, Iss. 5/6, pp. 557-583,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1515/jbns -2023-0102
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/333297
S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen:
Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen
Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den.
Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle
Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich
machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen.
So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen
(insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en,
gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do
genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e.
Te ms o use:
Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal
and schola ly pu poses.
You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o
exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he
in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public.
I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en
Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise
u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence.
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/
Ka in Scha enkamp* and Pamela Wicke
Foo ball Fans’In e es in and
Willingness-To-Pay o Sus ainable
Me chandise P oduc s
h ps://doi.o g/10.1515/jbns -2023-0102
Recei ed No embe 30, 2023; accep ed Sep embe 14, 2024
Abs ac : Acco ding o he Ge man Foo ball League’s guidelines, oo ball clubs a e
expec ed o con ibu e o sus ainable de elopmen . This s udy analyzes oo ball ans’
in e es in and willingness- o-pay o socially and en i onmen ally sus ainable
me chandise clo hing. Da a om ans o a Ge man Foo ball Bundesliga club we e
collec ed using an online su ey in 2022 (n= 1,019). A se o linea , logis ic, log-linea ,
and ze o-infla ed Poisson eg essions was es ima ed. The es ima ions e eal ha
en i onmen al conce ns, en i onmen al knowledge, pas pu chase o me chandise
p oduc s, and awa eness o sus ainable labels significan ly posi i ely affec ans’in-
e es in sus ainable clo hing. The p obabili y o epo ing a posi i e willingness- o-pay
(>€0) is significan ly posi i ely affec ed by ans’in e es in sus ainable clo hes. Team
iden ifica ion has a significan nega i e effec on he amoun o willingness- o-pay o a
sus ainable -shi in he subsample o esponden s wi h a posi i e willingness- o-pay.
Keywo ds: oo ball; in e es ; me chandise; mone a y alua ion; sus ainabili y;
willingness- o-pay
JEL Classifica ion: Z23; Q50; L83; D12
1 In oduc ion
The Uni ed Na ions (UN) ha e de eloped 17 sus ainable de elopmen goals (SDGs),
wi h SDG 12 ensu ing sus ainable consump ion and p oduc ion pa e ns and SDG 13
A icle No e: This a icle is pa o he special issue “Spo s Economics”published in he Jou nal o
Economics and S a is ics. Access o u he a icles o his special issue can be ob ained a
www.deg uy e .com/jbns .
*Co esponding au ho : Ka in Scha enkamp, Depa men o Spo s Science, Biele eld Uni e si y,
Uni e si ae ss . 25, 33615 Biele eld, Ge many, E-mail: ka in.scha enkamp@uni-biele eld.de. h ps://
o cid.o g/0000-0002-3923-9735
Pamela Wicke , Depa men o Spo s Science, Biele eld Uni e si y, Uni e si ae ss . 25, 33615 Biele eld,
Ge many, E-mail: [email p o ec ed]. h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-5818-8470
Jou nal o Economics and S a is ics 2024; 244(5–6): 557–583
Open Access. © 2024 he au ho (s), published by De G uy e . This wo k is licensed unde he
C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License.
speaking o he comba o clima e change and educing i s impac s (UN 2023).
Following he o e a ching goal o imp o e en i onmen al quali y by simul aneously
ensu ing social wel a e (B umme 2022), p o essional oo ball clubs and leagues ha e
ecognized he need o p omo e sus ainable de elopmen and engage in sus ainable
ac i i ies. Fo example, a numbe o oo ball clubs ha e signed he Spo s o Clima e
Ac ion F amewo k. Th ough hei signa u e, hey ha e ag eed wi h he a ge o
educing ca bon emissions and becoming mo e en i onmen ally sus ainable (Uni ed
Na ions F amewo k Con en ion on Clima e Change [UNFCCC] 2022). Mo eo e , he
Ge man Foo ball League (DFL) included sus ainabili y aspec s in hei lis o
licensing c i e ia. This way hey o ce Foo ball Bundesliga clubs o epo abou
en i onmen al and social sus ainabili y and inc ease hei effo s o become mo e
sus ainable (DFL 2021).
Gene ally speaking, a numbe o a eas con ibu e o oo ball clubs’le el o sus-
ainabili y on ma ch days, including an a el (Loewen and Wicke 2021; Tho mann,
Wicke , and B aksiek 2022) as well as an accommoda ion, s adium cha ac e is ics
(e.g. ene gy usage), and ood and d inks (Collins e al. 2007). In many a eas such as an
a el and s adium cha ac e is ics, oo ball clubs canno ini ia e changes di ec ly as
hey depend on o he s akeholde s. One a ea whe e oo ball clubs a e less dependen
on o he s and ha e mo e decision making powe is hei me chandise p oduc s.
Typically, hese p oduc s a e p oduced cheaply in Asia and shipped o Eu ope a -
e wa d, be o e hey a e sold ac oss Ge many o mailed again o ans a ound he
globe.
Me chandise sales a e one pilla o clubs’comme cial e enues, oge he wi h
sponso ship, ca e ing, and o he ope a ional e enues. Fo many oo ball clubs,
hese comme cial e enues make up a subs an ial sha e o hei o e all e enues,
e en exceeding e enues om he sale o b oadcas ing igh s (Deloi e 2019). O e all,
he p oduc ion and dis ibu ion o hese p oduc s ends o be on he lowe end o he
social and en i onmen al sus ainabili y spec um, while being ele an o he clubs’
economic sus ainabili y. The esul ing ques ion o making me chandise p oduc s
mo e socially and en i onmen ally sus ainable is, he e o e, also an economic one,
as mo e sus ainable p oduc ion is ypically associa ed wi h highe p oduc ion cos s
such as local labo cos s (Tey, B indal, and Dibba 2018). One op ion o add ess his
issue is ha ans bea he addi ional cos s and pay mo e o sus ainable me chandise
p oduc s o hei club (McCullough and Cunningham 2011).
The p esen s udy add esses his ques ion by examining ans’in e es in and
willingness- o-pay (WTP) o socially and en i onmen ally sus ainable p oduced
me chandise p oduc s. Following he s a ed p e e ences li e a u e, WTP can be
conside ed an indica o o beha io al in en ions (O lowski and Wicke 2019a,
2019b). The e o e, we ollow he economic defini ion o Jedidi and Zhang (2002) ha i
illus a es he ese a ion p ice ha esponden s a e willing o pay o a sus ainable
558 K. Scha enkamp and P. Wicke
me chandise p oduc (see Tully and Wine 2014 o u he concep s). P e ious
s udies ha e al eady examined beha io al in en ions in e ms o he WTP o
en i onmen al ini ia i es in g ass oo s spo s clubs (Tho mann and Wicke 2021),
he WTP o offse ing ca bon emissions a spo e en s (Lin umäki e al. 2023;
T ian a yllidis and Kaplanidou 2018), and he in en ions owa ds g een dona ions o
spo e en pa icipan s (T ian a yllidis and Kaplanidou 2021). The WTP o ans o
sus ainable me chandise p oduc s has no ye been s udied.
The esea ch con ex is one Ge man Foo ball Bundesliga club (A minia
Biele eld), who plans o offe sus ainable p oduc s in i s me chandise shop. Wi h
A minia Biele eld, his s udy was conduc ed in coope a ion wi h a club ha has no
offe ed any sus ainable me chandise p oduc s ye . Fu he mo e, sus ainabili y
fi s A minia Biele eld’s o e all co po a e social esponsibili y s a egy as he club
suppo ed se e al sus ainable ini ia i es ega ding he use o sola panels o
plan ing ees in he Teu obu g Fo es (A minia Biele eld 2022). Be o e p o iding
such offe s, he club needs o ge an unde s anding o ans’gene al in e es in such
p oduc s and hei WTP o hem. The ocus is on wo o he mos -sold p oduc s, a
-shi and a hoodie, each wi h he club’s logo on i , which ulfill he c i e ia o
en i onmen al and social sus ainabili y.
In ou s udy, we ocus on he p o-en i onmen al consump ion (PEC) in en ion
ha eflec he pu pose ul seeking o pu chase en i onmen ally and socially sus-
ainable (La oche, Be ge on, and Fo leo 2001; Paul, Modi, and Pa el 2016) clo hes as
one dimension o p o-en i onmen al beha io (PEB). O he dimensions o PEB
include anspo a ion, ecycling, and nu i ion beha io (B eunig 2013; Scha en-
kamp and Wicke 2024; Wicke 2018, 2019). As he ashion indus y causes nega i e
en i onmen al impac s due o high ca bon emissions, i has a i al ole in he global
economy as i keeps p oduc ion cos s and p ices low “ o se e he consume s wi h
hei desi e o ashion a low p ices”(Soye and Di ich 2021, 1). In o de o make he
consump ion o ashion mo e sus ainable, p o-en i onmen al aking ca e o own
clo hes includes se e al aspec s and has he la ges impac on he en i onmen
(Fle che 2008). Besides less equen launde ing, washing a low empe a u es,
washing ully loaded washing machines, PEC o clo hes encompasses buying ewe
bu longe -las ing clo hes om sus ainable b ands (Claudio 2007; Ha is, Roby, and
Dibb 2016). This con ex leads o he ollowing h ee esea ch ques ions: (1) which
ac o s a e associa ed wi h ans’in e es in socially and en i onmen ally sus ainable
p oduced me chandise a icles?, (2) a e he e significan diffe ences in esponden
cha ac e is ics o low and high p ice p oduc s?, and (3) which ac o s a e associa ed
wi h ans’WTP o hese p oduc s?
These esea ch ques ions a e heo e ically unde pinned by Blake’s (1999)
en i onmen al alue-ac ion-gap and examined using da a om an online su ey
among ans o A minia Biele eld. This s udy con ibu es o p e ious li e a u e by
Foo ball Fans’In e es and WTP 559
p esen ing empi ical e idence on he co ela es o PEC in en ions o sus ainably
p oduced me chandise clo hes. Based on he findings o linea , logis ic, log-linea ,
and supplemen a y ze o-infla ed Poisson eg essions, p ac ical implica ions o
spo manage s a e p o ided o o e come ba ie s o ans’PEC in en ions and
acili a e he compliance o spo clubs wi h sus ainabili y ini ia i es.
2 Theo e ical F amewo k and Li e a u e Re iew
2.1 Value-Ac ion Gap o P o-En i onmen al Consump ion
The heo e ical amewo k o his s udy ollows Blake’s (1999) app oach o an
en i onmen al alue-ac ion gap. The en i onmen al alue-ac ion gap illus a es
indi iduals’disc epancy be ween hei conce ns and knowledge abou en i on-
men al p oblems and he subsequen lack o PEB o in en ions o PEB. Se e al ac o s
play a ole he e: On he posi i e side, en i onmen al conce ns and en i onmen al
knowledge a e conside ed po en ial boos e s o PEB in en ions. On he nega i e
side, he lack o PEB in en ions is caused by h ee ypes o ba ie s: indi iduali y,
esponsibili y, and p ac icali y.
2.2 En i onmen al Conce ns and En i onmen al Knowledge as
Con ibu o s o PEC In en ions
En i onmen al conce ns (EC) include indi iduals’awa eness o en i onmen al
p oblems, a suppo i e a i ude owa ds PEB, and a willingness o sol e en i on-
men al p oblems (Dunlap and Jones 2002). EC we e ound o affec PEB in en ions
significan ly posi i ely (Maichum, Pa icha non, and Peng 2016). Especially o he
pu chase o sus ainably p oduced clo hes, Rausch and Kopplin (2021) find a signifi-
can posi i e effec o EC on PEC in en ions. Likewise, in ano he s udy o ma a hon
unne s, EC was posi i ely associa ed wi h unne s’in en ions o dona e owa ds
g een ini ia i es (T ian a yllidis and Kaplanidou 2021). Among spo ans, women
oo ball ans we e significan ly mo e likely o ea ege a ian o egan in e e yday
li e han men ans. In he oo ball s adium, women oo ball ans we e significan ly
mo e in e es ed in he offe o egan bu ge s o sausages han men i espec i e o
he EC le el (Scha enkamp and Wicke 2024). Fo in e na ional ail unne s
pa icipa ing in a ma a hon in G eece, empi ical e idence shows ha en i onmen al
consciousness had a posi i e effec on WTP o olun a y ca bon offse ing
(T ian a yllidis and Kaplanidou 2018). Fu he mo e, he gene al a i ude owa ds he
en i onmen and he ecogni ion o en i onmen al p oblems we e posi i ely
560 K. Scha enkamp and P. Wicke
associa ed wi h he WTP o offse ing ca bon emissions (Lin umäki e al. 2023).
Based on his e idence, we de i e he fi s hypo hesis:
H1: En i onmen al conce ns a e posi i ely associa ed wi h PEC in en ions.
Ano he p econdi ion o PEC in en ions is en i onmen al knowledge (EK):
Indi iduals a e knowledgeable abou he en i onmen , i hey a e amilia wi h
en i onmen al concep s and unde s and he unc ioning o ecosys ems as well as he
in e dependencies be ween hei own beha io and he na u al en i onmen
(F yxell and Lo 2003). EK migh lead o en i onmen al a i udes (Ko and Jin 2017;
Kollmuss and Agyeman 2002) and ul ima ely o PEB in en ions (Kollmuss and
Agyeman 2002). In he con ex o his s udy, oo ball ans a e assumed o ha e EK i
hey unde s and he consequences o hei pu chasing beha io o me chandise
p oduc s on he ecosys em (Goh and Balaji 2016). Resea ch examining he effec s o
EK on PEC in en ions yielded mixed e idence: While some esea ch indica ed ha EK
nei he influences he a i ude owa ds sus ainable p oduc s no he in en ion o
pu chase such p oduc s (Jaiswal and Kan 2018), he majo i y o p e ious s udies
confi med ha EK is an essen ial p econdi ion o PEB in en ions (Chan 2001; Ko and
Jin 2017; Kuma , Man ai, and Man ai 2017; Maichum, Pa icha non, and Peng 2016;
Mos a a 2007; Wang, Qian, and Yu 2014; Yada and Pa hak 2016). Based on hese
findings, we de i e he second hypo hesis:
H2: En i onmen al knowledge is posi i ely associa ed wi h PEC in en ions.
2.3 Ba ie s o PEC In en ions
Ba ie s like indi iduali y, esponsibili y, o p ac icali y migh hinde indi idual
in en ions o PEC. The ba ie o indi iduali y conside s cogni i e s uc u es
o a i udes ha hinde indi iduals o ansla e hei posi i e en i onmen al
a i udes in o PEC beha io o a leas in o PEC in en ions (Blake 1999).
Indi iduali y in he spo an con ex is eflec ed by pas pu chase beha io o
me chandise p oduc s, awa eness o sus ainable b ands, and in e es in pu chas-
ing sus ainable p oduc s.
Pas pu chase beha io is known o be connec ed wi h indi idual a i udes
owa ds PEB (e.g. Tho mann and Wicke 2021, 2024). While Kim and James (2016) find
ha pas pu chase beha io o me chandise p oduc s was significan ly and posi-
i ely associa ed wi h u u e in en ions o consume me chandise p oduc s, he e is
no e idence on his link o sus ainable clo hes, ye . Simila findings a e e iden o
sus ainable ho els (Han and Kim 2010). D awing om hese findings, we sugges he
ollowing hi d hypo hesis:
Foo ball Fans’In e es and WTP 561
H3: Pas pu chase beha io o club’s me chandise p oduc s is posi i ely associa ed
wi h PEC in en ions.
A lacking awa eness o he sus ainable impac o clo hing and sus ainable labels
migh be ano he indi idual ba ie hinde ing indi iduals o pu sue PEC in en ions.
P e ious esea ch indica ed ha indi iduals in gene al had a limi ed awa eness o
he en i onmen al impac o clo hing (Gowo ek e al. 2012) and co esponding labels.
Ha is, Roby, and Dibb (2016) iden ified h ee easons o his low le el o awa eness:
Fi s , clo hing is no an al uis ic pu chase, sugges ing ha sus ainabili y o clo hes
was e alua ed e y low in consume s’pu chasing decision c i e ia. Second, he
sus ainabili y o clo hes is oo complex, meaning ha consume s lack knowledge
abou mechanisms in he ex ile indus y and e.g. he link be ween p ices and he
paymen o co on a me s. The hi d eason is he high di e si y o e hical conce ns
among consume s, meaning ha while some consume s migh be conce ned abou
animal wel a e, some p io i ize ha hei clo hes we e p oduced child-labo ee.
Due o he gene ally low le el o awa eness abou he sus ainable impac o clo hing,
he ashion indus y has de eloped specific labels, like e.g. he g een bu on, ha
eflec he ex en o which i ems we e p oduced in an en i onmen ally and socially
sus ainable manne . The e o e, we assume ha he awa eness o sus ainable labels
migh educe he lack o knowledge abou a leas some mechanisms in he ex ile
indus y owa ds mo e sus ainabili y, hus suppo ing PEC in en ions. The esul ing
hypo hesis is:
H4: Awa eness o sus ainable labels is posi i ely associa ed wi h PEC in en ions.
A pa icula in e es in sus ainably p oduced clo hes is a necessa y p econdi ion o
he pu chase o hese goods. Specifically, g een a i udes we e significan ly posi i ely
ela ed o pu chase in en ions o sus ainable p oduc s (Jaiswal and Kan 2018).
The in e es in sus ainable p oduc s goes beyond ha o awa eness o sus ainable
labels/p oduc s, as i includes ha consume s do no only ha e en i onmen al
conce ns, bu also conside he pa icula ecological consequences o hei pu chase
beha io (Jaiswal and Kan 2018). A numbe o s udies ha e shown a posi i e
link be ween he consume ’s in e es and willingness o buy sus ainable p oduc s
(Akehu s , A onso, and Gonçal es 2012; Chan 2001; Daghe and I ani 2014). The e o e,
in e es in sus ainable p oduc s migh consequen ly boos indi iduals’in e es in
and WTP o sus ainable me chandise clo hes:
H5: In e es in sus ainably p oduced clo hes is posi i ely associa ed wi h PEC
in en ions.
562 K. Scha enkamp and P. Wicke
Responsibili y is a second ba ie ha hinde s indi iduals wi h en i onmen al
conce ns o knowledge o pu sue hei p o-en i onmen al in en ions, because
“ hey do no eel ha hey (as indi iduals) should ake he esponsibili y o
helping o sol e en i onmen al p oblems”(Blake 1999, 266). In he con ex o spo
ans, he ba ie o esponsibili y can be cap u ed by he ans’lacking iden ifica ion
o psychological link wi h he oo ball eam (G eenwood, Kan e s, and Caspe
2006). Indi idual commi men and a ce ain emo ional a achmen o he oo ball
club a e indica i e o an iden ifica ion (B anscombe and Wann 1991). In he
s onges o m, ans pe cei e hemsel es o be pa o he oo ball eam (Wann
and B anscombe 1992). I is possible ha he oo ball club’s aim o comply wi h
sus ainabili y ini ia i es migh be conside ed a mu ual goal by oo ball ans.
The e o e, a high eam iden ifica ion o oo ball ans migh be le e aged by he club
o each his goal (McCullough and Cunningham 2011; McCullough and Kellison
2016) as indi iduals ca ego ize hemsel es o be pa o specific g oups as pa o hei
social iden i y (Taj el and Tu ne 1986). Rega ding PEC in en ions, Kwon, Galen, and
Jeff ey (2007) ou line he ele ance o eam iden ifica ion o spo ans as i explains
42.6 % o he a iance in pu chase in en ions o me chandise p oduc s. In his s udy, a
lacking iden ifica ion wi h he oo ball eam (B own 1998) is assumed o be ela ed o a
low eelingo belonging and no/low pe cei edneed o con ibu e o he club’scommon
goals (Wann and G ie e 2005). The co esponding hypo hesis is:
H6: Team iden ifica ion is posi i ely associa ed wi h PEC in en ions.
A hi d ba ie is p ac icali y, implying ha spo ans lack sufficien income o
ansla e hei EC and EK in o PEC in en ions. Based on he low-cos hypo hesis
o Diekmann and P eisendö e (2003), indi iduals only o mula e beha io al
in en ions in si ua ions whe e pe cei ed cos s in e ms o financial cos s, ime,
con enience, and effo a e low (Wicke 2018). An example o such a success ul
ansla ion is he educ ion o one’s ca bon oo p in wi h a simul aneous financial
cos educ ion by using public anspo ins ead o using he p i a e and mo e
con enien ca (Becken 2004; Wicke 2019). The pu chase o sus ainably p oduced
me chandise p oduc s is likely associa ed wi h highe p ices because o highe cos s
o aw ma e ial and labo . Con e sely o p e ious li e a u e claiming ha con-
sume s a e willing o pay a p ice p emium o sus ainable clo hes (Hamil on and
Zilbe man 2006), Tey, B indal, and Dibba (2018) showed ha bo h an addi ional alue
and an appealing es he ic is necessa y o sus ainable clo hes being pu chased.
The e o e, oo ball ans wi h lowe income a e less likely o pu chase sus ainably
p oduced me chandise clo hes, as eflec ed in he las hypo hesis:
H7: Income is nega i ely associa ed wi h PEC in en ions.
Foo ball Fans’In e es and WTP 563
3 Me hods
3.1 Da a Collec ion
Quan i a i e da a we e collec ed using an online su ey o oo ball ans and
spec a o s o A minia Biele eld om Ap il o June 2022. The link o he su ey was
p o ided on he club’s social media pla o ms, in newsle e s, and on he websi e o
he collabo a ing uni e si y. Since he su ey was anonymous, i is no possible
o epo he channel h ough which esponden s we e ec ui ed. O e all, 1,021
esponden s comple ed he su ey and 1,019 answe s could be used o he empi ical
analysis. The collec ed esponden s’cha ac e is ics and s uc u e we e discussed
wi h club officials o A minia Biele eld o ensu e ha he sample is compa able o he
pe cei ed an base o he club.
3.2 Ques ionnai e and Va iables
The su ey included a numbe o ques ions measu ing pas pu chase o
me chandise p oduc s, en i onmen al conce n (Kilbou ne and Picke 2008;
Paul, Modi, and Pa el 2016), en i onmen al knowledge (Ko and Jin 2017), awa eness
o sus ainable labels (Henninge 2015), eam iden ifica ion (Wann and B anscombe
1993), and esponden s’sociodemog aphic cha ac e is ics (gende , age, educa ion,
income). The employed scales ha e accep able eliabili y, wi h C onbach’salphas
o 0.893 (en i onmen al conce n), 0.773 (en i onmen al knowledge), and 0.931
( eam iden ifica ion). Mean indexes we e compu ed o hese h ee cons uc s
(Table 2).
WTP was assessed using he con ingen alua ion me hod (O lowski and Wicke
2019a), which is an es ablished me hod and was used in p e ious s udies assessing
oo ball ans’WTP (F ick and Wicke 2018; Wicke e al. 2016). A he hea o he
su ey was a CVM scena io, wi h esponden s andomly ecei ing ei he he e sion
wi h a -shi o a hoodie. The scena io s a ed wi h in o ming esponden s abou
socie al expec a ions owa ds spo o ganiza ions o become mo e socially and
en i onmen ally sus ainable and he implemen a ion o sus ainabili y aspec s in he
DFL’s licensing c i e ia om he 2023/24 season onwa ds, o cing clubs’business
p ocesses o become mo e sus ainable. Then i was assumed ha gi en hese
de elopmen s, A minia Biele eld wan s o become mo e socially and en i onmen-
ally sus ainable and ha sus ainably p oduced p oduc s will be offe ed in he an
s o e in addi ion o con en ionally p oduced ones. I was supposed ha esponden s
wan o pu chase a shi /hoodie (cu en p ice €25/€60), wi h a socially and
564 K. Scha enkamp and P. Wicke
The esul s o logis ic eg essions explaining he p obabili y o esponden s o
ha e a WTP highe han ze o a e p esen ed in Table 6. The esul s e eal ha EC only
ha e a significan posi i e effec on he likelihood ha esponden s ha e a WTP
highe han ze o o a sus ainable -shi (model 1). Thus, hypo hesis H1 is only pa ly
suppo ed. The p obabili y o a WTP highe han ze o o a sus ainable hoodie is
only significan ly posi i ely affec ed by EK (model 5). Consequen ly, hypo hesis H2 is
only pa ly suppo ed. Pas consump ion o he club’s me chandise p oduc s has a
significan posi i e impac on he p obabili y o a posi i e WTP o a sus ainable
-shi (models 1–3). The in e es in sus ainably p oduced me chandise p oduc s
significan ly posi i ely affec s he likelihood o a posi i e WTP in bo h subsamples
Table :Linea eg ession analyses o in e es in a sus ainable -shi and hoodie.
T-shi Hoodie
() In e es () In e es () In e es () In e es () In e es () In e es
En _conce n .*** .***
(.)(.)
En _knowledge .*** .***
(.)(.)
Sus ainable labels .*** .***
(.)(.)
Team_id .** . . −. −. −.
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Pas consump ion .*** .** .** .** .** .*
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Female . . . . .*.
(.)(.)(.)(.)(
.)(.)
Age −. . . −. −. −.
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
A_le els . .** .*−. −. .
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Uni e si y . .** .** −. . .
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
ln_Income −. −. −. . . .
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Inseason −. −. −. . . .
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Cons an .** .*** .*** .** .*** .***
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Obse a ions
R. . . . . .
Mean VIF . . . . . .
No e: Robus s anda d e o s in pa en heses, ***p<.;**p<.;*p<..
Foo ball Fans’In e es and WTP 571
(models 1–6). Hence, hypo hesis H5 is suppo ed. Fo sus ainable hoodies, being a
uni e si y g adua e and income a e significan ly posi i ely ela ed o he p obabili y
o a posi i e WTP. Consequen ly, hypo hesis H7 s a ing a posi i e link be ween
income and PEC in en ions, is pa ly suppo ed. Con e sely, age is significan ly
nega i ely ela ed o he p obabili y o a posi i e WTP in he hoodie subsample
(models 4–6).
Table :Logis ic eg ession analyses o he likelihood o ha ing a posi i e WTP (WTP_Dummy) o a
sus ainable -shi and hoodie.
T-shi Hoodie
()()()()()()
En _conce n .*.
(.)(.)
En _knowledge . .*
(.)(.)
Sus ainable labels . .
(.)(.)
Team_id . . −. . . .
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Pas consump ion .** .*.*. . .
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Female . . . . . .
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Age −. −. −. −.*** −.*** −.**
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
A_le els . . . . . .
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Uni e si y . . . .** .** .**
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
ln_Income . −. −. . .*.
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
In e es .*** .*** .*** .*** .*** .***
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Inseason −. −. −. −. −. −.
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Cons an −.*** −.*** −.*** −.*** −.*** −.***
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Obse a ions
Pseudo-R. . . . . .
No e: β-Coefficien s display a e age ma ginal effec s; obus s anda d e o s in pa en heses, ***p<.;**p<.;
*p<..
572 K. Scha enkamp and P. Wicke
The esul s o log-linea models o he subsample o esponden s wi h a posi i e
WTP a e p esen ed in Table 7. We find ha EC a e significan ly posi i ely associa ed
wi h he WTP o a sus ainable hoodie o -shi (models 1–6), so ha hypo hesis H1 is
suppo ed. Con e sely, EK is only significan ly posi i ely ela ed o he WTP o a
sus ainable -shi , hus pa ly suppo ing hypo hesis H2 (model 2). A highe
awa eness o sus ainable labels is significan ly posi i ely ela ed o he amoun o
WTP o a sus ainable -shi (model 3). Re e ing o ou hypo heses, we lea n ha
Table :Log-linea eg ession analyses explaining he WTP o a sus ainable -shi and hoodie o
esponden s wi h a WTP > (WTP_Eu o > ).
T-shi Hoodie
()()()()()()
En _conce n .*** .**
(.)(.)
En _knowledge .*** .
(.)(.)
Sus ainable labels .*** .
(.)(.)
Team_id −.** −.** −.*** . . .
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Pas consump ion . . . . . −.
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Female .*.** . . .*.
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Age . . . . . .
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
A_le els −. −. −. −. −. .
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Uni e si y −. −. −. . . .
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
ln_Income . . . . . .
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
In e es .** .*** .** .** .*** .***
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Inseason . . . −. −. −.
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Cons an .*** .*** .*** .*** .*** .***
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Obse a ions
R. . . . . .
Mean VIF . . . . . .
No e: Robus s anda d e o s in pa en heses, ***p<.,**p<.,*p<..
Foo ball Fans’In e es and WTP 573
H4 is suppo ed. A highe in e es in sus ainable p oduc s is significan ly posi-
i ely associa ed wi h he amoun o s a ed WTP o a sus ainable hoodie o -shi
(models 1–6). Hypo hesis H5 is suppo ed. Howe e , eam iden ifica ion is signifi-
can ly nega i ely associa ed wi h he amoun o WTP o a sus ainable -shi in his
subsample (model 3), so ha hypo hesis H6 is no suppo ed. As income has no
significan effec on nei he he in e es , no he p obabili y o a posi i e WTP, no
he exac WTP, hypo hesis H7 is no suppo ed.
Table :Ze o-infla ed Poisson eg ession o he WTP (WTP_Eu o) o a sus ainable -shi (n=)o a
sus ainable hoodie (n=).
T-shi Hoodie
()()()()()()
En _conce n .*** .**
(.)(.)
En _knowledge .*** .*
(.)(.)
Sus ainable labels .*** .
(.)(.)
Team_id −.** −.** −.*** . . .
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Pas consump ion . . . −. −. −.
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Female .** .** . . .*.
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Age . . . . . .
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
A_le els −. −. −. −. −. −.
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Uni e si y −. −. −. . . .
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
ln_Income . . .*. . .
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
In e es .** .*** .** .** .*** .***
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Inseason . . . −. −. −.
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
Cons an .*** .*** .*** .*** .*** .***
(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)
AIC ,. ,. ,. ,. ,. ,.
BIC ,. ,. ,. ,. ,. ,.
No e: Robus s anda d e o s in pa en heses; ***p<.,**p<.,*p<..
574 K. Scha enkamp and P. Wicke
The esul s o he supplemen a y ze o-infla ed Poisson eg essions a e p e-
sen ed in Table 8 o sus ainable -shi s and sus ainable hoodies. Like in he main
es ima ions, he esul s e eal ha highe EC a e significan ly posi i ely associa ed
wi h he WTP o hose esponden s who po en ially ha e a WTP la ge han ze o
(models 1 & 4), hus suppo ing hypo hesis H1. While a highe EK is only significan ly
ela ed o he WTP o a sus ainable hoodie in he main es ima ions, a highe EK is
also significan ly ela ed o he po en ial WTP o a sus ainable -shi (models 2 & 5),
hus suppo ing hypo hesis H2. Looking a hypo hesis H3 and a po en ial posi i e
link be ween pas pu chase beha io and PEC in en ions, he es ima ions p o ide
no suppo ing e idence. Wi h espec o he awa eness o sus ainable labels, a
significan posi i e co ela ion o he po en ial WTP o a sus ainable -shi pa ly
suppo s hypo hesis H4 (model 3). Mo eo e , s ong suppo i e e idence is ound
o hypo hesis H5 ha he in e es in pu chasing a me chandise -shi o hoodie is
significan ly associa ed wi h PEC in en ions in all models. Like in he main es ima-
ions, he e is no suppo i e e idence o hypo hesis H6 as eam iden ifica ion is
significan ly nega i ely associa ed wi h po en ial WTP o a sus ainable -shi .
Finally, he e is no obus e idence on a significan associa ion be ween esponden s’
income and hei PEC in en ions, so ha hypo hesis H7 is no suppo ed ei he .
5 Discussion
The pu pose o his s udy was o analyze he co ela es o ans’in e es in and WTP
o socially and en i onmen ally sus ainably p oduced -shi s o hoodies o a
Ge man Foo ball Bundesliga club. Using he en i onmen al alue-ac ion-gap
app oach (Blake 1999) as heo e ical unde pinning, se en hypo heses we e
de i ed. The findings o eg ession analyses a e based on su ey da a o ans o
A minia Biele eld.
The ep esen a i eness o ou sample canno be checked as he e is no
in o ma ion abou he s uc u e o he o al popula ion (he e: oo ball ans o
A minia Biele eld o in gene al). The e o e, he esponden s’cha ac e is ics o he
p esen sample a e compa ed o hose o o he an su eys o A minia Biele eld
(Scha enkamp and Wicke 2024; Tho mann and Wicke 2021, 2024; Tho mann,
Wicke , and B aksiek 2022), indica ing a high deg ee o s uc u al simila i y. To
u he unde s and he ex en o which ou sample ep esen s he an base o he
club, we discussed he sample composi ion wi h club officials o A minia Biele eld.
Mo eo e , we compa ed ou sample wi h o he s udies d awing on su ey da a o
Foo ball Bundesliga ans (F ick and Wicke 2018; Loewen and Wicke 2021; Wicke
e al. 2016), showing again a simila composi ion in e ms o socio-demog aphics.
Foo ball Fans’In e es and WTP 575
Answe ing he fi s esea ch ques ion on he de e minan s o a ans’in e es in a
sus ainable me chandise p oduc , his s udy ou lines ha EC is a significan
boos e on in e es . This finding is line wi h p e ious li e a u e (Lin umäki e al.
2023; Maichum, Pa icha non, and Peng 2016; Scha enkamp and Wicke 2024;
T ian a yllidis and Kaplanidou 2018, 2021). Like p e ious s udies indica ing a posi i e
impac o EK on PEC in en ions (Chan 2001; Ko and Jin 2017; Kuma , Man ai, and
Man ai 2017; Maichum, Pa icha non, and Peng 2016; Goh and Balaji 2016; Mos a a
2007; Wang, Qian, and Yu 2014; Yada and Pa hak 2016), we also find a significan
posi i e effec on he in e es in sus ainable clo hes. Compa ing he insignifican
effec o EK o he significan posi i e effec o EC, one may conclude ha (on a e age)
mo e spo ans in ou sample a e conce ned abou he en i onmen (4.254) bu less
pe cei e hemsel es o ha e knowledge (3.574), hus indica ing lacking mo i a ion o
ga he in o ma ion in o de o find solu ions ega ding he EC.
In line wi h ou heo e ical assump ions on indi idual ba ie s ha a lack
o ac o s is leading o lowe PEC in en ions, we find empi ical suppo ha pas
consump ion beha io and awa eness o sus ainable labels a e significan ly posi-
i ely ela ed o he in e es in sus ainable p oduc s. Con ibu ing o he s udy o Kim
and James (2016) analyzing he effec o pas on cu en pu chase beha io o non-
sus ainable goods, we a e he fi s s udy finding a boos ing effec o pas pu chase
beha io on in e es . Fu he mo e, ou findings suppo he a ionale o Gowo ek
e al. (2012) and Ha is, Roby, and Dibb (2016) ha awa eness o he sus ainable
impac o clo hes a e suppo i e d i e s o PEC in en ions. Likewise, he me e
in e es in sus ainable clo hes significan ly boos s he p obabili y o a posi i e WTP
o oo ball me chandise clo hes, hus suppo ing p e ious e idence (Akehu s ,
A onso, and Gonçal es 2012; Chan 2001; Daghe and I ani 2014).
Rega ding eam iden ifica ion as a esponsibili y ba ie owa ds PEC in-
en ions, we only find suppo i e e idence o he in e es in sus ainable -shi s. We
in e p e his finding in a way ha ans who eel s ongly ela ed o he club migh
pe cei e o he ways o suppo hei club han o buy me chandise a icles. Ano he
explana ion could be ha hose ans al eady bough a lo o me chandise clo hes in
he pas . This assump ion is based on he desc ip i e s a is ics ha esponden s o he
subsample wi h no WTP o sus ainable me chandise clo hes ha e a highe pas
consump ion han hose wi h a posi i e WTP. These findings also indica e ha no
only ans wi h a s ong eam iden ifica ion a e po en ial cus ome s o sus ainable
me chandise.
Looking a he p ac icali y ba ie , he spo ans’income is no significan ly
associa ed wi h PEC in en ions o buy a sus ainable p oduc . This finding con adic s
he a ionale o he low-cos hypo hesis (Diekmann and P eisendö e 2003),
assuming ha indi iduals may a he ansla e hei EC in o in e es o low p ices o
sus ainabili y ac i i y. The di e gence o ou findings migh be caused by he ac ha
576 K. Scha enkamp and P. Wicke
spo ans pe cei e me chandise clo hes as an al uis ic pu chase (Ha is, Roby, and
Dibb 2016), he e o e less necessa y o a he luxu y, in addi ion o hei usual
wa d obe.
Answe ing he second esea ch ques ion abou significan diffe ences o low
and high p ice p oduc s, we find ha oo ball ans ha e a significan ly highe in e es
in low p iced sus ainable clo hing such as -shi s compa ed o hoodies, bu a highe
WTP o high p iced p oduc . Foo ball clubs lea n om hese findings ha i migh be
ui ul o offe bo h a low p ice and high p ice al e na i e o sus ainable
me chandise clo hing as a highe income is significan ly posi i ely associa ed wi h a
highe p obabili y o ha e a posi i e WTP o a high p ice hoodie.
Answe ing he hi d esea ch ques ion on he ac o s associa ed wi h ans’
posi i e WTP, his s udy finds a significan posi i e effec o he awa eness o
sus ainable labels, bu a nega i e effec o eam iden ifica ion o a sus ainable
-shi . These findings efine he answe s on he fi s esea ch ques ions in wo
ways. Fi s ly, he boos ing effec o awa eness o sus ainable labels on PEC in-
en ions only emains in he low p ice scena io and indica e a limi ed willingness o
ansla e he awa eness o ecological consequences o clo hing in o PEC in en ions
(Gowo ek e al. 2012). Secondly and challenging he assump ion o McCullough and
Cunningham (2011) ha spo clubs can le e age he spo ans’ eam iden ifica ion
o each sus ainabili y goals, we find ha highe eam iden ifica ion is a significan
ba ie owa ds PEC in en ions o high p iced me chandise clo hing. This finding is
con adic o y o ou assump ion based on he en i onmen al alue-ac ion gap
app oach by Blake (1999), assuming ha a lack o eam iden ifica ion will lead o a
lack o PEC in en ions. As he e is no significan impac o eam iden ifica ion on he
in e es in o he p obabili y o ha ing a posi i e WTP o a sus ainable
me chandise p oduc , i indica es ha spo ans wi h high eam iden ifica ion do
no see hei con ibu ion o suppo he spo club by buying (mo e) expensi e
me chandise p oduc s.
Su p isingly, WTP o hose spo ans wi h a posi i e WTP is only significan ly
posi i ely affec ed by EC and he in e es in sus ainable clo hes in he scena io o
he mo e expensi e hoodie. This finding is somewha su p ising as we ound he
in e es insus ainableclo hing obesignifican ly lowe in he hoodie subsample
(3.973) compa ed o he -shi subsample (4.159). Compa ing he mean in e es in
sus ainable clo hes only among spo ans wi h a posi i e WTP o sus ainable
clo hes, we find no significan diffe ence in he mean in e es in sus ainable clo hes
be ween esponden s o he -shi o hoodie scena io. The e o e, one in e p e a-
ion could be ha he ansla ion o in e es in sus ainable clo hing in o PEC
in en ions migh be a mo e conscious p ocess o mo e expensi e p oduc s like
hoodies, hus no significan ly affec ing he WTP o low p ice p oduc s like -shi s.
Acco ding o Tey, B indal, and Dibba (2018), one explana ion could be ha spo
Foo ball Fans’In e es and WTP 577
ans migh pe cei e mo e angible benefi s om pu chasing a sus ainable hoodie
due o a highe p ice, hus a highe in es men and highe con ibu ion owa ds
mo e sus ainabili y.
6 Conclusions
The findings o his s udy un old he complexi y o boos e s and ba ie s owa ds PEC
in en ions o me chandise p oduc s in oo ball clubs. The e o e, he con ibu ions o
his s udy o he p e ious li e a u e a e h ee old. Fi s ly, his s udy p o ides a
heo e ical unde pinning o he boos e s and ba ie s owa ds PEC in en ions o
me chandise clo hing o oo ball clubs. Secondly and o he bes o ou knowledge,
his s udy is he fi s o p o ide ini ial quan i a i e e idence o sus ainable
me chandise clo hing o oo ball clubs. Thi dly, he esul s o ou s udy help man-
age s o oo ball clubs o a oid cos ly sus ainabili y ini ia i es ha migh no be
effec i e, his s udy p o ides p ac ical di ec ions.
Hence, se e al p ac ical implica ions can be de i ed om his s udy. Fi s ly,
manage s o oo ball clubs migh conside o ac i ely add ess he ans’en i on-
men al conce ns, awa eness o sus ainable labels, and pas consump ion (in e ms o
loyal y) ia ma ke ing s a egies ha migh inc ease ans’WTP o a sus ainable
me chandise p oduc . As eam iden ifica ion is significan ly nega i ely associa ed
wi h WTP (highe han ze o), ou lining he club’s in en ion o become mo e sus-
ainable and he need o he ans’help o do so, migh be ano he help ul ini ia i e o
suppo he pu chase o sus ainably p oduced me chandise p oduc s. Fu he mo e,
spo clubs migh en o ce he pe cep ion o in angible benefi s om pu chasing e.g. a
sus ainable hoodie so ha spo ans pe cei e hemsel es o con ibu e in an
impo an and ele an way o he club’s accomplishmen wi h sus ainabili y goals,
en i onmen ’s quali y, and social wel a e. Fu he mo e and ega ding bigge
Bundesliga clubs and cu en sus ainabili y effo s, clubs do no ollow a consis en
s a egy. While Baye n Munich claims ha an shop bags con ain u pa s om he
s adium’s u was e (Allianz A ena 2024), Bo ussia Do mund offe s sus ainable an
clo hes including se e al ce ifica es like he G een Bu on on he occasion o he
s adium anni e sa y (Bo ussia Do mund 2024). As one migh expec ha bigge
clubs migh expe ience a highe social p essu e o con o m wi h socie al expec a-
ions, he websi e sea ch does no suppo his no ion.
This s udy is no wi hou limi a ions. In ou s udy, we con on ed ans wi h he
possibili y o buy en i onmen ally and socially sus ainable clo hes. Howe e , he
diffe en ia ion o sus ainabili y dimension in e.g. locally p oduced, socially sus-
ainable p oduced, o only en i onmen ally p oduced clo hes migh ha e yielded
diffe en insigh s. The e o e, u u e esea ch migh analyze he sepa a e effec s, bu
578 K. Scha enkamp and P. Wicke
also combina ions o sus ainabili y aspec s. The su ey da a o his s udy a e based
on he e alua ion o oo ball ans. The e o e, u u e s udies migh analyze he
esea ch ques ions o ans o o he eam spo s. As ou da a a e c oss-sec ional, no
causal ela ionships could be analyzed. Panel da a migh enable u u e s udies o
analyze he de e minan s o ans’in e es in and WTP o sus ainable me chandise
p oduc s o e ime. Ano he limi a ion o ou s udy is ha p o es esponden s in ou
subsample o hose wi h a ze o WTP canno be clea ly iden ified. We add essed his
issue pa ly by addi ionally es ima ing ze o-infla ed Poisson eg essions. Howe e ,
u u e esea ch wi h su ey da a on PEC in en ions migh implemen addi ional
ques ions o disen angle his subg oup o esponden s. The su ey da a we e
collec ed du ing he Co id-19 pandemic, he e o e he findings o pos -pandemic
s udies migh diffe om hese. Finally, his s udy ocuses on PEC in en ions o
me chandise clo hing as one o m o PEB. Ou esul s migh consequen ly no apply
o o he ace s o PEB in e e yday li e in e ms o e.g. ecycling o mobili y.
Conflic o in e es : The au ho s decla e no compe ing in e es s.
Resea ch unding: This esea ch ecei ed no ex e nal unding.
Re e ences
Akehu s , Ga y, Ca olina A onso, and Helena Ma ins Gonçal es. 2012. “Re‐examining G een Pu chase
Beha iou and he G een Consume P ofile: New E idences.”Managemen Decision 50 (5): 972–88.
Allianz A ena. 2024. “Allianz A ena se z au Fanshop-Tü en aus G as.”Allianz A ena. h ps://allianz-a ena.
com/de/news/2021/11/gemeinsames-p ojek -mi -p eze o-allianz-a ena-se z -au -nachhal ige- an-
shop ue en-aus-g as (accessed Sep embe 26, 2024).
A minia Biele eld. 2022. “Biele elde Range im A minia-Wald.”A minia Biele eld. h ps://www.a minia.de/
neues/schlagzeilen/de ail/biele elde - ange -im-a minia-wald (accessed Sep embe 26, 2024).
Becken, Susanne. 2004. “How Tou is s and Tou ism Expe s Pe cei e Clima e Change and Ca bon-
Offse ing Schemes.”Jou nal o Sus ainable Tou ism 12 (4): 332–45.
Blake, James. 1999. “O e coming he ‘ alue-Ac ion Gap’in En i onmen al Policy: Tensions be ween
Na ional Policy and Local Expe ience.”Local En i onmen : The In e na ional Jou nal o Jus ice and
Sus ainabili y 4 (3): 257–78.
Bo ussia Do mund. 2024. “Sus ainable Me chandise.”Bo ussia Do mund. h ps://shop.b b.de/
s adionjubilaeum (accessed Sep embe 26, 2024).
B anscombe, Nyla R., and Daniel L. Wann. 1991. “The Posi i e Social and Sel -Concep Consequences o
Spo s Team Iden ifica ion.”Jou nal o Spo & Social Issues 15 (2): 115–27.
B eunig, Ma y. 2013. “Food o Though : An Analysis o P o-en i onmen al Beha iou s and Food Choices in
On a io En i onmen al S udies P og ams.”Canadian Jou nal o En i onmen al Educa ion 18: 155–72.
B own, Adam. 1998. Fana ics!: Powe , Iden i y, and Fandom in Foo ball. London, New Yo k: Psychology P ess.
B umme, Anja. 2022. “How Does a ‘G een’Good Affec En i onmen al Quali y and Social Wel a e?”
Jah buche ü Na ionalokonomie und S a is ik 242 (3): 371–401.
Foo ball Fans’In e es and WTP 579
Chan, Ricky Y. K. 2001. “De e minan s o Chinese Consume s’G een Pu chase Beha io .”Psychology and
Ma ke ing 18 (4): 389–413.
Claudio, Luz. 2007. “Was e Cou u e. En i onmen al Impac o he Clo hing Indus y.”En i onmen al Heal h
Pe spec i es 115: A448–A454.
Collins, And ea, And ew Flynn, Max Munday, and Anne e Robe s. 2007. “Assessing he En i onmen al
Consequences o Majo Spo ing E en s: he 2003/04 FA Cup Final.”U ban S udies 44 (3): 457–76.
Daghe , G ace K., and Oma I ani. 2014. “Fac o s Influencing G een Pu chasing Beha iou : Empi ical
E idence om he Lebanese Consume s.”Jou nal o Consume Beha iou 13 (3): 188–95.
Deloi e. 2019. “Wo ld in Mo ion.”Annual Re iew o Foo ball and Finance. h ps://www2.deloi e.com/
con en /dam/Deloi e/de/Documen s/consume -business/Annual_Re iew_o _Foo ball_Finance_
2019.pd (accessed Sep embe 26, 2024).
DFL. 2021. “Resolu ion o he DFL Membe s Assembly: Sus ainabili y Becomes Licensing C i e ion o
Bundesliga and Bundesliga 2.”DFL. h ps://www.dfl.de/en/news/ esolu ion-o - he-dfl-membe s-
assembly-sus ainabili y-becomes-licensing-c i e ion- o -bundesliga-and-bundesliga-2/ (accessed
Sep embe 26, 2024).
Diekmann, And eas, and Pe e P eisendö e . 2003. “G een and G eenback. The Beha io al Effec s o
En i onmen al A i udes in Low-Cos and Highcos Si ua ions.”Ra ionali y and Socie y 15 (4): 441–72.
Dunlap, Riley E., and Robe Emme Jones. 2002. “En i onmen al Conce n: Concep ual and Measu emen
Issues.”In Handbook o En i onmen al Sociology, edi ed by R. E. Dunlap, and W. Michelson, 482–524.
Wes po , CN: G eenwood P ess.
Eisenbe g, Theodo e, Thomas Eisenbe g, Ma in T. Wells, and Min Zhang. 2015. “Add essing he Ze os
P oblem: Reg ession Models o Ou comes wi h a La ge P opo ion o Ze os, wi h an Applica ion o
T ial Ou comes.”Jou nal o Empi ical Legal S udies 12 (1): 161–86.
Fle che , Ka e. 2008. Sus ainable Fashion and Tex iles: Design Jou neys. London and S e ling: Ea hscan.
F ick, Be nd, and Pamela Wicke . 2018. “The Mone a y Value o Ha ing a Fi s Di ision Bundesliga Team o
Local Residen s.”Schmalenbach Business Re iew 70: 63–103.
F yxell, Ge ald E., and Ca los W. H. Lo. 2003. “The Influence o En i onmen al Knowledge and Values on
Manage ial Beha iou s on Behal o he En i onmen : An Empi ical Examina ion o Manage s in
China.”Jou nal o Business E hics 46 (1): 45–69.
Goh, See Kwong, and M. S. Balaji. 2016. “Linking G een Skep icism o G een Pu chase Beha io .”Jou nal o
Cleane P oduc ion 131: 629–38.
Gowo ek, Helen, Tom Fishe , Tim Coope , Sophie Woodwa d, and Alex Hille . 2012. “The Sus ainable
Clo hing Ma ke : an E alua ion o Po en ial S a egies o UK Re aile s.”In e na ional Jou nal o Re ail
& Dis ibu ion Managemen 40 (12): 935–55.
G eenwood, P. B ian, Michael A. Kan e s, and Jona han M. Caspe . 2006. “Spo Fan Team Iden ifica ion
Fo ma ion in Mid-le el P o essional Spo .”Eu opean Spo Managemen Qua e ly 6 (3): 253–65.
Hai , Joseph F., William Co mack Black, Ba y J. Babin, and Rolph E. Ande son. 2013. Mul i a ia e Da a
Analysis, 7 h ed. Uppe Saddle Ri e : Pea son.
Hamil on, S ephen F., and Da id Zilbe man. 2006. “G een Ma ke s, Eco-Ce ifica ion, and Equilib ium
F aud.”Jou nal o En i onmen al Economics and Managemen 52 (3): 627–44.
Han, Heesup, and Yunhi Kim. 2010. “An In es iga ion o G een Ho el Cus ome s’Decision Fo ma ion:
De eloping an Ex ended Model o he Theo y o Planned Beha io .”In e na ional Jou nal o
Hospi ali y Managemen 29 (4): 659–68.
Ha is, Fiona, Helen Roby, and Sally Dibb. 2016. “Sus ainable Clo hing: Challenges, Ba ie s and
In e en ions o Encou aging Mo e Sus ainable Consume Beha iou .”In e na ional Jou nal o
Consume S udies 40 (3): 309–18.
580 K. Scha enkamp and P. Wicke
