Qadi , Fa han; Bashee , Muhammad Fa han; Chaudh y, Sha aq A i ; Lodhi, Rab
Nawaz
A icle
Empowe ing leade ship na iga ing he employee's
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion h ough wo k unce ain y:
E idence om ou ism and hospi ali y indus y
Pakis an Jou nal o Comme ce and Social Sciences (PJCSS)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Joha Educa ion Socie y, Pakis an (JESPK)
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Qadi , Fa han; Bashee , Muhammad Fa han; Chaudh y, Sha aq A i ; Lodhi, Rab
Nawaz (2024) : Empowe ing leade ship na iga ing he employee's en ep eneu ial o ien a ion
h ough wo k unce ain y: E idence om ou ism and hospi ali y indus y, Pakis an Jou nal o
Comme ce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), ISSN 2309-8619, Joha Educa ion Socie y, Pakis an (JESPK),
Laho e, Vol. 18, Iss. 2, pp. 527-551
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Pakis an Jou nal o Comme ce and Social Sciences
2024, Vol. 18(2), 527-551
Pak J Comme Soc Sci
Empowe ing Leade ship Na iga ing he Employee’s
En ep eneu ial O ien a ion Th ough Wo k
Unce ain y: E idence om Tou ism and
Hospi ali y Indus y
Fa han Qadi (Co esponding Au ho )
Laho e Business School, Uni e si y o Laho e, Laho e, Pakis an
Email: a han.qadi @ho mail.com
Muhammad Fa han Bashee
Laho e Business School, Uni e si y o Laho e, Laho e, Pakis an
Email: a [email p o ec ed]ol.edu.pk
Sha aq A i Chaudh y
School o Business a Uni e si y o Cen al Lancashi e, Uni ed Kingdom.
Email: schaudh [email protected]
Rab Nawaz Lodhi
Hailey College o Comme ce, Uni e si y o he Punjab, Laho e, Pakis an.
Email: [email protected]
A icle His o y
Recei ed: 20 Ma 2024
Re ised: 17 June 2024
Accep ed: 21 June 2024
Published: 30 June 2024
Abs ac
This esea ch in es iga es he impac s o empowe ing leade ship (EL) on wo k unce ain y
(WU) and employee’s en ep eneu ial o ien a ion (EO) and i s dimensions ( isk- aking,
p o-ac i eness, and inno a i eness). Fu he mo e, his s udy also explo ing he in e ening
ole o wo k unce ain y in he connec ion be ween empowe ing leade ship and
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion and i s dimension. The da a (n=271) we e ga he ed om
indi iduals employing in hospi ali y and ou ism indus y o Pakis an by u ilizing a ime-
lag esea ch app oach. Using AMOS so wa e o da a analysis, indings sugges ed ha
empowe ing leade ship is meaning ully ela ed wi h wo k unce ain y and indi idual’s
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion. Simila ly, wo k unce ain y media es he ela ionship be ween
empowe ing leade ship and en ep eneu ial o ien a ion and i s dimensions. This s udy
sugges s ha empowe ing leade ship can be an e ec i e ool o encou aging employee’s
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion. The e o e, manage s and leade s o hospi ali y and ou ism
sec o , who aim o achie e employee’s en ep eneu ial o ien a ion need o induce
empowe ing leade ship in hei o ganiza ion. The a icle b idges he gap ela ing o ac o s
Empowe ing Leade ship Na iga ing he Employee’s En ep eneu ial O ien a ion
528
and an eceden s ha impac indi idual’s en ep eneu ial o ien a ion in a ime lag esea ch
design. This esea ch is one o he pionee s udies which examining, how empowe ed
leade ship a ec s en ep eneu ial o ien a ion, wi h employing wo k unce ain y as a
media ing ole. The p ac i ione s o ou ism and hospi ali y indus y such as in es o s,
manage s, employees and o he s akeholde s, will ind his s udy qui e use ul as well.
Keywo ds: Empowe ing leade ship, wo k unce ain y, en ep eneu ial o ien a ion, sel -
de e mina ion heo y, ou ism and hospi ali y indus y.
1. In oduc ion
The ou ism and hospi ali y indus y signi ican ly con ibu e o he economy o de eloping
coun ies like Pakis an by c ea ing jobs, gene a ing o eign exchange, and ea ning money
o he go e nmen h ough ax collec ion (Kyei-F impong e al., 2024). Howe e , his
indus y has been o ally dis ega ded because o he s a e o law and o de , e o ism, and
he dea h o go e nmen -p o ided in as uc u e (Kyei-F impong e al., 2024). Acco ding
o ecen esea ch, he ou ism and hospi ali y sec o s a e linked o a numbe employmen
issues, including job unce ain y, li le oppo uni y o pe sonal de elopmen , and eliance
on seasonal demand. The e o e, his sec o s need o encou age a highe le el o dedica ion
among hei employees in e e y a ea o compe ence i hey wan o boos pe o mance and
nu u e en ep eneu ial o ien a ion (EO) in he wo k o ce h ough he e ec i e leade ship
(Kyei-F impong e al., 2024).
Employee e iciency and p oduc i eness a e essen ial o o ganiza ional unc ioning,
g ow h and de elopmen . Especially, in he case o ou ism and hospi ali y indus y, he
e iciency o he indi idual employees is an essen ial elemen o supe io se ices since
he cus ome s' eelings and expec a ions ela ed o se ice quali y is in luenced by he
communica ion and in e ac ions o he employees wi h he cus ome s (Nunkoo e al.,
2020). Zhang and Ba ol (2010) a gued ha i had been obse ed ha employees could no
achie e hei op imal le el wi hou comple e au onomy and con ol o e hei wo k.
Excessi e obse ance o ules and egula ions ad e sely in luences hei pe o mance
(Ka k e al., 2018). The pe iod o he con en ional o ganiza ional hie a chical model,
con olling and di ec ing employees, has depa ed and now, i is he e a o au ho ize,
empowe , and enable hem (Jung e al., 2020; Riaz e al., 2021). Empowe ed and au ho ized
employees can achie e highe pe o mance as hey obse e he pe cep ion o con ol o
esou ces o pe o m hei jobs (Al-Oma i e al., 2020; Riaz e al., 2020). In his pe spec i e,
EL migh a ise as a i al ool ha can ac i ely imp o e he le el o employees’
empowe men in he i m and hus inducing en ep eneu ial o ien a ion (EO) in he
employees.
The leade ship and managemen li e a u e ha e epea edly emphasized on he leade 's
c ucial in luence on indi idual empowe men (Yada e al., 2023). Empowe ing leade s
encou age indi iduals o abandon passi e mindse s, inc ease hei sel - esponsibili y and
isk aking and make hem esponsible o hei pe o mance (Jada e al., 2019).
Pa icula ly, empowe ing leade ship (EL) e e s o a collec ion o beha io s exhibi ed by a
Qadi e al.
529
leade who p o ides au onomy, assigns mo e esponsibili ies, and sha es he powe wi h
hei subo dina es by p o iding au onomy om bu eauc a ic cons ain s, a icula ing
con idence in high pe o mance, encou aging pa icipa ion in decision making, and
imp o ing meaning ulness o he wo k (Zhang & Ba ol, 2010).
En ep eneu ship is a key ac o in achie ing socio-economic de elopmen and play a
c ucial ole in economic g ow h (Co in e al., 2020). En ep eneu ship helps in job
c ea ion, compe i i eness and enhances p oduc i i y which s imula es o ganiza ions o
ope a e e ec i ely and e icien ly (Wales e al., 2020), esul ing in weal h gene a ion and
educed unemploymen (Hiza ci e al., 2023). Hence, En ep eneu ial O ien a ion has
acqui ed subs an ial signi icance (Fe ei a e al., 2019). Mo eo e , he e is ample empi ical
e idence and consensus ha implemen ing EO leads o imp o ed o ganiza ional
pe o mance, economic ou comes, and success a es (Fe ei a e al., 2019). Mul iple s udies
ha e demons a ed ha businesses ha employ a obus en ep eneu ial o ien a ion
ou pe o m en e p ises ha ail o adop an EO (K eise e al., 2020; Wales e al., 2020)
En ep eneu ial o ien a ion is one o he c i ical a iables o examina ion ha need o be
in es iga ed a he employee le el in he ield o en ep eneu ial esea ch (Wales e al.,
2020; Hiza ci e al., 2023). Resea ch de e minan s ad ised ha en ep eneu ial o ien a ion
unde go a igo ous esea ch concep and necessi a es esea che s' ongoing a en ion and
igo ous in ol emen (Alalawi, 2020). EO has al eady been obse ed a he i m o
business uni le el (e.g., K eise e al., 2020; Wales e al., 2020). Ye , li le empi ical
esea ch has been conduc ed on en ep eneu ial o ien a ion a he employee le el (Rig e ing
e al., 2019; Shahid e al., 2022). Mo eo e , despi e se e al calls o a deepe unde s anding
o how indi iduals can con ibu e o he en ep eneu ial spi i o an o ganiza ion (Wales,
2020; Cla k e al., 2023). Consequen ly, i is essen ial o analyze en ep eneu ial o ien a ion
a he employee le el (Co in e al., 2020). Employees' en ep eneu ial o ien a ion
cha ac e ize as an indi idual’s p opensi y o p o-ac i eness, inno a i eness, and isk-
aking (Co in e al., 2020). This concep emphasizes ha en ep eneu ial employees a e
mo e mo i a ed o be p oac i e, ake isks, and be inno a i e in hei beha io s (Lee &
Pe e son, 2000). The e o e, en ep eneu ial indi iduals a e mo e en husias ic o ake isks,
mo e p oac i e in ealizing and u ilizing a ailable possibili ies, and mo e likely o engage
in inno a ion. Fu he mo e, esea che s ha e also emphasized on in es iga ing he
an eceden ’s side o he employees’ en ep eneu ial o ien a ion (Be nos e e al., 2020).
Mul iple schola s ha e conduc ed in es iga ions and p oposed ha he hospi ali y and
ou is indus y is ega ded as a c ucial elemen in he economic de elopmen o a ious
coun ies (Mzembe e al., 2019 Usman e al., 2023). The Pakis ani hospi ali y and ou ism
indus y's economic impac emains ela i ely small in compa ison o ha o o he
indus ialized and de eloping na ions. Pakis an possesses signi ican ou ism po en ial and
p o ides an ex ensi e in as uc u al ne wo k o in e na ional ou is s, including he
China-Pakis an Economic Co ido (CPEC) and a comp ehensi e sys em o mo o ways
Empowe ing Leade ship Na iga ing he Employee’s En ep eneu ial O ien a ion
530
(Nazneene al., 2019). In addi ion, Pakis an's ou ism e enue is compa a i ely smalle
han ha o o he Sou h Asian coun ies (Khan e al., 2020). Howe e , he e a e ew
excep ions whe e capi al in es men s in he ou ism sec o a e highe . This is a signi ican
oppo uni y o he ho el and ou ism indus y o op imize and ele a e hei pe o mance in
o de o bols e he economic g ow h o he na ion. Economic g ow h and de elopmen a e
c ucial o p omo ing expansion, imp o ing company pe o mance, inc easing
p oduc i i y, and educing unemploymen and in e naliza ion (Insan e al., 2021; Subhan
e al., 2013). The hospi ali y and ou is indus ies cons an ly ace signi ican s ain as a
esul o ie ce i al y bo h domes ically and in e na ionally. The hospi ali y and ou ism
business mus implemen and en o ce e o ms, such as adop ing en ep eneu ial and
e ec i e leade ship, o main ain p oduc i i y and compe e on a global scale (A sa e al.,
2017). Acco ding o A sa e al. (2017), e ec i e leade ship is c ucial o o ganiza ions o
main ain g ow h and p o i abili y, as well as o inspi e indi iduals o emb ace new
challenges and achie e excep ional business ou comes. P io esea ch has also emphasized
he ela ionship be ween leade ship and en ep eneu ial o ien a ion in de eloped
economies, wi h less in es iga ions unde aken in de eloping economies. This esea ch
sugges ed a media ing ole o wo k unce ain y (WU) be ween empowe ing leade ship and
EO and i s dimensions in Pakis ani se ing.
In mul iple ways, ou s udy adds o he exis ing body o knowledge. Fi s , his esea ch
con ibu es o he en ep eneu ial o ien a ion li e a u e by examining en ep eneu ial
o ien a ion a he employee le el. P e iously, only a ew esea ches ha e looked in o
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion among employees (San os e al., 2020; Shahid e al., 2022).
Secondly, his is one o he pionee s udies ha in es iga es he c ucial ela ionship
be ween EL and en ep eneu ial o ien a ion ia wo k unce ain y. Thi d, he e is a ecen
call o esea che s o in es iga e he an eceden o en ep eneu ial o ien a ion (Be nos e
e al., 2020). Thus his s udy is p oposing and empi ically in es iga ing he empowe ing
leade ship as a signi ican an eceden o employee’s en ep eneu ial o ien a ion. Las ly,
his s udy will also add o he p esen li e a u e on he Pakis ani hospi ali y and ou ism
indus y, which is a neglec ed and unde - esea ched ield. The cu en s udy analyses he
links be ween empowe ing leade ship, wo k unce ain y, and en ep eneu ial o ien a ion
among Pakis ani hospi ali y and ou ism pe sonnel.
The ou ism and hospi ali y indus y in Pakis an aces unique challenges, such as poli ical
ins abili y, secu i y conce ns, economic luc ua ions, and in as uc u al de iciencies.
These ac o s c ea e a high le el o wo k unce ain y, making i c ucial o explo e how
leade ship can na iga e his unce ain y o enhance employee pe o mance. The pe inence
o he p oblem o con ex ual pe o mance in he Pakis ani hospi ali y and ou ism indus y
lies in he in e play be ween cul u al di e ences, leade ship s yles, employee
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion, and he unique challenges o he indus y. Empowe ing
leade ship can signi ican ly enhance employees' abili y o pe o m con ex ually by
os e ing a p oac i e, inno a i e, and esilien wo k o ce capable o na iga ing he
unce ain ies inhe en in his sec o . The s udy's ocus on his dynamic o e s aluable
Qadi e al.
531
insigh s in o imp o ing o ganiza ional pe o mance and employee sa is ac ion in a c i ical
indus y o Pakis an's economy.
2. Li e a u e Re iew and Hypo heses De elopmen
The s udy u ilizes he sel -de e mina ion heo y (Deci & Ryan, 2000, 2002) o p opose ha
empowe ed leade ship posi i ely in luences employees' inclina ion owa ds
inno a i eness, p o-ac i eness, and isk- aking, e e ed o as he employee's EO (Lumpkin
& Dess, 1996). In his e e ence, empowe ing leade ship (EL) (in ol es delega ing
au ho i y and powe o people, so enhancing hei au onomy and accoun abili y (Amundsen
& Ma insen, 2014). An empowe ed leade in luences hei ollowe s in such a way ha
made hem au onomous indi iduals, who can ini ia e asks by hei own-sel es, ake
esponsibili ies, and coo dina e ac i i ies in o de o achie e o ganiza ional goals in desi ed
manne s (Zhang e al., 2010). The main ocus o his mo i a ing p ocedu e o enhance he
ollowe 's con idence and sel -assu ance by p omo ing pa icipa i e decision-making
(Jung e al., 2020; Riaz e al., 2021). Al hough he e is a su icien amoun o e idence
a ailable in li e a u e ha suppo s he signi ican impac o empowe ing leade ship on
employees (Riaz e al., 2021; Kwan e al., 2022; Kim e al., 2023), bu he a ious aspec s
o empowe ing leade ship and en ep eneu ial o ien a ion has no ye been in es iga ed.
Rema kably, he e has been a lack o esea ch conduc ed o in es iga e he in luence o
empowe ed leade ship on en ep eneu ial a i ude in business o ganiza ional con ex s.
While he e is limi ed schola ly esea ch on he impac o ans o ma ional leade ship, a
widely ecognized leade ship s yle, on indi iduals' en ep eneu ial o ien a ion and i s
dimensions, Once (2013) has examined he dimensions o en ep eneu ial o ien a ion,
including inno a i eness, p oac i e beha io , and isk- aking beha io among employees.
In con as , Dappe (2019) emphasizes he use o in ellec ual s imula ion, idealized
in luence, cus omized conside a ion, and inspi a ional mo i a ion, as desc ibed by Bass
(1985), o os e en ep eneu ial o ien a ion among employees.
On he o he hand, en ep eneu ial o ien a ion (EO) e e s o he s a egy-c ea ing
p ocedu es which acili a e an en ep eneu es ablish a solid basis o en ep eneu ial
decisions and ac ions (Bene olo e al., 2021; Pé ez & Gue a a, 2023). En ep eneu ial
o ien a ion also includes he p inciples, p e e ences, managemen - ela ed alues, esul s,
and beha io s exhibi ed by he o ganiza ion's highes -le el leade s (Co in e al., 2020). EO
dimensions a e concep ually associa ed wi h a company's p oac i i y and willingness o
inno a e, i s capaci y o adap o expec ed modi ica ions, and i s isk- aking beha io
(K eise e al., 2020. Inno a i eness is he disposi ion o abandon he s a us quo by
p omo ing new ideas and c ea i e hinking. P oac i i y e e s o an o ganiza ion's capaci y
o p edic and capi alize on new business possibili ies, usually gaining an edge o e i als.
Finally, isk- aking can be desc ibed as a company's willingness o in es signi ican
money in p ojec s wi h high ailu e cos s and unknown esul s.
Empowe ing Leade ship Na iga ing he Employee’s En ep eneu ial O ien a ion
532
In he con inuing he abo e a gumen , he unde pinning heo y SDT, heo izes ha humans
e ain h ee undamen al psychological needs: au onomy, compe ence, and ela edness
(Deci & Ryan, 2000, 2002). The u ge o au onomy pe ains o indi iduals' desi e o sel -
go e nance and independence in hei ac ions and decisions conce ning hei own conduc .
The demand o compe ence pe ains o he desi e o p o icien ly do asks and gain
acknowledgemen om o he s. The concep o ela edness pe ains o he inhe en need o
es ablish connec ions and gain acknowledgemen om o he s (Deci & Ryan, 2000).
Acco ding o Deci and Ryan (2002), indi iduals expe ience a s onge sense o
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion when hei wishes a e me o a la ge ex en . We a gue ha when
leade s empowe hei people, i p omo es he sa is ac ion o hei au onomy, compe ence,
and ela edness needs. As a esul , his enhances employees' sense o en ep eneu ial
o ien a ion by educing job unce ain y. Sa is ac ion o hese need encou age he
inno a i eness, p o-ac i eness and isk- aking beha io o employees. The co e idea
behind he sel -de e mina ion heo y is ha people ha e an inhe en d i e o g ow and
de elop o hei ull po en ial (Ryan, e al., 2021). Acco ding o (Hagga and Hamil on,
2020), he sel -de e mina ion heo y s a es ha employees' ac ions a e impac ed by
pe sonal ac o s. As u he discussed in he heo y ha he impo an mechanism o
comp ehending he de elopmen o in insic d i e shed ligh on he ele ance o he
in e ac ion be ween people and hei social en i onmen s (Ryan, e al., 2021). In a
suppo i e en i onmen , people a e encou aged o pu sue hei goals and objec i es in a
way ha akes in o accoun hei unique o ganiza ion-speci ic inclina ions as well as hei
associa ed de elopmen al equi emen s. On he o he hand, a ious deg ees o sel -
aliena ion may mani es in beha io in esponse o nega i e en i onmen al condi ions
(DeRobe is & Bland, 2020).
Acco ding o he sel -de e mina ion heo y p oposed by Deci and Ryan (2002), sen imen s
o au onomy and compe ence play a i al ole in in insic mo i a ion. Empowe ing
leade ship en ails inspi ing and equipping indi iduals o assume esponsibili y and
supe ise hei own asks, leading o heigh ened au onomy o s a membe s. By
empowe ing leade s, ai h in hei colleagues' capaci ies is demons a ed (Amundsen &
Ma insen, 2014; Cheong e al., 2016), leading o an enhancemen in employees' a i udes
ega ding hei own compe ence. Acco ding o Kim e al. (2018), empowe ing leade ship
has a clea posi i e impac on employees' in insic mo i a ion and esou ces. Based on sel -
de e mina ion heo y (Deci & Ryan, 2000, 2002; Ryan & Deci, 2017), people ha a e unde
empowe ing leade ship will be in insically mo i a ed and ha e a s ong belie in hei own
capabili ies o au onomously exhibi inno a ion, p oac i i y, and willingness o ake isks.
The cu en in es iga ion es ed on he sel -de e mina ion heo y o wo kplace mo i a ion.
I seeks o cla i y how empowe ing leade ship ela es o en ep eneu ial o ien a ion o he
employees h ough he wo k unce ain y. Employees a e g adually expec ed o engage in
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion in he cu en wo k en i onmen , cha ac e ized by ins abili y,
insecu i y, complexi y, and agueness. En ep eneu ial o ien a ion is employees'
in ol emen in p oac i e, inno a i e, and isk- aking beha io (Co in e al., 2020).
Qadi e al.
533
Acco ding o he SDT heo y, au onomy, compe ence, and ela edness enhance employees'
con idence le els. The e o e, he mo i a ion o au onomy, compe ence, and ela edness
p o ided by he empowe ing leade will lessen wo k unce ain y by enhancing ask con ol
and encou aging he en ep eneu ial o ien a ion o employees.
➢ H1: EL is posi i ely connec ed wi h he employee's en ep eneu ial o ien a ion.
➢ H2a: EL is posi i ely connec ed wi h inno a i eness.
➢ H2b: EL is posi i ely connec ed wi h p o-ac i eness.
➢ H2c: EL is posi i ely connec ed wi h isk- aking.
Wo k unce ain y (WU) can be de ined as he absence o p edic abili y in he ac i i ies and
esponsibili ies o a job (Wall e al., 2002). The p esence o unce ain y as a speci ic isky
ac o is mos ly linked o in e im employmen , unemploymen , o a combina ion o bo h
(Bilal e al., 2021). The cu en wo k en i onmen is unde going signi ican luc ua ions,
which in ensi y he amoun o unce ain y in he wo kplace. The p esence o job ambigui y
has a de imen al impac on he i m's employees and can lead o a decline in o e all wo k
pe o mance (Wall e al., 2002). The abili y o any business o su i e in an uns able
en i onmen depends on i s leade ship's en ep eneu ial spi i , skills, and alen (Lomba di
e al., 2021). Schola s ha e s udied he abili ies and cha ac e is ics o empowe ing leade s
o many yea s (Cheong e al., 2016; Kim & Beeh , 2023). Empowe ing leade s need he
necessa y knowledge and expe ience (Kim & Beeh , 2023), pa icula ly c ea i i y (Chow,
2017; Zhang & Ba ol, 2010), oppo uni y o ien a ion (Cheong e al., 2019), and
in e pe sonal skills (Kwan e al., 2022), as hese quali ies may help hem a icula e he
expec ed u u e pic u e and inspi e employees o ollow hei iew.
➢ H3: EL is nega i ely ela ed o he wo k unce ain y.
SDT is help ul in comp ehending indi idual h i ing by dec easing wo k unce ain y (Deci
& Ryan, 2000, 2002). The indi iduals ha e p o ound emo ional needs o au onomy,
compe ence, and ela edness. The e o e, wo kplaces ha sa is y hese needs p omo e job
engagemen , inno a ion, sel -ini ia i e beha io , and psychological well-being by
lowe ing wo k unce ain y (Bilal e al., 2021; Kamel & Abou Hashish, 2015). Leading he
en ep eneu ial p ocess inside an o ganiza ion is a c ucial du y o indus y execu i es. To
do his, a leade mus c ea e an en i onmen ha will encou age all employees o con ibu e
h ough c ea ing and applying esh ideas, esul ing in c ea i e p ac ices (Bilal e al., 2021).
In addi ion, empowe ing leade ship os e s employees' ad en u ous beha io and lessens
job unce ain y by os e ing a suppo i e en i onmen (as an ou come o p o iding
employees au onomy, compe ence, and ela edness).
The "absence o p edic abili y in wo k ac i i ies and expec a ions" is one way o desc ibe
wo k unce ain y (Wall e al., 2002, p. 151). Unce ain y is a isk ac o p ima ily linked o
unemploymen , empo a y employmen , o a combina ion o bo h (Fe ie e al., 1998).
Acco ding o A menakis and Bedeian (1999), he wo kplace is expe iencing as change,
Empowe ing Leade ship Na iga ing he Employee’s En ep eneu ial O ien a ion
534
consequen ly aising unce ain y. The employees a e nega i ely impac ed by his
employmen insecu i y, which migh lead o a gene al decline in wo k execu ion (Fe ie e
al., 1998). Despi e all heo e ical and empi ical suppo , no s udies ha e looked a he ole
o wo k unce ain y (WU) in media ing he connec ion be ween EL and en ep eneu ial
o ien a ion and i s dimension. The p esen s udy in ended o add ess his lacuna in he body
o knowledge.
A he o ganiza ional le el, i is impe a i e o business leade s o assume esponsibili y
o cul i a ing an en ep eneu ial mindse . A leade should c ea e a a o able en i onmen
whe e all employees can gene a e and u ilize inno a i e ideas, he eby p omo ing c ea i e
and p oac i e beha io s (Bilal e al., 2021). Empowe ing leade ship is he ac o a leade
gi ing powe o hei eam membe s by including hem in decision-making, gi ing hem
con ol o e esou ces, and assigning hem mo e esponsibili y. This me hod mo i a es
eam membe s o su pass expec a ions and accomplish objec i es in a manne ha is bo h
e icien and impac ul. Addi ionally, i aids in diminishing ambigui y in wo k.
Despi e he p esence o heo e ical and empi ical da a, he e is cu en ly no empi ical
esea ch ha explo es he unc ion o WU in he ela ionship be ween empowe ing
leade ship and en ep eneu ial o ien a ion, including i s a ious dimensions. The cu en
s udy aims o ill his exis ing acuum in he li e a u e. The empowe ing leade p omo es
au onomy and a sense o connec ion among eam membe s, educing wo k unce ain y by
inc easing ask con ol and compe ence. Consequen ly, his os e s he en ep eneu ial
o ien a ion o employees, which includes inno a i eness, p o-ac i eness, and isk- aking
beha io . Based on he in o ma ion p o ided, we can in e ha :
➢ H4: Wo k unce ain y media es he connec ion o EL wi h he employee’s
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion.
➢ H5a: Wo k unce ain y media es he connec ion o EL wi h inno a i eness.
➢ H5b: Wo k unce ain y media es he connec ion o EL wi h p o-ac i eness.
➢ H5c: Wo k unce ain y media es he connec ion o EL wi h isk- aking.
Conside ing he abo e li e a u e and a gumen s, ollowing is he esea ch amewo k o he
s udy:
Figu e 1. Resea ch F amewo k
Qadi e al.
541
4.3 Reg ession Resul s
AMOS was applied o examine he di ec connec ion be ween EL and wo k unce ain y,
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion, and i s dimensions.
Table 4: Reg ession Resul s
Hypo hesis
Hypo hesis
Pa h
Pa h
coe icien
SE
C.R.
p-Value
H1
EL -> EO
0.36
0.062
5.38
.000
H2a
EL -> Inno
0.40
0.078
5.54
.000
H2b
EL -> P oA
0.37
0.083
4.85
.000
H2c
EL -> RT
0.45
0.082
5.93
.000
H3
EL -> WU
-0.44
0.064
-7.53
.000
As seen in Figu e 2 and 3 he indings demons a e ha he connec ions be ween EL, EO,
inno a i eness, p oac i eness, isk- aking, and WU we e signi ican (β = .36, SE = .062; β
= .40, SE = .078; β = .37, SE = .083; β = .45, SE = .082; β = -.44, SE = .064 espec i ely),
H1, H2a, H2b, H2c, and H3 hypo heses a e suppo ed p esen ed in able 4.
Figu e 3: S uc u al Model
Empowe ing Leade ship Na iga ing he Employee’s En ep eneu ial O ien a ion
542
4.4 Media ion and Boo s apping
In addi ion, boo s apping in es iga es we e pe o med u ilizing Hayes and Scha kow's
(2013) PROCESS mac o o conduc mo e igo ous media ion analyses, as p oposed in
Hypo heses 4 and 5a, 5b, and 5c. Table 5 displays boo s apped es ima ion's indi ec and
di ec e ec s wi h 95 pe cen con idence in e als (CIs). Wo k unce ain y media ed he
associa ion be ween EL and en ep eneu ial o ien a ion and i s dimensions signi ican ly. In
addi ion, hei CIs did no con ain ze o alue suppo ing he e ec s o media ion.
Table 5: Media ion Analysis wi h 5000 Boo s apping
Hypo hesis
Hypo hesis Pa h
Indi ec
Es ima e
SE
LLCI
ULCI
p-Value
H4
EL -> WU -> EO
0.16
0.04
0.11
0.24
.000
H5a
EL -> WU -> Inno
0.16
0.04
0.10
0.24
.000
H5b
EL -> WU -> P o
0.18
0.04
0.12
0.26
.000
H5c
EL -> WU -> RT
0.18
0.04
0.12
0.26
.000
No e. N = 271. SE = s anda d e o . LLCI = lowe limi con idence in e al, ULCI = uppe limi con idence in e al
Fo example, he model consis ed o EL as a p edic o and en ep eneu ial o ien a ion as a
dependen a iable, and wo k unce ain y media ed his connec ion. The indi ec e ec o
EL on en ep eneu ial o ien a ion h ough wo k unce ain y was signi ican (es ima e =.16,
[95 pe cen con idence in e al]: LLCI =.11, ULCI =.24, p > .001). The e idence suppo s
hypo hesis 4.
Hypo hesis 5a, 5b and 5c we e also s a is ically signi ican as he con idence in e als did
no include ze o alue; he in e ening e ec s we e e ealed in he second (es ima e = .16,
[CI 95 pe cen ]: LLCI = .10, ULCI = .24, p > .001), hi d (es ima e = .18, [95 pe cen
con idence in e al]: LLCI =.12, ULCI =.26, p > .001), and ou h ow (es ima e =.18, [95
pe cen con idence in e al]: LLCI =.12, ULCI =.26, p > .001) o Table 5 espec i ely.
5. Discussion and Conclusion
U ilizing sel -de e mina ion heo y (Ryan & Deci, 2002) as he p ima y heo e ical
amewo k, his s udy de eloped and examined a media ion model. The model showed ha
he impac o empowe ed leade ship on en ep eneu ial o ien a ion and i s dimensions was
highly in luenced by wo k unce ain y. Consis en wi h p io OB esea ch in luenced by
Deci and Ryan's wo k, ou indings a i m ha empowe ing leade ship beha io , such as
se ing an example, in ol ing employees in decision-making, p o iding guidance and
in o ma ion, and displaying a en ion, has a a o able impac on en ep eneu ial
o ien a ion. The s udy demons a ed a no ewo hy and posi i e co ela ion be ween EL and
EO. The disco e y is consis en wi h p io s udies ha ha e examined he co ela ions
be ween leade ship conduc and employee en ep eneu ial o ien a ion and i s many aspec s.
In a s udy conduc ed by Önce (2013), i was disco e ed ha he e is a di ec co ela ion
Qadi e al.
543
be ween he pe cep ion o empowe ing beha io exhibi ed by leade s and he
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion o employees. The s udy was conduc ed on a sample o 171
employees om h ee mul ina ional i ms loca ed in Is anbul.
The s udy ound a s ong in e se co ela ion be ween empowe ing leade ship and wo k
unce ain y. This wo k unce ain y, in u n, had a subs an ial co ela ion wi h employees'
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion and i s many aspec s. These esul s a e consis en wi h he
conclusions o ecen ly published s udies. Bilal e al. (2021) highligh ed he c ucial
signi icance o wo k unce ain y as a media o in he ela ionship be ween leade ship and
p oac i e wo k beha io o employees. The esul s con i m ou a gumen ha empowe ing
leade ship can lead o posi i e wo k beha io s in employees by in luencing wo k
unce ain y. Thus, i is con i med ha he esul s as well as he heo e ical implica ions o
sel -de e mina ion heo y a e e i ied.
5.1 P ac ical Implica ions
The s udy's indings can be p ac ically exploi ed by leade s o p omo e employees'
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion. The au ho s sugges implemen ing an empowe ing leade ship
s yle o p omo e employees' en ep eneu ial o ien a ion (Kim & Beeh , 2023). The indings
indica e ha when a leade empowe s hei ollowe s by delega ing powe and au ho i y
(Riaz e al., 2021), i ins ills a sense o con idence in he ollowe s, encou aging hem o
ake isks and explo e new ideas (Zhang & Ba ol, 2010), ul ima ely esul ing in wo kplace
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion. E ec i e leade s p o ide ample oppo uni ies o hei
ollowe s o explo e and inno a e in hei jobs, which in u n p omo es employee
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion (Majali e al., 2022). An empowe ing leade elici s a sense o
ecip oca ion among ollowe s. This, in u n, mo i a es hem o engage in c ea i e hinking
(Kim & Beeh , 2023; Riaz e al., 2021; Zhang & Ba ol, 2010). Consequen ly, ollowe s
gene a e unique ideas and sugges ions o con ibu e o he o ganiza ion's g ow h.
Fu he mo e, he esea ch con i ms ha leade s who empowe hei subo dina es
e ec i ely dec ease he le el o unce ain y in he wo kplace wi hin businesses (Kim &
Beeh , 2023), hence p omo ing en ep eneu ial o ien a ion. A leade who empowe s o he s
akes he ini ia i e o elimina e wo k unce ain y by se ing as a ole model and openly
sha ing in o ma ion wi h colleagues in he o ganiza ion (Zhang & Ba ol, 2010). Leade s
can empowe hei eam membe s by p omo ing pa icipa i e decision-making and
encou aging collabo a i e p oblem-sol ing. This os e s a suppo i e en i onmen o
in o ma ion sha ing and helps educe unce ain y among eam membe s in he
o ganiza ion.
Suppo ing he media ing unc ion o WU be ween EL and EO, he au ho s p opose ha
leade s should no only delega e powe and au ho i y o eam membe s bu also boos
employee con idence in o de o e ec i ely con on and esol e unce ain si ua ions wi h
g ea e cou age and en husiasm. Employee empowe men p omo es indi iduals' au onomy
and boos s hei sel -assu ance (Coun e al.,2022), he eby os e ing a cul u e o
Empowe ing Leade ship Na iga ing he Employee’s En ep eneu ial O ien a ion
544
in o ma ion sha ing among ollowe s o minimize wo k unce ain y and collabo a i ely
seek in en i e solu ions wi hin he o ganiza ion. The sugges ed bene icial e ec o EL in
diminishing wo k unce ain y p o ides addi ional suppo o selec ing an EL app oach o
os e en ep eneu ial o ien a ion in he wo kplace.
In heo y, his wo k makes se e al con ibu ions o he academic li e a u e. The s udy
enhances ou unde s anding o how empowe ing leade ship can acili a e and p omo e an
employee's en ep eneu ial o ien a ion. This is demons a ed by he posi i e impac o
empowe men on an employee's en ep eneu ial mindse , as shown in p e ious esea ch
conduc ed by Co in e al. (2020), Rig e ing e al. (2019), and Yodchai e al. (2022). This
s udy enhances he cu en unde s anding o leade ship and en ep eneu ship by
in es iga ing he ole o WU as a media o in he connec ion be ween empowe ing
leade ship and en ep eneu ial o ien a ion. Schola s ha e no p e iously examined his
pa icula issue. The esea ch conduc ed also con i ms he signi icance o he
cha ac e is ics o en ep eneu ial o ien a ion. This s udy is dis inc i e due o i s emphasis
on he impo ance o he componen s (inno a i eness, p o-ac i eness, and isk- aking) o
he en ep eneu ial o ien a ion. I o e s excellen insigh s ha con ibu e o he exis ing
body o knowledge on sel -de e mina ion heo y and he li e a u e on leade ship-
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion. The esul s o he s udy sugges ha EL is an e ec i e me hod
o enhancing EO, as opposed o ans o ma i e leade ship, which has demons a ed
inconsis en esul s in e ms o inc easing employees' EO (Majali e al., 2022; Obeida e
al., 2018).
5.2 Conclusion
Conclusi ely, his s udy emphasized on he impo ance o EL in os e ing EO in Pakis ani
ou ism and hospi ali y indus y employees and in add essing he p esen issues ha
ou ism and hospi ali y-associa ed i ms a e acing. This wo k emphasizes he impo ance
o p omo ing EL and inco po a ing en ep eneu ial-o ien ed conduc , o EO (Be nos e e
al., 2020), in o EO heo y and esea ch ad ancemen . This s udy also highligh ed he need
o ou ism and hospi ali y businesses o employ empowe ing beha io o leade s in he
execu ion o jobs o cul i a e EO in hei employees.
This s udy, like o he in es iga ions, has limi a ions ha mus be ocused on upcoming
in es iga ions. The i s esea ch examined he in e ening e ec o WU on EO. Fu u e
esea ch should include he mode a ing e ec o con ex ual ac o s like eam clima e o
inno a ion on EO. Second, his s udy examines he EO o employees. Fu u e s udies should
use a mul ile el app oach o assess he e ec o he eam on employees EO in iden ical
in es iga ions, wi h EL as a eam-le el a iable. A he g oup and indi idual le els, EL is
a powe ul ac i a o o EO; he e o e, i is c ucial o iden i y i s an eceden s. EL encou ages
employees' p o-ac i eness, inno a i eness, and isk- aking beha io s, which a e in he
company's bes in e es . Fu u e esea ch mus in es iga e he indi idual and eam EO
in e ac ions wi h he eam's clima e o inno a ion. To emphasize he ele ance o EL and
EO, we p opose conduc ing he same s udy in di e en cul u al con ex s wi h he same
Qadi e al.
545
a iables. Ano he op ion is o in es iga e how o ganiza ions dealing wi h he COVID-19
si ua ion a e ac ing inno a i ely. As a esul , his s udy may assis disco e cul u al and
non-cul u al ac o s which impac EO. Fu he mo e, he componen s ound migh inspi e
u he s udy, i is especially impo an in de eloping and expanding economies, such as
Pakis an.
Resea ch Funding
The au ho s ecei ed no in e nal esea ch g an o ex e nal unding o his esea ch s udy.
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