Malik, Muhammad Siddique; Ali, Kam an; Ami , Muhammad; Ta iq, Kulsoom;
Ramzan, Muhammad
A icle
G een ans o ma ional leade ship, en i onmen al s a egy, and g een
inno a ion: Media ed mode a ion o knowledge sha ing and g een
abso p i e capaci y
Pakis an Jou nal o Comme ce and Social Sciences (PJCSS)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Joha Educa ion Socie y, Pakis an (JESPK)
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Malik, Muhammad Siddique; Ali, Kam an; Ami , Muhammad; Ta iq, Kulsoom;
Ramzan, Muhammad (2024) : G een ans o ma ional leade ship, en i onmen al s a egy, and
g een inno a ion: Media ed mode a ion o knowledge sha ing and g een abso p i e capaci y,
Pakis an Jou nal o Comme ce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), ISSN 2309-8619, Joha Educa ion Socie y,
Pakis an (JESPK), Laho e, Vol. 18, Iss. 2, pp. 503-526
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Pakis an Jou nal o Comme ce and Social Sciences
2024, Vol. 18(2), 503-526
Pak J Comme Soc Sci
G een T ans o ma ional Leade ship,
En i onmen al S a egy, and G een Inno a ion:
Media ed Mode a ion o Knowledge Sha ing and
G een Abso p i e Capaci y
Muhammad Siddique Malik
Depa men o Comme ce, Uni e si y o he Punjab, Jehlum Campus, Pakis an.
Email: d [email protected]
Kam an Ali
Depa men o Comme ce, Uni e si y o he Punjab, Guj anwala Campus, Pakis an
Email: Kam [email protected]
Muhammad Ami (Co esponding Au ho )
Depa men o Comme ce, Uni e si y o he Punjab, Guj anwala Campus, Pakis an
Email: ma.a [email protected]
Kulsoom Ta iq
Depa men o Comme ce, Uni e si y o he Punjab, Guj anwala Campus, Pakis an
Email: kulsoombu [email protected]
Muhammad Ramzan
Hailey College o Comme ce, Uni e si y o he Punjab, Laho e, Pakis an
Email: wad [email protected]
A icle His o y
Recei ed: 11 Ap 2024
Re ised: 21 June 2024
Accep ed: 28 June 2024
Published: 30 June 2024
Abs ac
This s udy explo es he impac o g een ans o ma ional leade ship and en i onmen al
s a egies on p omo ing g een inno a ion in manu ac u ing i ms in Pakis an. I examines
how such leade ship and i s s a egies encou age employees o os e g een inno a ion
h ough e ec i e knowledge-sha ing and enhanced g een abso p i e capaci y. The cu en
s udy was conduc ed wi h a sample o 413 esponden s collec ed ia su ey o ms, and he
hypo heses we e es ed using s uc u al equa ion modeling in AMOS. The indings indica e
ha g een ans o ma ional leade ship signi ican ly impac s g een inno a ion by
suppo ing subo dina es in gene a ing new ideas, p oduc s, and policies. Fu he mo e,
en i onmen al s a egies s ongly in luence g een inno a ion, as g een ision and s a egies
G een T ans o ma ional Leade ship, En i onmen al S a egy, and G een Inno a ion
504
a e essen ial o inco po a ing g een inno a ion. The media ing ole o knowledge sha ing
s eng hens he ela ionship be ween g een ans o ma ional leade ship and g een
inno a ion and be ween en i onmen al s a egy and g een inno a ion. The mode a ing
impac o g een abso p i e capaci y also p o ed signi ican . The s udy concludes ha hese
cons uc s a e i al an eceden s o g een inno a ion and p o ide a solid ounda ion o
sus ainable p ac ices. This esea ch con ibu es o he li e a u e on he na u al esou ce-
based iew (NRBV) heo y and g een inno a ion by highligh ing he oles o g een
ans o ma ional leade ship, knowledge sha ing, and en i onmen al s a egy. I o e s
aluable insigh s o execu i es and manage s in p omo ing g een inno a ion wi hin i ms
and implemen ing eco- iendly s a egies and policies h ough s uc u ed knowledge-
sha ing.
Keywo ds: G een ans o ma ional leade ship, en i onmen al s a egy, g een inno a ion,
knowledge sha ing, g een abso p i e capaci y, manu ac u ing sec o , Pakis an.
1. In oduc ion
Indus ial ac i i ies ha e inc eased o e he pas ew decades owing o apid economic
de elopmen , which has nega i ely a ec ed he en i onmen and deple ed esou ces
(Adomako & T an, 2022; Ma e al., 2024). This has aised an ala ming global si ua ion,
equi ing us o ackle his issue as soon as possible and con ibu e o he body o li e a u e,
as s a ed by Awan, Nauman, and S ou e (2021). S udies ha e highligh ed he impo ance
o g een inno a ion (GI). GI is a mode n solu ion encou aging i ms o p oduce less
ha m ul p oduc s and se ices. GI in ol es adop ing new p ac ices o p e en pollu ion,
educe was e, and sa e ene gy (Zhang e al., 2020). Business ope a ions, policies,
s a egies, and p oduc i i y a e managed by conside ing all he en i onmen al impac s. GI
is a mul idimensional solu ion ha gene a es goodwill o he i m, educes cos , and
e ec i ely educes en i onmen al gli ches (Chen, Lai, & Wen, 2006; Ahakwa e al., 2024).
I also c ea es ample oppo uni ies o sus ainable g ow h and educes en i onmen al
issues, which is why achie ing an en i onmen al sus ainabili y agenda is una oidable.
Thus, GI is ega ded as a successo o sus ainabili y, bu his is no ye he inal s a emen
(Awan e al., 2021).
This s udy add esses hese conce ns by in es iga ing he ole o g een ans o ma ional
leade ship (GTL) in p omo ing GI in i ms. The GTL is a s a egic sou ce o inco po a ing
GI. T ans o ma ional leade s mo i a e ollowe s o achie e en i onmen al objec i es and
goals (Begum e al., 2022). They ha e p o en o be he sou ce o indi idual conside a ion,
in ellec ual s imula ion, inspi a ion, and cha isma o hei ollowe s (A olio & Bass,
1995). They suppo communica ion ne wo ks and an en i onmen o us , which
ul ima ely help de elop s a egies and knowledge sha ing (KS) and encou age GI wi hin a
i m (Howell & A olio, 1993; Begum e al., 2022). Va ious s udies ha e shown ha GTL
plays a c ucial ole in educing he ha m ul impac s o pollu ion on he en i onmen (Li e
al., 2020; Al Doghan e al., 2022; Alke bi & Ahmad, 2023; Ullah, Mehmood, & Ahmad,
2023). Despi e he known bene i s o GTL, limi ed esea ch has been conduc ed on he
Malik e al.
505
associa ion be ween GTL and GI. The i s objec i e o his s udy was o ill his gap by
e alua ing he ole o GTL in inducing GI in i ms.
De eloping a obus en i onmen al s a egy (ES) is in eg al o implemen ing GI. ES e e s
o he plans and ac ions aken by i ms o manage hei en i onmen al impac (Chaudh y,
Asad, & Hussain, 2020; Adomako, Ning, & Adu‐Ameyaw, 2021). This includes
de eloping and implemen ing policies and p ac ices o educe en i onmen al ha m and
p omo e sus ainabili y (Appannan e al., 2023). An e ec i e ES is essen ial o in eg a e GI
in o business ope a ions (Li e al., 2023). This helps i ms align hei ac i i ies wi h
en i onmen al egula ions, educe was e, and imp o e ene gy e iciency. By adop ing
comp ehensi e en i onmen al s a egies, i ms can p oac i ely add ess en i onmen al
challenges, enhance hei compe i i e ad an age, and gain an inno a i e edge. Howe e ,
p e ious s udies ha e p edominan ly ocused on pe o mance indica o s, highligh ing he
need o GI and making he second objec i e o ou s udy (Albo -Mo an , Leal-Millán, &
Cepeda-Ca ión, 2016; Huang & Li, 2017b; A shan e al., 2023).
Knowledge sha ing (KS) wi hin i ms is c ucial o complemen ing hese s a egies. KS is
an exchange o in o ma ion, skills, and expe ise among employees. I is i al o os e
inno a ion and enhance a i m's compe i i e ad an age (Mush aq & Bokha i, 2011; Al-
Husseini, El Bel agi, & Moize , 2021). An imbalance in na u al esou ces is pa ially
caused by i ms' business ope a ions and ac i i ies (Hall & Wagne , 2012). In he absence
o KS, sca ce esou ces and abili ies o i m ne wo k membe s a e o no alue. Thus, KS
is c ucial o any i m's ela i e compe i i eness (Mush aq & Bokha i, 2011). Many
manage s do no a o he di usion o knowledge and p ac ices, e en i hey a e de ising
ES in he i m. The global p ac ices in he i ms o de eloping coun ies, including some
Asian ones, e eal ha manage s need o conside ha globaliza ion essen ials a e based
on peculia en i onmen al issues and p e en ing he wo k o ce om gaining excessi e
knowledge (A agón-Co ea, Ma ín-Tapia, & Hu ado-To es, 2013). Howe e , we
sugges ha KS should be he basis o i ms' de ising di e en policies and s a egies,
including en i onmen al policies, o p ese e he na u al en i onmen e ec i ely. In he
GI con ex , KS enables i ms o in eg a e en i onmen al conside a ions in o hei business
s a egies and ope a ions. I suppo s de eloping and implemen ing g een p ac ices by
ensu ing ha aluable in o ma ion is dissemina ed h oughou a i m. Owing o luc ua ing
e idence, we checked he ole o KS in b idging he GTL and ES, which cons i u ed he
hi d objec i e o ou s udy.
Fi ms mus de elop s ong g een abso p i e capaci y (GAC) o u ilize sha ed knowledge
e ec i ely. GAC e e s o a i m's abili y o ecognize he alue o new ex e nal
in o ma ion, assimila e i , and apply i o comme cial ends, speci ically in he con ex o
g een and sus ainable p ac ices. GAC is i al o a i m's inno a ion and adap a ion o
en i onmen al challenges. Fi ms wi h high GAC a e be e equipped o abso b and u ilize
g een knowledge, which enhances hei abili y o implemen GI e ec i ely (Albo -Mo an
G een T ans o ma ional Leade ship, En i onmen al S a egy, and G een Inno a ion
506
e al., 2016; Albo -Mo an e al., 2018; Fa ima, Ahmed, & Mahnoo , 2023). The
igh ulness o a i m depends on i s capabili y o abso b knowledge, align i , and
implemen i o achie e i s economic goals (Leblebici e al., 1991). Fi ms wi h mo e GAC
ha e mo e lexibili y and adap a ion o ex e nal p essu es. GAC is a c i ical componen o
KS ac i i ies ha a e c ucial o GI and enhance hei su i al and inancial pe o mance
(Albo -Mo an e al., 2016). The e o e, we p opose ha GAC mode a es he in luence o
GTL and ES on KS, which is he ou h objec i e o ou s udy.
This s udy p oposes a model ha connec s wi h pas li e a u e by linking GTL and ES wi h
GI and indi idually analyzes GAC and KS in he media ion mode a ion model. This
esea ch was conduc ed in Pakis an's manu ac u ing sec o o achie e he objec i es o ou
s udy. Fi ms in de eloping coun ies play a p oac i e ole in de eloping g een, inno a i e
p oduc s and p ocesses. Pakis ani manu ac u ing i ms comp ise playe s in he global
ma ke , and he eme ging impo ance o GTL has a subs an ial impac on GI as i ad ances
owa d de eloping g een and inno a i e p oduc s and p ocesses. Ou model p ima ily
un eils he con ibu ion o he Na u al Resou ce-Based View (NRBV), as i is essen ial o
p omo ing new ini ia i es o de eloping g een p oduc s and se ices ha p o icien ly use
esou ces. Mo eo e , his s udy examined he media ing ole o KS be ween GTL, ES, and
GI. The s ong in luence o ES on GI unde sco es he impo ance o hese s a egies o
os e ing GI wi hin i ms. Finally, his s udy highligh s he mode a ing ole o GAC,
di ec ing manage s o ocus on enhancing GAC o in luen ial KS.
This sec ion p esen s he s udy's backg ound, signi icance, and p oblem s a emen s. The
subsequen sec ion comp ehensi ely e iews he ele an li e a u e and de elops he
hypo heses. The hi d sec ion de ails he me hodology used in his s udy. The ou h sec ion
p esen s he empi ical analysis, and he i h sec ion discusses he esul s, implica ions, and
concluding ema ks.
2. Theo e ical F amewo k and Hypo heses De elopmen
GTL is a s a egic sou ce o in oducing GI and inc easing i m p oduc i i y a e he inal
sco e. This e sa ile na u e o leade ship epi omizes c ea i i y and changes in he
wo kplace (Jiang & Yang, 2015). This e sa ile leade ship s yle os e s c ea i i y and
adap abili y in he wo kplace, emphasizing he achie emen o en i onmen al goals (Singh
e al., 2020). GI ocuses on de eloping g een p oduc s, p ocesses, policies, and p ocedu es
o mi iga e en i onmen al impac s (Xie, Huo, & Zou, 2019). GTL ep esen s a combina ion
o in angible esou ces, such as mo i a ion, skill de elopmen , and he po en ial o
inco po a e new hough s ha help achie e en i onmen al objec i es and goals (Singh e
al., 2020). The cu en s udy is based on a na u al esou ce-based iew ha obse es he
en i onmen al e ec s o i ms' esou ces, p oduc s, and p ocesses ob ained om hem. The
NRBV s uc u e desc ibes he iangula link be ween a i m's capabili ies, esou ces, and
en i onmen . NRBV highligh s a i m's p o iciency in polishing capabili ies o use na u al
esou ces e icien ly o con ol en i onmen al p oblems (Ha , 1995). New en i onmen al
s a egies ha e been de ised based on hese bases unde he supe ision o he GTL
Malik e al.
507
h ough KS and p omo ing GI. NRBV ocuses on h ee dimensions: p oduc s ewa dship,
pollu ion educ ion, and sus ainable de elopmen (Begum e al., 2022; Özgül & Zehi ,
2023). P ima ily, p oduc s ewa dship lessens he li e ime en i onmen al impac s o
p oduc s, which s a om hei o ma ion un il hey become inal p oduc s o maybe a
hei disposal. Second, educing pollu ion is he p ima y goal o e e y inno a i e i m,
which equi es minimal was age, emissions, and con amina ion. Las ly, sus ainable
de elopmen ocuses on de eloping eco- iendly s a egies and low-impac echnologies
and p oduc s (De S e ano, Mon es-Sancho, & Busch, 2016; Begum e al., 2022). The ield
o s a egic managemen is based on NRBV o e alua e GI and add ess en i onmen al
gli ches. The NRBV encou ages line manage s o in oduce inno a i e ideas o educing
emissions and was e in p oduc ion lines o achie e supe io GI (Begum e al., 2022).
Th ough KS, i ms in eg a e GTL p inciples wi h ES and acili a e GI by os e ing a
knowledge exchange and inno a ion cul u e.
2.1 G een T ans o ma ional Leade ship and G een Inno a ion
A sudden shi in he ma ke place demands ha leade s be ans o ma ional, as hey
encou age he sel -g ow h o pe sonnel by paying mo e p o ound a en ion o hei
de elopmen al needs and conce ns. They mo i a e hei ollowe s o de ise new policies
and s a egies o ackle old si ua ions and issues o b ing change (Ga cía-Mo ales, Jiménez-
Ba ionue o, & Gu ié ez-Gu ié ez, 2012). They se examples o hei subo dina es o
achie e i m goals h ough commi men s and alues ha bene i he i m, socie y, and he
en i onmen . They p omo e c ea i i y by empowe ing ollowe s and deli e ing unique
knowledge o in oduce GI (Ca ei o & Oli ei a, 2019; Janjua, SHI, & Sahibzada, 2024).
GI unc ions as a connec o in he amalgama ion o en i onmen al and business goals.
Chen e al. (2006) s a ed ha GI encompasses new adap a ions in p ocesses, p oduc s, and
echnologies o p e en pollu ion, conse e ene gy, ecycle was e, design g een p oduc s,
and enhance en i onmen al managemen p ac ices. GI os e s economic de elopmen by
acili a ing op imal changes in policies, p oduc s, p ocesses, se ices, and echnologies, all
gea ed owa d mi iga ing en i onmen al challenges (Akh a e al., 2024). GTL encou ages
employees o ing ain c ea i i y, c ea e no el linkages, and de ise g een policies and
p ac ices o p omo e GI (Li e al., 2020). GTL helps o b ing GI by in oducing new ends
and cu en knowledge om he ma ke , building inancial esou ces, aining s a , and
ad ancing g een echnologies o execu e GI (Xie e al., 2019; Begum e al., 2022; Özgül &
Zehi , 2023; Janjua e al., 2024). GTL can encou age he wo k o ce o c ea e a e, new,
no el, and c ea i e ideas, which a e he building blocks o GI. Based on he a gumen s
abo e, he ollowing hypo hesis is p oposed:
➢ H1. GTL has a signi ican and posi i e impac on GI.
G een T ans o ma ional Leade ship, En i onmen al S a egy, and G een Inno a ion
508
2.2 En i onmen al S a egy and G een Inno a ion
Nowadays, i ms a e gaining a compe i i e ad an age by unde s anding and implemen ing
en i onmen al s a egies, and his end is qui e isible. GI is also conside ed a sus ainable
de elopmen wi h new and imp o ed p ocesses, echnologies, p oduc s, and p ac ices o
educing en i onmen al issues (Rehman e al., 2021). Sus ainable pe o mance is
d as ically imp o ed by inco po a ing en i onmen al s a egies in o i ms. This sudden
shi owa ds ES has highligh ed ha he sus ainable pe o mance o i ms wi h ES is
compa a i ely imp o ed compa ed o o he s (Solo ida & La an, 2017; Akh a e al., 2024).
GI p omo es en i onmen ally iendly p oduc s, policies, echnologies, and p ocesses.
Likewise, ES ocuses on u ilizing g een aw ma e ials, educing pollu ion, p omo ing
ecycling, and educing was e. Thus, we can c ea e en i onmen ally iendly p oduc s,
se ices, and policies (Singh e al., 2020). GI has a di ec e ec on he pe o mance o any
i m as i is help ul in cos -cu ing and imp o ing p oduc i i y. ES can ea n a compe i i e
edge o i ms by ing aining GI because he s eng h o hese s a egies is based on GI
(Mulaessa & Lin, 2021; Khan e al., 2023). GI is a new ool o in oducing eco- iendly
p oduc s and p ocesses and clea ing all he nega i e impac s. P e iously, an associa ion
be ween ES and compe i i e ad an age was iden i ied in GI. Liu, Guo, and Chi (2015) ha e
also p oposed he ela ionship be ween ES and pe o mance (Özgül & Zehi , 2023).
Simila ly, Chen e al. (2016) decla ed ha ES p omo es g een c ea i i y, he i s s ep in
inco po a ing GI in i ms. Based on he abo e a gumen s, he ollowing hypo hesis is
p oposed.
➢ H2. ES has a signi ican and posi i e impac on GI.
2.3 G een T ans o ma ional Leade ship and Knowledge Sha ing
T ans o ma ional Leade s mo i a e hei employees in a ious ways and encou age hem
o inc ease hei e iciency. KS is a g ape ine o in o ma ion ha s a s om indi iduals o
g oups wi hin a i m, which helps i s wo k o ce pe o m be e (Mush aq & Bokha i, 2011).
In his way, wo king expe ience and echnologies a e exchanged be ween s a membe s.
Xiong and Deng (2008) s a ed ha one p ima y way o p omo e KS in i ms is h ough he
op ed leade ship s yle. These leade s c ea e a cul u e ha p omo es KS, ocuses on
pe sonnel de elopmen , and c ea es loyal y o he i m (Bollinge & Smi h, 2001). They
main ain a cul u e o p omo ing KS by en o cing a collec ion o belie s, alues, cus oms,
and expec a ions ela ed o KS. This suppo i e a mosphe e is ocused on main aining a
ision and mission as well as us and jus ice (Masa'deh, Obeida , & Ta hini, 2016).
Knowledge is collec ed and sha ed among employees o he sake o GI. Xiao, Zhang, and
O dóñez de Pablos (2017) cla i ied ha he wo k o ce pe o ms mo e inno a i ely and is
willing o engage in KS wi h colleagues unde he supe ision o T ans o ma ional
Leade s. GTL de elops easible wo king condi ions and p o ides esou ces o p omo e KS
ac i i ies wi hin i ms. Le and Lei (2018) highligh ha GTL posi i ely a ec s con ibu ing
knowledge and KS by main aining a clima e o con idence among employees. The
associa ion be ween GTL and he peculia componen s o KS ac i i y emains unexplo ed
Malik e al.
509
and insu icien . This s udy explo ed his ela ionship and p oposed he ollowing
hypo heses:
➢ H3. GTL has a signi ican and posi i e impac on KS.
2.4 En i onmen al S a egy and Knowledge Sha ing
KS is he ex en o which a i m dis ibu es knowledge abou i sel and i s links wi h he
en i onmen and ask- ela ed p oblems o i s wo k o ce, which s ongly impac s i s
pe o mance (P e e , 1995). Di e en s udies ha e highligh ed he impo ance o
deli e ing and sha ing knowledge o he sake o employees' con ibu ions owa d de ising
policies and s a egies o i ms. Simila ly, Ro henbe g (2003) aised he signi icance o
sha ing knowledge wi h s a and allowing hem o play hei oles in educing
en i onmen al impac s. I was also e ealed ha when an ES is app op ia ely
communica ed, i encou ages he wo k o ce o p omo e eco-ini ia i es (Ramus & S ege ,
2000; Adomako e al., 2021; Begum e al., 2022). People's en i onmen al knowledge will
ob ain he da a, p ocess i , and use i o de ise policies and s a egies o o e come
en i onmen al p oblems. I also helps o unde s and he posi i e ou comes o esponsible
ac ions aken o en i onmen al well-being (F ick, Kaise , & Wilson, 2004). KS is a c ucial
s ep in knowledge managemen o add ess en i onmen al issues (Yeboah, 2023)
e ec i ely. Sekino and Nakamu a (2006) ound ha knowledge collec ed om
en i onmen al managemen p ojec s can be o ganized and u ilized o sol e en i onmen al
dis ess by de ising new policies and s a egies o handle he si ua ion well (B esciani e
al., 2023). Based on hese a gumen s, he ollowing hypo hesis is p oposed.
➢ H4. ES has a signi ican and posi i e impac on KS.
2.5 Knowledge Sha ing and G een Inno a ion
KS is iden i ied as a pi o al ac o in os e ing g een inno a ion ac oss a ious s udies, and
i is posi ed as a c i ical componen in achie ing g een inno a ion wi hin sus ainable
p ac ices (Wang & Wang, 2012; Al-Husseini e al., 2021). KS ac i i ies a e designed in a
channelized manne o ex ac ing, dona ing, collec ing, assimila ing, exchanging, and
ans e ing knowledge wi hin a i m, which helps gene a e new ideas and s a egies ha
a e eco- iendly (Wang & Wang, 2012). GTL en o ces he low o knowledge and he
exchange o skills and expe iences linked wi h di e en s a membe s. Con adic ions o
in e es ing ac s eme ge when conside ing he di ec in luence o knowledge sha ing.
While some s udies ind a di ec posi i e associa ion be ween KS and GI (Wang & Wang,
2012; Yeboah, 2023), o he s sugges ha knowledge sha ing does no media e he
ela ionship be ween speci ic an eceden s and g een inno a ion ou comes (Sha ai &
Huang, 2024). P io s udies consis en ly unde sco e he impo ance o KS in enhancing GI.
I ac s as a media o and mode a o in a ious con ex s, in luencing he success o g een
p oduc s, p ocesses, and beha io s. Howe e , he di ec e ec s o KS on GI a e complex
and may a y depending on he speci ic an eceden s and ou comes conside ed (Al-Husseini
G een T ans o ma ional Leade ship, En i onmen al S a egy, and G een Inno a ion
510
e al., 2021; Sha ai & Huang, 2024). The ela ionship be ween KS and GI is mul i ace ed
and signi ican , wi h implica ions o bo h heo y and p ac ice in pu suing sus ainable
de elopmen and en i onmen al pe o mance. Consequen ly, KS is encou aged and
p omo ed h ough he s ong in luence o ans o ma ional leade s by ing aining espec
and admi a ion (Al-Husseini e al., 2021; Yeboah, 2023). Employees a e mo i a ed o
in oduce new ideas in he GI p ocess and encou age hem o p opose di e en policies and
s a egies ha a e en i onmen ally iendly. Less knowledge and a en ion a e gi en o his
linkage, and limi ed da a a e a ailable (Sahoo, Kuma , & Upadhyay, 2023). The e o e, on
hese g ounds, we p opose he ollowing hypo hesis:
➢ H5. KS has a signi ican and posi i e impac on GI.
2.6 The Mode a ing Role o G een Abso p i e Capaci y
The Abso p i e Capaci y o any i m is ca ego ized as i s abili y o e ch new knowledge
and alue i , compile i , and la e implemen i a comme cial ends (Lane, Salk, & Lyles,
2001). In ecen s udies, GAC is ega ded as he highligh e o en i onmen al issues and
has also p oposed di e en mechanisms o o e coming g een ine ia (Pacheco, Al es, &
Liboni, 2018). Simila ly, GAC also ac s like a magne ha cap u es knowledge om he
ma ke a o al capaci y, which is help ul o i ms in e e y con ex (Naja i-Ta ani, Sha i i,
& Naja i-Ta ani, 2016). Fi ms iden i y and u ilize mo e knowledge in lows depending on
he capaci y o hei knowledge abso p ion while conside ing he ules and egula ions.
GTL is a building block connec ing i ms' knowledge-sha ing and lea ning p ocesses
(Fla en, Adams, & B e el, 2015). GTL can ga he and in use ex e nal knowledge in o
i ms in compa ison wi h ma ke leade s as hey s i e o inc ease he KS capaci y o i ms.
They clea ly en ision he bes knowledge ex ac ion, exploi a ion, abso p ion, and
implemen a ion o inc ease he i m's knowledge base (Fe e as Méndez, Sanz Valle, &
Aleg e, 2018). S udies ela ed o his ela ionship a e sca ce, bu en i onmen al s a egies
a e e ec i e in his way, as hey ocus on ob aining in o ma ion and knowledge in he mos
channelized way. Fi ms wi h mo e knowledge abso p ion capaci y ha e mo e chances o
execu ing en i onmen al issues such as ES (Albo -Mo an e al., 2018). Delmas,
Ho mann, and Kuss (2011) a gued ha in de eloping an ES, GAC is he mos undamen al
ac o ha acili a es gaining, ga he ing, changing, sha ing, and exploi ing knowledge.
➢ H6a. GAC s eng hens he ela ionship be ween GTL and KS.
➢ H6b. GAC s eng hens he ela ionship be ween ES and KS.
Following is he concep ual model o he s udy:
Malik e al.
517
posi i ely a ec s KS, wi h a signi ican es ima e o 0.240 and a p- alue o 0.00, indica ing
ha leade s who emphasize g een alues encou age sha ing knowledge and ideas among
employees. ES has a simila posi i e e ec on KS, as shown by he signi ican posi i e
es ima e o 0.320 and a p- alue o 0.00. This sugges s ha e ec i e en i onmen al
s a egies acili a e he o ganiza ion's exchange o knowledge and in o ma ion. KS
posi i ely in luences GI, wi h a signi ican posi i e es ima e o 0.201 and a p- alue o 0.00.
This indica es ha sha ing knowledge and ideas wi hin he i ms p omo es he de elopmen
and implemen a ion o inno a i e g een solu ions.
Table 7: Hypo heses Tes ing
Hypo he ical Rela ionship
Es ima e
S.E.
P- alue
Decision
GTL → GI
0.139
0.044
0.000
Signi ican
ES → GI
0.497
0.058
0.000
Signi ican
GTL → KS
0.240
0.052
0.000
Signi ican
ES → KS
0.320
0.055
0.000
Signi ican
KS → GI
0.201
0.046
0.000
Signi ican
GAC*GTL → KS
0.290
0.022
0.000
Signi ican
GAC*ES → KS
0.803
0.020
0.000
Signi ican
Addi ionally, GAC mode a es he ela ionships be ween GTL and KS, as well as be ween
ES and KS. The in e ac ion e m o GAC and GTL is signi ican , wi h a posi i e es ima e
o 0.290 and a p- alue o 0.00, sugges ing ha i ms wi h a high capaci y o abso b and
apply new g een knowledge can be e le e age leade ship ini ia i es o imp o e
knowledge sha ing. Simila ly, he in e ac ion e m o GAC and ES is signi ican , wi h a
posi i e es ima e o 0.803 and a p- alue o 0.00, indica ing ha i ms wi h highe
abso p i e capaci y can mo e e ec i ely u ilize en i onmen al s a egies o os e
knowledge sha ing.
5. Discussion on Resul s
This s udy explo es new pe cep ions o GI in ela ion o GTL, KS, and ES, wi h he
mode a ing e ec o GAC. The i s hypo hesis o ou s udy is based on GTL and GI, which
is p o en o be signi ican and consis en wi h pas s udies (Begum e al., 2022), which
p o es ha GTL is a unique and e ec i e sou ce o in oducing GI in i ms (Ca ei o &
Oli ei a, 2019; Özgül & Zehi , 2023). In he p esence o e ec i e GTL, i ms a e exposed
mo e o GI as hey ha e mo e u ge o be ecologically inno a i e. The s udy's second
hypo hesis is he in luence o ES on GI, which has been p o en o be signi ican ly posi i e
and suppo ed by p e ious s udies (Mulaessa & Lin, 2021). Simila esul s we e also
p o en by Chen e al. (2016), who s a e ha en i onmen al s a egies a e mo e e ec i e
and a e backed by GI. The hi d hypo hesis is he s ong in luence o GTL on KS, which
has also been p o en o be eno mously signi ican and shows ha GTL plays a signi ican
G een T ans o ma ional Leade ship, En i onmen al S a egy, and G een Inno a ion
518
ole in p omo ing KS in i ms (Begum e al., 2022). In he p esence o a GTL, he low o
knowledge is s eamlined and p o ided o he igh pe son a he igh ime. These esul s
align wi h Mush aq and Bokha i's (2011) and Le and Lei (2018) indings. The ou h
hypo hesis o he s udy is he s ong impac o ES on KS, which is p o en o be signi ican
and is also in line wi h p e ious s udies conduc ed by Ro henbe g (2003), Ramus and
S ege (2000), and (Begum e al., 2022). KS plays a c ucial ole in de ising ES, which
bene i s bo h i ms and he en i onmen (Khan e al., 2023). To de elop unique and g een
en i onmen al s a egies, an exempla y sou ce o in o ma ion mus be channeled h ough
in luen ial KS (Janjua e al., 2024). The i h hypo hesis claims ha KS has a signi ican
impac on GI, which e eals ha KS is he c i ical sou ce o inco po a ing GI in i ms unde
he s ong in luence o GTL, which helps implemen ES unde he s ong in luence o GTL;
he mediums o knowledge and in o ma ion a e in a channelized low wi h GI suppo .
Simila indings o Al-Husseini e al. (2021) s a ed. Hypo heses 6a and 6b a e consis en
wi h p e ious s udies because GAC has a s ong mode a ion e ec in bo h cases (Zhang e
al., 2020; Sa mad, Pi zada, & Iqbal, 2023; Akh a e al., 2024). Fe e as Méndez e al.
(2018) ha e also a gued he s ong impac o GAC on his associa ion o GTL and KS.
F om he ES iew, ou s udy is inconsis en wi h he p e ious indings o Se iawan and
Ha an o (2020) whe e he hypo hesis was ejec ed bu , in ou case, i is accep ed (Akh a
e al., 2024). GAC s eng hened he ela ionship be ween GTL and ES wi h KS, as i
p o ides a magne ic e ec on he cohe ence o hese cons uc s.
6 S udy Con ibu ion and Implica ions
6.1 Theo e ical Con ibu ion
This s udy con ibu es o he body o li e a u e in se e al ways, p ima ily by ad ancing he
NRBV heo y conce ning GI, GTL, ES, GAC, and KS. Ou esea ch demons a es ha GI
is essen ial o conse ing esou ces and ensu ing cos -e ec i eness. GTL is c ucial in
in eg a ing g een ES h ough KS and sus aining i ia GAC. We e eal how GTL u ilizes
i m esou ces and capabili ies h ough KS o p omo e GI wi hin he i m, emphasizing he
need o GTL o encou age GI in Pakis ani i ms. By mo i a ing ollowe s o de elop g een
p oduc s and p ocesses, GTL a icula es a clea g een ision, add essing indi idual needs
and p omo ing KS. This s udy explo es he unique ela ionships be ween KS and GI, ES
and KS, and he mode a ing ole o GAC in hese in e ac ions. We iden i y how KS
media es he ela ionship be ween GTL and ES wi h GI, de ining KS as he low o
knowledge used o de ise i m policies and s a egies. Highligh ing he mode a ing e ec
o GAC, we show i s ole in abso bing ele an g een in o ma ion and knowledge wi hin a
i m. This makes KS a i al connec o in he p oposed ela ionships and a no el addi ion
o he li e a u e.
6.2 P ac ical Implica ions
Ou indings ha e p ac ical implica ions o execu i es and manage s. The s ong
ela ionship be ween GTL and GI indica es ha GTL's unique leade ship s yle compels
ollowe s o wo k sma ly and inno a i ely. Manage s should p omo e KS among
Malik e al.
519
employees o gene a e g een ideas, p oduc s, p ocesses, policies, and s a egies ha
enhance he i m's epu a ion. Unde s anding he impo ance o GTL and ES as c i ical
de e minan s o GI is c ucial o manage s. GTL mo i a es subo dina es o iden i y
en i onmen al issues, de ise inno a i e solu ions, and gene a e no el ideas o g een
p oduc s and p ocesses acili a ed by GAC. This capabili y is essen ial o add essing
en i onmen al challenges, educing g eenhouse gases, sus aining economic g ow h, and
de eloping inno a i e business models. Thus, g een de elopmen is c ucial o
en i onmen al sus ainabili y, and GTL is essen ial a all le els. Fi ms should in eg a e
GTL, ES, and KS o embed GI o op imal esul s.
F om an ins i u ional pe spec i e, GI is gaining a en ion due o en i onmen al challenges
and hei ad e se e ec s on human heal h. Go e nmen s should in oduce g een ma ke -
based ins umen s, such as g een axes, o p omo e GI. Policymake s should de elop and
en o ce policies ha encou age g een ini ia i es and p omo e GI in all i ms, including
manu ac u ing ones. Legal bodies should acili a e dialogue wi h all s akeholde s,
including i ms and academic pe sonnel, o in eg a e GTL, KS, ES, and GI ealis ically.
Go e nmen s should also ecognize and ewa d indi iduals and ins i u ions ha p omo e
GI and g een ini ia i es, o e ing ci izenship poin s o awa ds in a ious ce emonies and
e en s.
7. Conclusion
GI is a no el ool o ackling en i onmen al p oblems and inc easing i ms' p oduc i i y.
This s udy explo ed he obus ela ionships o GTL and ES wi h GI, in addi ion o he
media ion o KS and mode a ion o GAC. I has been e ealed ha GTL, di ec ly and
indi ec ly, a ec s GI h ough KS. Simila ly, ES has a subs an ial di ec impac on GI and
KS. This s udy also con i ms ha KS is syne gized when connec ing GTL and ES wi h GI,
which is he media ion— he GTL-KS and ES-KS linkages s ongly mode a e GAC, which
is posi i e and signi ican . The e o e, manu ac u ing i ms mus use GTL and e ec i e ES
o p omo e GI in hei g een p ocesses and policies. These policies and s a egies should
be de ised h ough KS h ough ideas, expe iences, and skills, and GAC channels his low.
This s udy p oposes a unique model o manage s and CEOs o op o GTL o inc ease
p oduc i i y and ocus mo e on KS o p omo e GI.
7.1 Limi a ions and Fu u e Indica ions
This s udy has ce ain limi a ions ha p o ide guidelines o u u e s udies. Fi s , da a
collec ion was based on a c oss-sec ional app oach, while u u e s udies could inco po a e
a longi udinal app oach o conduc a mo e in-dep h s udy. Second, he esea che s could
check ou concep ual model by changing he leade ship s yle and i s subsequen e ec s on
GI, i.e., Responsible o e hical leade ship, and e alua e whe he he ela ionship emains
he same. Thi d, we used a quan i a i e app oach, bu u u e schola s could use quali a i e
(i.e., in e iews wi h manage s can p o ide mo e phenomenal indica o s) app oaches o
G een T ans o ma ional Leade ship, En i onmen al S a egy, and G een Inno a ion
520
elabo a e he scope o me hodologies. Fou h, we andomly selec ed he manu ac u ing
sec o , bu u u e esea che s could ocus on a di e en sec o .
Resea ch Funding
The au ho s ecei ed no in e nal esea ch g an o ex e nal unding o his esea ch s udy.
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