Shao, Xue eng; Chen, Shi
A icle
Resea ch on ax compliance incen i e e ec s o pla o m
companies om he pe spec i e o incomple e con ac :
An empi ical s udy based on China
Am i ea u Economic
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
The Bucha es Uni e si y o Economic S udies
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Shao, Xue eng; Chen, Shi (2024) : Resea ch on ax compliance incen i e e ec s
o pla o m companies om he pe spec i e o incomple e con ac : An empi ical s udy based
on China, Am i ea u Economic, ISSN 2247-9104, The Bucha es Uni e si y o Economic S udies,
Bucha es , Vol. 26, Iss. 65, pp. 330-344,
h ps://doi.o g/10.24818/EA/2024/65/330
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/281824
S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen:
Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen
Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den.
Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle
Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich
machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen.
So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen
(insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en,
gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do
genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e.
Te ms o use:
Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal
and schola ly pu poses.
You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o
exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he
in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public.
I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en
Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise
u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence.
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/
AE
Resea ch on Tax Compliance Incen i e E ec s o Pla o m Companies om
he Pe spec i e o Incomple e Con ac – An Empi ical S udy Based on China
330 Am i ea u Economic
RESEARCH ON TAX COMPLIANCE INCENTIVE EFFECTS OF PLATFORM
COMPANIES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INCOMPLETE CONTRACT –
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY BASED ON CHINA
Xue eng Shao1 and Shi Chen2
1)2)Economics School o Jilin Uni e si y, Changchun, China
Please ci e his a icle as:
Shao, X. and Chen, S., 2024. Resea ch on Tax
Compliance Incen i e E ec s o Pla o m Companies
om he Pe spec i e o Incomple e Con ac – An
Empi ical S udy Based on China. Am i ea u
Economic, 26(65), pp. 330-344.
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.24818/EA/2024/65/330
A icle His o y
Recei ed: 22 Sep embe 2023
Re ised: 20 No embe 2023
Accep ed: 18 Decembe 2023
Abs ac
In his pape , based on he incomple e con ac pe spec i e, we selec he implemen a ion o
he Elec onic Comme ce Law o he People’s Republic o China as a quasi-na u al
expe imen o s udy he ax compliance incen i e e ec s o pla o m i ms. Ou s udy inds
ha he Chinese expe ience helps o imp o e he e iciency o ax compliance con ac
en o cemen and signi ican ly inc eases he p opensi y o pla o m i ms o comply wi h
axes. O cou se, hese e ec s a e also cons ained by he con ac ual en i onmen , social
esponsibili y, inancing cons ain s, and ma ke compe i ion. Fu he mechanism es s show
ha he incomple eness o he ax compliance con ac is compensa ed by wo mechanisms
o ac ion, namely he educ ion o in o ma ion asymme y and he educ ion o ansac ion
cos s o he ax depa men , which gene a e ax compliance incen i e e ec s. The esea ch
has impo an implica ions o op imising he ax compliance con ac o pla o m i ms and
educing ax leakage in he pla o m economy.
Keywo ds: incomple e con ac ; pla o m en e p ises; ax compliance; ansac ion cos
JEL Classi ica ion: H26, D86
Co esponding au ho , Shi Chen – e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in
any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. © 2024 The Au ho (s).
Economic In e e ences
AE
Vol. 26 • No. 65 • Feb ua y 2024 331
In oduc ion
Toge he wi h he wide applica ion o digi al in o ma ion echnology, he pla o m economy
as a new economic model o he ma ke economy b ings many ad an ages, such as educing
he ansac ion cos s o en e p ises, inc easing he social employmen , b eaking he
geog aphical and spa ial es ic ions, and educing he was e o esou ces, and has become a
new engine o economic g ow h in a ious coun ies (Ba bu e al., 2018; Niu e al., 2022;
Zha e al., 2022; Zhang e al., 2022a; Zhang e al., 2022b; Ma in-Ma in e al., 2022). F om
a global pe spec i e, China is in a ela i ely leading posi ion in he de elopmen o he
pla o m economy. In e ms o he numbe o pla o m companies, ma ke capi alisa ion, and
ansac ion size, China anks second in he wo ld a e he Uni ed S a es. F om 2018 o 2021,
he ansac ion scale o China’s sha ing economy inc eased om 2.9 illion yuan o 3.7
illion yuan, wi h a g ow h a e o 27.6%. Among hem, he p opo ion o online ake-ou
e enue as well as online ake-ou pe capi a expendi u e in China's ood and be e age
indus y eaches abou 20% in 2021; he p opo ion o online cab passenge a ic among
online cabs eaches abou 30%, and he p opo ion o online axi pe capi a expendi u e o
a el consump ion expendi u e eaches abou 20%; he p opo ion o sha ed accommoda ion
o all accommoda ion oom e enue eaches 6%, and he p opo ion o sha ed
accommoda ion pe capi a expendi u e o accommoda ion consump ion expendi u e eaches
6% (Na ional In o ma ion Cen e Sha ing Economy Resea ch Cen e , 2019, 2020). F om
2017 o June 2021, he size o China’s online paymen consume s g ew om 530 million o
1.011 billion, an inc ease o up o 200% (China In e ne Ne wo k In o ma ion Cen e ,2021).
In 2021, China’s online e ail sales eached 13.1 illion yuan, up 14.1% yea -on-yea , a
g ow h a e 3.2 pe cen age poin s as e han he p e ious yea (China Bu eau o S a is ics,
2022). The pla o m economy plays an inc easingly impo an ole in p omo ing economic
de elopmen by changing he adi ional ansac ion model, educing communica ion cos s
be ween en e p ises and consume s, accu a ely unde s anding consume needs, and c ea ing
pe sonalised se ices. Howe e , due o i s cha ac e is ics o wo-sided ma ke , economies o
scale and ne wo k e ec s, he pla o m economy also aises a numbe o p ominen p oblems,
such as da a leakage, p ice abuse, ax e asion, diso de ly capi al expansion and winne - ake-
all (Rod igues e al., 2022).
In iew o his, i is necessa y o egula e he pla o m economy, guide he heal hy
de elopmen o he pla o m economy and compensa e o he impe ec na u e o pla o m
economy con ac s. In 2019, China issued and implemen ed he i s comp ehensi e law in
he ield o e-comme ce, he E-Comme ce Law o he People’s Republic o China (he eina e
e e ed o as he E-Comme ce Law). The E-Comme ce Law clea ly s ipula es he ax
obliga ions o e-comme ce ope a o s and he need o e-comme ce pla o ms o ul il he
obliga ion o epo he iden i y and ax in o ma ion o ope a o s on he pla o m o he ax
au ho i ies. The implemen a ion o his policy ills he black zone in he ield o axa ion o
he pla o m economy. Based on he abo e backg ound, his pape conduc s a s udy using
China as an example o explo e he ax compliance incen i e e ec o pla o m en e p ises.
1. Li e a u e e iew
Whe he pla o m companies induce la ge-scale ax e asion as one o he p oblems caused
by he pla o m economy. A p esen , schola s ha e di e en iews on he axa ion o
pla o m companies. One iew is ha he ax collec ion o pla o m en e p ises aces many
AE
Resea ch on Tax Compliance Incen i e E ec s o Pla o m Companies om
he Pe spec i e o Incomple e Con ac – An Empi ical S udy Based on China
332 Am i ea u Economic
di icul ies. On he one hand, he incompa ibili y o he ax sys em wi h he pla o m economy
inc eases he ansac ion cos s o axpaye s and ax au ho i ies. Pla o m en e p ises a e
in ol ed in se e al ac i i ies, and he indus ies a e in eg a ed. Fo example, he dis inc ion
be ween business income, labou compensa ion, and oyal ies, and p ope y ans e income.
The cu en ax sys em does no ha e app op ia e ules on wha ype o income is app op ia e
o he ype o income o con e ging en e p ises (Shao e al., 2022). The e is also no
uni o mi y as o whe he he a ious o ms o elec onic se ices p o ided by pla o m
companies a e subjec o p e- ax deduc ion and a wha a e. All o hese a e addi ional
bu dens o pla o m companies. Pla o m en e p ises b eak he bounda ies o geog aphical
space and acili a e ansac ions ac oss egions and e en coun ies (Ag awal and Fox, 2017;
Spinosa and Chand, 2018). A he same ime, he ansac ions o pla o m en e p ises in ol e
mul iple subjec s. I is di icul o he ax au ho i y o e i y he in o ma ion o each business,
all e enue acquisi ion channels, e enue paymen subjec s, and cos s and expenses
consumed by he en e p ise, which inc eases he cos o en o cemen and supe ision by he
ax au ho i y(Alm, 2021; Ma A giles-Bosch e al., 2021). Howe e , concealing he
ansac ion p ocess o pla o m en e p ises widens he in o ma ion gap be ween axpaye s
and ax au ho i ies. Pla o m en e p ises ha e all he ansac ion in o ma ion, bu he lack o
e ec i e incen i es o pla o m en e p ises o epo in o ma ion esul s in pla o m
en e p ises no u h ully epo ing all he ax- ela ed in o ma ion hey ha e, such as he
iden i y o ansac ion subjec s, bank accoun numbe s, paymen subjec s, and income
amoun s, o he ax au ho i y(Ag awal and Fox, 2021). The da a unde lying he ax sys em is
decen alised and canno be adap ed o he pla o m economy. Tax go e nance has limi ed
applica ion o echnologies, such as cloud compu ing and blockchain, o in elligen ly and
accu a ely moni o anomalous changes in ax sou ces (S ab owski, 2017; Ag awal and Fox,
2021).
Ano he iew is ha ax collec ion by pla o m companies has new ad an ages. On he one
hand, pla o m en e p ises ha e a la ge amoun o ax- ela ed in o ma ion da a, which
expands he channels o ax au ho i ies o ob ain in o ma ion, lays he ounda ion o ax
au ho i ies o ob ain massi e da a, and accele a es he p ocess o building in elligen axa ion.
Wi h he i s -hand da a held by pla o m companies, ax au ho i ies can easily con i m
whe he he ansac ions a e eal and us wo hy, acili a e ax managemen , imp o e he
le el o ax isk con ol, and inc ease he accu acy o ax audi s (Ag awal, 2021). On he o he
hand, pla o m en e p ises collec a la ge numbe o ax sou ces, educe he ma ginal cos o
ax adminis a ion, achie e he ma ginal cos o adminis a ion close o ze o, and c ea e he
scale e ec o ax adminis a ion. Tax au ho i ies and pla o m en e p ises o m a good
coope a ion, and pla o m en e p ises can play he unc ion o supe ision and managemen .
The axa ion depa men can achie e he goal o supe ising he ele an subjec s o he
pla o m economy by supe ising only he pla o m, and signi ican ly educe he ime and
manpowe cos s o ax collec ion and adminis a ion. As he p opo ion o he pla o m
economy in he o e all economy inc eases, he numbe o ax e u ns om pla o m
en e p ises is also g adually inc easing. Due o he ax agglome a ion abili y o pla o m
en e p ises, he ma ginal cos o ax adminis a ion ends o ze o, c ea ing he scale e ec o
ax adminis a ion (Alm, 2021).
Economic In e e ences
AE
Vol. 26 • No. 65 • Feb ua y 2024 333
2. Resea ch me hodology
2.1. Theo e ical analysis and esea ch hypo hesis
2.1.1. In o ma ion mechanism
The na u e o he pla o m economy leads o he opaci y o da a and highe le els o
manipula ion (Ma A giles-Bosch e al., 2021). The ax au ho i y canno ake he con ol and
collec and e i y he au hen ici y o ax in o ma ion o en e p ises wi h he help o
accoun ing books, e c. The pla o m economy includes many pa icipa ing subjec s, and he
subjec s a e dis ibu ed in di e en egions, which leads o he agmen ed cha ac e is ics o
ax in o ma ion (Thomas, 2018). Pla o m companies achie e he objec i e o ax non-
compliance h ough i ual non-exis en ansac ions. In o ma ion on con ac low, capi al
low, and logis ics is sca e ed, and he ax au ho i y canno con ol ax by in oice and e i y
he au hen ici y o ansac ions. The e o e, he in o ma ion asymme y be ween pla o m
companies and ax au ho i ies leads o he incomple eness o ax con ac s. The E-comme ce
Law s ipula es ha pla o m ope a o s epo he iden i y in o ma ion and ax- ela ed
in o ma ion o axpaye s on he pla o m o he axa ion depa men , which can play a
complemen a y and syne gis ic ole among he da a and ob ain a pano amic iew o hings.
A he same ime, om he axpaye 's poin o iew, he in o ma ion epo ed by he pla o m
inc eases he channels o he axa ion depa men o ob ain in o ma ion, and he da a om
di e en sou ces can be co obo a ed wi h each o he , which educes he beha iou o
pla o m companies o p o ide “di e en ” da a o di e en depa men s o oppo unis ic
mo i es, and ensu es he au hen ici y o he da a (Ag awal and Fox, 2021; Alm, 2021). As a
esul , ax au ho i ies a e able o de ec co po a e anomalies in a imely and accu a e manne .
The company’s in e nal in o ma ion is mo e anspa en , he di icul y and cos o inancial
manipula ion is signi ican ly inc eased, and he comple eness o he ax compliance con ac
is imp o ed.
2.1.2. T ansac ion cos mechanism
The cos s o en o cing and moni o ing ax compliance in he pla o m economy a e high (Ma
A giles-Bosch e al., 2021). The pape less ansac ions o he pla o m economy inc ease he
possibili y o ansac ion manipula ion and concealmen and make i mo e di icul o he
ax au ho i y o conduc audi s. The e is an in o ma ion asymme y be ween he ax au ho i y
and pla o m pa icipan s in se e al espec s, such as whe he hey a e in ol ed in pla o m
ac i i ies, he ype o business hey a e in ol ed in, he channels o income gene a ion, he
ecipien s o income, and he cos s and expenses incu ed (S ab owski, 2017). A he same
ime, he e a e many gaps in ax adminis a ion echnologies. Di e en sys ems in he ax
egis a ion and iling p ocess ha e di e en inpu s and expo s. Di e en s anda ds o da a
ans e be ween depa men s make i di icul o in eg a e e ec i ely and espond e ec i ely
o he cha ac e is ics o he pla o m economy (S ab owski, 2017; Ag awal and Fox, 2021).
All o he abo e inc eases he ansac ion cos s o supe ision by ax au ho i ies. The E-
comme ce Law men ions ha e-comme ce pla o ms mus ul il he ax depa men ’s
obliga ion o epo he iden i y in o ma ion and ax- ela ed in o ma ion o pla o m
ope a o s. By epo ing he p ima y da a hey ha e o he axa ion depa men , pla o m
ope a o s will expand he channels h ough which he axa ion depa men can ob ain ax-
ela ed in o ma ion, inc ease he e i iabili y o ax- ela ed in o ma ion om di e en
channels, accu a ely dis inguish whe he he ax- ela ed in o ma ion is ue o no , enhance
AE
Resea ch on Tax Compliance Incen i e E ec s o Pla o m Companies om
he Pe spec i e o Incomple e Con ac – An Empi ical S udy Based on China
334 Am i ea u Economic
he isk analysis abili y o he axa ion depa men , and imp o e he accu acy o audi s (Alm,
2021; Ag awal, 2021). Good coope a ion be ween pla o m companies and ax au ho i ies.
Wi h he abili y o pla o m companies o collec ax sou ces, he ax au ho i y ealises he
ma ginal cos o ax adminis a ion, which is close o ze o, by supe ising all ax subjec s on
he pla o m h ough pla o m companies. T ansac ion cos s, such as ime and manpowe
equi ed o ax collec ion and managemen , a e g ea ly educed, he incomple eness o ax
compliance con ac s is educed, and he e iciency o ax compliance con ac s is inc eased.
Based on he abo e analysis, his pape p oposes he ollowing esea ch hypo heses：
H1: The implemen a ion o he E-Comme ce Law e ec i ely compensa es he
incomple eness o en e p ises' ax compliance con ac and mo i a es en e p ises' ax
compliance.
H2: The E-comme ce Law imp o es he ax compliance con ac by educing in o ma ion
asymme y and s imula ing companies' ax compliance mo i a ion.
H3: The E-comme ce Law can e ec i ely educe ansac ion cos s and imp o e he
e iciency o ax compliance con ac s, hus cu bing he endency o co po a e ax non-
compliance.
2.2. Resea ch design
2.2.1. Da a sou ces
The da a o pla o m en e p ises in his pape a e ob ained om Wind online sales da a. We
emo e Hong Kong, o e seas lis ed, delis ed, IPO, ST en e p ises, and non-manu ac u ing
en e p ises, and inally ob ain a sample o 187 pla o m en e p ises. In his pape , we ma ch
he pla o m en e p ises wi h manu ac u ing lis ed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen A-
sha es, and p ocess he da a as ollows: (1) dele e ST and *ST en e p ises; (2) dele e
en e p ises wi h se ious missing da a and ou lie en e p ises; (3) winso ise a he op and
bo om 1% le els. We inally ge 6841 obse a ions. The a iable indica o s in his pape a e
mainly om Wind da abase, China S a is ical Yea book, China Ma ke isa ion Index Repo
by P o inces and Hexun.com, e c. The da a in e al is 2015-2021.
2.2.2. Model
To es whe he he e is an incen i e e ec o policy implemen a ion on ax compliance, i.e.,
hypo hesis H1. D awing on Be and and Mullaina han (2003) and Chen e al. (2012), his
pape cons uc s he ollowing di e ence-in-di e ence model.
𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑡 = 𝛼0+ 𝛼1𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖× 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡+ 𝛼2𝑋𝑖𝑡 + 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡+ 𝜇𝑖+ 𝜀𝑖𝑡 (1)
whe e i ep esen s he i m and ep esen s ime. 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖 indica es whe he he i m is in he
ea men g oup. 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡 ep esen s whe he i m i is a ec ed by he implemen a ion o he
policy in yea . X is he con ol a iables. 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡and 𝜇𝑖 a e yea and indi idual ixed e ec s,
espec i ely, and𝜀𝑖𝑡 is a andom dis u bance e m.
Economic In e e ences
AE
Vol. 26 • No. 65 • Feb ua y 2024 335
2.2.3. Va iable se ing
The explained a iable is ax compliance (TAX). This pape d aws on Desai and Dha mapala
(2006) o measu e he ax compliance o i ms by hei Book-Tax Di e ence (BTD).
The explana o y a iable is he ea men g oup dummy a iable (T ea ). The da a o
pla o m en e p ises a e aken om Wind online sales da a. Non-pla o m en e p ises a e
manu ac u ing en e p ises lis ed on Shanghai and Shenzhen A-sha es. In his pape , pla o m
en e p ises a e aken as he ea men g oup wi h a alue o 1. Non-pla o m en e p ises, as
he con ol g oup in his pape , a e aken as 0. Policy implemen a ion dummy a iable (Time).
China s a ed o implemen he Elec ici y Business Law in Janua y 2019. The e o e, 2019 is
selec ed as he ime poin o policy implemen a ion in his pape . Tha is, 1 is aken in 2019
and a e , and he alue is 0 be o e 2019.
Con ol a iables. Conside ing ha o he ac o s may a ec co po a e ax compliance,
e e ing o he s udies o (A ms ong e al., 2015; Dy eng e al., 2010), he ollowing con ol
a iables we e selec ed: i m size (Size), gea ing a io (Le ), e u n on asse s (Roa),
sha eholding a io o he i s la ges sha eholde (Top1), sepa a ion o powe s a io (Sep),
di ec o size (B dsize), combined le e age (DTL), o al asse s G ow h a e (Zg ow h), Ne
asse pe sha e g ow h a e (NAG). (Table no. 1).
Table no. 1. Va iable de ini ions
Va iable
ypes
Va iable name
Va iable
code
De ini ions and me ics
Explained
a iables
Tax compliance
TAX
BTD = (accoun ing p o i be o e ax -
axable income) / o al asse s
a he end o he pe iod
Explana o y
a iables
P ocessing g oup
T ea
P ocessing g oup. Pla o m en e p ises
ake he alue o 1
Con ol g oup. Non-pla o m
en e p ises ake he alue o 0
Policy implemen a ion
dummy a iable
Time
1 o 2019 and beyond, 0 o p e ious
alues
Con ol
a iables
Fi m size
Size
he loga i hm o o al co po a e asse s
Gea ing a io
Le
he a io o o al liabili ies o o al
asse s
Re u n on asse s
Roa
Ne p o i o a e age asse s
Sha eholding a io o he
i s la ges sha eholde
Top1
he numbe o sha es held by he i s
la ges sha eholde / o al equi y
Sepa a ion o powe s
a io
Sep
he di e ence be ween con ol and
owne ship o a lis ed company
by he e ec i e con olle
Di ec o size
B dsize
he numbe o di ec o s
Combined le e age
DTL
inancial le e age × ope a ing
le e age
To al asse s G ow h a e
Zg ow h
(To al asse s a he end o he cu en
pe iod - To al asse s a he beginning
o he cu en pe iod)/ To al asse s a
he beginning o he cu en pe iod
AE
Resea ch on Tax Compliance Incen i e E ec s o Pla o m Companies om
he Pe spec i e o Incomple e Con ac – An Empi ical S udy Based on China
336 Am i ea u Economic
Va iable
ypes
Va iable name
Va iable
code
De ini ions and me ics
Ne asse pe sha e
g ow h a e
NAG
(Ne asse pe sha e a he end o he
cu en pe iod - Ne asse pe sha e a
he end o he same pe iod o he
p e ious yea )/Ne asse pe sha e a
he end o he same pe iod o he
p e ious yea
Whe e, ne asse s pe sha e = o al
owne 's equi y / numbe o common
sha es
Yea
Yea
Yea dummy a iable
Indi idual
𝜇
Indi idual dummy a iable
3. Resul s and discussion
3.1. Empi ical esul s and analysis
3.1.1. Basic eg ession esul s
The eg ession esul s o he ax compliance incen i e e ec o pla o m i ms a e shown in
Table no. 2. Column (1) o able no. 2 shows he eg ession esul s wi hou he inclusion o
con ol a iables, and he c oss p oduc e m 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡 × 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 is signi ican ly nega i e a he
1% le el, which ini ially con i ming hypo hesis H1. Column (2) shows he eg ession esul s
con olling o i m-le el con ol a iables, yea ixed e ec s, and i m ixed e ec s. The
esul s show ha he coe icien 𝛼1 o 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡 × 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 is s ill signi ican ly nega i e a he 1%
le el, which u he suppo s hypo hesis H1, indica ing ha he implemen a ion o he policy
will signi ican ly mo i a es co po a e ax compliance and c ea es an incen i e e ec o ax
compliance.
Table no. 2. Baseline eg ession esul s
Va iables
(1)
(2)
TAX
TAX
-0.0066***
-0.0061***
(-3.4620)
(-3.1910)
Con ol a iables
No
Yes
Yea
Yes
Yes
𝜇
Yes
Yes
N
6841
6841
R2
0.637
0.682
No e: *, **, and *** deno e 10%, 5%, and 1% signi icance le els, espec i ely; -s a is ics
a e gi en in pa en heses.
Economic In e e ences
AE
Vol. 26 • No. 65 • Feb ua y 2024 337
3.1.2. Robus ness es s
To educe sample selec i i y bias and ensu e obus ness o esul s, his pape has sepa a ely
pa allel end es , p opensi y sco e ma ching (PSM), DDBTD as he explained a iables,
explana o y a iables a e lagged o one pe iod, adding o he con ol a iables and placebo
es (Rosenbaum and Rubin, 1983; Heckman e al., 1998; Desai and Dha mapala, 2009; Bole
e al., 2015; Li e al., 2016).The esul s a e shown in Figu e no.1,Table no. 3 and Figu e no.
2, all o which demons a e he obus ness o he eg ession esul s.
Figu e no. 1. Pa allel end g aph
Table no. 3. Robus ness es s
Va iables
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
PSM
Replacing he
explained
a iables
The
explana o y
a iables a e
lagged by one
pe iod
Adding
o he
con ol
a iables
TAX
TAX
TAX
TAX
-0.0095**
-0.0065***
-0.0080***
-0.0060***
(-2.0606)
(-3.3963)
(-2.7699)
(-3.1685)
EM
-0.0001
(-0.6646)
Roi
-0.0000***
(-2.5853)
GR
-0.0006
(-0.6763)
Con ol a iables
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yea
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
𝜇
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
N
1235
6837
4213
6841
R2
0.829
0.689
0.736
0.682
No e: *, **, and *** deno e 10%, 5%, and 1% signi icance le els, espec i ely; -s a is ics a e gi en in pa en heses.
AE
Resea ch on Tax Compliance Incen i e E ec s o Pla o m Companies om
he Pe spec i e o Incomple e Con ac – An Empi ical S udy Based on China
344 Am i ea u Economic
Rosenbaum, P.R. and Rubin, D.B., 1983. The cen al ole o he p opensi y sco e in
obse a ional s udies o causal e ec s. Biome ika, [e-jou nal] 70(1), pp. 41-55.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1093/biome /70.1.41.
Shao, X., Chen, S., Song, Y. and Yan, S., 2022. Resea ch on he Tax Compliance Beha io
o Online Ancho s in he Sha ing Economy. T ans o ma ions in Business & Economic,
21(3C), pp. 431-450.
Spinosa, L. and Chand, V., 2018. A long- e m solu ion o axing digi alized business models:
Should he pe manen es ablishmen de ini ion be modi ied o esol e he issue o should
he ocus be on a sha ed axing igh s mechanism? In e ax, 46(6-7), pp. 476-494.
S ab owski, F., 2017. ‘People as businesses’: Ai bnb and u ban mic o-en ep eneu ialism in
New Yo k Ci y. Camb idge Jou nal o Regions, Economy and Socie y, [e-jou nal] 10(2),
pp. 327-347. h ps://doi.o g/10.1093/cj es/ sx004.
Thomas, K.D., 2018. Taxing he gig economy. Uni e si y o Pennsyl ania Law Re iew,
166(6), pp. 1415-1473.
Wen, W., Cui, H. and Ke, Y., 2020. Di ec o s wi h o eign expe ience and co po a e ax
a oidance. Jou nal o Co po a e Finance, [e-jou nal] 62. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/
j.jco p in.2020.101624.
Xu, W., Zeng, Y. and Zhang, J., 2011. Tax en o cemen as a co po a e go e nance
mechanism: Empi ical e idence om China. Co po a e Go e nance-an In e na ional
Re iew, [e-jou nal] 19(1), pp. 25-40. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2010.00831.x.
Zha, X., Zhang, X., Liu, Y. and Dan, B., 2022. Bonded-wa ehouse o di ec -mail? Logis ics
mode choice in a c oss-bo de e-comme ce supply chain wi h pla o m in o ma ion
sha ing. Elec onic Comme ce Resea ch and Applica ions, [e-jou nal] 54, a icle no.
101181. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ele ap.2022.101181.
Zhang, L., Yang, W., Yang, L. and Gao, L., 2022a. How does he alue co-c ea ion o
e-comme ce pla o m and manu ac u e s a ec channel pe o mance? The mode a ing
ole o inno a ion capabili y and ma ke u bulence. Elec onic Comme ce Resea ch and
Applica ions, [e-jou nal] 52, a icle no. 101120. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/
j.ele ap.2022.101120.
Zhang, T., Tang, Z. and Han, Z., 2022b. Op imal online channel s uc u e o mul ina ional
i ms conside ing li e s eaming shopping. Elec onic Comme ce Resea ch and
Applica ions, [e-jou nal] 56, a icle no. 101198. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/
j.ele ap.2022.101198.
