Tecilazić, Ana
A icle
Ope a ional employabili y model: A case s udy o g adua e
employabili y in C oa ia
Business Sys ems Resea ch (BSR)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
IRENET - Socie y o Ad ancing Inno a ion and Resea ch in Economy, Zag eb
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Tecilazić, Ana (2024) : Ope a ional employabili y model: A case s udy o g adua e
employabili y in C oa ia, Business Sys ems Resea ch (BSR), ISSN 1847-9375, Sciendo, Wa saw, Vol.
15, Iss. 1, pp. 110-130,
h ps://doi.o g/10.2478/bs j-2024-0006
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/318834
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Ope a ional Employabili y Model: A Case
S udy o G adua e Employabili y in C oa ia
Ana Tecilazić
Algeb a Uni e si y, Zag eb, C oa ia
Abs ac
Backg ound: The employabili y o g adua es has become a cen al opic in highe
educa ion policy and esea ch. Howe e , he cons uc s ill needs o be cla i ied.
Objec i es: The objec i e o his pape is o demons a e he applicabili y o an
ope a ional employabili y model in analysing he ansi ion om s udy o wo k on a
sample o g adua es in C oa ia as pa o a la ge Eu og adua e pilo su ey. The
model has been oo ed in he heo ies o human capi al, cul u al and social capi al
and cons uc i is educa ional heo y. Me hods/App oach: Fac o analysis was
applied o educe he numbe o measu ed a iables in o ac o sco es ha we e used
as p edic o s in mul iple eg ession analysis. Cox eg ession, logis ic eg ession and
linea eg ession we e applied o es he employabili y model. Resul s: The esul s
showed ha cul u al capi al, human capi al, and b idging social capi al, as well as
high-impac p ac ises du ing s udies, such as olun ee ing and in e nships, ha e a
posi i e impac on he likelihood o inding employmen in less ime a e g adua ion
in an occupa ion ha e ically ma ches he quali ica ion, and in a job wi h a highe
mon hly income. Conclusions: The esul s ha e shown ha cul u al capi al, human
capi al, and b idging social capi al in luence he p obabili y o inding employmen in
a job ha ma ches he le el o quali ica ion in a sho e ime a e g adua ion and in
a job wi h a highe mon hly income. These indings ha e p ac ical implica ions o
educa o s, policymake s, and employe s, p o iding insigh s in o he ac o s ha can
enhance g adua e employabili y.
Keywo ds: employabili y ope a ional model; g adua e employabili y; human capi al;
social capi al; cul u al capi al; cons uc i is heo y
JEL classi ica ion: A23, J00, J22, J24
Pape ype: Resea ch a icle
Recei ed: May 27, 2024
Accep ed: June 21, 2024
Ci a ion: Tecilazić, A. (2024). Ope a ional Employabili y Model: A Case S udy o
G adua e Employabili y in C oa ia. Business Sys ems Resea ch, 15(1), 110-130.
DOI: doi.o g/10.2478/bs j-2024-0006
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In oduc ion
Recen s udies ha e highligh ed signi ican ends in educa ion and employmen
ou comes ac oss Eu ope, pa icula ly conce ning he impac o educa ion leng h on
you h employmen . K pan e al. (2023) u ilised a hie a chical clus e ing app oach o
examine how a ia ions in he du a ion o educa ion co ela e wi h employmen a es
among Eu opean you h, e ealing dis inc pa e ns ha sugges longe educa ional
pe iods migh lead o be e employmen p ospec s. Addi ionally, he ole o cul u al
and in e na ional dimensions in shaping inno a ion and en ep eneu ship wi hin highe
educa ion ins i u ions has been explo ed by G èzes (2021), who p oposed a ypology
o lea ning uni e si ies ha in eg a e hese aspec s o os e en ep eneu ial mindse s.
Mo eo e , he shi o e-lea ning du ing he COVID-19 pandemic, as analysed by Pejić
Bach e al. (2023), unde sco ed how di e en coun ies' de elopmen le els and
pandemic esponses signi ican ly in luenced he e ec i eness o online educa ion,
u he impac ing educa ional and employmen ou comes.
In ecen yea s, he e has been conside able conce n abou he e ec i eness o
ins i u ional, na ional, and sup ana ional policies and p ac ices in equipping highe
educa ion s uden s o he labou ma ke . This has led o an inc eased in e es in
employabili y, which is usually unde s ood as " he capabili y o ob ain and main ain a
job and ensu e he supply o compe ence in he labou ma ke ” (Sii onen e al., 2023,
p.1).
Va ious employabili y models and amewo ks ha e eme ged wi h “na ow”,
“b oad”, o “holis ic” heo e ical ounda ions o wi h a speci ic ocus (Eime &
Bohndick, 2023, p. 3). They e lec di e en pe spec i es on employabili y ha a e
aken by a plu ali y o s akeholde s, each wi h a “di e en app oach and scope
se ing o highligh di e en issues and domains o ac ion in which hey wo k.”(Williams
e al., 2016, p. 3).
One o he i s amewo ks o analysing he concep o employabili y was
de eloped by Hillage and Polla d (1998, p.2), who a gued ha employabili y depends
on “ he knowledge, skills and a i udes hey possess, he way hey use hose asse s and
p esen hem o employe s and he con ex […] wi hin which hey seek wo k. Th ee o
he ou componen s in hei amewo k ocussed on g adua es’ skills and knowledge
and con ain only one ex e nal ac o ha in luences employabili y.
McQuaid and Lindsay (2005) b oadened he analy ical amewo k o employabili y
by placing g ea e emphasis on he ex e nal ci cums ances ha in luence
employabili y, such as educa ion and aining, wo k expe ience, pe sonal quali ies
and labou ma ke condi ions. They de ined employabili y as a se o indi idual and
o ganisa ional a ibu es ha enable indi iduals o secu e and main ain employmen
and o mo e wi hin and be ween jobs.
Ano he example o he balancing o labou supply and demand h ough se s o
mic o and mac o ac o s on bo h sides is he Kleinman and Wes model (1998). Mic o
ac o s on he supply side include pe sonal and social skills, occupa ional skills and
quali ica ions, and key compe encies such as li e acy and nume acy. In con as ,
mac o ac o s include he a ailabili y and accessibili y o anspo and childca e, as
well as he p esence o a ious o ms o disc imina ion based on age, ace, and so on.
On he demand side, mic o ac o s include he numbe o jobs in he local economy,
he ype o employe s, and o mal and in o mal employmen p ocedu es. Mac o
ac o s include labou ma ke demand a he economic le el, mac oeconomic
policies, and con idence in he economic sec o . Al hough he model a emp s o
conside and balance ac o s on he supply and demand side when looking a
employabili y and o poin ou he impo ance o he con ex o cu en public policy,
he si ua ion in educa ion, he labou ma ke and he economy, i is s ill buil on a one-
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dimensional in e p e a ion o employabili y as a unc ion o he ma ch be ween
supply on he educa ion sys em side and demand on he labou ma ke .
In an e o o conside in e nal and ex e nal ac o s o employabili y, Thijssen e al.
(2008) ha e p oposed a model in which hey ep esen he cons uc o employabili y
h ough h ee concep ual componen s ha desc ibe employabili y like concen ic
ci cles om he na owes o he b oades de ini ion. The i s componen , in he
na owes sense, e e s o a pe son's abili y o wo k a a pa icula job. The second
componen e e s o he possession o a ious o e a ching skills ha enable he
indi idual o be employed in di e en jobs, and he hi d includes ex e nal, con ex ual
ac o s such as pe sonal and wo kplace ci cums ances ha in luence he indi idual's
chances o success in he labou ma ke .
Mo e ecen ly, Tomlinson (2017) has ou lined a g adua e capi al model ha
encompasses a ange o human, social, cul u al, iden i y and psycho-social
dimensions acqui ed h ough g adua es’ o mal and in o mal expe iences. The model
demons a es how he componen s o he di e en capi als o e lap and ela e o
g adua e employmen by explo ing how hese o ms migh be de eloped in and
a ound highe educa ion. Based on he G adua e Capi al Model, Tomlinson
(Tomlinson e al., 2022) de eloped a psychome ic ins umen called he “G adua e
Capi al Scale” ha seeks o ope a ionalise his capi al and help s uden s o sel -assess
hei con idence in ansi ioning o he labou ma ke .
F om he o e iew o he de elopmen o employabili y analy ical amewo ks and
he employabili y cons uc , i is clea ha he ea ly models la gely ocus on he
cha ac e is ics o he indi idual, while mo e ecen app oaches emphasise he
in e ac ion be ween di e en in e ela ed ac o s and di e en o ms o capi al, such
as human capi al, social capi al, cul u al capi al, iden i y capi al and psychological
capi al (Nghia e al., 2020; Pham & Jackson, 2020), in addi ion o heal h capi al,
scholas ic capi al, ma ke - alue capi al, ca ee iden i y capi al, and economic
capi al (Donald e al., 2024a) as well as o esou ces ha in luence g adua es'
p ospec s in he labou ma ke (Nghia e al., 2020) and con ex ual de e minan s such
as he local labou ma ke oppo uni ies and li e ci cums ances (Fo ie e al., 2018).
The de elopmen o employabili y models ha inco po a e in e nal and ex e nal
ac o s has enabled a "much b oade hema ic amewo k wi h a clea e ocus on he
indi idual and mac o-economic dimensions o employabili y and a shi in ocus om
ha d- o-employ g oups o all labou con ingen s" (Rimac & Og es a, 2018, p.14).
Howe e , esea che s ag ee ha mo e esea ch is needed o cap u e he dynamic
na u e o employabili y de elopmen (Akke mans e al., 2024). The cons uc o
employabili y is s ill ague because employabili y models and analy ical amewo ks
o en need a solid heo e ical basis, ools and he a ailabili y o compa able da a o
es hem sys ema ically and ac oss coun ies. One s ep o wa d in sys ema ic da a
collec ion is he Eu og adua e su ey, which was ini ially pilo ed in 2018 wi h da a se s
om eigh EU Membe S a es (Meng e al., 2020) and hen olled ou o se en een EU
Membe S a es in 2022 ( esul s ye o be a ailable). The a ailabili y o da a collec ed
h ough he Eu og adua e pilo su ey enabled a mo e comp ehensi e app oach o
analysing he employabili y ac o s o g adua es. The ope a ional model p esen ed in
his pape has been de eloped based on he Eu og adua e pilo su ey (Rimac, 2020)
, and i ocuses on ea ly ca ee ou comes o employed highe educa ion g adua es.
Th ee esea ch p oposi ions es ablish he employabili y p edic o s associa ed wi h
h ee o ms o capi al and he lea ning en i onmen du ing highe educa ion.
• RP1: Human, cul u al, and social capi al and he ac i a ing lea ning
en i onmen du ing highe educa ion posi i ely in luence inding employmen
in an occupa ion ha ma ches he le el o he acqui ed quali ica ion.
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• RP2: Human, cul u al, and social capi al and he ac i a ing lea ning
en i onmen du ing highe educa ion posi i ely in luence mon hly incomes.
• RP3: Human, cul u al and social capi al and he ac i a ing lea ning
en i onmen du ing highe educa ion posi i ely in luence inding employmen
in a sho e ime a e ob aining he quali ica ion.
The objec i e o his pape is o elabo a e on an ope a ional employabili y model
based on he heo ies o human capi al, cul u al and social capi al, as well as on he
cons uc i is educa ional heo y and es ed on a se o da a collec ed wi h he pilo
Eu og adua e su ey. The ope a ional employabili y model p esen ed in his pape is
based on he model used o analyse he employabili y o g adua es om highe
educa ion ins i u ions in C oa ia (Tecilazić, 2023).
The i s pa o his pape , a e he in oduc ion, desc ibes he heo e ical
amewo k, and he second pa de ails he design o he ope a ional employabili y
model based on he gi en heo e ical amewo k and adap s i o he Eu og adua e
ins umen . The hi d pa p esen s he me hodology used o es he ope a ional
employabili y model on a sample om he Eu og adua e pilo su ey, and he ou h
pa con ains he esul s o he analysis and he discussion. The conclusion summa ises
he ele ance o he ope a ional employabili y model and iden i ies oppo uni ies o
i s u he applica ion as well as i s limi a ions.
Theo e ical F amewo k
The b oad heo e ical amewo k o unde s anding employabili y used in his s udy
includes he economic heo y o human capi al de eloped in he 1960s by he
economis s Ga y Becke and Theodo e Schul z (Becke , 1962; Schul z, 1961), he
heo ies o cul u al and social capi al ad anced by he F ench sociologis Pie e
Bou dieu (Bou dieu, 2018, 1986; Bou dieu & Passe on, 1990), and cons uc i is heo ies
o educa ion (Da is e al., 1993; Phillips, 1995). D awing on he heo ies om mul iple
disciplines, his heo e ical amewo k o e s an in e disciplina y basis o unde s anding
he complex employabili y cons uc .
Human capi al is gene ally and b oadly de ined as he skills and compe encies o
a pe son. De la Fuen e and Ciccone desc ibe i as “knowledge and skills embodied
in people and accumula ed h ough schooling, aining and expe ience ha a e
use ul in he p oduc ion o goods, se ices and u he knowledge” (Fuen e &
Ciccone, 2003, p.10). Human capi al in he mode o acqui ed knowledge is gained
h ough o mal high-le el educa ion and aining and empowe s s uden s in he
labou ma ke (Tomlinson, 2017). Human capi al heo y emphasises he impo ance o
educa ion and aining o he acquisi ion o skills and knowledge and, hus, o he
imp o emen o an indi idual’s p oduc i e capaci y (Becke , 1962). The esea ch
indings suppo he basic p inciples o human capi al heo y, acco ding o which
in es men in educa ion and aining helps o imp o e indi idual and social ou comes,
including he employabili y o indi iduals (Babić, 2019).
Acco ding o he p inciples o human capi al heo y, indi iduals a e esponsible o
he decisions on in es men in hei educa ion as well as o hei educa ional and
ca ee ou comes. Howe e , c i ics o human capi al heo y a gue ha i s neolibe al
ideology and he neoclassical economic p inciples ha unde pin human capi al
heo y na ow educa ion o i s economic pu pose and ocus on echnical skills and
knowledge necessa y o inding employmen (Edeji, 2024). In such a way, human
capi al heo y as a p o i -based neolibe al ideology “neglec s he in luence o social
s uc u e on educa ional inequali y, which g ea ly con ibu es o educa ional
inequi y” (MacKenzie & Chiang, 2023, p. 8).
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Mo eo e , o ocus only on a pe son’s skills and knowledge in explaining ca ee
ou comes would mean igno ing he b oade social con ex ha plays an impo an
ole in c ea ing educa ional and aining oppo uni ies o indi iduals (Badescu e al.,
2011; Ba ano ić e al., 2015; Black & Smi h, 2006; Coleman, 1988; O iz-Ge asi, 2023;
Zhang, 2005). The b oade social con ex ha de e mines a pe son’s oppo uni ies
(Lou y, 1977, 1981) includes an indi idual's cul u al and social capi al which
de e mines hei educa ional choices (Becke & Hecken, 2009; Boudon, 1974; E ikson
e al., 2005; Puzić & Košu ić, 2015; Van De We ho s e al., 2003) he eby in luencing
di e en e alua ion o he cos s, bene i s and isks associa ed wi h educa ional
choices (Boudon, 1974), as well as academic achie emen (Bou dieu, 2018; Bou dieu
& Passe on, 1990) and acili a ing access o social esou ces and employmen
s a egies ha a e c i ical o secu ing quali y employmen (B een & Gold ho pe, 1997;
Collins, 1979; Halsey e al., 1980).
The heo y o cul u al capi al s a es ha a pe son's cul u al knowledge, amily
backg ound and beha iou can ha e a signi ican impac on hei li e chances and
in luence hei social mobili y and economic success. Cul u al capi al is a o m o
knowledge acqui ed h ough socialisa ion and educa ion ha can be ins i u ionalised
in he o m o pa en s' educa ional quali ica ions and used o gain access o ce ain
social and economic oppo uni ies (Bou dieu, 1986), who a gued ha cul u al capi al
is o en unequally dis ibu ed, wi h membe s o highe social classes ha ing g ea e
access o i han membe s o lowe social classes. This inequali y o en mani es s i sel
in ea ly educa ional choices, la e academic pe o mance and la e ca ee pa hs,
whe eby educa ional ins i u ions con ibu e o he ep oduc ion o social inequali ies.
Howe e , he educa ional expe ience and i s o ma i e po en ial can signi ican ly
al e educa ional and p o essional ou comes, as di e en educa ional p ac ices and
lea ning expe iences ha e an impac on he de elopmen o human po en ial.
Acco ding o cons uc i is educa ional heo y, people cons uc hei knowledge by
building on hei p e ious knowledge and expe iences, de eloping hei o e all
unde s anding o he wo ld and ma ching hei new ideas and expe iences agains
exis ing knowledge (Ca lile & Jo dan, 2005).
The cons uc i is lea ning pa adigm emphasises ha eache s should ac i ely
engage s uden s in lea ning and c ea e a lea ning en i onmen (Ba & Tagg, 1995)
and is he basic heo y behind he s uden -cen ed lea ning app oach (Ma hews,
2020). Empi ical esea ch suppo s he cons uc i is app oach and p o es ha
s uden s’ pe o mance is imp o ed when suppo ed by ac i a ing lea ning
en i onmen (Ahmad e al., 2015) whe e eache s’ in en ions a e ocused on
de eloping, changing o ans o ming s uden s’ concep ions ins ead o ins uc ing
hem o con eying he con en (P osse e al., 2005).
Such ans o ma i e lea ning b ings abou a change in he “assump ions h ough
which we unde s and ou expe iences, and ha selec i ely shape and delimi ou
expec a ions, pe cep ions, cogni ion, and eelings” (Mezi ow & Taylo , 2009, p.20). In
line wi h cons uc i is and ans o ma i e heo ies, knowledge and skills a e mo e likely
o be de eloped h ough s uden engagemen and ac i a ing lea ning p ac ises such
as eamwo k (Li & Guo, 2015), p ojec -based lea ning and lipped class ooms (Schell
& Mazu , 2015), esea ch-based lea ning (Bø e e al., 2023), p oblem-based lea ning,
c i ical hinking, deep lea ning, case s udies and esea ch-based lea ning
app oaches.
Resea ch sugges s ha g adua es a e mo e sa is ied wi h s udy p og ammes
designed in a mo e p oblem-based lea ning and eaching manne and would choose
he same s udy p og amme a he same ins i u ion a he han g adua es who s udied
a p og ammes wi h a mo e adi ional lec u e-based app oach applied o a g ea e
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ex en (Tecilazić, 2022). The e o e, some esea che s a gue ha shi ing om adi ional
lec u e-based eaching o mo e s uden -cen ed, in e disciplina y lea ning suppo ed
by in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies and in e na ional collabo a ion is
needed (Misseyanni e al., 2018).
In addi ion o hese ac i a ing pedagogical app oaches, esea ch shows ha
speci ic high-impac p ac ises in eg a ed in o he cu iculum o ex acu icula
ac i i ies such as s udy ab oad (Adle, 2021), wo k-based lea ning and in e nships
(Jackson e al., 2024; Rowe e al., 2023) paid o unpaid s uden jobs, olun ee ing,
s uden esea ch p ojec s and communi y engagemen ac i i ies ha e a p o en
impac on he employabili y o g adua es (Wolniak & Engbe g, 2019). The e o e, he
ole o highe educa ion in suppo ing s uden s o de elop hei employabili y skills,
which is necessa y o acili a e hei ansi ion o he labou ma ke , is pi o al (Van de
Baan e al., 2024).
Finally, he choice o employmen s a egies o g adua es is in luenced by he social
capi al o he indi idual. Acco ding o Bou dieu, social capi al is a esou ce made up
o amily and pe sonal social connec ions and ela ionships. I is de ined as “ he
agg ega e o he ac ual o po en ial esou ces which a e linked o possession o a
du able ne wo k o mo e o less ins i u ionalised ela ionships o mu ual acquain ance
and ecogni ion” (Bou dieu, 1986, p.26). Social ne wo ks a e buil on us , which
acili a es coope a ion and he exchange o aluable in o ma ion and esou ces
(Pu nam, 1995). They can, he e o e, play a ole in c ea ing oppo uni ies o
educa ional and economic ad ancemen (Coleman, 1988). Social capi al, which
mani es s i sel in he o m o social ne wo ks, connec ions and ela ionships, can be
used o gain access o aluable esou ces such as in o ma ion and social suppo (Lin,
1999) and can also help o ind be e -paying jobs, he eby imp o ing indi idual and
socie al ou comes (G ano e e , 1995).
The heo ies o human, cul u al and social capi al suppo ed by he cons uc i is
heo y o med he heo e ical amewo k o he de elopmen o he ope a ional
employabili y model, which encompasses a ious ac o s ha a e assumed o
in luence he employabili y o highe educa ion g adua es. The cons uc ion o his
ope a ional employabili y model was buil on p e ious esea ch and a e iew o
exis ing analy ical amewo ks ha e eal i s complexi y and mul idimensionali y and
ha p o ide indica o s o measu ing employabili y. The model was inally adap ed o
he Eu og adua e su ey and hen es ed on a sample o g adua es om C oa ian
highe educa ion ins i u ions o measu e hei ea ly ca ee ou comes.
Ope a ional Employabili y Model
Va ious models and amewo ks ha e been de eloped o analyse employabili y, and
discussions ha e eme ged abou he ac o s in luencing he ansi ion o g adua es
in o he labou ma ke (Nghia e al., 2022). These employabili y models and s udies
usually aim o unde pin he ins i u ional de elopmen s and p ac ise o highe
educa ion ins i u ions, cu icula o ex a-cu icula ac i i ies o de elop s uden ’s
employabili y skills (Jackson e al., 2024), o hey end o suppo na ional o
sup ana ional employmen and educa ion policies looking a how highe educa ion
ins i u ions e ec i ely p epa e s uden s o he labou ma ke (Benne , 2019).
Fu he mo e, hese models o en emphasise he ac o s ha in luence employabili y
bu place less emphasis on how employabili y can be measu ed due o he
agueness o he e m. Finally, he e a e conce ns ha esea che s wo k in hei silos
and ha he e is a lack o e minological consis ency, so di e en e ms a e used o
he same concep s (Donald e al., 2024b).
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Based on he gi en heo e ical amewo k and building on he exis ing models and
analy ical amewo ks on employabili y, he ope a ional employabili y model
p esen ed in his pape (Figu e 1) includes cul u al, social and human capi al as
p edic o s o employabili y, which is measu ed by h ee indica o s o employabili y o
employed indi iduals: e ical ma ch o quali ica ion o occupa ion, p obabili y o
inding a job wi hin a sho ime a e g adua ion, and income le el. This ope a ional
model o employabili y is g ounded in a obus heo e ical ounda ion and aims o
enhance unde s anding o he p edic o s o employabili y, as measu ed by a de ined
se o indica o s. I o igina ed om a pilo su ey conduc ed among g adua es in eigh
Eu opean coun ies in 2018, which was epea ed in se en een Eu opean coun ies in
2022. The use o a s anda dised ques ionnai e and compa able da a se s ensu es
consis ency ac oss coun ies and o e ime. This model speci ically a ge s ini ial
employabili y and ea ly ca ee ou comes, analysing he ansi ion om highe
educa ion o he labou ma ke and dis inguishing i om o he employabili y models.
Figu e 1
Ope a ional Employabili y Model
Sou ce: Au ho ’s wo k based on Tecilazić (2023)
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Me hodology
The ope a ional employabili y model was empi ically es ed, and he analysis was
conduc ed on a sample o Bachelo -le el and Mas e -le el g adua es om uni e si y
and non-uni e si y ypes o highe educa ion ins i u ions in C oa ia who g adua ed in
he academic yea 2016/2017 and pa icipa ed in he Eu og adua e pilo su ey om
Oc obe 2018 o Feb ua y 2019. Da a we e cen ally collec ed and anonymised by
he Deu sche Zen um ü Hochschul und Wissenscha s o schung, which made he
da a a ailable in acco dance wi h he GDPR.
The da ase was weigh ed based on popula ion da a and con ained he sample
o he o al numbe o 4115 g adua es g ouped acco ding o sex (59,3% emale; 40,7%
male), ins i u ion ype (69,4% uni e si y; 30,6% non-uni e si y), quali ica ion le el (53,1%
Bachelo ; 46,9% Mas e ); educa ion ields (5,8% Educa ion; 9,1% A s and Humani ies;
7,0% Social Sciences, Jou nalism and In o ma ion; 29,1% Business, Adminis a ion and
Law; 5,0% Na u al Sciences, Ma hema ics and S a is ics; 5,7% In o ma ion and
Communica ion Technologies; 16,6% Enginee ing, Manu ac u ing and Cons uc ion;
4,4% Ag icul u e, Fo es y, Fishe ies and Ve e ina y; 10,2% Heal h and Wel a e; 7,1%
Se ices).
In o de o es he esea ch p oposi ions and es ablish p edic o s o employabili y,
he ope a ional employabili y model was applied. Fac o analysis was applied o
educe he numbe o measu ed a iables indica i e o he same cons uc s o c ea e
ac o sco es, which we e used in mul iple eg ession analysis as p edic o s. Logis ic
eg ession was applied o es p edic o s o e ical ma ching o quali ica ion wi h
occupa ion. The Cox eg ession was used o iden i y ac o s in luencing he
achie emen o he i s employmen in a sho e ime a e g adua ion. Linea
eg ession analysis was employed o es ablish ac o s ha de e mine mon hly income.
The mos signi ican and ele an esul s a e p esen ed and discussed in he ollowing
pa o his pape .
Resul s
Fac o analysis
To de elop an ope a ional model o employabili y, h ee- ac o analyses we e i s
conduc ed o educe he numbe o measu ed a iables indica ing he same
cons uc s and o o m ac o sco es, which we e la e used as p edic o s in a mul iple
eg ession analysis. The i s - ac o analysis included a iables indica i e o indi idual
a ibu es and amily socio-cul u al backg ound (Table 1).
I esul ed in h ee ac o s, wo o which we e included in he ope a ional model o
employabili y: sociocul u al backg ound and educa ional ou comes (knowledge,
skills, and a i udes). The second- ac o analysis e e ed o he lea ning and eaching
modes p edominan ly used in he s udy p og amme and esul ed in wo ac o s, one
indica ing ac i a ing lea ning and eaching p ac ises and he o he passi e lea ning
and eaching modes (Table 2). The hi d- ac o analysis included high-impac
p ac ices expe ienced by he g adua es du ing hei s udy p og amme (Table 3).
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g adua es wi hou such expe ience. Simila ly, g adua es in he same g oup who ha e
comple ed an in e nship du ing hei s udies will ha e sala ies on a e age EUR 136
highe (B=136.034; S.E.=56.617) han hose who ha e no comple ed an in e nship.
These p ac ises can, in u n, be a ibu ed o he inc eased social capi al ha a pe son
can build up du ing hei s udies by making connec ions wi h po en ial employe s
h ough a ious lea ning ac i i ies. G adua es who ha e comple ed a s udy pe iod
ab oad a e also mo e likely o ind hei i s job wi h a lowe income han hei
coun e pa s who s ayed a hei home highe educa ion ins i u ion. This, in u n, can
be a ibu ed o a lack o social capi al among hose who did no build up hei social
ne wo ks su icien ly du ing hei s udies.
Conclusion
This pape p o ides new insigh s in o he ansi ion om highe educa ion o he labou
ma ke . I makes a scien i ic con ibu ion o he heo e ical discussion and
de elopmen o he cons uc o employabili y. Analysing he esul s o he o iginal
empi ical esea ch p o ides new insigh s in o he p edic o s o employabili y.
The aim was o es an ope a ional model o employabili y de eloped based on
human, cul u al, and social capi al heo ies and cons uc i is educa ional heo y,
which we e adap ed o he Eu og adua e su ey. Th ee esea ch p oposi ions we e
o mula ed o examine he impac o cul u al, social and human capi al, including he
ole o he lea ning and eaching en i onmen , on he employabili y o g adua es a
an ea ly s age o hei ca ee . Employabili y is measu ed he e by he p obabili y o
inding a i s job a e g adua ion in an occupa ion co esponding o he le el o
quali ica ion, in a posi ion wi h a highe mon hly income and in a sho e ime a e
g adua ion.
The model was es ed in one coun y (C oa ia) and p o ed o be applicable o
analyses in o he coun ies ha pa icipa ed in he su ey in o de o compa e he
esul s and measu e he employabili y o people gaining quali ica ions and looking o
wo k in di e en coun ies. The esul s la gely suppo he second esea ch p oposi ion
(RP2), which is ha human, cul u al, and social capi al and he ac i a ing lea ning
en i onmen du ing highe educa ion ha e a posi i e in luence on highe mon hly
incomes. The hi d esea ch p oposi ion (RP3) was examined o es he impac o he
employabili y p edic o s iden i ied by he model on he p obabili y o inding
employmen in a sho e ime a e g adua ion. The only signi ican esul suppo ing
he esea ch p oposi ions was ound o he in luence o social capi al buil up h ough
in e nships du ing he s udies. G adua es wi h a Mas e ’s deg ee who ha e comple ed
an in e nship du ing hei s udies a e mo e likely o ind a job in a sho e ime a e
g adua ion han hose who ha e no comple ed an in e nship.
To be e unde s and hese esul s, i mus be aken in o accoun ha mo e han 50
% o g adua es wi h a bachelo ’s deg ee con inue hei s udies a he Mas e 's le el
and we e he e o e no included in he analysis. Howe e , hese esul s call in o
ques ion he indica o o inding a job sho ly a e g adua ion, as g adua es may
decide o pos pone hei employmen o a ious easons and possibly look o be e
oppo uni ies ins ead o accep ing he i s job. This is ob iously only possible o hose
who come om p i ileged amilies who can suppo hem in hei job sea ch and
ca ee choice. The e o e, a mo e in-dep h analysis would be necessa y o unde s and
be e he easons o pos poning employmen .
Rega ding he assumed posi i e e ec s o ac i a ing lea ning and eaching modes
p edominan ly used by highe educa ion ins i u ions and speci ic high-impac
p ac ices ha con ibu e o human capi al o ma ion and hus employabili y, he
analyses p o ided limi ed suppo o he h ee esea ch p oposi ions, con i ming only
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olun ee ing and in e nships as p ac ices wi h a signi ican impac on employabili y.
Howe e , u he esea ch is needed o in es iga e he di e en p ac ices o highe
educa ion ins i u ions ha can lead o be e employmen ou comes.
Howe e , he model has some limi a ions. Despi e he in en ion o cap u e he
complexi y o he employabili y cons uc in his s udy, he de ini ion o employabili y
has been adap ed o he s udy o ea ly ca ee ou comes and he a ailable da a om
he Eu og adua e su ey. The ope a ional model o employabili y, he e o e, does no
include all elemen s ha a e heo e ically conside ed impo an o he wide
discussion o employabili y. Ex e nal ac o s such as he local economy and economic
de elopmen , which de e mine he demand o labou , as well as he skills p o ile o
cu en job seeke s in he labou ma ke , which make g adua e employmen a mo e
o less compe i i e p ocess, and he amily and pe sonal ci cums ances o job seeke s
such as place o esidence, anspo in as uc u e, a ailabili y o childca e, e c.,
undoub edly ha e an impac on employabili y ou comes bu ha e no been included
in he model as hey a e no cap u ed by he Eu og adua e esea ch ins umen s used
and ep esen he limi a ions o his esea ch.
The ope a ional employabili y model p esen ed in his pape can suppo u he
esea ch abou he p edic o s o g adua e employabili y du ing he ansi ion om
s udy o wo k and he compa a i e c oss-coun y analysis o g adua e employabili y.
The applica ion o his model will ul ima ely help o imp o e ou unde s anding o he
mul i ace ed de e minan s o employabili y.
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Abou he au ho
Ana Tecilazić is a esea che wi h ex ensi e expe ise in highe educa ion policy
de elopmen . She holds an MA in Philosophy, I alian Language and Li e a u e om
he Uni e si y o Zag eb, C oa ia, an MA in Eu opean S udies om he Uni e si y o
Sussex, Uni ed Kingdom and a PhD in Social Sciences om he Uni e si y o Zag eb,
C oa ia. She wo ked as he Head o Sec o o De elopmen o Highe Educa ion a
he Minis y o Science and Educa ion in C oa ia (2012–2021). She conduc ed se e al
na ional and in e na ional p ojec s on highe educa ion policy de elopmen s. In 2021,
she mo ed o Algeb a Uni e si y in Zag eb and was appoin ed Vice-Rec o o Quali y
in 2023. He esea ch opics mainly include employabili y, skills de elopmen ,
educa ion, and social ac o s ha in luence academic and labou ma ke ou comes.
The au ho can be con ac ed a ana. ecilazic@algeb a.h .
