Mishchuk, Halyna; Oliinyk, Olena; Bilan, Yu iy; Ška e, Ma inko
A icle
The ole o leade ship in a ac ing in ellec ual mig an s
and boos ing inno a i e de elopmen o coun ies
Con empo a y Economics
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
VIZJA Uni e si y, Wa saw
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Mishchuk, Halyna; Oliinyk, Olena; Bilan, Yu iy; Ška e, Ma inko (2025) : The ole
o leade ship in a ac ing in ellec ual mig an s and boos ing inno a i e de elopmen o coun ies,
Con empo a y Economics, ISSN 2300-8814, VIZJA Uni e si y, Wa saw, Vol. 19, Iss. 3, pp. 339-354,
h ps://doi.o g/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.570
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The s udy aims o s udy he ole o leade ship in inno a i e de elopmen , including oppo uni ies a ising
om he a ac i eness o coun ies o in ellec ual mig an s. The no el y o he esea ch is in jus i ying he
au ho s’ app oach o assessing leade ship de elopmen a he mac oeconomic le el and i s use o de ining
he peculia i ies o leade ship de elopmen in he EU and assessing he links wi h o inno a i e de elopmen
and a ac ion o coun ies o in ellec ual mig an s. Conside ing leade ship as an impo an ea u e o he
mac oeconomic en i onmen o coun ies’ de elopmen , he co ela ion analysis was used o es hypo h-
eses abou he posi i e impac o leade ship on (a) he a ac i eness o coun ies o in ellec ual mig an s;
(b) he inno a i e de elopmen o coun ies. The esul ing pai wise co ela ion coe icien s o he EU show a
s ong ela ionship be ween he le el o leade ship and a coun y’s abili y o a ac (0.776) and e ain alen
(0.846), a ac highly educa ed wo ke s (0.757) and o eign en ep eneu s (0.780). A posi i e impac o leade -
ship on inno a i e de elopmen is con i med by he links wi h he o e all alue o he Global Inno a ion Index
(0.825), he G ow h o inno a i e companies (0.768) and he En ep eneu ial employee ac i i y a e (0.599). The
ob ained indings p o e he impo ance o leade ship de elopmen as an impo an d i e o alen a ac ion
and he gene a ion o inno a i e ideas.
1. In oduc ion1. In oduc ion
Talen s and skills o inno a i e hinking become
an impo an sou ce o compe i i e ad an ages due
o hei undoub ul in luence on inno a i e de el-
opmen o o ganisa ions, egions, indus ies and
coun ies. This is p o en in many s udies (Ca ay-
annis, 2020; Oliinyk e al., 2021; Samoliuk e al.,
2021; Wübbel & Ti el, 2022; Bilan e al., 2023).
The e o e, he abili y o a ac and e ain alen s o
de elop and implemen new ideas in o new p od-
uc s and se ices o h i e in compe i ion equi es
a cons an sea ch o ac o s ha enhance inno a-
i e de elopmen . Leade ship is one o hese in an-
gible in luence s. Leade s a ec he en ep eneu -
ial esul s using he po en ial o human esou ces
which, in u n, can shi he e ec i eness o ela ed
en ep eneu ial esou ces use. The e o e, compe i-
ion o alen inc eases, enhancing e o s o a ac
alen om all sou ces, including, he mig a ion o
The Role o Leade ship in A ac ing In ellec ual
Mig an s and Boos ing Inno a i e De elopmen o
Coun ies
ABSTRACT
J61, M54, O30, O52.
KEY WORDS:
JEL Classi ica ion:
leade ship, in ellec ual mig a ion, inno a ions, alen s, Eu opean.
1
Facul y o Economics and En ep eneu ship, Pan-Eu opean Uni e si y, Slo akia
2
Depa men o Social Sciences, Kozminski Uni e si y, Poland
3
Depa men o Labou Resou ces and En ep eneu ship, Na ional Uni e si y o Wa e and En i onmen al Enginee ing, Uk aine
4
Kau z Gyula Facul y o Business and Economics, Széchenyi Is án Uni e si y, Hunga y
5
Academic and Resea ch Ins i u e o Business, Economics, and Managemen , Sumy S a e Uni e si y,Uk aine
6
Ju aj Dob ila Uni e si y o Pula, C oa ia
Co espondence conce ning his a icle should be add essed o:
Yu iy Bilan,
Academic and Resea ch Ins i u e o Business, Econom-
ics, and Managemen , Sumy S a e Uni e si y, 2 Rymskogo-Ko sako-
a S ., 40007, Sumy, Uk aine.
E-mail: y[email p o ec ed]
Halyna Mishchuk1,2 , Olena Oliinyk3 , Yu iy Bilan4,5 , and Ma inko Ska e6
P ima y submission: 29.03.2024 | Final accep ance: 11.02.2025
340
Mishchuk, Oliinyk, Bilan, Ska e
10.5709/ce.1897-9254.570DOI: CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS
Vol. 19 Issue 3 339-3542025
skilled wo ke s. Leade s and leade ship de elop-
men con ibu e o he achie emen o s a egic and
ac ical goals o o ganiza ions and coun ies being
an impo an ea u e o business su oundings o
inno a i e de elopmen and economic g ow h.
The in luence o leade ship on inno a i e de el-
opmen inc eases in e ms o he sho age o skilled
employees. These ci cums ances a e ob ious o he
de eloped coun ies. Acco ding o he esea ch o
Russell Reynolds Associa es (2023), issues o lack o
key alen and skills, along wi h cu en unce ain y
in he business en i onmen , a e he mos signi i-
can h ea s o he ac i i y o he o ganisa ion o
he nex 12-18 mon hs. The a ailabili y o key al-
en s and knowledge leads o he a ing o he op 10
ex e nal h ea s o o ganisa ions in F ance (69%),
Ge many (70%), and he Ne he lands (68%). By in-
dus y di e en ia ion, he mos c i ical p oblem o
a ac ing and e aining alen is heal hca e (73%),
manu ac u ing (63%), and echnology (74%) (Rus-
sell Reynolds Associa es, 2023). EU i ms exhibi
a signi ican ly highe p obabili y o expe iencing
skill sho ages han non-EU i ms. While he like-
lihood ha a i m in he EU inds i e y di icul
o ec ui s a wi h he igh skills is es ima ed, on
a e age, o be 40.6%, he co esponding alue o
a i m ou side he EU is 29.2% (Di Pie o, 2024).
Howe e , he sho age o highly skilled wo ke s is
also cha ac e is ic o non-EU coun ies. Acco ding
o Manpowe G oup, 85% o Japanese employe s
epo di icul y in illing oles in 2024. Fo he UK,
he alen sho age was a 80%, Canada - 80%, B a-
zil - 80%, Aus alia - 78%, and Sou h A ica - 76%
in 2024 (Manpowe G oup, 2024).
A he same ime, he ques ion o esea ching he
skills and compe encies ha alen ed employees
should possess is becoming pa icula ly ele an .
Analy ical and c ea i e hinking emained he
mos impo an skills o employees in 2023 (WEF,
2023), and 73.2% o su eyed o ganisa ions anked
c ea i e hinking, which is a sou ce o inno a ion,
as he TOP skill expec ed o be mos impo an
du ing 2023-2027 (S a is a, 2023).
Leade s wi h hei well-de eloped abili ies o
c i ical hinking can en o ce inno a i e de elop-
men by a ac ing and e aining alen ed employ-
ees. This assump ion is in es iga ed well a he le el
o o ganisa ions; howe e , a he na ional le el,
he e a e no ag eed app oaches o comp ehensi e-
ly assessing he le el o leade ship in he coun y.
The e o e, he impac o leade ship on he a ac-
ion and e en ion o in ellec ual mig an s which
can be a aluable sou ce o inno a i e de elopmen
is omi ed in he economic esea ch. Gi en his, he
s udy aims o in es iga e he ole o leade ship in
inno a i e de elopmen , including oppo uni ies
a ising om he a ac i eness o coun ies o in-
ellec ual mig an s.
Following he exis ing s udies in he ield o he
analysis o leade ship as a d i e o inno a i e de-
elopmen and in ellec ual mig a ion (Ali e al.,
2020; Be ns ein e al., 2022; Khaddam e al., 2023;
Lee e al., 2020; P okop e al., 2021; Puccio e al.,
2020; Sha i e al., 2020; Wang e al., 2021; Sup i-
yan o e al., 2023), we p oceed in ou wo k om he
assump ion ha leade ship a he mac oeconomic
le el should be mani es ed wi h a syne gis ic e ec .
Unde cu en ci cums ances, e o s o c ea e com-
o able condi ions o in ellec ual mig an s canno
be igno ed, including e o s o a ac , de elop and
e ain hem. We also ag ee ha he e is a sa u a ion
poin o immig a ion so inc easing immig a ion
pas his poin no longe inc eases c ea i i y and
inno a ion (Kače auskas, 2018). As mode n eco-
nomic ends e eal, such a sa u a ion poin is no
ye cha ac e is ic o he EU coun ies exempli ying
he s udy.
Based on his, we es he ollowing hypo hesis
in ou s udy:
H1: he le el o leade ship in he coun y has a
signi ican impac on he a ac ion o in ellec ual
mig an s;
H2: he le el o leade ship la gely de e mines he
inno a i e de elopmen o coun ies.
2. Li e a u e Re iew2. Li e a u e Re iew
Cu en ly nume ous i ms encoun e a « ace o
alen », so, o ganisa ions mus p esen hemsel es
as a ac i e employe s (Dau h e al., 2023). The
esul s o scien i ic esea ch (Al Hammadi &
Noo , 2020; Nowak & Scanlan, 2021; Mey e al.,
2021; Jassim & Hamad, 2023; Mabasa e al., 2024)
p o e ha leade ship is an impo an d i e o
a ac ing, de eloping and e aining alen s. In
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The Role o Leade ship in A ac ing In ellec ual Mig an s and Boos ing Inno a i e De elopmen o Coun ies
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ying o unde s and he de e minan s o alen
a ac ion, esea che s in es iga e he in luence
o di e en incen i es. The esul s ob ained by
Mangisa e al. (2020) demons a e ha no only
sala ies a e impo an o a ac and e ain highly
quali ied employees, bu also e ec i e leade ship is
essen ial especially he ans o ma ional leade ship
philosophy. Leade ship is dependen on alen
(G igo escu e al., 2020). The s udy o Shingenge
& Sau ombe (2022) e ealed speci ic elemen s ha
cons i u e a sound leade ship mindse ega ding
alen managemen . These we e alen managemen
p ac ices, leade ship mindse , ec ui men s a egy/
alen acquisi ion and alen e en ion s a egy.
Ka e zopoulos & Go zamani (2022) e eal he
signi icance o au ho i a i e and ans o ma ional
leade ship in alen managemen . The esul s also
show he posi i e e ec o alen de elopmen on
sus ainabili y.
Talen managemen a he coun y le el is de ined
as a p ocess ha includes a ac ion, selec ion and
assessmen , aining and de elopmen , ewa d and
ecogni ion, e en ion and exi , succession planning
(Ney oud, 2011). The na ional alen managemen
amewo k is unde pinned by a p o essional
leade ship quali ica ion and he p o ision o
enhanced de elopmen oppo uni ies.
Concomi an ly, he ela ionship be ween no
only leade ship and alen managemen bu also
he inno a i e ac i i y o he leade ’s ollowe s
has been p o en. The au ho s (Lee e al., 2020)
s udied 13 leade ship a iables ( ans o ma ional,
ansac ional, e hical, humble, exchange leade ,
bene olen , au ho i a ian, en ep eneu ial,
au hen ic, se ing, empowe ing, suppo i e,
and des uc i e), and conclusi ely p o ed ha
ansac ional and suppo i e leade ship is he
mos ele an o ensu e inno a i e pe o mance.
Resul s o Al owwad e al. (2020) demons a e ha
leade ship is posi i ely ela ed o o ganisa ional
pe o mance. A he same ime, i is inno a ions
ha play a media ing ole be ween leade ship and
o ganisa ional e ec i eness. Leade s play a c i ical
ole in he success o ailu e o hei o ganisa ions.
Leade s can be e ec i e in implemen ing change,
de eloping hei o ganisa ion’s capabili ies, and
imp o ing i s pe o mance, o con e sely, hey can
be ine ec i e (Al Ami i e al., 2020).
Scien i ic esea ch p o es he impo ance o
leade ship o he de elopmen o inno a ion
o e ed by employees (Ali e al., 2020; Puccio e
al., 2020; Mum o d e al., 2023; Khaddam e al.,
2023). The g ea es in luence on he c ea i i y o
employees u ns ou o be exe ed by leade s wi h
in-dep h p o essional aining because hey a e
pe cei ed as signi ican ly mo e e ec i e compa ed
o o he s.
The esul s (Sha i e al., 2020) also con i m
he posi i e and signi ican mode a ing e ec
o leade ship on inno a ion. Based on collec ed
da a om 164 supe iso -employee dyads, he
au ho s p o e ha leade ship managemen s yle
can s imula e employee c ea i i y h ough he
in e ac i e e ec o in insic mo i a ion, inspi ing
employees o hink ou side he box, which leads
o he de elopmen and implemen a ion o
inno a ions wi hin he o ganisa ion.
A he same ime, inno a ion in and om
eme ging economies is p ima ily shaped by
he challenges o sus aining and ca ching up
wi h ad anced economies. Inno a ion includes
o ganiza ional imp o emen s and is essen ially a
p ocess o ecombina ion o local and impo ed
knowledge sha ed h ough mul iple o ms o
collabo a ion (Anand e al., 2021). Eme ging
ma ke s a e in economic, poli ical, social, and
demog aphic ansi ions om highe le els o
ola ili y o s able ins i u ional commi men s. In
his ega d, inno a ion is essen ial o company
su i al and sus ainable economic g ow h (Dana
e al., 2022), and leade ship is seen as a esou ce
capable o in luencing lexibili y du ing pe iods o
ma ke u bulence. Addi ionally, ma ke lexibili y
emana ing om leade ship wields enough powe
and esou ce suppo o ackle u bulen ma ke
condi ions be e han i ms wi h less suppo
(Anning-Do son, 2021). Bo h uni e sal leade ship
p inciples and con ex -speci ic challenges shape
leade ship in eme ging economies. To h i e,
s a egic leade s mus balance immedia e p essu es
wi h long- e m o ganiza ional ision, ocusing
on inno a ion, e hical p ac ices, and obus
s akeholde engagemen (Kebede e al., 2024).
Ha ing an impo an e ec on he de elopmen
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o o ganisa ions, and p o ided ha inno a i e
p ocesses a e suppo ed by he go e nmen ,
leade ship allows ob aining a syne gis ic e ec
and ully implemen s na ional de elopmen
s a egies a he na ional le el. The analysis o
he esea ch indings p o es ha leade ship is an
impo an ool in p omo ing inno a ion a di e en
hie a chical le els. A he same ime, he alue o
leade ship beha iou is he e ogeneous in di e en
coun ies o he wo ld (C ede e al., 2019), which
a ec s he le el o a ac i eness o he coun y
o alen ed wo ke s. The e o e, an impo an
ask is o de e mine he le el o leade ship in he
coun y and assess i s impac on a ac ing and
e aining alen . A e all, leade ship ha c ea es a
posi i e en i onmen o pe sonal and p o essional
g ow h, encou ages alen , has a signi ican impac
on he a ac ion and e en ion o highly quali ied
employees.
Following he de eloped app oaches o
in es iga ing he ole o leade ship in o ganiza ional
de elopmen , i can be concluded ha he mos
ypical app oach o measu e leade ship in luence
is co ela ion analysis using he da a om su eys.
The se o independen a iables can di e , and he
dependen a iable is measu ed using some scales
o assessing he s yle, beha iou ype, and o e all
pe cep ion o leade ship e ec i eness – i depends
on he pu poses o he esea ch. A he same ime,
he na ional alen managemen well-jus i ied
by Ney oud (2011) equi es a ans o ma ion o
app oaches o measu e he leade ship in luence
on he a ac ion and e en ion o alen s wi h
espec o hei possible in luence on na ional
inno a i e de elopmen . A he na ional le el,
la ge-scale su eys o leade ship using he a iables
subs an ia ed by he abo e-men ioned scien is s a e
una ailable. The e o e, in ou s udy, we ans o m
he leade ship assessmen using he indings o many
esea che s, which speci y he essence, componen s
and compe encies o mode n leade ship. Leade ship
includes he abili y o mo i a e, delega e au ho i y,
pa icipa e in decision-making, in o m employees
abou egula ions, coope a ion and o ganiza ional
pe o mance: he impo an cons i uen s also a e
jus ice, a cul u e o e hical esilience, p io i izing
human digni y, p omo ing con inuous lea ning,
showing conce n, and in e ac ing wi h he eam
membe s (Chukwu e al., 2023; Juhana e al.,
2020; Ku á h e al., 2023; Odge s Be nd son, 2022;
Sup iyan o e al., 2023). The indings o Hahang e
al. (2022) con i m ha posi i e hinking, decision-
making, lexibili y, di e gen hinking, us -
building, and communica ion skills ha e a posi i e
impac on leade ship e ec i eness. The leade
is mo i a ed by a genuine desi e o de elop and
ad ance he p ospec s o hei ollowe s (Ga ne
e al., 2020). In assessing he c i e ia o a leade ,
one can judge he abili y o he leade o ca y ou
a ious leade ship unc ions: as a de e minan o
di ec ion, as he ep esen a i e and spokespe son
o he o ganiza ion, as an e ec i e communica o ,
as a eliable media o , as an in eg a o (S iadmi um
e al., 2023; Sapu a, 2021). The e o e, leade ship
is buil by being connec ed wi h such manage ial
a eas: leade ship o he o ganisa ion, human
esou ce managemen , s uc u e o he o ganisa ion,
knowledge managemen and wo k well-being, and
leade ship o sel (Fonsén & Soukainen, 2020).
The cu en wo kplace has changed he na u e
o human capi al de elopmen p ac ice o be mo e
employee-d i en. Unde such condi ions, one o he
leade 's asks is employee de elopmen , ensu ing a
pa ne ship be ween he employe and employee
(Dachne e al., 2021). Leade ship is highligh ed as
he key ca alys in encou aging employee lea ning
and in o mula ing an HRD-suppo i e cul u e
owa d key o ganiza ional ou comes (Akde e &
Egan, 2020). Leade ship en ails exp essing isions,
embodying sha ed alues be ween leade s and
ollowe s, and os e ing an en i onmen conduci e
o achie ing goals (Pa e son, 2022). These pa e ns
ha e ob ious mani es a ion in c ea i e indus ies
(Oliinyk e al., 2024).
The endu ing impac o globaliza ion alongside
he ising ide o e hnic and gende di e si y
has p omp ed leade s o ocus on managing
cul u al dispa i ies wi hin a di e se and inclusi e
o ganiza ional amewo k (Ince, 2023). The
impe a i e o adap compels o ganiza ions o
ecognize and app ecia e di e si y. So, espec o
di e si y and inclusion a e now impo an ea u es
o leade ship (Odge s Be nd son, 2022; Khalid e
al., 2021).
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343
The Role o Leade ship in A ac ing In ellec ual Mig an s and Boos ing Inno a i e De elopmen o Coun ies
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Howe e , conside ing he scope o he esea ch
and da a a ailable, he au ho s’ app oach is based
on in eg a ing he possible s a is ical da ase
co e ing he leade ship ea u e.
Rega ding he alen s a ac i eness and e en ion
as well as he inno a i e de elopmen , he exis ing
heo e ical amewo k is sui able o he aim o
ou esea ch. Following his, we u he selec he
app op ia e da a o es ing he hypo heses.
3. Me hodology 3. Me hodology
The basis o hypo heses es ing is he au ho ’s
me hod o in eg al assessmen o he le el o lead-
e ship. T ans o ming he componen s o leade -
ship de ined in he li e a u e e iew sec ion o he
mac oeconomic le el, we collec ed da a on pa ial
indica o s cha ac e ising he de elopmen o lead-
e ship a he na ional le el. To each his goal, he
mos sui able da a sou ces a e he Global Talen
Compe i i eness Index and he Rule o Law Index.
Thei pa ial indica o s co esponding o mode n
ends o leade ship analysis a e as ollows:
Х
1
, sco e – Labou -employe coope a ion – A -
e age esponse o he ques ion: In you coun y,
how would you cha ac e ise he labou ela ions
wi h he employe ? [1 = gene ally con on a ional;
7 = gene ally coope a i e] (INSEAD, 2023). This
indica o co esponds o such componen s o lead-
e ship as encou aging collabo a ion, pa icipa ing
in decision-making, in o ming employees abou
egula ions, in e ac ing wi h he eam membe s,
pa ne ship be ween he employe and employee.
Х
2
, sco e – P o essional managemen – A e -
age esponse o he ques ion: In you coun y, who
holds he highes managemen posi ions in com-
panies? [1 = usually ela i es o iends, ega dless
o me i ; 7 = mos ly p o essional manage s chosen
on me i and quali ica ions] (INSEAD, 2023). This
indica o co esponds o such componen s o lead-
e ship as he abili y o mo i a e, communica ion
abili y, implemen he igh leade ship s yle, make
he igh decision, pe o mance, and o ganisa ion-
al e ec i eness.
Х
3
, sco e – Tole ance o mino i ies – Disc imi-
na ion and iolence agains mino i ies. I s dimen-
sions include pos -con lic esponse, equali y, con-
lic and in e communal iolence; measu ed on a
10-poin scale om 0 (low p essu e) o 10 ( e y
high p essu e) (INSEAD, 2023). This indica o
co esponds o such componen s o leade ship as:
emb ace di e si y and inclusion, a di e se and in-
clusi e o ganisa ional cul u e, e hnic di e si y.
Х
4
, sco e – Leade ship oppo uni ies o women
– A e age esponse o he ques ion: To wha ex-
en do companies in you coun y o e women
he same oppo uni ies as men o hold manage ial
posi ions? [1 = no a all; 7 = o a g ea ex en ] (IN-
SEAD, 2023). This indica o co esponds o such
componen s o leade ship as gende di e si y, em-
b acing di e si y and inclusion, a di e se and in-
clusi e o ganisa ional cul u e.
Х
5
, sco e – Employee de elopmen – A e -
age esponse o he ques ion: To wha ex en do
companies in you coun y in es in aining and
employee de elopmen ? [1 = no a all; 7 = o a
g ea ex en ] (INSEAD, 2023). This indica o co -
esponds o such componen s o leade ship as o -
ganisa ional HRD cul u e, employee-d i en de el-
opmen , knowledge managemen .
Х
6
, sco e – P e alence o aining in i ms – This
indica o e e s o he pe cen age o i ms ha o -
e ed o mal aining p og ams in he mos ecen
comple e iscal yea o i s pe manen , ull- ime
employees (INSEAD, 2023). This indica o co e-
sponds o such componen s o leade ship as p o-
mo e con inuous lea ning, encou aging employee
lea ning.
Х
7
, sco e – Delega ion o au ho i y – A e age e-
sponse o he ques ion: To wha ex en does senio
managemen delega e au ho i y o subo dina es in
you coun y? [1 = no a all; 7 = o a g ea ex en ]
(INSEAD, 2023). This indica o co esponds o
such componen s o leade ship as delega ion o au-
ho i y, clea di ision o asks, implemen a ion o
he decen aliza ion, s uc u e o he o ganiza ion.
Х
8
, sco e – P o essionals – The sha e o p o es-
sionals om he o al wo k o ce. This includes spe-
cialis s in physical, ma hema ical and enginee ing
sciences; p o essionals in he ield o li e science
and heal h ca e; pedagogical specialis s; and o he
p o essionals (business, lawye s, a chi is s, lib a i-
ans, social scien is s, eligious p o essionals, as well
as w i e s o a is s) (INSEAD, 2023). This indica-
o co esponds o such componen s o leade ship
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Vol. 19 Issue 3 339-3542025
as becoming a ole model, p o essional knowledge,
leade ship o sel , high p o essional s a us, o gan-
isa ion’s p o essionalism.
The in o ma ion sou ce o indica o s X1-X8
was The Global Talen Compe i i eness Index. To
adjus o di e ences in uni s o measu emen and
anges o a ia ion, all indica o s in his index we e
no malised in o he [0, 100] ange, wi h highe
sco es ep esen ing be e ou comes. A min-max
no malisa ion me hod was adop ed, based on he
minimum and maximum alues o each indica o ,
espec i ely (INSEAD, 2023). Fo indica o s X1-X8
he ollowing no malisa ion o mula was applied:
(1)
whe e alue is he ac ual alue o he indica o ; min
is he minimum alue o he indica o ; max is he max-
imum alue o indica o .
Х
9
, sco e – Fundamen al labou igh s a e e ec-
i ely gua an eed – Measu es he e ec i e en o ce-
men o undamen al labou igh s, including eedom
o associa ion and he igh o collec i e ba gaining,
he absence o disc imina ion wi h espec o employ-
men , and eedom om o ced labou and child la-
bou (WJP, 2023). This indica o co esponds o such
componen s o leade ship as alues be ween leade
and ollowe s, emb acing di e si y and inclusion, a di-
e se and inclusi e o ganiza ional cul u e, p io i izing
human digni y.
The in o ma ion sou ce o indica o X
9
was The
Rule o Law Index (WJP, 2023). The coun y sco es
and ankings p esen ed in his epo a e buil om
mo e han 500 a iables d awn om he assessmen s
o o e 214,000 households and 3,500 legal p ac i io-
ne s and expe s in 142 coun ies and ju isdic ions. In-
di idual answe s a e hen mapped on o he sub- ac o s
o he Index (o on o he in e media e ca ego ies ha
make up each sub- ac o ), codi ied so ha all alues
all be ween 0 (weakes adhe ence o he ule o law)
and 1 (s onges adhe ence o he ule o law), and ag-
g ega ed a he coun y le el using he simple (o un-
weigh ed) a e age o all esponden s.
Taking in o accoun he o ali y o he indica o s
abo e, i is p oposed o de e mine he le el o lead-
e ship based on an agg ega e index. The o mula o
calcula ing he in eg al index (І
l
):
(2)
whe e Іi is he le el o leade ship in he coun y;
І
1
, …, I
n
a e pa ial indica o s o leade ship in he
coun y; n is he numbe o pa ial indica o s.
To calcula e pa ial indica o s (І
1
– І
n
), he mos el-
e an app oach is o use he maximum alue o a spe-
ci ic assessmen componen as a s anda d, since all
indica o s a e s imulan s, i.e. ha e a posi i e impac on
he le el o leade ship in a coun y:
whe e Q
i
is ac ual alues o indi idual componen
pa ial indices; Q
mini
is minimum alues o indi idual
componen pa ial indices; Q
maxi
is maximum alues o
indi idual componen pa ial indices.
The app oba ion o his app oach was ca ied ou
in his s udy on he example o EU coun ies. This
g oup o coun ies has been selec ed as hey sha e
nume ous common ea u es ha de e mine hei in-
e ac ion. Thus, he EU coun ies s i e o signi ican
economic in eg a ion, including he ee mo emen o
goods, se ices, capi al and labou be ween hem. This
is de e mined by he common in e nal ma ke and he
cus oms union. Besides, EU coun ies sha e common
alues such as democ acy, human igh s, he ule o
law and social p o ec ion, which, among o he hings,
make hem a ac i e o in ellec ual mig an s (Oliinyk
e al., 2022).
An impo an esul o using he me hodology i sel
is he abili y o ank coun ies and de elop e ec i e
egula o y measu es o leade ship de elopmen . We
conside he assessmen o he impac o leade ship
on c ea i e de elopmen o be a mo e impo an pos-
sibili y o applied applica ion o his echnique, which
in ol es es ing he hypo heses we ha e subs an ia ed.
The e alua ion o he ela ionships o ac o s was
ca ied ou based on Pea son co ela ion coe icien
alues using MS Excel so wa e. The in e p e a ion o
he co ela ion coe icien alues is ul illed based on
he Cheddock scale c i e ia, whe e he ela ionship o
he ac o s is in e p e ed as mode a e s a ing om
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The Role o Leade ship in A ac ing In ellec ual Mig an s and Boos ing Inno a i e De elopmen o Coun ies
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0.3-0.5; no iceable in measu es o 0.5-0.7; close when
i is in he in e al om 0.7 o 0.9; s ong - om 0.9 o
0.99; and unc ional – om 0.99 o 1.0 (Tu an, 2020).
The - es o mula was used o check he s a is ical
signi icance o he co ela ion coe icien s:
whe e is he alue o he co ela ion coe icien ; n
is he o al numbe o obse a ions.
To es hypo hesis H1, he au ho s used he me hod
o co ela ion analysis be ween he calcula ed le el o
leade ship in EU coun ies (І
i
) and indica o s:
У
1
– «B ain gain» (a e age esponse o he ques-
ion: To wha ex en does you coun y a ac alen ed
people om ab oad? [1 = no a all; 7 = coun y la gely
a ac s he bes and b igh es alen om a ound he
wo ld], sco e);
У
2
– «B ain e en ion» (a e age esponse o he
ques ion: How well does you coun y e ain alen ed
people? [1 = no a all – he bes and b igh es lea e o
seek oppo uni ies ab oad; 7 = o a g ea ex en – he
bes and b igh es seek oppo uni ies a home], sco e).
У
3
– «The Human Fligh and B ain D ain Indica o »
(conside s he economic impac o human displace-
men ( o economic o poli ical easons) and he con-
sequences his may ha e on a coun y’s de elopmen ,
sco e).
У
4
– «Highly educa ed wo ke s» ( ool o cap u e he
s eng hs and weaknesses o OECD coun ies ega d-
ing hei capaci y o a ac and e ain such ype o
alen ed mig an s as highly educa ed wo ke s, sco e).
У
5
– «Uni e si y S uden s» ( ool o cap u e he
s eng hs and weaknesses o OECD coun ies ega d-
ing hei capaci y o a ac and e ain such ype o al-
en ed mig an s as uni e si y s uden s, sco e).
У
6
– «Fo eign en ep eneu s» ( ool o cap u e he
s eng hs and weaknesses o OECD coun ies ega d-
ing hei capaci y o a ac and e ain such ype o al-
en ed mig an s as o eign en ep eneu s, sco e).
У
7
– «S a -up ounde s» ( ool o cap u e he
s eng hs and weaknesses o OECD coun ies ega d-
ing hei capaci y o a ac and e ain such ype o al-
en ed mig an s as s a -up ounde s, sco e).
The alues o indica o s У
1
– У
2
a e selec ed om
he INSEAD epo (2023). The alue o ac o У
3
is
selec ed om he epo o FFP (2023). The alues o
indica o s У
4
– У
7
a e selec ed om he OECD Indica-
o s o Talen A ac i eness (2023).
The e i ica ion o hypo hesis H
2
was ca ied ou
based on he calcula ion o co ela ion coe icien s
be ween he calcula ed le el o leade ship in he EU
coun ies (І
i
) wi h he ollowing indica o s:
У
8
– Global inno a ion index in 2023, sco e;
У
9
– G ow h o inno a i e companies, alue;
У
10
– En ep eneu ial employee ac i i y a e ( a e
o in ol emen o employees in en ep eneu ial ac-
i i ies, such as de eloping o launching new goods
o se ices, o se ing up a new business uni , a new
es ablishmen o a subsidia y), alue.
The alue o ac o У
8
is selec ed om he epo
WIPO (2023); У
9
and У
10
– om he epo s UNDP
and MBRF (2023).
Using publicly a ailable da ase s o assess he le el
o leade ship in a coun y may ha e a numbe o limi-
a ions. Ins i u ions ha c ea e in e na ional indices
may be subjec o bias (poli ical, ideological). The way
in which indices assign weigh o di e en indica o s
may con adic he eal signi icance o hese c i e ia
o assessing leade ship. Some imes, in e na ional in-
dices do no ake in o accoun speci ic local ea u es
ha a ec leade ship, such as adi ional go e nance
s uc u es o local alues. In o de o minimize he
impac o hese limi a ions, he au ho s selec ed indi-
ca o s ha mos accu a ely e lec leade ship p ac ices
in a gi en con ex . We also c i ically assessed in o ma-
ion sou ces o possible biases, conduc ing he s udy
exempli ied by he EU coun ies.
4. Resul s4. Resul s
Since he e i ica ion o each hypo hesis in ol es
he assessmen o connec ions wi h a complex indi-
ca o o he de elopmen o leade ship in he coun-
y, he i s s age o ou esea ch is he calcula ion
o such an indica o acco ding o o mulas 2-3.
The ac ual, maximum and minimum alues o
leade ship indica o s, as well as he calcula ion o
pa ial indica o s and he in eg al index o leade -
ship in EU coun ies, a e shown in Table 1.
Acco ding o he esul s o he calcula ions, Fin-
land is he leade among he EU coun ies by he
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Mishchuk, Oliinyk, Bilan, Ska e
10.5709/ce.1897-9254.570DOI: CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS
Vol. 19 Issue 3 339-3542025
le el o leade ship (0.819). Denma k has he second
posi ion in he a ing wi h an in eg al index alue o
0.810. The op h ee leade s a e closed by he Ne h-
e lands (0.746). The peculia i ies o he leade ship
in he leading coun ies can be connec ed wi h he
special cul u e o ela ions. Pa icula ly, he Du ch
leade ship cul u e is one o consensus and equal-
i y, whe e he manage is a acili a o a he han
a sole make o managemen decisions (Human
in P og ess, 2023). As we can see om he esul s
abo e, such leade ship models a e success ul, and
e en wi hou u he compa isons wi h inno a i e
de elopmen and alen a ac ion i is ob ious ha
he leade s belong o he mos highly de eloped
coun ies in he EU.
Concomi an ly, he lowes le el o leade ship
among EU coun ies in 2023 is cha ac e is ic o
C oa ia (0.139). C oa ian manage s ha e (s a is i-
cally) signi ican ly di e en a i udes owa ds in-
di idual leade ship s yles. The di e ence be ween
subo dina es and managemen becomes mo e is-
ible in C oa ia. C oa ian manage s ha e a business-
Table 1
Calcula ion o he In eg al Index o Leade ship in EU Coun ies in 2023
Coun y Х1Х2Х3Х4Х5Х6Х7Х8Х9
Belgium 60.45 67.18 62.77 55.92 77.86 71.58 63.7 61.35 0.81
Bulga ia 46.08 35.84 57.45 54.06 53.97 21.38 43.98 41.73 0.63
Czech Republic 53.29 74.55 57.45 69.29 65.27 52.72 63.07 42.64 0.73
Denma k 99.54 91.67 67.02 84.64 88.31 48.74 100 64.28 0.95
Ge many 64.25 70.95 63.83 49.64 81.55 53.39 61.98 51.23 0.85
Es onia 75.76 81.99 27.66 82.77 71.13 48.87 67.26 56.32 0.72
I eland 80.01 87.36 96.81 69.52 84.59 74.24 78.93 59.27 0.86
G eece 42.7 44.19 57.45 45.36 49.48 23.51 43.12 50.35 0.57
Spain 45.45 60.25 28.72 53.55 47.92 68.13 42 44.46 0.75
F ance 49.36 74.66 31.91 53.28 76.94 84.99 58.02 52.81 0.78
C oa ia 13.79 32.18 54.26 13.3 34.53 29.61 28.51 40.6 0.75
I aly 40.47 48.48 60.64 36.96 63.86 11.55 55.04 34.68 0.59
Cyp us 54.01 34.07 52.13 45.4 57.69 47.54 44.66 48.69 0.63
La ia 46.83 40.29 18.09 67.33 55.01 65.07 37.02 47.45 0.78
Li huania 70.74 80.71 71.28 89.62 82.61 31.34 68.52 63.25 0.74
Luxembou g 82.5 70.83 84.04 68.19 80.05 82.6 58.06 100 0.81
Hunga y 37.63 53.86 64.89 45.73 50.69 33.73 48.73 43.38 0.67
Mal a 60.36 53.3 77.66 47.08 61.32 61.09 50.87 48.23 0.79
Ne he lands 90.86 94.49 68.09 63.8 84.55 66.67 84.32 72.05 0.82
Aus ia 82.47 70.99 64.89 58.18 87.16 51.39 62.15 48.45 0.83
Poland 41.54 38.33 46.81 38.34 49.63 23.64 36.1 48.57 0.66
Po ugal 50.31 52.1 92.55 55.42 59.78 33.33 39.31 55.03 0.65
Romania 34.41 37.48 42.55 56.83 49.03 22.05 38.38 41.93 0.69
Slo enia 48.03 54.89 68.09 70.28 68.66 53.25 49.47 62.02 0.74
Slo akia 38.79 37.68 45.74 46.47 41.95 52.32 41.36 36.42 0.74
Finland 76.34 100 100 91.79 91.09 61.49 87.57 60.62 0.85
Sweden 68.2 77.24 81.91 66.3 84.11 77.03 66.06 75.56 0.8
Minimum alue 13.79 32.18 18.09 13.3 34.53 11.55 28.51 34.68 0.57
Maximum alue 99.54 100 100 91.79 91.09 84.99 100 100 0.95
www.ce. izja.pl
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The Role o Leade ship in A ac ing In ellec ual Mig an s and Boos ing Inno a i e De elopmen o Coun ies
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