Khan, Ali Nawaz; Mehmood, Khalid; Kwan, Ho Kwong
A icle
G een knowledge managemen : A key d i e o g een
echnology inno a ion and sus ainable pe o mance in he
cons uc ion o ganiza ions
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge (JIK)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Else ie
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Khan, Ali Nawaz; Mehmood, Khalid; Kwan, Ho Kwong (2024) : G een knowledge
managemen : A key d i e o g een echnology inno a ion and sus ainable pe o mance in he
cons uc ion o ganiza ions, Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge (JIK), ISSN 2444-569X, Else ie ,
Ams e dam, Vol. 9, Iss. 1, pp. 1-12,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jik.2023.100455
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
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TaggedAPTARAH1G een knowledge managemen : A key d i e o g een echnology
inno a ion and sus ainable pe o mance in he cons uc ion
o ganiza ionsTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPAli Nawaz Khan
a,1
, Khalid Mehmood
a,1,
*, Ho Kwong Kwan
b,
*TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAP
a
Resea ch Cen e o Hubei Mic o & Small En e p ises De elopmen , School o Economics and Managemen , Hubei Enginee ing Uni e si y, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000,
People’s Republic o China
b
O ganiza ional Beha io and Human Resou ce Managemen Depa men , China Eu ope In e na ional Business School (CEIBS), Shanghai 201206, People’s Repub-
lic o China
TaggedAPTARAEnd
TAGGEDAPTARAPARTICLE INFO
A icle His o y:
Recei ed 16 Decembe 2022
Accep ed 8 Decembe 2023
A ailable online 22 Decembe 2023TaggedAPTARAEnd
TAGGEDAPTARAPABSTRACT
The p ima y objec i e o his esea ch is o examine he e ec s o g een knowledge managemen (GKM) on
g een echnological inno a ion (GTI) and sus ainable pe o mance in cons uc ion fi ms. The s udy also
in es iga es he ole o a ificial in elligence (AI) as a mode a o o he ela ionship be ween GKM and g een
human capi al (GHC). A su ey ques ionnai e was used o ob ain da a om 309 cons uc ion fi ms in Paki-
s an, and he AMOS-24 and SPSS PROCESS mac o so wa e packages we e used o es he hypo heses. The
findings e ealed ha GKM had significan posi i e impac s on GTI and long- e m pe o mance. Aspec s o
GIC (e.g., g een s uc u al capi al, g een ela ional capi al, and g een human capi al) we e ound o be signifi-
can media o s o GKM and GTI in e ac ions and co ela ions be ween GKM and sus ainable pe o mance.
Fu he mo e, he s udy showed ha AI significan ly influenced he ela ionship be ween GKM and GHC. The
s udy’sfindings ha e impo an heo e ical and p ac ical implica ions o o ganiza ions and go e nmen s.
The s udy heo e ically con ibu es o he knowledge-based iew o he fi m by p o iding empi ical e idence
o he ole o a ious GIC cha ac e is ics as media o s in he in e ac ions be ween GKM, GTI, and sus ainable
pe o mance. In p ac ice, he findings sugges ha fi ms can imp o e GTI and sus ainable pe o mance by
in es ing in GKM and GIC.
© 2023 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie España, S.L.U. on behal o Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge. This
is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license
(h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAPKeywo ds:
G een knowledge managemen
A ificial in elligence
G een in ellec ual capi al
G een echnology inno a ion
Sus ainable pe o mance
Knowledge-based iew TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAH1In oduc ionTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPNine een h-cen u y indus ialism success ully li ed millions o
people om po e y. Howe e , his economic success caused en i-
onmen al and esou ce deg ada ion (Dahlquis , 2021). This aises
he ollowing ques ion: Is damage o he en i onmen necessa y o
economic s abili y? Despi e he abundance o na u al esou ces, hei
ulne abili y o clima e change jeopa dizes eme ging economies’
economic p og ess. Fo decades, go e nmen s ha e been eage o se
ules and s anda ds o ensu e he en i onmen ally iendly p oduc-
ion o goods and se ices (Khan, 2022;Mehmood e al., 2022;Sana,
2020). The Uni ed Na ions (UN) es ablished i s Sus ainable De elop-
men Goals (SDGs) o sa egua d and enhance social and en i onmen-
al condi ions (Ham e al., 2021). In esponse, fi ms ha e s a ed o
ecognize he impo ance o en i onmen al p ese a ion, and ha e
been inspi ed o mode nize hei ope a ions and managemen ame-
wo ks. P e ious s udies ha e shown he impo ance o business capa-
bili ies o he de elopmen o inno a ions ha unco e new uses o
exis ing goods, expe ise, and esou ces (Hui & Khan, 2022;Khan &
Khan, 2021). As inno a ion equen ly necessi a es he acquisi ion
and applica ion o new knowledge (Be aies & Zine El Abidine, 2019),
knowledge asse s a e an essen ial esou ce o fi ms.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPThe capaci y o an o ganiza ion o gain and keep knowledge
de e mines i s ailu e o success (A go e e al., 2000). Fi ms use
knowledge o boos cus ome sa is ac ion and gain a compe i i e
edge (Dabbous & Ta hini, 2019). Knowledge managemen (KM) has
g own in popula i y in he co po a e wo ld o e he las ew yea s
(Capu o e al., 2019;Kian o, 2011). I is ega ded as an essen ial ele-
men in s a egizing, de eloping new goods and se ices, and manag-
ing ope a ions (Dona e & de Pablo, 2015). An e ficien KM sys em can
boos a fi m’s e ec i eness (B achos e al., 2007). Mo eo e , gi en
ecological challenges, ib an fi ms ha e b oadened he scope o KM
TaggedAPTARAEnd* Co esponding au ho s.
E-mail add esses: [email p o ec ed] (K. Mehmood),
[email p o ec ed] (H.K. Kwan).
TaggedAPTARAEnd
1
Ali Nawaz Khan and Khalid Mehmood a e co-fi s au ho s.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jik.2023.100455
2444-569X/© 2023 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie España, S.L.U. on behal o Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license
(h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
TaggedAPTARAEndJou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100455
TaggedAPTARAFigu e TaggedAPTARAEnd
Jou nal o Inno a ion
&Knowledge
h ps://www.jou nals.else ie .com/jou nal-o -inno a ion-and-knowledge
TaggedAPTARAFigu e TaggedAPTARAEnd
and begun o in eg a e en i onmen al issues in o business knowl-
edge (Sahoo e al., 2022).TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPG een knowledge managemen (GKM) has he e o e become a
c i ical s a egic asse o many fi ms, p o iding hem wi h a compe -
i i e ad an age h ough hei capaci y o accomplish he UN SDGs
(Sahoo e al., 2022). Based on he concep o “g een inno a ion,”one
SDG goal is o make g een p oduc ion p ocesses easy o o ganiza-
ions (Asiaei e al., 2022). To de elop sus ainabili y p ac ices, fi ms
mus concen a e on bo h echnological and managemen inno a-
ion, and di e en ia e be ween wo kinds o g een inno a ion: g een
managemen inno a ion and g een echnology inno a ion (GTI). GTI
in eg a es cu ing-edge inno a ion wi h knowledge and expe ience
o c ea e a g eene wo ld. I helps fi ms o c ea e new o imp o ed
p oduc s o ope a ions ha consume ewe aw ma e ials and
esou ces while enhancing ecological, financial, and indus ial p o-
cesses (Aguile a-Ca acuel & O iz-de-Mandojana, 2013).TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPThe e ha e been nume ous s udies o KM and sus ainable de elop-
men (Choud i e al., 2016;Fa ukh e al., 2022;Guo, 2019), bu less
a en ion has been paid o GKM and how i a ec s GTI and o ganiza-
ional en i onmen al sus ainabili y. Fu he mo e, he e has been limi ed
esea ch on he con ex ual elemen s ha influence he ela ionship
be ween GKM and GTI. This s udy add esses he knowledge gaps ha
p e en us om unde s anding how sus ainable pe o mance and GTI
con ibu e o g een p ac ices. The knowledge-based iew o he fi m
(KBV) ega ds knowledge as a c ucial ope a ional esou ce (Re illa e al.,
2016), because an o ganiza ion’s di e se knowledge bases and skills a e
he key d i e s o i s long- e m compe i i e ad an age and imp o ed
o ganiza ional inno a ion and pe o mance; u he mo e, knowledge-
based esou ces a e o en di ficul o eplica e and socially complica ed
(Chowdhu y e al., 2022). G een in ellec ual capi al (GIC) has been
e e ed o as an impo an o ganiza ional esou ce o o ganiza ional
pe o mance and sus ainabili y (Haldo ai e al., 2022a). GIC is desc ibed
as he accumula ion o angible esou ces o knowledge ela ed o en i-
onmen al conse a ion o inno a ion (Asiaei e al., 2022;Wang & Juo,
2021). G een human capi al (GHC), g een s uc u al capi al (GSC), and
g een ela ional capi al (GRC) a e he h ee majo elemen s o GIC (Dang
& Wang, 2022;Nisa e al., 2021). The e ha e been ew s udies o GIC
and GKM (Ma ín-Rubio, 2021). Due o inc easing ecological conce ns, i
is c i ical o conside he combined e ec o GIC and GKM on GTI and
sus ainable pe o mance. Thus, based on he KBV, he goal o his s udy
is o in es iga e he ela ionship be ween GKM and GIC.T
aggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPThis s udy explo es he mechanism h ough which GIC influences
o ganiza ions’sus ainable pe o mance and GTI, which is ano he
gap in he li e a u e. GTI consis s o inno a ions ha use imp o ed
echnology, sys ems, and con ol echniques o lessen he impac o
business ac i i ies on he en i onmen (Gao e al., 2021;Liu e al.,
2020). I s ocus on educing ecological damage dis inguishes GTI
om o he ypes o echnological inno a ion. GTI is buil on he heo-
e ical ounda ion o he KBV. Acco ding o he KBV, i fi ms wan o
main ain hei c edibili y and access o sus ainable esou ces, hey
mus ollow en i onmen al laws and policies (Xie e al., 2019). Fu -
he mo e, o ganiza ions end o apply g een ini ia i es (e.g., GKM) o
imp o e and sus ain GTI and pe o mance. GIC has a ole in his p o-
cess, and unde s anding he ole can dispel any doub s ega ding
how GKM a ec s GTI and sus ainable pe o mance.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPSe e al s udies ha e examined he in e nal and ex e nal ac o s
ha influence GTI and sus ainabili y. S udies o he in angible knowl-
edge ha a ec s g een inno a ion ha e shown ha GKM is a c ucial
componen o GTI (Sahoo e al., 2022;Su e al., 2020). Un o una ely,
ew esea che s ha e examined he mechanism h ough which GKM
p omo es GTI and sus ainable pe o mance. Such esea ch mus con-
side he a ied e ec s o each componen o GIC on GTI and sus ain-
able pe o mance. The cu en s udy adds o he unde s anding o
GKM by fi s de e mining how GKM a ec s GTI and sus ainable pe -
o mance and hen e alua ing he media ing e ec o GIC, hus eluci-
da ing he link be ween GKM and GTI and sus ainable pe o mance.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPThe sca ci y o esea ch in his a ena highligh s he need o mo e
in-dep h assessmen s o whe he o how echnical esou ces such as
a ificial in elligence (AI) a ec he abo emen ioned ela ionships.
Scien ific s udies ha e ypically defined fi m esou ces in o h ee
g oups: financial, echnological, and manage ial (Sahoo e al., 2022).
As a esul , AI is defined as a fi m’s willingness o de o e echnologi-
cal esou ces o GKM and GIC ini ia i es o imp o e GTI and sus ain-
able pe o mance. This is consis en wi h he heo e ical concep o
he KBV, which emphasizes ha he de elopmen and managemen
o key esou ces, including knowledge, assis s fi ms in de eloping
sus ainable compe i i e ad an ages (Malik e al., 2022). AI was inco -
po a ed in o he s udy model because i is an excellen ool o
imp o ing he e ficiency and e ficacy o KM and GIC p ojec s. AI can
help fi ms disco e and manage en i onmen al isks, de elop new
g een goods and se ices, and imp o e hei o e all sus ainabili y
pe o mance by collec ing, s o ing, and analyzing eno mous quan i-
ies o da a (Sahoo e al., 2022). O he ou h-gene a ion echnical
esou ces, such as big da a, cloud compu ing, and obo ics, can also
be le e aged o imp o e KM and GIC. Howe e , we con end ha AI is
a pa icula ly p omising echnology, as i can be used o au oma e
many o he ope a ions in ol ed in KM and GIC, eeing human
esou ces o ocus on mo e s a egic ac i i ies.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPSome s udies ha e s a ed ha de eloping na ions a e mo e ul-
ne able o en i onmen al haza ds (Adenle e al., 2015;Sha ma e al.,
2022), and hus using o ganiza ional esou ces is mo e challenging
o fi ms in hese coun ies. The e o e, ano he objec i e o his s udy
is o in es iga e he applicabili y o he KBV esea ch amewo k o
he Pakis ani cons uc ion indus y. The cons uc ion indus y is a
majo sou ce o pollu ion ha con ibu es o clima e change. The
building sec o uses la ge amoun s o na u al esou ces and p oduces
significan amoun s o g eenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Khan &
Khan, 2021;Kinnunen e al., 2022;Li e al., 2022;Mehmood e al.,
2023). KM is he p ocess o c ea ing, sha ing, and using knowledge
wi hin an o ganiza ion. By enhancing e ficiency, op imizing esou ce
consump ion, and in oducing inno a i e g een echnologies, KM
can help he cons uc ion indus y o educe i s en i onmen al
impac . Employee knowledge, skills, and expe ience a e examples o
in ellec ual capi al (IC). IC can be used o build new goods and se -
ices, imp o e e ficiency, and gene a e new business models. GIC is a
ype o IC ha ocuses on en i onmen al sus ainabili y (Mansoo e
al., 2021). GIC can be used o c ea e new g een p oduc s and se ices
and o imp o e en i onmen al pe o mance. E ec i e KM would
imp o e collabo a ion, lea ning, and inno a ion in he cons uc ion
indus y (Khan e al., 2023). An o ganiza ion ha alues IC a ac s
people and dis inguishes i sel om o he o ganiza ions. G een inno-
a ion educes a fi m’s en i onmen al impac , complies wi h legisla-
ion, and imp o es a fi m’s epu a ion. Collabo a ion and con inual
lea ning a e acili a ed ia knowledge-sha ing pla o ms. Building
in o ma ion modeling (BIM), he In e ne o Things, and AI a e exam-
ples o digi al inno a ions ha op imize esou ce alloca ion and
enable da a-d i en decision-making ha suppo s sus ainable design
and cons uc ion (Khan e al., 2023). These inno a ions imp o e p oj-
ec ou comes, sus ainabili y, and cons uc ion sec o compe i i eness
(Khan e al., 2021;Tam e al., 2004).TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPThis s udy makes se e al impo an con ibu ions o he field.
Fi s , i is he fi s s udy o in es iga e how AI a ec s he link be ween
GKM and GIC. Second, i sheds new ligh on how GIC a ec s sus ain-
able pe o mance and GTI. Thi d, i examines he media ing ole o AI
in he ela ionship be ween GKM and GIC. Finally, he esea ch is ca -
ied ou in he con ex o he Pakis ani cons uc ion sec o , which is a
majo con ibu o o en i onmen al pollu ion. The ollowing esea ch
ques ions eflec he objec i es o his s udy.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPRQ1: Wha e ec s does GKM ha e on sus ainable pe o mance
and GTI in he cons uc ion indus y?TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPRQ2: How does GIC media e he ela ionships be ween GKM and
sus ainable pe o mance and be ween GKM and GTI?TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAEndA.N. Khan, K. Mehmood and H.K. Kwan Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100455
2
TaggedAPTARAPRQ3: Does AI mode a e he ela ionship be ween GKM and GIC?TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPThe eminde o his pape is s uc u ed as ollows. Sec ion 2
p esen s a ho ough e alua ion o he li e a u e and p o ides a solid
heo e ical ounda ion o he s udy. Sec ion 3 desc ibes he esea ch
me hodology, including da a ga he ing me hods and analy ical p o-
cedu es. Sec ion 4 discusses he s udy’sfindings, including he empi -
ical da a’s suppo o he esea ch hypo heses. Finally, he findings
a e ho oughly discussed and hei implica ions a e explo ed in Sec-
ion 5.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAH1Theo e ical backg ound and hypo hesis de elopmen TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAH2Knowledge-based iew o he fi mTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPT adi ional managemen heo ies, including he s akeholde he-
o y, o ganiza ional heo y, and he esou ce-based iew o he fi m
(RBV), se e as he ounda ions o he KBV. O en iewed as an
ex ension o he RBV, he KBV main ains ha knowledge p oduced
wi hin an o ganiza ion is a c ucial esou ce o es ablishing a sus ain-
able compe i i e ad an age in dynamic en i onmen s because (a)
knowledge-based sou ces a e socially challenging o in e p e and
inco po a e wi hin he o ganiza ion; (b) hey a e di ficul o ano he
fi m o imi a e; and (c) hey a e cons an ly e ol ing and being co-c e-
a ed wi hin an o ganiza ion (Chowdhu y e al., 2022;G an , 1996).
The KBV sees i sel as a knowledge p oduce and accele a o . The
KBV amewo k has been widely used in he managemen li e a u e
and is equen ly combined wi h he RBV and o he amewo ks.
Acco ding o he KBV, fi ms a e o ganiza ions ha in eg a e knowl-
edge, and an essen ial compe ency o a fi m is he coo dina ion o
p ocedu es o adap ing he specialized knowledge o i s employees
o he p oduc i e unc ions o he o ganiza ion (Al Nuaimi e al.,
2021). The KBV s esses ha i is he sys emic and s uc u al cha ac-
e is ics o fi ms ha enable hem o build he capaci y o link spe-
cialized and complemen a y knowledge.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPAcco ding o he KBV, fi ms equi e coope a ion, collabo a ion,
and adjus men s in hie a chies, job designs, guidelines, and cu en
decision-making p ocesses as hey swi ch ocus om p oducing
knowledge o applying knowledge. Knowledge, en ep eneu ship,
and inno a ion a e well es ablished as he co ne s ones o compe i-
i eness and economic g ow h (Yu e al., 2022). Recen s udies ha e
emphasized he significan impac o he in eg a ion o hese ac o s
on economic, en i onmen al, and social goals—all o which a e ep e-
sen ed in he UN SDGs (S isa han e al., 2023;Ribei o-So iano and
Pi~
nei o-Chousa, 2021). These esou ces complemen one ano he . Fo
example, knowledge enables people and o ganiza ions o imp o e
hei inno a ion capaci ies (Be aies & El Abidine, 2019). In u n,
highe inno a ion helps o ganiza ions o imp o e hei pe o mance
(B achos e al., 2007). Acco ding o G an (1996), a c i ical elemen o
fi ms’KM, which helps hem o cons uc esou ce-based s a egies,
is how hey ga he , main ain, communica e, and use knowledge. As
pe he KBV, knowledge is he mos impo an s a egic esou ce a
fi m can ha e. Thus, his s udy uses he KBV amewo k o es he
di ec and indi ec e ec s o GKM on GTI and sus ainable pe o -
mance ia GIC. Mo eo e , his s udy conside s AI an o ganiza ional
esou ce ha enhances he GKM−GIC ela ionship. These ela ion-
ships a e p esen ed in Fig. 1.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAH2G een knowledge managemen , g een echnological inno a ion, and
sus ainable pe o manceTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPKM is equen ly conside ed a key p e equisi e o fi ms o h i e,
endu e, and g ow in challenging en i onmen s (Shujaha e al.,
2018). Acco ding o Re illa e al. (2016), KM sepa a es success ul
o ganiza ions om ailed o ganiza ions. KM is a key o ce d i ing
fi m g ow h (Chae & Bloodgood, 2006;Sahoo e al., 2022). In ola ile
and dynamic se ings, c ea ing and applying knowledge no only p e-
en s ailu e bu can also p omo e p ofi . Acco ding o he KBV, fi ms
exis o ga he knowledge and u n i in o sus ainable s a egic
ad an ages (S i as a a e al., 2006). This poin o iew emphasizes
he impo ance o knowledge as a basic esou ce o enhancing pe -
o mance and long- e m su i al (Malho a, 2005). Knowledge is also
he ounda ion o inno a ion. Consis en inno a ion is he esul o
he con inuous p oduc ion o knowledge.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPA GTI is a new echnological de elopmen ha can imp o e en i-
onmen al s anda ds, minimize ene gy use and pollu ion emissions,
and con ibu e o he de elopmen o a mo e sus ainable u u e (Liu
e al., 2020;Rehman e al., 2018). Inno a ion is essen ial o fi m suc-
cess and compe i i eness, especially in complex en i onmen s. How-
e e , a fi m’s abili y o inno a e is influenced by he co po a e
en i onmen in which i is embedded (B achos e al., 2007). Wi h
TaggedAPTARAFigu e
Fig. 1. S udy model.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAEndA.N. Khan, K. Mehmood and H.K. Kwan Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100455
3
mul iple s akeholde s exe ing immense p essu e on fi ms o modi y
and adop e hical and en i onmen ally iendly s a egies, g een
compe ency is becoming inc easingly c ucial o success (Chen &
Hung, 2016). The inc ease in pollu ion, combined wi h he des uc-
ion o na u al esou ces, has mo i a ed many go e nmen s and com-
muni ies o call o GTI on a la ge scale (Al Nuaimi e al., 2021). GTI
encompasses all po en ial g een consump ion and eco-p ocess inno-
a ions ha can minimize ene gy usage, pollu ion, and esou ce u ili-
za ion. Fi ms’ easons o implemen ing GKM and GTI may fluc ua e
(Sahoo e al., 2022). Gi en ha hese a e no el opics, schola s a e
only beginning o in es iga e hese concep s, pa icula ly in business
con ex s, whe e hey a e he main s a egy o minimizing he nega-
i e e ec s o economic ope a ions on he en i onmen (Su e al.,
2020;Yu e al., 2022). GKM consis s o employees’comp ehension o
hei su oundings and hei insigh s in o he en i onmen , enabling
sha ed pa icipa ion in long- e m de elopmen (Fa ukh e al., 2022).
Some ecen s udies o he link be ween KM and inno a ion ha e
ques ioned whe he he e is any associa ion be ween hem (Kian o
e al., 2017;Sahoo e al., 2022;Su e al., 2020). As a esul , he ela-
ionship be ween GKM and GTI emains ambiguous. This mo i a es
he ollowing hypo hesis.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPH1: GKM a ec s GTI posi i ely.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPThe link be ween sus ainable pe o mance and GKM is e iden
when iewed h ough he KBV’s heo e ical pe spec i e (Capu o e
al., 2019). GKM, which acili a es he acquisi ion, in eg a ion, inno a-
ion, and adop ion o sus ainable p ac ices, is he scien ific manage-
men o en i onmen al knowledge wi hin an o ganiza ion (Wang e
al., 2022). O ganiza ions can imp o e hei sus ainable pe o mance
by gaining app op ia e knowledge abou sus ainable echnologies
and egula ions, inco po a ing g een knowledge in o o ganiza ional
p ocesses, encou aging inno a ion and con inual imp o emen , and
in ol ing s akeholde s (Kaka & Khan, 2020;Sahoo e al., 2022).
O ganiza ions can gain a compe i i e edge in he pu sui o sus ain-
able de elopmen by employing GKM o success ully align hei
ac i i ies wi h sus ainabili y goals, elimina e was e, educe esou ce
consump ion, and encou age en i onmen al s ewa dship (Fa ukh e
al., 2022). The e o e, based on hese a gumen s, his s udy p oposes
he ollowing hypo hesis.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPH2: GKM a ec s sus ainable pe o mance posi i ely.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAH2G een knowledge managemen and g een in ellec ual capi alTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPGIC is defined by Chen (2008) as he whole in en o y o an o gani-
za ion’s in angible esou ces, knowledge, capabili ies, and in e ac-
ions, among o he hings, ela ed o ecological sus ainabili y o
g een inno a ion a bo h he human and o ganiza ional le els. GIC is
di ided in o h ee componen s: GHC, GSC, and GRC (Bene ene e al.,
2021;Delgado-Ve de e al., 2014). The concep ualiza ion o GIC a ose
om a widesp ead ealiza ion ha knowledge is c i ical o fi ms’suc-
cess (Giampaoli e al., 2021;Kian o e al., 2020;Rehman e al., 2021).
The oles o GIC and GKM a e b oad, co e ing he ull ange o in el-
lec ual ac i i y, om knowledge c ea ion o knowledge use (Ma ín-
Rubio, 2021;Rehman e al., 2023). GKM acknowledging he GKM
−GIC ela ionship depic s he pool o knowledge a a ce ain poin in
ime p oduced by knowledge flow echniques (Al-Omoush e al.,
2022;Hsu & Sabhe wal, 2012). The connec ion be ween IC and KM is
shaped by a fi m’s knowledge-based pe spec i e, which is c ea ed
h ough seminal in es iga ions (G an , 1996;Malik e al., 2022;
Re illa e al., 2016).TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPHuman capi al is a cha ac e is ic o indi iduals a he han ins i u-
ions, and i can be los when an indi idual qui s an ins i u ion (Naha-
pie & Ghoshal, 1998). Because i is c ucial o fi ms o gene a e g een
inno a ion and g een p ac ices, he ecological knowledge o pe son-
nel suppo s he fi m’s compliance wi h ex e nal e olu iona y chal-
lenges (Rehman e al., 2019;Wang & Juo, 2021). Chen (2008)
in oduced he concep o GHC, which he desc ibed as he o al
amoun o employees’unde s anding, expe ise, abili ies, knowledge,
mindse , in ellec , c ea i i y, engagemen s, e c. ela ed o ecological
sus ainabili y o inno a i eness. In con as o human capi al, s uc-
u al capi al is embedded in o ganiza ions and is una ec ed by
employee u no e . S uc u al capi al e e s o a fi m’s ese es o
echnology, p og ams, da abases, wo kplace o ganiza ion, and man-
agemen expe ise (A a e al., 2019;Hsu & Sabhe wal, 2012;Man-
soo e al., 2021). Due o he ise o global g een policies, fi ms mus
de elop and pu in o p ac ice sus ainabili y sys ems i hey wan o
seize oppo uni ies o gain a compe i i e ad an age. Chen (2008)
de eloped he no ion o GSC, which he desc ibed as he in en o y o
adminis a i e p ocesses, adminis a i e obliga ions, knowledge sys-
ems, o ganiza ional alues, wo kplace cul u e, fi m epu a ion,
in en ions, copy igh s, adema ks, e c., ela ed o ecological sus ain-
abili y o inno a i eness wi hin a fi m.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPThe ies be ween a ocal o ganiza ion and i s majo s akeholde s,
including consume s, endo s, and allies, a e collec i ely e e ed o
as ela ionship capi al (Mohan & Yound , 2005;Rehman e al., 2020).
Fi ms equi e he coope a ion and esou ces o ex e nal o ganiza-
ions and key s akeholde s o su i e and g ow. They a e less con-
ce ned wi h he en i onmen han ex e nal g oups and s akeholde s.
Cu en ly, fi ms mus commi inc easing esou ces o g een applica-
ions o s eng hen hei ies wi h ex e nal o ganiza ions and s ake-
holde s. These collabo a ions should be based on mu ual ecological
conce ns. Chen (2008, p. 278) defined GRC as “ he asse s o a fi m’s
in e ac ing ela ions wi h cus ome s, endo s, p o essional con ac s,
and allies a ound co po a e en i onmen al sus ainabili y and ecologi-
cal inno a ion.”The e o e, each componen o GIC is a ec ed by an
o ganiza ion’s GKM, as GIC is a i al o ganiza ional esou ce h ough
which membe s o an o ganiza ion can acqui e expe ise in managing
en i onmen al sus ainabili y. Fu he mo e, KM s a egies imp o e
GHC, GSC, and GRC, while he sus ainabili y o human capi al can be
used o ec ui and e ain IC (Asiaei e al., 2022;Yong e al., 2019).
Fu he mo e, echnological ad ances ha e significan impac s on
indi iduals’ca ee s and a e an impo an pa o IC, as echnological
ad ances a e now empowe ing indi iduals o disbu se he expe i-
ence and knowledge ha hey acc ue om fixing issues hemsel es
o om being p io ecipien s o specialized se ices (Al-Omoush e
al., 2022;Rehman e al., 2020). Based on he abo e discussion, his
s udy o e s he ollowing hypo heses.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPH3a: GKM a ec s GHC posi i ely.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPH3b: GKM a ec s GSC posi i ely.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPH3c: GKM a ec s GRC posi i ely.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAH2G een knowledge managemen , g een in ellec ual capi al, and g een
echnological inno a ionTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPAcco ding o Lepak and Snell (2002), human capi al is a c i ical
esou ce o o ganiza ional inno a ion because employee knowledge
is c i ical o sus aining an o ganiza ion in he con ex o oday’s as -
expanding echnologies. As a esul , employees a e likely o be mo i-
a ed o apply g een knowledge o GTI. Compe i ion d i en by GHC
de elopmen has he po en ial o gene a e GTI (Nisa e al., 2021).
GTI will be mo e success ul in fi ms ha ha e a high deg ee o GHC
han in hose wi h a low deg ee o GHC (Haldo ai e al., 2022b). This
s udy con ends ha GHC se es as a b idge be ween employee GKM
and GTI, and ha fi ms can capi alize on hei GHC capaci y o
imp o e hei GTI. G een inno a ion is a coope a i e e o in a
knowledge economy and does no occu a he indi idual le el. Sus-
ainabili y ini ia i es, acco ding o Ha (1995), include in angible
o ganiza ional inno a ions and p ac ices ha indica e o ganiza ions’
dedica ion o he imp o emen o he na u al ecosys em. The sus ain-
abili y knowledge and expe ience equi ed o a fi m’s c i ical collab-
o a ions wi h i s pa ne s should be in eg a ed in o i s business
p ocesses, as his has he po en ial o inc ease join knowledge and
boos GTI ou comes. As a esul , o ganiza ions wi h GRC can
TaggedAPTARAEndA.N. Khan, K. Mehmood and H.K. Kwan Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100455
4
collabo a e wi h pa ne s o de elop new g een echnologies, ini ia-
i es, and possibili ies (Asiaei e al., 2022).TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPGTI migh be impossible o achie e in o ganiza ions wi h poo
g een p ac ices and a nega i e a i ude owa d he en i onmen . An
o ganiza ion ha abso bs en i onmen al in o ma ion a he ins i u-
ional le el de elops a s ong en i onmen al cul u e, which mo i-
a es he acquisi ion o new ecological knowledge and p omo es GTI
(Asiaei e al., 2022;Liu e al., 2020). Mo eo e , by codi ying impo an
en i onmen al sa e y knowledge and GKM in o i s p ocesses, an
o ganiza ion can ensu e ha hese esou ces a e consis en ly com-
munica ed and p omo ed inside he o ganiza ion and used o GTI
(Sahoo e al., 2022;Wang & Juo, 2021). The KBV also emphasizes he
impo ance o o ganiza ional knowledge-based esou ces in manag-
ing inno a ion (G an , 1996). Thus, his s udy assumes ha knowl-
edge esou ces (specifically GKM) will enhance o ganiza ional
esou ces (specifically GHC), which can imp o e GTI. The e o e, his
s udy makes he ollowing hypo heses.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPH4a: GHC media es he ela ionship be ween GKM and GTI.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPH4b: GSC media es he ela ionship be ween GKM and GTI.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPH4c: GRC media es he ela ionship be ween GKM and GTI.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAH2G een knowledge managemen , g een in ellec ual capi al, and
sus ainable pe o manceTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPSus ainable pe o mance is he alignmen o financial and en i-
onmen al goals in he execu ion o undamen al co po a e ope a-
ions o boos e u ns (Dey e al., 2022). Acco ding o he KBV
amewo k, an o ganiza ion’s compe i i e ad an age is based on i s
s a egic use o i s s eng hs. Fi ms ha a e subjec o s ic en i on-
men al p o ec ions a e becoming mo e awa e o he impo ance o
GKM, and hose ha use he GKM con ained in he knowledge, skills,
and c ea i i y o hei employees o p omo e ecological sus ainabili y
a e mo e likely o adop a g een policy han hei coun e pa s,
because hey unde s and how such s a egies can imp o e hei sus-
ainabili y pe o mance (Sami e al., 2020). As a esul , GKM enables a
fi m o iden i y i s in angible esou ces (i.e., GHC) and can assis in
he success ul implemen a ion o g een ini ia i es in unce ain en i-
onmen al con ex s, hus enhancing g een pe o mance. Mo eo e ,
ela ional capi al p omo es ex e nal collabo a ion (Nahapie & Gho-
shal, 1998;Ullah e al., 2021;Yuso e al., 2019). G een imp o e-
men s a e made possible by lowe ing ansac ional, inqui y,
in o ma ional, and nego ia ion expenses. When companies imple-
men GRC s a egies, hey can gene a e mo e success ul sus ainabili y
ini ia i es o educe hei en i onmen al impac and engage cus om-
e s in e es ed in sus ainabili y (Asiaei e al., 2022;Yong e al., 2022).
Fi ms mus collabo a e wi h each o he o inco po a e GKM−GRC
gene a ed and dissemina ed lea ning in o hei p ocesses o de elop
alue, and o use sus ainable inno a i e business models based on
such knowledge (Haldo ai e al., 2022a). Thus, GKM can enhance
g een pe o mance h ough GRC.TaggedAPTARAEnd
T
aggedAPTARAPS uc u al capi al helps a fi m o a ange i s sys ems and p ac ices
so ha he necessa y echnological expe ise is de eloped and iden i-
fied as a c i ical asse . Fu he mo e, co po a e alen s a e a p e equi-
si e o achie ing imp o ed long- e m success. GKM, which is pa o
he KBV amewo k, assis s fi ms in gua an eeing employee access o
i al in o ma ion in an en i onmen ally and use - iendly manne
(Wang e al., 2022). Unde significan ecological p essu e, GIC plays a
c ucial ole in a fi m’s g een pe o mance (Wang & Juo, 2021). The
p ima y goal o his s udy is o de e mine whe he GIC media es he
ela ionship be ween GKM and sus ainable pe o mance. GKM e e s
o a fi m’s o mal en i onmen al knowledge (Sahoo e al., 2022). As
he de elopmen o new p oduc s usually equi es he use o echni-
cal knowledge by employees (Asiaei e al., 2022;Mousa & O hman,
2020), a s o e o in o ma ion can build GSC. As a esul , his s udy
an icipa es ha GKM, as he en i onmen al in o ma ion de eloped
inside a fi m, will ha e a posi i e impac on he fi m’s sus ainabili y
pe o mance by enabling GSC. Gi en he abo e discussion and he
KBV amewo k, his s udy makes he ollowing hypo heses.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPH5a: GHC media es he ela ionship be ween GKM and sus ainable
pe o mance.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPH5b: GSC media es he ela ionship be ween GKM and sus ainable
pe o mance.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPH5c: GRC media es he ela ionship be ween GKM and sus ainable
pe o mance.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAH2Mode a ing ole o a ificial in elligenceTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPAcco ding o Nishan e al. (2020), AI is a ool ha uses human
in ellec o inc ease pe o mance in nume ous sec o s, and i is an
eme ging field in all fields seeking o boos e ficiency and p oduc i -
i y. AI is one o he bigges echnological ad ances o he wen y-fi s
cen u y, and i has al eady s a ed o al e bo h business o ganiza-
ions and socie ies in ways ha we could no ha e o eseen jus a ew
decades ago. AI has become a key componen o business inno a ion
ini ia i es, p ocess mode niza ion, and dis up ion, and i is helping
fi ms ha ha e adop ed a da a-d i en and digi al en i onmen o
gain a compe i i e edge (Chowdhu y e al., 2022). S udies ha e also
ega ded AI as an o ganiza ional esou ce o comba ing en i onmen-
al issues (Dwi edi e al., 2021;Nishan e al., 2020). AI allows indi-
iduals o analyze, design, and implemen comp ehensi e solu ions
o en i onmen al des uc ion and en i onmen al issues ha a e no
influenced by educ ionism o he iden i y o indi iduals and g oups.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPDespi e nume ous s udies examining he impac o an o ganiza-
ion’s knowledge esou ces on i s in angible esou ces (Dang &
Wang, 2022;Sahoo e al., 2022;Yu e al., 2022), he ole o AI in o ga-
niza ional sus ainabili y and pe o mance has ecei ed limi ed a en-
ion, despi e he impo ance o AI in o ganiza ional sus ainabili y and
pe o mance in his mode n digi al age. Se e al scien ific s udies
ha e shown he impo ance o AI in he employee con ex (Li e al.,
2019;Odugbesan e al., 2022;Si hamba am & Tajudeen, 2022), bu
hese s udies ha e no in es iga ed he impac o AI on fi m-le el
ou comes such as GIC o whe he AI changes he ela ionship
be ween GKM and GIC.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPThe sca ci y o esea ch in his a ea has led o a oid in ou unde -
s anding o hese ela ionships. As a esul , his s udy pos ula es ha
AI could ei he s eng hen o weaken he link be ween GKM and GIC.
Fi s , we hypo hesize ha AI mode a es he GKM−GHC ela ionship.
This hypo hesis is p edica ed on he idea ha AI may be used o au o-
ma e many o he p ocesses in ol ed in GKM, eeing up human
esou ces o ocus on mo e s a egic ope a ions. Employees will ha e
mo e ime and esou ces o de o e o lea ning abou and using g een
echnologies and p ac ices, which can lead o an inc ease in he le el
o GHC in an o ganiza ion (Sahoo e al., 2022). Second, we hypo he-
size ha AI mode a es he GKM−GSC ela ionship. This hypo hesis is
based on he ecogni ion ha AI may be used o collec , s o e, and
analyze as olumes o da a, allowing o ganiza ions o be e unde -
s and hei en i onmen al impac and iden i y a eas o imp o e-
men . This can lead o a ise in an o ganiza ion’s GSC, as i gains a
fi me g asp o he en i onmen al epe cussions o i s ac i i ies.
Finally, we belie e ha AI will ha e a mode a ing e ec on he GKM
−GRC ela ionship. This claim is based on he p emise ha AI can be
used o p omo e collabo a ion and communica ion among a ious
s akeholde s, assis ing in he de elopmen and main enance o GRC.
GRC e e s o an o ganiza ion’s knowledge and i s ela ionships wi h
i s s akeholde s, including cus ome s, supplie s, and egula o s. In
gene al, he hypo heses ha AI mode a es he ela ionships be ween
GKM and GHC, GKM and GSC, and GKM and GRC ha e some empi ical
e idence. Mo e esea ch, howe e , is equi ed o confi m hese asso-
cia ions. Acco dingly, his s udy p oposes he ollowing hypo heses:TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPH6a: AI mode a es he link be ween GKM and GHC.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPH6b: AI mode a es he link be ween GKM and GSC.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPH6c: AI mode a es he link be ween GKM and GRC.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAEndA.N. Khan, K. Mehmood and H.K. Kwan Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100455
5
TaggedAPTARAH1Me hodologyTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAH2Sample and da a collec ionTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPIn 2015, he membe coun ies o he Uni ed Na ions collec i ely
ag eed o adop he Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs), widely
ecognized as he 2030 Agenda. The 2030 Agenda con ains 17 SDGs
ha mus be achie ed by 2030. The SDGs ou lined in he 2030
Agenda a e ele an o all s a es. Pakis an has been a ailblaze in
achie ing he a ge s o he 2030 Agenda. The Pakis ani go e nmen
has commi ed o ca bon neu ali y and o sa egua ding he en i on-
men . The SDGs also con ain impo an a ge s o he cons uc ion
sec o . The cons uc ion indus y is one o he la ges and mos
impo an d i e s o economic g ow h and high li ing s anda ds. This
indus y con ibu es significan ly o Pakis an’s GDP. Howe e , i also
consumes a la ge amoun o ene gy and emi s a high olume o
GHGs. A ound 40 % o ene gy use and GHG emissions a e a ibu ed
o building design (Kinnunen e al., 2022). Imp o ing ene gy e fi-
ciency and enhancing ene gy e ficiency in buildings is hus an essen-
ial goal o comba ing clima e change.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPThis s udy collec ed da a using a ques ionnai e, which is a com-
mon me hod o ga he ing la ge amoun s o quan i a i e da a on
indus ial p ac ices (Bahadu e al., 2020;Khan e al., 2021;Xiong ei
e al., 2020). The s udy was ca ied ou in Pakis an, and he da a we e
collec ed om Pakis ani cons uc ion fi ms. Fi m size was no
es ic ed in he sample selec ion, as he pu pose was o collec da a
om cons uc ion fi ms o a ious ypes and sizes. The sample ame
included he en i e coun y o Pakis an. An In e ne ool was used o
collec da a om he pa icipan s. The ini ial sample consis ed o 900
andomly chosen cons uc ion fi ms. The fi m was he analy ical uni ,
and he pa icipan s we e asked o hei pe spec i es on how he
opics unde conside a ion ope a ed a he fi m le el. The su ey was
ci cula ed o po en ial pa icipan s who had enough knowledge o
answe he ques ionnai e. We did no ocus on sus ainable de elop-
men and eco-inno a ion execu i es as pa icipan s, because many
small and medium-sized businesses in Pakis an do no ha e execu-
i es wi h such i les. Ins ead, we iden ified employees a each fi m
who we hough we e eliable sou ces. They held a ious posi ions
and esponsibili ies, including managing di ec o , p ocu emen di ec-
o , si e enginee , and cons uc ion manage . Mos o he pa icipan s
we e op execu i e o ficials, and each one had o ha e adequa e com-
pe ence in and knowledge o he opics unde examina ion. The pa -
icipan s we e asked o p o ide as much in o ma ion as possible
while emaining anonymous. Following a couple o eminde s and
ollow-up messages, 309 pa icipan s e u ned comple ed and legi i-
ma e su ey esponses, gene a ing a 34.33 % e u n a e. This
esponse a e is consis en wi h o he empi ical s udies (Ali e al.,
2020;Khan e al., 2023;Moin e al., 2021). Table 1 p esen s he sam-
ple p ofile, ocusing on ou cha ac e is ics (no. o employees, u n-
o e , yea s o ope a ions in he indus y, and business ype) o he
pa icipa ing fi ms.TaggedAPTARAEnd
T
aggedAPTARAH2Measu esTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPThe ques ionnai e su ey was p epa ed based on he s udy’s ame-
wo k o ensu e insigh s in o each o he s udied cons uc s. This
equi ed d awing on mul iple s udies o ex ac su ey ques ions ha
cha ac e ized each o he s udy’s majo cons uc s. The esponses used
a 5-poin Like scale anging om 1 = “s ongly disag ee” o
5=“s ongly ag ee.”GKM was measu ed using a fi e-i em scale d awn
om he li e a u e (Mao e al., 2016;Sahoo e al., 2022). A sample i em
is “Employees and pa ne s a ou o ganiza ion ha e easy access o in o -
ma ion on bes -in-class en i onmen ally iendly p ac ices.”The h ee
componen s o GIC we e measu ed using a scale om Chen (2008) and
ecen ly used by Chang and Chen (2012). Sample i ems a e as ollows:
o GHC “The employees’compe ence in en i onmen al p o ec ion in he
company is be e han ha o i s majo compe i o s”; o GRC “The com-
pany designs i s p oduc s o se ices in compliance wi h he en i onmen al
desi es o i s cus ome s”;and o GSC “The managemen sys em o en i-
onmen al p o ec ion in he company is be e han ha o i s majo com-
pe i o s.”AI was assessed wi h fi e i ems adap ed om Belhadi e al.
(2021) and Chen e al. (2022). One o he fi e sample i ems is “We use
AI echniques o o ecas and p edic en i onmen al beha io .”To mea-
su e sus ainable pe o mance, we used a scale adap ed om Dey e al.
(2022). The eigh -dimensional measu e o sus ainable pe o mance
was sepa a ed in o h ee componen s: financial pe o mance, en i on-
men al pe o mance, and social pe o mance. A sample i em is “Ou
fi m has a policy o imp o e i s ene gy e ficiency.”GTI was measu ed
using a scale adap ed om Huang and Li (2017) and Sahoo e al. (2022).
The measu e consis ed o fi e i ems and a sample i em is “Ou o ganiza-
ion is ac i ely in ol ed in he edesign and imp o emen o p oduc s o
se ices in o de o comply wi h exis ing en i onmen al o egula o y
equi emen s.”TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAH1Da a analysis and esul sTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAH2Tes o me hod bias and endogenei yTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPBy de e mining whe he ea ly pa icipan s’answe s significan ly
di e ed om hose o la e pa icipan s, he possibili y o non- esponse
bias was examined (A ms ong & O e on, 1977). The analyses o con-
s uc mean yielded p- alues anging om 0.514 o 0.880. The e o e,
non- esponse bias did no a ec he s udy’sfindings. Mo eo e , com-
mon me hod bias (CMB) can a ec he esul s i he da a a e collec ed
om a single sou ce (Podsako e al., 2003). By mo i a ing he pa ici-
pan s o espond hones ly and pe mi ing hem o s ay anonymous, his
bias was mi iga ed (Podsako e al., 2003). The ques ionnai e i ems
we e me iculously c a ed based on p e ious s udies o make hem as
accu a e as possible, as ano he me hodological s a egy o minimize
CMB. Wi h he help o a g oup o academics wi h expe ise in he sub-
jec , he final composi ion o he ques ionnai e i ems was de eloped
o e se e al i e a ions. Fi e academics om he disciplines o digi al
echnology and se ice businesses o e saw he ga he ing o su ey
Table 1
TaggedAPTARACap ionIn o ma ion abou con ol a iables. TaggedAPTARAEnd
Va iablesTaggedAPTARAEnd NTaggedAPTARAEnd Pe cen ageTaggedAPTARAEnd Va iablesTaggedAPTARAEnd NTaggedAPTARAEnd Pe cen ageTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARATbody
No. o employeesTaggedAPTARAEnd Yea s o ope a ions in he indus yTaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
<200TaggedAPTARAEnd 61TaggedAPTARAEnd 19.7TaggedAPTARAEnd <5 Yea sTaggedAPTARAEnd 38TaggedAPTARAEnd 12.3TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
500 ≤no. <1000TaggedAPTARAEnd 82TaggedAPTARAEnd 26.5TaggedAPTARAEnd 5≤Yea s <10TaggedAPTARAEnd 70TaggedAPTARAEnd 22.7TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
1000 ≤no. <2000TaggedAPTARAEnd 66TaggedAPTARAEnd 21.4TaggedAPTARAEnd 10≤Yea s <15TaggedAPTARAEnd 100TaggedAPTARAEnd 32.3TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
>2000TaggedAPTARAEnd 100TaggedAPTARAEnd 32.4TaggedAPTARAEnd >15 Yea sTaggedAPTARAEnd 101TaggedAPTARAEnd 32.7TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
Annual Tu no e (in millions)TaggedAPTARAEnd Business ypeTaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
<100 PKRTaggedAPTARAEnd 49TaggedAPTARAEnd 15.8TaggedAPTARAEnd Residen ial/home cons uc ionTaggedAPTARAEnd 55TaggedAPTARAEnd 17.8TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
100 ≤PKR <200TaggedAPTARAEnd 73TaggedAPTARAEnd 23.6TaggedAPTARAEnd In as uc u e cons uc ionTaggedAPTARAEnd 46TaggedAPTARAEnd 14.9TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
200 ≤PKR <300TaggedAPTARAEnd 53TaggedAPTARAEnd 17.2TaggedAPTARAEnd Comme cial cons uc ionTaggedAPTARAEnd 61TaggedAPTARAEnd 19.7TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
300 ≤PKR <400TaggedAPTARAEnd 81TaggedAPTARAEnd 26.2TaggedAPTARAEnd Indus ial cons uc ionTaggedAPTARAEnd 105TaggedAPTARAEnd 34.0TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
>400 PKRTaggedAPTARAEnd 53TaggedAPTARAEnd 17.2TaggedAPTARAEnd O he TaggedAPTARAEnd 42TaggedAPTARAEnd 13.6TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAEndA.N. Khan, K. Mehmood and H.K. Kwan Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100455
6
da a. Addi ionally, his s udy ope a ionalized he ma ke a iable (MV),
as sugges ed by Podsako e al. (2003), o u he e i y he influence o
CMB on he da a. The findings sugges ed ha he e was no significan
dis inc ion be ween he baseline model and he al e na i e model, as
he e was no significan di e ence in he chi-squa e alues. These
esul s es ablished ha he da a we e una ec ed by he inclusion o he
MV, and i was hus implausible ha CMB a ec ed he concep ual mod-
el’s hypo hesized ela ionships.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPWe also conside ed he possible e ec s o endogenei y. Fo example,
e e se causali y be ween he p edic o s and he ou come a iable,
which would sugges ha he dependen a iable a ec s he indepen-
den a iables, may esul in endogenei y (An onakis & House, 2014).
Howe e , his s udy’s heo e ical model and hypo heses we e based on
he KBV, which e u es he no ion o e e se causali y. Howe e , se e al
esea che s (An onakis & House, 2014;Rahman e al., 2023)ha ede e -
mined ha CMB may cause endogenei y p oblems. To e alua e CMB in
ou da ase , we used he es s ou lined abo e and concluded ha ou
da ase was no a ec by CMB. The likelihood o e e se causali y was
u he dec eased by he su ey’s use o c oss-sec ional da a. E e y
componen o he s udy a iables was modified based on he li e a u e
(Hui e al., 2023;Rahman e al., 2023). Finally, o u he p e en endo-
genei y issues, we ollowed he ecommenda ion o An onakis and
House (2014) on con ol a iables.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPWe an se e al es s o ensu e he eliabili y, alidi y, and compa -
ibili y o he a iables wi h he co e assump ions o analysis o co a i-
ance be o e e alua ing he hypo heses. SPSS and AMOS we e used o
analyze he da a. AMOS is a so wa e p og am o es ing heo e ical
models ha uses co a iance-based s uc u al equa ion modeling
(SEM). I is an excellen ool o es ing complex in e ac ions be ween
la en a iables. AMOS is also easonably simple o use and in e p e ,
making i an excellen choice o esea che s new o SEM. AMOS has
ce ain ad an ages o e PLS (a a iance-based me hod). PLS is a
newe app oach and has been applied in ewe empi ical s udies. Fu -
he mo e, PLS is less powe ul han AMOS and can be mo e di ficul
o in e p e . AMOS was chosen by he s udy’s au ho s as he mos
sui able app oach o e alua ing a complex heo e ical model wi h
se e al la en a iables.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPFi s , he alidi y and eliabili y o he measu es we e e alua ed;
he esul s a e shown in Table 2. Acco ding o Hai e al. (2010), he
lowes cu -o s o C onbach’s alpha (a), composi e eliabili y (CR),
Table 2
TaggedAPTARACap ionFac o s loadings, CR, and AVE, and esea ch i ems. TaggedAPTARAEnd
Measu esTaggedAPTARAEnd Fac o
LoadingsTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARATbody
G een Knowledge Managemen (CR = 0.892; AVE = 0.622; C onbach a= 0.891)TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
“Employees and pa ne s a ou o ganiza ion ha e easy access o in o ma ion on bes -in-class en i onmen ally iendly p ac ices”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.788TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“Ou o ganiza ion has p ocedu es in place o gain knowledge abou he en i onmen al p ac ices o ou compe i o s, supplie s, clien s, and s a egic pa ne s”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.804TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“Ou o ganiza ion has s uc u ed mechanisms in place o exchange bes p ac ices ac oss mul iple disciplines o business ope a ions”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.811TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“Ou o ganiza ion de elops ini ia i es (such as semina s, pe iodic mee ings, and collabo a i e p ojec s) ha p omo e g een in o ma ion exchange ac oss di i-
sions/s akeholde s”.TaggedAPTARAEnd
0.756TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“Ou o ganiza ion ac i ely engages in p ocesses ha apply knowledge o sol e new challenges ac oss o ganiza ional depa men s and beyond depa men al
bounda ies”.TaggedAPTARAEnd
0.784TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
A ificial In elligence (CR = 0.864; AVE = 0.560; C onbach a= 0.863)TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
“We possess he in as uc u e and skilled esou ces o apply AI in o ma ion p ocessing sys em”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.757TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“We use AI echniques o o ecas and p edic en i onmen al beha io ”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.748TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“We de elop s a is ical, sel -lea ning, and p edic ion using AI echniques”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.816TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“We use AI echniques a all le els o he ope a ions”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.730TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“We use AI ou comes in a sha ed way o in o m decision-making”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.686TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
G een Human Capi al (CR = 0.863; AVE = 0.559; C onbach a= 0.861)TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
“The p oduc i i y and con ibu ion o employees conce ning en i onmen al p o ec ion in he company is be e han hose o i s majo compe i o s”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.756TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“The employees’compe ence o en i onmen al p o ec ion in he company is be e han ha o i s majo compe i o s”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.796TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“The p oduc s and se ices o en i onmen al p o ec ion p o ided by he employees o he company a e be e han hose o i s majo compe i o s”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.804TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“The coope a i e deg ee o eamwo k pe aining o en i onmen al p o ec ion in he company is mo e han ha o i s majo compe i o s”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.758TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“Manage s in he company can ully suppo hei employees o achie e he goals o en i onmen al p o ec ion”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.609TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
G een S uc u al Capi al (CR = 0.902; AVE = 0.608; C onbach a= 0.902)TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
The managemen sys em o en i onmen al p o ec ion in he company is be e han ha o i s majo compe i o s”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.685TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“The company’s p ofi ea ned om en i onmen al p o ec ion ac i i ies is mo e
han ha o i s majo compe i o s”.TaggedAPTARAEnd
0.808TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“The company’s a io o en i onmen al p o ec ion in es men s in R&D o i s sales is mo e han ha o i s majo compe i o s”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.814TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“Inno a ions abou en i onmen al p o ec ion in he company a e mo e han hose o i s majo compe i o s”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.843TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“In es men s in en i onmen al p o ec ion acili ies in he company a e mo e han hose o i s majo compe i o s”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.792TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“The en i onmen al knowledge managemen sys em in he company is a o able o he accumula ion and sha ing o en i onmen al managemen knowledge”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.723TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
G een Rela ional Capi al (CR = 0.828; AVE = 0.616; C onbach a= 0.829)TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
“The company designs i s p oduc s o se ices in compliance wi h he en i onmen al desi es o i s cus ome s”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.792TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“The company’s coope a i e ela ionships abou en i onmen al p o ec ion wi h i s ups eam supplie s and downs eam clien s a e s able”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.822TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“The company has s able and coope a i e ela ionships abou en i onmen al p o ec ion wi h i s s a egic pa ne s”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.739TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
G een Technology Inno a ion (CR = 0.899; AVE = 0.640; C onbach a= 0.898)TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
“Ou o ganiza ion con inuously op imizes he p ocesses by using cleane me hods o g een echnologies o make sa ings”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.766TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“Ou o ganiza ion is ac i ely in ol ed in he edesign and imp o emen o p oduc s o se ices in o de o comply wi h exis ing en i onmen al o egula o y
equi emen s”.TaggedAPTARAEnd
0.754TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“Ou o ganiza ion specializes in ecycling p ac ices o ensu e ha end-o -li e p oduc s a e eco e ed o euse in new p oduc ”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.798TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“Ou o ganiza ion is igo ously in ol ed in “eco-labeling”ac i i ies o make ou clien s conscious o ou sus ainable managemen p ac ices”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.845TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“The Resea ch & De elopmen eam a ou o ganiza ion ensu es ha he cu en echnical ad ancemen is included in he de elopmen o new eco-ini ia i es”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.832TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
Sus ainable Pe o mance (CR = 0.923; AVE = 0.601; C onbach a= 0.922)TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
“Ou company has an ini ia i e o educe, euse, and ecycle”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.807TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“Ou company has an ini ia i e o educe he nega i e en i onmen al impac o i s p oduc s”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.859TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“Ou has a policy o imp o e i s ene gy e ficiency”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.800TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“Ou company has compe i i e ad an ages in i s sales and p ofi g ow h”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.712TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“Ou company has a compe i i e ad an age in cos sa ing and e ficiency”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.760TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“Ou company has a compe i i e ad an age in i s alue”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.774TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“Ou company has a policy o s i e o be a good co po a e ci izen”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.770TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
“Ou company has a policy o espec business e hics”.TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.711TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARATableNo eNo e: CR = Composi e eliabili y, AVE = A e age a iance ex ac ed. All ac o loadings a e significan a he p<0.001 le el.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAEndA.N. Khan, K. Mehmood and H.K. Kwan Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100455
7
and a e age a iance ex ac ed (AVE) alues a e 0.70, 0.70, and 0.50,
espec i ely. Fu he mo e, ac o loadings should exceed 0.60
(Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). The esul s in Table 3 show he disc iminan
alidi y o he s anda dized cons uc s, which was confi med by he
AVE o he a iables being abo e hei squa ed co ela ion (Fo nell &
La cke , 1981). Second, he a iance infla ion ac o s had a ela i ely
low magni ude (be ween 1.14 and 1.21) when calcula ed using a di -
e en p edic i e model. Confi ma o y ac o analyses we e hen pe -
o med o assess he p oposed model’sfi . Measu es such as chi-
squa e/d <5, CFI, IFI, TLI (abo e 0.90), and RMSEA (less han 0.08)
(Hai e al., 2010) had alues wi hin he ecommended anges. The
model fi me ics we e as ollows: CMIN/DF = 1.783; p= 0.00;
IFI = 0.934; CFI = 0.927; TLI = 0.933; SRMR = 0.0452; RMSEA = 0.050,
showing a good fi o he measu emen model. As he da a me all o
he s a is ical es s o fi , we nex es ed he hypo heses.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAH2Hypo hesis es ingTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPThe PROCESS mac o was used o es he s udy’s hypo heses,
including he posi ed mode a ed impac s (Hayes, 2017). The esul s
confi med he fi s hypo hesis ha GKM had a posi i e impac on GTI
(b= 0.37, p<0.001), as shown in Table 4. The ou comes also showed
ha GKM posi i ely influenced sus ainable pe o mance (b= 0.39,
p<0.001), suppo ing H2. The analysis also demons a ed ha GKM
had a significan impac on GHC (b= 0.52, p<0.001), GSC (b= 0.35,
p<0.001), and GRC (b= 0.39, p<0.001), suppo ing H3a−H3c. We
used PROCESS mac o Model 4 o es he hypo hesized media ing
ela ionships. The findings p esen ed in Table 4 showed ha GHC
(b= 0.17, CI = [0.085, 0.273]), GSC (b= 0.09, CI = [0.039, 0.162]), and
GRC (b= 0.08, CI = [0.032, 0.144]), media ed he link be ween GKM
and GTI, which confi med H4a−H4c. Simila ly, H5a−H5c we e sup-
po ed, as GHC (b= 0.27, CI = [0.171, 0.369]), GSC (b= 0.15,
CI = [0.077, 0.238]), and GRC (b= 0.12, CI = [0.060, 0.193]), media ed
he ela ionship be ween GKM and sus ainable pe o mance, and all o
he ela ionships we e significan .TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPThis s udy used PROCESS Model 1 o assess he mode a ing e ec
o AI on he ela ionship be ween GKM and GIC. Fo GHC (b= 0.19,
p<0.01) he in e ac ion e m (GKM*AI) was significan and posi i e;
howe e , o GSC and GRC he in e ac ion e m was no significan
(Table 4). To e alua e he in e ac ion e ec s, we es ed he mode a -
ing e ec o GKM and AI a one s anda d de ia ion abo e and below
he mean. As shown in Fig. 2, when AI was highe , he e ec o GKM
on GHC was s onge , which is consis en wi h H6a. Thus, H6a was
suppo ed, bu H6b and H6c we e ejec ed. Finally, we es ed he
impac o he con ol a iables on ou ou come a iables, and ound
ha none o hem we e significan .TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPAl hough we did no hypo hesize a mode a ed media ion link, we
used he PROCESS mac o o es whe he AI mode a ed he associa-
ion be ween GKM and GTI and sus ainable pe o mance ia GHC.
Acco ding o he index o mode a ed media ion, he indi ec influ-
ence o GKM on GTI (condi ional indi ec e ec s = .06, 95 %CI = [0.029,
0.104]) and sus ainable pe o mance (condi ional indi ec e ec s = .10,
95 %CI = [0.049, 0.167]) ia GHC we e s a is ically significan .TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAH1DiscussionTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPBy applying a KBV amewo k, his s udy es ed he ela ionships
be ween GKM, GTI, and sus ainable pe o mance h ough GIC. This
s udy also es ed he mode a ing e ec s o AI on he ela ionships
be ween GKM and he h ee GIC componen s. To he bes o ou
Table 3
TaggedAPTARACap ionDesc ip i e s a is ics and co ela ion ma ix. TaggedAPTARAEnd
Cons uc sTaggedAPTARAEnd MeanTaggedAPTARAEnd SDTaggedAPTARAEnd GKMTaggedAPTARAEnd AITaggedAPTARAEnd GHCTaggedAPTARAEnd GSCTaggedAPTARAEnd GRCTaggedAPTARAEnd GTITaggedAPTARAEnd SPTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARATbody
G een Knowledge Managemen (GKM)TaggedAPTARAEnd 3.96TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.84TaggedAPTARAEnd (0.79)TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
A ificial In elligence (AI)TaggedAPTARAEnd 3.79TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.73TaggedAPTARAEnd .14*TaggedAPTARAEnd (0.75)TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
G een Human Capi al (GHC)TaggedAPTARAEnd 3.54TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.83TaggedAPTARAEnd .58
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd .30
**
TaggedAPTARAEnd (0.75)TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
G een S uc u al Capi al (GSC)TaggedAPTARAEnd 3.45TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.82TaggedAPTARAEnd .40
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd .12*TaggedAPTARAEnd .65
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd (0.78)TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
G een Rela ional Capi al (GRC)TaggedAPTARAEnd 3.57TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.97TaggedAPTARAEnd .44
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd .25
**
TaggedAPTARAEnd .67
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd .59
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd (0.79)TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
G een Technology Inno a ion (GTI)TaggedAPTARAEnd 3.51TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.82TaggedAPTARAEnd .61
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd .02TaggedAPTARAEnd .59
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd .46
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd .44
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd (0.80)TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
Sus ainable Pe o mance (SP)TaggedAPTARAEnd 3.52TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.86TaggedAPTARAEnd .57
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd -.05TaggedAPTARAEnd .72
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd .62
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd .54
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd .66
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd (0.77)TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARATableNo eNo e: (1) ***p<0.001; **p<0.01; *p<0.05, (2) Squa e oo o AVE a e shown in pa en heses on he diagonal.TaggedAPTARAEnd
Table 4
TaggedAPTARACap ionHypo heses es ing esul s. TaggedAPTARAEnd
Es ima esTaggedAPTARAEnd S.E.TaggedAPTARAEnd LLCITaggedAPTARAEnd ULCITaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARATbody
G een Knowledge Managemen (GKM) !G een Technology Inno a ion (GTI, H1)TaggedAPTARAEnd .37
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd .052TaggedAPTARAEnd .263TaggedAPTARAEnd .468TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
G een Knowledge Managemen !Sus ainable Pe o mance (SP, H2)TaggedAPTARAEnd .39
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd .052TaggedAPTARAEnd .299TaggedAPTARAEnd .503TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
G een Knowledge Managemen !G een Human Capi al (GHC, H3a)TaggedAPTARAEnd .52
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd .049TaggedAPTARAEnd .417TaggedAPTARAEnd .608TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
G een Knowledge Managemen !G een S uc u al Capi al (GSC, H3b)TaggedAPTARAEnd .35
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd .052TaggedAPTARAEnd .237TaggedAPTARAEnd .443TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
G een Knowledge Managemen !G een Rela ional Capi al (GRC, H3c)TaggedAPTARAEnd .39
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd .061TaggedAPTARAEnd .328TaggedAPTARAEnd .569TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
Media ing e ec sTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
GKM !GHC!GTI (H4a)TaggedAPTARAEnd .17
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd .048TaggedAPTARAEnd .085TaggedAPTARAEnd .273TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
GKM !GSC!GTI (H4b)TaggedAPTARAEnd .09
**
TaggedAPTARAEnd .032TaggedAPTARAEnd .039TaggedAPTARAEnd .162TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
GKM !GRC!GTI (H4c)TaggedAPTARAEnd .08
**
TaggedAPTARAEnd .029TaggedAPTARAEnd .032TaggedAPTARAEnd .144TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
GKM !GHC!SP (H5a)TaggedAPTARAEnd .27
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd .050TaggedAPTARAEnd .171TaggedAPTARAEnd .369TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
GKM !GSC!SP (H5b)TaggedAPTARAEnd .15
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd .041TaggedAPTARAEnd .077TaggedAPTARAEnd .238TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
GKM !GRC!SP (H5c)TaggedAPTARAEnd .12*TaggedAPTARAEnd .034TaggedAPTARAEnd .060TaggedAPTARAEnd .193TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
Mode a ing e ec sTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
A ificial In elligence (AI) !GHCTaggedAPTARAEnd .28
***
TaggedAPTARAEnd .055TaggedAPTARAEnd .175TaggedAPTARAEnd .392TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
A ificial In elligence !GSCTaggedAPTARAEnd .09TaggedAPTARAEnd .062TaggedAPTARAEnd -.034TaggedAPTARAEnd .211TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
A ificial In elligence !GRCTaggedAPTARAEnd .24
**
TaggedAPTARAEnd .072TaggedAPTARAEnd .102TaggedAPTARAEnd .384TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
GKM x AI !GHC (H6a)TaggedAPTARAEnd .19
**
TaggedAPTARAEnd .043TaggedAPTARAEnd .106TaggedAPTARAEnd .275TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
GKM x AI !GSC (H6b)TaggedAPTARAEnd .06TaggedAPTARAEnd .048TaggedAPTARAEnd -.034TaggedAPTARAEnd .157TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
GKM x AI !GRC (H6c)TaggedAPTARAEnd .11TaggedAPTARAEnd .056TaggedAPTARAEnd -.002TaggedAPTARAEnd .218TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARATableNo eNo e: N= 309. LLCI = lowe le el o he 95 % confidence in e al; ULCI = uppe le el o he 95 % confidence in e al; *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAEndA.N. Khan, K. Mehmood and H.K. Kwan Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100455
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