Daud, Nahu; Possumah, Bayu Tau iq; Nug aha, Ranggi Adi ya; Mus o a, Suyan o
Suk i; Amin, Chai ullah
A icle
In es iga ing he impac o he COVID-19 pandemic and
mac oeconomic a iables on unemploymen among uni e si y
g adua es in Indonesia: Reg ession and Fs-QCA app oaches
Cogen Economics & Finance
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Taylo & F ancis G oup
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Daud, Nahu; Possumah, Bayu Tau iq; Nug aha, Ranggi Adi ya; Mus o a,
Suyan o Suk i; Amin, Chai ullah (2024) : In es iga ing he impac o he COVID-19 pandemic and
mac oeconomic a iables on unemploymen among uni e si y g adua es in Indonesia: Reg ession
and Fs-QCA app oaches, Cogen Economics & Finance, ISSN 2332-2039, Taylo & F ancis, Abingdon,
Vol. 12, Iss. 1, pp. 1-20,
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In es iga ing he impac o he COVID-19
pandemic and mac oeconomic a iables on
unemploymen among uni e si y g adua es in
Indonesia: Reg ession and Fs-QCA app oaches
Nahu Daud, Bayu Taufiq Possumah, Ranggi Adi ya Nug aha, Suyan o Suk i
Mus o a & Chai ullah Amin
To ci e his a icle: Nahu Daud, Bayu Taufiq Possumah, Ranggi Adi ya Nug aha, Suyan o
Suk i Mus o a & Chai ullah Amin (2024) In es iga ing he impac o he COVID-19 pandemic
and mac oeconomic a iables on unemploymen among uni e si y g adua es in Indonesia:
Reg ession and Fs-QCA app oaches, Cogen Economics & Finance, 12:1, 2382350, DOI:
10.1080/23322039.2024.2382350
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© 2024 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma
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DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS | RESEARCH ARTICLE
In es iga ing he impac o he COVID-19 pandemic and
mac oeconomic a iables on unemploymen among uni e si y
g adua es in Indonesia: Reg ession and Fs-QCA app oaches
Nahu Daud
a
, Bayu Tau iq Possumah
b
, Ranggi Adi ya Nug aha
c
, Suyan o Suk i Mus o a
d
and
Chai ullah Amin
a
a
Pos g adua e School, Uni e si as Khai un Te na e, Te na e, No h Maluku, Indonesia;
b
Pos g adua e Depa men , Ins i u
Agama Islam Tazkia, Bogo , Indonesia;
c
Badan Pusa S a is ik, Cen al Jaka a, Indonesia;
d
Fakul as Ekonomi dan Bisnis,
Uni e si as D Soe omo, Su abaya, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
The educa ed unemploymen a e among uni e si y g adua es (EUUG) in Indonesia has
isen s eadily, eaching 34.6% du ing he Co id-19 pandemic (2020-2021), a ibu ed o
economic challenges and a na ional ecession. This esea ch aims o analyze he impac
o Co id-19 and a ious mac oeconomic a iables on educa ed unemploymen ac oss
34 Indonesian p o inces. Using panel da a eg ession and Fs-QCA me hods, he s udy
ound ha he pandemic and mac oeconomic ac o s signi ican ly in luence educa ed
unemploymen . The bes con igu a ion o high educa ed unemploymen du ing he
pandemic includes ac o s such as GDP pe capi a, in la ion, P o incial minimum wage
(PMW), in es men , and go e nmen spending, obse ed in p o inces such as Riau,
Sou h Sulawesi, DKI Jaka a, and Sou h Suma a.
IMPACT STATEMENT
This s udy me iculously in es iga es he p essing issue o unemploymen among edu-
ca ed g adua es in Indonesia, o e ing a comp ehensi e analysis ha spans a ious p o -
inces and conside s he in e ac ion o mac oeconomic a iables and he e ec s o he
Co id-19 pandemic. The s udy highligh s Wes Ja a as ha ing he highes unemploymen
a e among college g adua es, whe eas No h Kaliman an eco ds he lowes , illus a ing
signi ican egional dispa i ies. The analysis obus ly de e mines ha mac oeconomic ac-
o s such as G oss Regional Domes ic P oduc pe capi a, in la ion, minimum wage,
in es men , go e nmen spending, and he Human De elopmen Index all ha e signi i-
can impac s on g adua e unemploymen . Pa icula ly, i poin s ou ha a combina ion o
hese ac o s leads o highe unemploymen a es in egions like Riau, Sou h Sulawesi,
DKI Jaka a, and Sou h Suma a. The p ac ical implica ions o hese indings a e subs an-
ial. The s udy ad ises policymake s o u ilize hese insigh s o o mula ing a ge ed
in e en ions such as economic s imula ion measu es and educa ional enhancemen s o
align g adua e skills mo e closely wi h indus y needs. Businesses a e encou aged o ai-
lo hei in es men and wo k o ce de elopmen s a egies based on egional economic
condi ions and po en ial. Educa ional ins i u ions a e u ged o adap cu icula o imp o e
s uden employabili y h ough p ac ical skills aining and indus y pa ne ships.
Addi ionally, he s udy ecommends ha he go e nmen ocus on c ea ing specialized
job oppo uni ies o highly educa ed indi iduals and conside minimum wage adjus -
men s based on educa ional a ainmen o p omo e a ai compensa ion sys em. I sug-
ges s ha companies openly communica e wage scales du ing ec ui men o a ac and
e ain highly skilled wo ke s. G adua es a e ad ised o enhance so skills and conside
en ep eneu ship as a iable ca ee op ion. By implemen ing hese ecommenda ions,
s akeholde s including go e nmen bodies, businesses, and educa ional ins i u ions can
collec i ely os e a mo e inclusi e and esilien labo ma ke , he eby suppo ing sus ain-
able economic g ow h and educing he unemploymen a e among uni e si y g adua es
in Indonesia. This s udy no only p o ides a ounda ion o in o med decision-making bu
also ou lines a oadmap o u u e esea ch, which could include explo ing he impac o
popula ion size on unemploymen and di e en ia ing be ween g adua es om public
and p i a e ins i u ions.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Recei ed 1 Janua y 2024
Re ised 25 Ap il 2024
Accep ed 29 June 2024
KEYWORDS
Co id-19; mac oeconomics
a iables; unemploymen ;
uni e si y g adua es;
Fs-QCA; Indonesia
REVIEWING EDITOR
Goodness Aye, Uni e si y o
Ag icul u e, Maku di Benue
S a e, Nige ia
SUBJECTS
Economics and
De elopmen ; Economics;
Educa ion
CONTACT Bayu Tau iq Possumah [email p o ec ed] Pos g adua e Depa men , Ins i u Agama Islam Tazkia, Bogo , Indonesia
ß2024 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis G oup
This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. The e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he Accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
COGENT ECONOMICS & FINANCE
2024, VOL. 12, NO. 1, 2382350
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2024.2382350
1. In oduc ion
Indonesia, he wo ld’s ou h mos populous coun y, g apples wi h mul i ace ed challenges in he wake
o he Co id-19 pandemic, which commenced in Ma ch 2020. Beyond i s di ec heal h impac s, he pan-
demic has p o oundly a ec ed Indonesia’s economy and employmen landscape. As o Augus 2022, he
na ion con ends wi h a s agge ing 8,425,931 unemployed indi iduals, a igu e exace ba ed by he pan-
demic’s dis up i e e ec s on indus ies and li elihoods. This su ge in unemploymen ca ies a - eaching
epe cussions, ex ending beyond me e economic s ain. Socially, i os e s an en i onmen whe e many
indi iduals’ eso s o illici means o sus enance, heigh ening conce ns o e c ime a es. Economically,
he ipple e ec s o widesp ead unemploymen dampen communi y p ospe i y, posing signi ican chal-
lenges o Indonesia’s o e all economic s abili y.
No ably, he demog aphic o he unemployed is di e se, encompassing indi iduals wi h a ying le els
o educa ion. O e he pas six yea s, Indonesia has wi nessed a conce ning up ick in unemploymen a es
among hose wi h minimal o mal educa ion, signaling b oade socie al shi s in labo dynamics. Educa ed
unemploymen a e e e s o he p opo ion o unemployed indi iduals wi hin he labo o ce who possess
a ce ain le el o educa ion, ypically e e ing o indi iduals wi h a highe le el o o mal educa ion such as
college o uni e si y deg ees. In his sense, educa ed labo o ce wi h a diploma o abo e unemploymen
has domina ed Indonesian unemploymen and e en has shown a cons an upwa d endency du ing he
Co id-19 epidemic d ama ically. This ac shows ha ha ing a highe educa ion does no gua an ee a job.
Fo insigh s in o he b oade de e minan s and implica ions o he Co id-19 pandemic o unemploymen , a
mul i ude o s udies ha e me iculously examined, o e ing c ucial insigh s in o he mul i ace ed challenges
aced ac oss a ious sec o s and geog aphical egions. Ea ly in es iga ions, such as hose by Pana e al. (2021),
which iden i ied he coun y-le el de e minan s o he se e i y o he i s wa e o he COVID-19 pandemic.
Adams-P assl e al. (2020), Dingel and Neiman (2020), and Ghe ghina (2023) ha elucida ed he immedia e
ami ica ions o lockdown measu es, including widesp ead job losses, dis up ions o supply chains, and a apid
shi owa ds emo e wo k a angemen s. These s udies unde sco ed dispa i ies in ulne abili y and esilience
ac oss di e en locales, highligh ing how ce ain indus ies, pa icula ly hose elian on physical p esence o
hea ily a ec ed by a el es ic ions, aced disp opo iona e se backs compa ed o o he s. No able s udies
such as ILO-OECD (2020) p o ide aluable pe spec i es on global impac o Co id-19 ac oss di e en coun-
ies, shedding ligh on he complex in e play be ween public heal h, economics, and social wel a e.
Due o he Co id-19 pandemic, Indonesia’s GDP pe capi a ell sha ply in 2020, causing he coun y o en e
an economic slump. In la ion, despi e a six-yea end o slowing in la ion in Indonesia, he pandemic p o-
duced a u he all in p ices in 2020, signi ying a decline in pu chasing powe and an economic slowdown.
Wage Minimum, e en du ing he Co id-19 pandemic, he a e age minimum wage in Indonesian p o inces
inc eased yea a e yea , indica ing a go e nmen p io i y on inc easing labo buying powe . O e he las six
yea s, Indonesia has seen a s eady inc ease in bo h local and o eign in es men . Du ing he Co id-19 ou -
b eak, howe e , se e al p o inces, such as Sulawesi Ba a , had a majo d op in in es men . This obse a ion
unde sco es he u gen need o comp ehensi e s a egies o add ess no only he immedia e unemploymen
c isis bu also he unde lying socio-economic dispa i ies exace ba ed by he ongoing pandemic
In he case o go e nmen spending, he e was a cons an upwa d end, wi h a su ge e en du ing
he epidemic, showing a ocus on con aining he sp ead o Co id-19. Human De elopmen Index (HDI),
Indonesia’s HDI imp o ed ma ginally du ing he pandemic o e he las six yea s. Howe e , no all p o -
inces saw an inc ease in HDI du ing he Co id-19 ou b eak, wi h No h Kaliman an, Eas Kaliman an, and
Yogyaka a seeing a dec ease. As a summa y, he essay emphasizes he complex in e play o mac oeco-
nomic elemen s ha con ibu e o he di icul ies ha highly educa ed indi iduals ha e in inding wo k
in Indonesia, pa icula ly amid he ongoing Co id-19 pandemic.
Re lec ing on he gap be ween expec a ions and eali y, i can be said ha go e nmen e o s
h ough a ious policies ha e no been success ul in imp o ing he quali y o educa ion and educing
he unemploymen a e. Fu he mo e, om he a ailable da a, i can be obse ed ha uni e si y g adu-
a es, who inhe en ly possess he highes skills, s ill ha e a signi ican p opo ion o epo ed unemploy-
men . Ideally, wi h highe le els o educa ion, he likelihood o secu ing a job should inc ease. To
de elop he igh policies o add ess his phenomenon, i is impo an o i s unde s and he unde lying
ac o s ha cause uni e si y g adua es o emain unemployed.
2 N. DAUD ET AL.
Despi e go e nmen ini ia i es, da a indica e ha highly educa ed g adua es s ill play a signi ican
ole in he o e all unemploymen igu es. Hence, his s udy del es in o his issue by analyzing key
mac oeconomic indica o s such as GDP pe capi a, in la ion, minimum wage, in es men , go e nmen
spending, and he Human De elopmen Index (HDI). The e o e, his s udy seeks o con ibu e o he
exis ing discou se by o e ing a comp ehensi e analysis o he ac o s d i ing unemploymen among uni-
e si y g adua es in Indonesia, agains he backd op o he Co id-19 c isis. By in eg a ing insigh s om
mac oeconomic li e a u e and empi ical da a, he esea ch aims o elucida e he nuanced socioeconomic
dynamics unde lying his phenomenon. This s udy aims o add ess he p essing issue o unemploymen
among uni e si y g adua es in Indonesia and unde sco e he impo ance o go e nmen al ocus on his
demog aphic when o mula ing policies o mi iga e o e all unemploymen a es. Speci ically, i aims o
p esen a compa a i e analysis o he unemploymen a es among uni e si y g adua es ac oss 34
Indonesian p o inces be o e and a e he onse o he Co id-19 pandemic. Addi ionally, he s udy
endea o s o explo e he in e play be ween he pandemic, mac oeconomic a iables, and he unemploy-
men a es among educa ed g adua es om a ious highe educa ion ins i u ions wi hin hese egions.
Th ough his examina ion, he pape aims o elucida e he socioeconomic dynamics con ibu ing o
unemploymen among uni e si y g adua es du ing he Co id-19 c isis in 2020.
Following his sec ion, he pape is s uc u ed as ollows: Sec ion 2 p o ides a comp ehensi e e iew
o ele an li e a u e, highligh ing key indings and gaps in exis ing esea ch. Sec ion 3 ou lines he
me hodology employed in conduc ing he compa a i e analysis o unemploymen a es among uni e -
si y g adua es ac oss 34 Indonesian p o inces. Sec ion 4 p esen s he empi ical indings, elucida ing he
in e play be ween mac oeconomic a iables, pandemic-induced dis up ions, and unemploymen a es
among educa ed g adua es. Finally, Sec ion 5 o e s concluding ema ks, syn hesizing key insigh s and
p oposing ecommenda ion and p ac ical implica ions.
2. Li e a u e e iew
The de elopmen o he COVID-19 pandemic in la e 2019 has igge ed unp eceden ed wo ldwide
issues, ha ing a d ama ic impac on se e al aspec s o socie y, pa icula ly he economy and employ-
men landscape. This e iew o he li e a u e begins wi h an examina ion o cu en esea ch a emp s
ha in es iga e he global impac , epe cussions o he COVID-19 epidemic and he in e ac ion o
mac oeconomic de e minan s wi h unemploymen . These li e a u es go in o o he dimensions, adding
o a ho ough comp ehension o his delica e ela ionship by expanding on he p o ound impac s o he
Co id-19 pandemic on global wo k and employmen dynamics.
2.1. The global impac o co id 19
Se e al esea ches has shed ligh on he p o ound impac o he COVID-19 pandemic on he global econ-
omy, such as Mou’s(2020) esea ch o e s insigh s in o he p ojec ed decline in global GDP, wi h es ima es
sugges ing a educ ion o up o 3%. De eloping na ions a e expec ed o bea he b un o his impac ,
wi h some expe iencing declines o o e 6.5%. Addi ionally, wo ld me chandise ade is o ecas ed o
plumme by 13% in 2020, e lec ing he widesp ead economic dis up ion caused by he pandemic.
Zah a e al. (2021) highligh a signi ican educ ion in GDP wo ldwide, amoun ing o o e 2 illion by
he close o 2020. Sec o s such as manu ac u ing, mining, ou ism, and ai lines ha e bo ne he b un o
subs an ial losses as a esul o he pandemic. In a simila ein, Ge ald and Massomeh (2021) del e in o
he pandemic’s impac on consump ion pa e ns, emphasizing i s di e se e ec s on di e en sec o s o
he global economy. Indus ies like a ia ion and ou ism expe ienced a down u n, o he s such as media
and ood e ail wi nessed g ow h. The pandemic’s in luence on consump ion globaliza ion has been no -
able, ma ked by dec eased incomes and demand o goods and se ices, unde sco ing he necessi y o
iscal measu es o e i alize incomes and spu g ow h. While he global ou ism indus y, as explo ed by
Mohsin and Qama i (2021), aced signi ican epe cussions, wi h a p ojec ed ma ke alue dec ease om
700 billion o 447 billion in 2020. The Wo ld T a el and Tou ism Boa d es ima ed s agge ing losses o 75
million jobs and $2.1 illion in income due o he pandemic’s impac .
COGENT ECONOMICS & FINANCE 3
The in es iga ions in o he in e sec ion o socio-economic ac o s and geog aphical con ex s, as demon-
s a ed by esea ch by Che y e al. (2020) and Ob ado ich e al. (2021), e ealed he nuanced na u e o he
pandemic’s impac . They emphasized how p e-exis ing dispa i ies in in as uc u e, heal hca e access, and
economic esilience shaped he di e en ial impac o he pandemic ac oss egions. S udies such as by
Wo ld Bank (2020) and McKibbin and Fe nando (2020) show he c i ical ole o policy esponses and ins i u-
ional capaci ies in mi iga ing o exace ba ing hese dispa i ies. Schola s highligh ed he in e connec ed-
ness o global supply chains and labo ma ke s, as explo ed in esea ch by Baldwin and Tomiu a (2020),
demons a ing how dis up ions in one egion could ha e a - eaching consequences wo ldwide.
2.2. Co id 19 and i s impac on mac oeconomic a iables
Mac oeconomic a iables play a pi o al ole in shaping unemploymen a es du ing he pandemic and
ha e been a subjec o ex ensi e analysis. S udies by Ramey and Zubai y (2018) del e in o he impac o is-
cal policies, mone a y measu es, and go e nmen spending on employmen ou comes. No ably, McKibbin
and Fe nando (2020) highligh he di e se mac oeconomic esponses ac oss di e en coun ies, emphasiz-
ing he need o conside con ex ual ac o s in assessing he pandemic’s impac on unemploymen .
The pandemic’s global employmen issue has spa ked subs an ial esea ch, pa icula ly by he
In e na ional Labo O ganiza ion (ILO) in 2020. Thei indings highligh he c i ical need o coo dina ed
wo ldwide measu es o add ess he ex ao dina y labo ma ke issues. The apid adop ion o emo e
labo , exace ba ed by he epidemic, is a c ucial elemen shaping wo ldwide employmen dynamics.
Acco ding o esea che s such as B ynjol sson e al. (2020), his ans o ma ion, d i en by g ea e eliance
on echnology no only eshapes labo ma ke s bu also p esen s oppo uni ies o ce ain indus ies
while lea ing o he s ulne able o job displacemen .
Rajend an (2022) emphasized he signi ican impac o he pandemic on he wo ld economy, esul ing
in economic shock and c isis. Despi e ad ancemen s in a ious ields, such as medicine and bio echnology,
he global economy was unp epa ed o a pandemic o his scale caused by an unknown i us. Sa gsyan
and Sa gsyan (2022) highligh ed he COVID-19 pandemic as he mos se ious economic c isis since Wo ld
Wa II, a ec ing o e 50 million people globally. They no ed he unce ain y and di icul choices aced by
go e nmen s, leading o signi ican economic shocks and unp edic abili y in u u e de elopmen s. The
pandemic caused a double shock in e Szomol
anyi e al. (2023) conduc ed a s udy aiming o unde s and
hese impac s on he global economy, ocusing on de ia ions in GDP, labo , labo income, and a e age
labo p oduc in he USA and EU om he log-quad a ic end du ing he pandemic ou b eak. Thei ind-
ings sugges a sudden d op in pe o mance ollowed by a modes eco e y, p esen ing challenges o go -
e nmen s o mi iga e economic impac s h ough iscal o mone a y policies.
Gagnon e al. (2023) explo ed he impac o he COVID-19 pandemic on global GDP g ow h. They
iden i ied a small e ec on GDP om COVID-19 dea hs bu emphasized he signi ican in luence on GDP
om changes in lockdown measu es. No ably, he e ec s a ied be ween ich and poo coun ies, wi h
global ade playing a c ucial ole in ansmi ing economic e ec s ac oss bo de s.
Manna e al. (2023) discussed he nega i e impac o he COVID-19 pandemic on he wo ld economy,
highligh ing job losses, business dis up ions, and economic decline. Thei s udy p o ided insigh s in o he
p e-COVID-19 economic condi ion, su eyed he possible e ec s o he shock on di e en sec o s, and ana-
lyzed s a egies decla ed by cen al go e nmen s and in e na ional banks o mi iga e he inancial shock.
2.3. Long- e m epe cussions o co id 19
I is c i ical o in es iga e he po en ial long- e m epe cussions o pandemic-induced unemploymen .
Gallan e al. (2020) s udy he long- e m e ec s o sca ing on people’s employmen chances and o e all
well-being. As a esul , he psychological in luence o unce ain y and heal h conce ns on labo o ce
pa icipa ion canno be o e looked. Adams-P assl e al. (2020) and Coibion e al. (2020) conduc ed
esea ch on how hese cha ac e is ics in luence indi iduals’decisions o en e he labo o ce.
Osca e al. (2020) del e in o he medium- o long- e m economic consequences o pandemics, con-
as ing hem wi h o he economic c ises. Thei analysis spans pandemics h oughou his o y, u ilizing
a es o e u n on asse s da ing back o he 14 h cen u y. The s udy e eals ha signi ican
4 N. DAUD ET AL.
mac oeconomic e ec s o pandemics pe sis o decades, dep essing eal a es o e u n subs an ially.
This s ands in s a k con as o he a e ma h o wa s, whe e capi al des uc ion is e iden bu absen in
pandemics. The indings align wi h he neoclassical g ow h model, sugges ing ha pandemics may
induce ela i e labo sca ci y and/o os e a shi owa ds g ea e p ecau iona y sa ings.
Williamson e al. (2022) in es iga e he sho - and long- e m impac s o COVID-19 on economic ulne -
abili y h ough a popula ion-based longi udinal s udy. Thei esea ch iden i ies a sho - e m associa ion
be ween COVID-19 and inc eased odds o inadequa e household income, which does no pe sis in he
long e m. Addi ionally, he s udy highligh s inc eased odds o long- e m wo k absence due o sickness.
Simanungkali e al. (2022) analyze he impac o COVID-19 on inancial planning om bo h sho -
and long- e m pe spec i es. Thei indings e eal posi i e associa ions be ween inancial planning and
analy ical decision-making s yle, ime o ien a ion, and sel and o he o ien a ion. Howe e , unde con i-
dence bias is nega i ely associa ed only wi h long- e m inancial planning, while in ui i e decision-
making shows no co ela ion wi h sho - e m inancial planning. The s udy o e s insigh s o enhance
pe sonal inancial planning and de elop ailo ed inancial se ices.
Hao e al. (2023) explo e he las ing economic epe cussions o he COVID-19 pandemic on Sou h
A ica’s long- e m economic g ow h. By in eg a ing an epidemiological model in o a modi ied Solow-
Swan model, he s udy examines a ious channels such as mo bidi y, mo ali y, unemploymen , loss o
school days, and capi al accumula ion. The indings indica e ha COVID-19 is p ojec ed o educe Sou h
A ica’s a e age annual GDP pe capi a g ow h a e by 0.07 pe cen age poin s o e he nex ou deca-
des, ep esen ing a 25% decline compa ed o he no-COVID scena io. No ably, human capi al losses
esul ing om school closu es con ibu e o mo e han hal o his economic slowdown.
2.4. Co id 19 and i s impac on speci ic popula ion segmen s
Da id e al. (2020) del e in o he socio-economic ami ica ions o COVID-19 lockdown measu es. Thei in es-
iga ion e eals ha he pandemic disp opo iona ely a ec s ulne able social g oups, pa icula ly hose ac-
ing p eca ious li ing condi ions. Ea ly e idence sugges s ha he heal h and economic bu dens o he i us
a e disp opo iona ely bo ne by impo e ished indi iduals, including he homeless, e ugees, mig an s, and
displaced pe sons. These ma ginalized popula ions ace heigh ened exposu e o he i us and endu e socio-
economic challenges such as es ic ed mo emen and diminished employmen oppo uni ies.
B am e al. (2020) p opose segmen a ion and shielding s a egies as essen ial componen s o an exi
s a egy om COVID-19 lockdowns. Thei s udy emphasizes he c i ical ole o he con ac ma ix be ween
di e en popula ion segmen s and he impac o physical dis ancing measu es on ansmission a es. The
indings unde sco e he impo ance o close moni o ing o he epidemic du ing and a e lockdowns, wi h
po en ial applica ions beyond COVID-19 o in ec ious diseases a ec ing ulne able popula ion segmen s.
Su e al. in es iga ed he e ec s o he COVID-19 pandemic on unemploymen in i e Eu opean
economies. To ha goal, he s udy employs a Fou ie causali y es om Decembe 2019 o Decembe
2020. Acco ding o Z- es esul s, unemploymen in Ge many, Spain, and he Uni ed Kingdom has
dec eased signi ican ly as a esul o COVID-19. Acco ding o he indings, COVID-19 ins ances c ea e
unemploymen in Ge many, I aly, and he Uni ed Kingdom. Fu he mo e, COVID-19 gene a es unemploy-
men in I aly and he Uni ed Kingdom. O e all, he s udy’s indings show ha he pandemic inc eases
unemploymen a es signi ican ly in p edominan ly Eu opean economies.
Do e (2021) ound ha he COVID-19 pandemic has highligh ed he ulne abili y and p eca i y o
essen ial wo ke s in Mad id, Spain. Essen ial wo ke s, such as heal hca e p o essionals, g oce y s o e
wo ke s, and deli e y d i e s, ha e been a he o e on o he pandemic, p o iding se ices ha a e
c i ical o he unc ioning o socie y. Howe e , hese wo ke s o en ace p eca ious wo king condi ions,
including low wages, lack o job secu i y, and limi ed access o heal h insu ance and o he bene i s
Ezepchuk and Sku a o skaya (2022) shed ligh on he p o ound impac o he COVID-19 pandemic on glo-
bal popula ion s uc u es. The i s wa e o he pandemic, d i en by he highly con agious and lung-speci ic
COVID-19 s ain, esul ed in signi ican casual ies wo ldwide, a ec ing ens o millions o people. This unp e-
ceden ed h ea unde sco ed he global pe il posed by he i us o popula ions ac oss he plane .
Haoning, X, e al. (2022) in es iga e he impac o COVID-19 on a el beha io ac oss socio-economic seg-
men s. Thei esea ch e eals nuanced a ia ions in a el pa e ns among di e en segmen s in esponse o
COGENT ECONOMICS & FINANCE 5
COVID moni o ing measu es. Fo ins ance, high-income wo ke s exhibi g ea e lexibili y in wo k ips due o
he op ion o wo king om home, unlike low-income wo ke s who lack such disc e ion. Addi ionally, he s udy
highligh s dispa i ies in he eco e y o a el beha io be ween high- and low-employmen densi y segmen s,
as well as he di e en ial impac o limi ed medical esou ces on low-income segmen s. These indings o e
aluable insigh s in o unde s anding he he e ogeneous mobili y esponses o COVID-19 ac oss socio-eco-
nomic g oups, in o ming a ge ed egula o y policies and shaping anspo models o he pos -pandemic e a.
The pandemic has disp opo iona ely a ec ed in o mal labo ma ke s and ulne able popula ions. Alon
e al. (2020) discuss how speci ic demog aphic g oups, such as low-income wo ke s and mino i ies, ace
heigh ened challenges in e ms o job secu i y and income s abili y. Recognizing he impo ance o educa-
ion and e aining ini ia i es in esponding o e ol ing labo ma ke dynamics, Gou inchas e al. (2021) a gue
ha he pandemic has disp opo iona ely impac ed wo ke s wi h highe educa ion le els. This unde sco es
he need o nuanced analyses when e alua ing he connec ion be ween educa ion, skills, and unemploy-
men du ing he pandemic. S udies by Li (2022) explo e he ole o up-skilling and e-skilling p og ams in mi -
iga ing unemploymen challenges, pa icula ly o wo ke s in indus ies unde going ans o ma ion.
Kapi sinis and Gialis (2023) emphasize an endu ing con as be ween pe iphe al and co e a eas, whe e
high le els o ins abili y pe sis en ly cha ac e ize less de eloped egions. In e es ingly, his ins abili y is also
on he ise in u banized, economically ad anced a eas. Thei esea ch indica es ha he ex en o job insecu -
i y wi hin a egional wo k o ce s em om a mul i ace ed in e play o na ional in luences and local ac o s
such as specializa ion, geog aphic isola ion, his o ical pa e ns, ins i u ional no ms, and demog aphic ends.
Las ly, a s udy by Rahman e al. (2022) su eyed he Indonesian public o be e unde s and hei heal h,
employmen , and economic de e io a ion du ing he ea ly s ages o he COVID-19 ou b eak. Thei s udy
depic ed ha COVID-19 has no immedia e colla e al e ec s on he economy o he s udy pa icipan s.
Howe e , he pandemic has a nega i e impac on he employmen , heal h, and social li e o he people. To
mi iga e he nega i e e ec s o his pandemic on heal h, employmen , economy, and social li e, a com-
ple e e alua ion o COVID-19 impac s, as well as public heal h in e en ions, should be conduc ed
3. Resea ch me hodology
3.1. Da a
The da a used in his s udy a e quan i a i e da a which include he ollowing:
a. Da a on educa ed unemploymen g adua es om uni e si ies in 34 p o inces in Indonesia om
2017 o 2022;
b. GDP pe capi a da a o 34 p o inces in Indonesia om 2017 o 2022;
c. In la ion da a o 34 p o inces in Indonesia om 2017 o 2022;
d. Minimum wage da a o 34 p o inces in Indonesia om 2017 o 2022;
e. In es men da a o 34 p o inces in Indonesia om 2017 o 2022;
. Go e nmen expendi u e da a o 34 p o inces in Indonesia om 2017 o 2022;
g. Human De elopmen Index da a o 34 p o inces in Indonesia om 2017 o 2022.
All he da a used a e seconda y da a sou ced om he Indonesia Cen al S a is ics Agency (BPS) in 34
p o inces in Indonesia. All o his da a was collec ed as ee sou ce by di ec ly downloading om he
o icial BPS websi e in 34 p o inces in Indonesia. The da ase size a ies depending on he speci ic a ia-
bles and ime ames, bu collec i ely, i cons i u es a comp ehensi e ep esen a ion o he socio-eco-
nomic landscape ac oss he 34 p o inces in Indonesia o e he speci ied ime pe iod. As o igh s and
pe missions, since he da a is sou ced om a go e nmen al agency and publicly a ailable, no addi ional
igh s o pe missions we e necessa y o i s usage in his esea ch.
3.2. Me hods o analysis
This esea ch employs h ee complemen a y me hods o analysis. Fi s ly, he G aphical Desc ip i e Analysis
Me hod is u ilized o assess he compa ison o educa ed unemploymen a es among uni e si y g adua es
6 N. DAUD ET AL.
in 34 p o inces o Indonesia be o e and a e he Co id-19 pandemic. This me hod isualizes condi ions
du ing he yea s 2018–2021. Secondly, he Panel Da a Reg ession Analysis Me hod is employed o e alua e
he impac o a iables ela ed o he Co id-19 pandemic and mac oeconomics on he unemploymen
a es o educa ed g adua es om highe educa ion ins i u ions in 34 p o inces o Indonesia. Va iables such
as economic g ow h, in la ion, minimum wage, in es men , go e nmen spending, and he Human
De elopmen Index a e examined o iden i y s a is ically signi ican in luences on unemploymen a es.
Thi dly, he esea ch u ilizes he Fuzzy-Se Quali a i e Compa a i e Analysis (Fs-QCA) Me hod o gain
quali a i e insigh s in o he con igu a ion o mac oeconomic condi ions leading o he eme gence o
educa ed unemploymen a es among g adua es o highe educa ion ins i u ions in p o inces ac oss
Indonesia du ing he Co id-19 pandemic. This me hod used o an unde s anding o he quali a i e ole
o mac oeconomic a iables ha may no be iden i ied h ough quan i a i e app oaches. By employing
hese combined me hods, he esea ch aims o p o ide a holis ic unde s anding o he ac o s in luenc-
ing he unemploymen a es o educa ed g adua es om highe educa ion ins i u ions in Indonesia du -
ing and a e he Co id-19 pandemic.
The da a analysis s ages based on Fs-QCA by Pappas and Woodside (2021) as shown in Diag am 1.
The s ages a e as ollows: de e mining sample da a, calib a ing da a, o ming u h ables, so ing u h
able esul s based on equency and consis ency, p esen ing model solu ions, ob aining indings om
Fs-QCA, and inally in e p e ing he indings o Fs-QCA. The ocus o Fs-QCA is on he condi ion o dou-
ble in e ac ion o cause-e ec ela ionships ha yield esul s in a sys em. Di e ences in condi ions can
Diag am 1. Fs-QCA analysis s ep.
COGENT ECONOMICS & FINANCE 7
inc ease in in la ion will educe he unemploymen a e among college g adua es in Indonesia by 0.0998
pe cen , assuming all o he a iables emain cons an . The esul s a e consis en wi h A.W. Phillips’s he-
o y, which explains he ela ionship be ween he unemploymen a e and in la ion, assuming ha in la-
ion indica es an inc ease in agg ega e demand (Mankiw, 2013). Acco ding o demand heo y, p ices will
ise when demand inc eases. To mee his demand, p oduce s inc ease hei p oduc ion capaci y by add-
ing labo , which is he only inpu ha inc eases ou pu . As a esul , unemploymen dec eases because
he demand o labo inc eases wi h in la ion. Addi ionally, his esea ch aligns wi h he indings o
Umma in (2020) and Fahmi (2022), whe e in la ion has a signi ican impac on educa ed unemploymen .
Nex , he minimum wage (MW) a iable has a nega i e and signi ican impac on he unemploymen
o uni e si y g adua es in Indonesia, wi h a coe icien o −0.8274. This implies ha each one pe cen
inc ease in minimum wage (MW) will dec ease he unemploymen o uni e si y g adua es by 0.8274 pe -
cen , assuming o he a iables emain cons an . This esul aligns wi h McCall’s(1970) indings whe e
unemploymen is linked o he du a ion o job sea ch, depending on he o e ed wage and he expec ed
minimum wage.
Addi ionally, Bo jas (2016) s a es ha indi iduals may s op job hun ing when he o e ed wage does
no ma ch hei expec ed wage. Suppo ing his s a emen , Pasay and Ind ayan i (2012) men ion ha ,
undamen ally, he highe a pe son’s educa ion le el, he g ea e he likelihood ha hey will ha e a job
ha pays acco ding o hei educa ion le el. In o he wo ds, someone wi h highe educa ion is less likely
o accep a job i i does no mee he expec ed minimum wage.
An inc ease in he minimum wage could esul in se e al ou comes. Fi s ly, i may lead o highe con-
sume spending, as indi iduals wi h highe wages ha e mo e disposable income. This inc eased spend-
ing can s imula e economic g ow h and po en ially c ea e mo e job oppo uni ies, he eby educing
unemploymen . Secondly, a highe minimum wage can imp o e he s anda d o li ing o wo ke s,
educing income inequali y and enhancing o e all well-being. These esul s sugges ha an inc ease in
Table 7. Fuzzy-se QCA indings.
14 N. DAUD ET AL.
he minimum wage can ha e a a o able impac on educing unemploymen among uni e si y g adu-
a es in Indonesia and indica ing ha he minimum wage has a signi ican nega i e impac on educa ed
unemploymen . As he educa ion le el o he wo k o ce inc eases, hey also ha e highe wage expec a-
ions. Thus, when he o e ed wage is high, hey will be willing o accep he job.
Howe e , i ’s essen ial o conside po en ial d awbacks, such as he possibili y o inc eased p oduc ion
cos s o businesses, which may lead o p ice hikes o layo s o o se he highe wage expenses.
This is due o he lockdown du ing he Co id-19 pe iod signi ican ly a ec ing job oppo uni ies and
wage le els, as s udied by Bal aji e al. (2023) when hey in es iga ed COVID-19 lockdowns in Jo dan
and Mo occo led o job losses and wage cu s, pa icula ly a ec ing manu ac u ing, e ail, and o he se -
ice sec o s, emphasizing he need o digi aliza ion and a ge ed unemploymen bene i s. They ound
ha manu ac u ing i ms laid o wo ke s in he sho e m and educed wages in he medium e m,
while e ail i ms shed ewe jobs ini ially bu cu mo e jobs in he medium e m, especially pa - ime
posi ions, and also educed wages. The policymake s should ca e ully weigh he po en ial bene i s and
d awbacks be o e implemen ing any changes o he minimum wage policy o ensu e sus ainable and
inclusi e economic g ow h.
Fu he mo e, he In es men a iable has a posi i e and signi ican impac on he unemploymen o
uni e si y g adua es in Indonesia, wi h a coe icien o 0.0572. This means ha each one pe cen
inc eases in in es men will inc ease he unemploymen o uni e si y g adua es in Indonesia by 0.0572
pe cen , assuming o he a iables emain cons an .
The s udy e eals nume ous ac o s o he conside able posi i e link be ween in es men and uni e -
si y g adua e unemploymen in Indonesia. To begin, he a o able ela ionship be ween in es men and
uni e si y g adua e unemploymen is unce ain o e a six-yea pe iod due o he impac o he COVID-
19 epidemic om 2020 o 2022. Despi e he pandemic, in es men alues climbed s eadily om 2017 o
2022, wi h a signi ican 6.99 pe cen g ow h in 2020. Howe e , he inc ease in in es men does no co -
espond wi h he ising unemploymen o uni e si y g adua es, which ose by 34.64 pe cen in 2020 due
o ex ensi e layo s and la ge-scale e mina ion o job igh s in acco dance wi h go e nmen ules.
Second, du ing he pandemic, he e is signi ican possibili y o in es men in se e al Indonesian
a eas. Howe e , no all 34 p o inces o e he same le el o appeal o in es o s. Some ha e g ea in es -
men po en ial, while o he s do no , showing ha low in es men alues a e less emp ing o in es o s.
Thi d, he e is a clea imbalance be ween he numbe o uni e si y g adua es and he deg ee o
in es men in each egion. Fo example, Wes Ja a, which accoun ed o 16.53 pe cen o all employed
uni e si y g adua es in Indonesia in 2020, saw jus a 4.25 pe cen ise in in es men . Despi e inc eased
in es men s, his inequali y adds o Indonesia’s con inuing inc ease in unemploymen among uni e si y
g adua es.
Wi h a coe icien o 0.9833, he a iable o go e nmen expendi u e has a posi i e and signi ican
impac on he unemploymen o uni e si y g adua es in Indonesia. This means ha a 1% inc ease in
go e nmen spending will esul in 0.9833 pe cen mo e unemploymen among uni e si y g adua es in
Indonesia, p o ided all o he a iables emain cons an . This inding is consis en wi h Ma ia’s (2015)
esea ch, which ound ha go e nmen spending has a a o able e ec on unemploymen a es. The
dispa i y in indings be ween his s udy and o he s udies, such as Kaha udin e al. (2019), is linked o
he go e nmen ’s concen a ion on he heal h sec o du ing he COVID-19 pandemic in o de o slow
he i us’s sp ead. This is demons a ed by he 35.20 pe cen ise in go e nmen spending on heal h
du ing he pandemic.
The Human De elopmen Index (HDI) a iable exhibi s a coe icien o 2.5583, indica ing a no able
posi i e impac on he unemploymen o uni e si y g adua es in Indonesia. This implies ha a 1%
inc ease in HDI co esponds o a educ ion in uni e si y g adua e unemploymen by 2.5583 pe cen ,
assuming all o he a iables emain cons an . This obse a ion aligns wi h he indings o Qama iyah
e al. (2022), a i ming he signi ican bene icial in luence o he Human De elopmen Index on
unemploymen . Despi e Indonesia’s HDI expe iencing an upwa d ajec o y om 2017 o 2022, he
unemploymen a e among educa ed g adua es su ged. This pa adox can be a ibu ed o he co el-
a ion be ween HDI and he a e age leng h o schooling, a de e minan ac o wi hin he HDI amewo k.
As he HDI ises, so does he a e age leng h o schooling, e lec ing an expanding wo k o ce wi h highe
educa ion c eden ials annually. Howe e , he exponen ial g ow h in he numbe o uni e si y g adua es
COGENT ECONOMICS & FINANCE 15
en e ing he labo ma ke has no been me wi h a p opo ional inc ease in job oppo uni ies.
Fu he mo e, he ad e se impac o he COVID-19 pandemic, cha ac e ized by educed ou pu and wide-
sp ead layo s, exace ba ed he unemploymen si ua ion in Indonesia.
Las ly, he a iable o he COVID-19 pandemic has a signi ican posi i e impac on he unemploymen
o uni e si y g adua es in Indonesia, wi h an es ima ed coe icien o 0.1391 (p- alue ¼0.0138). This sug-
ges s ha he occu ence o he COVID-19 pandemic inc eases he unemploymen o uni e si y g adu-
a es in Indonesia by 0.1391 pe cen . This esul is consis en wi h he s udy by Sani e al. (2022), which
ound ha he COVID-19 pandemic led o an inc ease in unemploymen ac oss all p o inces in
Indonesia. The pandemic’s e ec s, s a ing in 2020 wi h he iden i ica ion o COVID-19 in Indonesia,
we e acknowledged by he go e nmen h ough he implemen a ion o La ge-Scale Social Res ic ions,
es ic ing public ac i i ies, and Wo k om Home (WFH) and School om Home policies. These measu es
hinde ed economic ac i i ies, leading o educed cash low o companies, esul ing in an inabili y o
co e labo cos s o all employees. Consequen ly, companies made decisions o lay o some wo ke s,
educing job acancies and inc easing unemploymen . The impac o PSBB also a ec ed hose wo king
in he in o mal sec o , such as SMEs, anspo a ion se ices, and o he businesses, esul ing in signi ican
job losses. The e o e, he ongoing inc ease in unemploymen in Indonesia, especially among uni e si y
g adua es, is closely linked o he COVID-19 pandemic.
5.2. Unemploymen among uni e si y g adua es du ing he pandemic (Fs-QC.1)
The u h able o alidi y able gene a ed e eals 12 con igu a ions o mac oeconomic condi ions lead-
ing o inc eased college-educa ed unemploymen in 15 p o inces du ing he 2020 Co id-19 pandemic.
Con e sely, 11 con igu a ions did no esul in inc eased unemploymen . No ably, h ee main g oups o
p o inces exhibi dis inc combina ions o mac oeconomic ac o s in luencing unemploymen ou comes.
In he Comp ehensi e Mac o Fac o s G oup (Jaka a and Sou h Sulawesi), all mac oeconomic ac o s
con ibu e o educa ed unemploymen du ing he pandemic. Riau and Sou h Suma a expe ience
unemploymen due o a combina ion o Pe Capi a GDP, In la ion, Minimum P o incial Wage,
In es men , and Go e nmen Expendi u e. No h Suma a’s unemploymen is in luenced by Pe Capi a
GDP, In la ion, In es men , Go e nmen Expendi u e, and HDI. Aceh’s unemploymen esul s om a com-
bina ion o In la ion, PMW, In es men , Go e nmen Expendi u e, and HDI. This inding aligns wi h
esea ch by Ramey and Zubai y (2018) and McKibbin and Fe nando (2020) ha ha e examined he
impac o iscal policies, mone a y measu es, and go e nmen spending on employmen ou comes.
Unemploymen in p o inces like Lampung, Cen al Ja a, Wes Ja a, Eas Ja a, Ban en, Eas
Kaliman an, and Sou h Kaliman an is linked o combina ions o In la ion, In es men , Go e nmen
Expendi u e, and HDI. Wes Suma a’s unemploymen is in luenced by In la ion, PMW,
Go e nmen Expendi u e, and HDI, while Papua expe iences unemploymen due o In la ion, MPW, and
Go e nmen Expendi u e.
In p o inces like Wes Kaliman an and Yogyaka a, unemploymen is associa ed wi h speci ic mac o-
economic ac o s. Fo example, Wes Kaliman an’s unemploymen is associa ed wi h In la ion and
In es men , while Yogyaka a’s unemploymen is linked o HDI alone.
The Fs-QCA indings indica e ha Solu ion 8, wi h a con igu a ion in ol ing i e mac oeconomic ac-
o s, bes explains educa ed unemploymen du ing he pandemic. This solu ion, pa icula ly p e alen in
Riau, Sou h Sulawesi, DKI Jaka a, and Sou h Suma a, shows a consis ency le el o 94.97% and explains
app oxima ely 25.55% o he high unemploymen ou comes. Howe e , o e all, hese con igu a ions col-
lec i ely explain a ound 1.72% o college-educa ed unemploymen du ing he pandemic.
6. Conclusion
In examining he impac o unemploymen among educa ed g adua es in Indonesia, his esea ch del es
in o a ious aspec s, anging om he unemploymen a e in di e en p o inces o he in luence o
mac oeconomic a iables and he Co id-19 pandemic. The conclusions and ecommenda ions d awn
om his analysis p o ide aluable insigh s o add essing employmen challenges, pa icula ly in
16 N. DAUD ET AL.
educing he a e o unemploymen among he educa ed wo k o ce. Based on he esul o he analysis
and discussions, he ollowing conclusions can be d awn:
6.1. Unemploymen among college g adua es by p o ince
The p o ince wi h he highes a e o Unemploymen among College G adua es, bo h be o e and a e
he Co id-19 pandemic, is Wes Ja a. In con as , No h Kaliman an has he lowes Unemploymen
among College G adua es a e.
6.2. Pa ial s a is ical es
All a iables in he model, including he Co id-19 pandemic and mac oeconomic a iables (G oss
Regional Domes ic P oduc pe capi a, in la ion, minimum wage, in es men , go e nmen spending,
and Human De elopmen Index), signi ican ly in luence he unemploymen o college g adua es in
Indonesia.
6.3. Con igu a ion o mac oeconomic ac o s
The combina ion o mac oeconomic ac o s, including G oss Regional Domes ic P oduc pe capi a, in la-
ion, minimum wage, in es men , and go e nmen spending, leads o a high unemploymen ou come
o college g adua es in Riau, Sou h Sulawesi, DKI Jaka a, and Sou h Suma a.
7. P ac ical implica ion
The indings o his s udy o e se e al p ac ical implica ions o policymake s, businesses, and educa o s
in Indonesia such as:
Policymake s can u ilize he insigh s p o ided by his esea ch o o mula e a ge ed policies aimed
a add essing unemploymen among uni e si y g adua es. Fo ins ance, policies aimed a s imula ing
economic g ow h and in es men , such as ax incen i es o in as uc u e de elopmen p ojec s,
could help c ea e job oppo uni ies o g adua es. Addi ionally, policymake s may conside measu es
o enhance he quali y o educa ion and skills de elopmen o be e align wi h indus y needs,
he eby imp o ing g adua es’employabili y.
Businesses can le e age he unde s anding o he impac o mac oeconomic ac o s on unemploy-
men o in o m hei s a egic decision-making. Fo example, businesses may adjus hei in es men
s a egies based on egional dispa i ies in in es men po en ial highligh ed in he esea ch. Mo eo e ,
businesses can conside implemen ing policies ha suppo wo k o ce de elopmen and aining o
ensu e alignmen wi h e ol ing indus y demands and educe unemploymen among g adua es.
Educa o s and educa ional ins i u ions can use he esea ch indings o adap hei cu icula and p o-
g ams o be e p epa e s uden s o he labo ma ke . This may in ol e inco po a ing p ac ical skills
aining, in e nships, o indus y collabo a ions o enhance s uden s’employabili y and compe i i e-
ness in he job ma ke . Addi ionally, educa o s can p o ide ca ee guidance and counseling o help
s uden s make in o med decisions abou hei educa ional and ca ee pa hways.
O e all, he esea ch p o ides aluable insigh s ha can in o m e idence-based policymaking, busi-
ness s a egies, and educa ional ini ia i es aimed a add essing unemploymen among uni e si y g adu-
a es in Indonesia. By implemen ing a ge ed in e en ions in o med by hese indings, s akeholde s can
wo k owa ds os e ing a mo e inclusi e and esilien labo ma ke ha suppo s sus ainable economic
g ow h and de elopmen .
COGENT ECONOMICS & FINANCE 17
8. Recommenda ions
In e ms o go e nmen ini ia i es, he e is a need o p io i ize he c ea ion o specialized job oppo uni-
ies ailo ed o indi iduals wi h highe educa ion. Mo eo e , di ec ing in es men s owa ds abso bing
skilled and educa ed wo ke s can signi ican ly con ibu e o alle ia ing unemploymen challenges. By
os e ing and enhancing he c ea i e indus y, he go e nmen can u he di e si y employmen a e-
nues. Addi ionally, designing minimum wage ca ego ies based on educa ional c i e ia, akin o ci il se -
ice classi ica ions, would es ablish a ai and s uc u ed compensa ion sys em.
Fo companies, a s a egic app oach in ol es displaying minimum wages du ing ec ui men o each
educa ional o skill ca ego y. Recognizing and ewa ding highly skilled and knowledgeable wo ke s wi h
ideal compensa ion packages is essen ial o os e ing a mo i a ed and compe en wo k o ce.
Uni e si y g adua es, on he o he hand, a e ad ised o enhance so skills, aligning hei capabili ies
wi h he needs o he job ma ke . I is c ucial o hem o b oaden hei ocus beyond employmen and
conside en ep eneu ship as a iable ca ee pa h. Las ly, o u u e esea ch endea o s, inco po a ing
addi ional a iables like popula ion size can p o ide a mo e comp ehensi e unde s anding o he
dynamics in luencing unemploymen . Fu he mo e, sepa a ing he analysis o unemploymen among
g adua es o public and p i a e uni e si ies can yield nuanced insigh s in o educa ional and sec o -spe-
ci ic dispa i ies.
Au ho con ibu ion
The au ho s con i m con ibu ion o he pape as ollows: Nahu Daud: main idea, d a ing manusc ip and da a ana-
lysis, Bayu Tau iq Possumah: s udy concep ion, w i ing manusc ip s uc u e, e ision w i ing, Ranggi Adi ya
Nug aha: Da a Collec ion and analysis, Suyan o Suk i Mus o a: Da a alida ion, obus ness check, e ision w i ing
Chai ullah Amin: analysis and in e p e a ion o esul s. All au ho s e iewed he esul s and app o ed he inal e -
sion o he manusc ip .
Disclosu e s a emen
No po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho (s).
Abou he au ho s
Nahu Daud comple ed his Doc o al deg ee a Uni e si as Ai langga, Su abaya, Indonesia, in 2018. He is cu en ly a
acul y membe a he Facul y o Economics, Uni e si as Khai un Te na e. His esea ch in e es s include mac oeco-
nomics and public economics, wi h a pa icula ocus on egional de elopmen planning.
Bayu Tau iq Possumah is a Ph.D. in Islamic Economics om Uni e si i Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) in 2013. He is a
o me esea che a Ins i u Islam Hadha i and he Resea ch Cen e o Islamic Economics and Finance (EKONIS)
UKM also as o me senio lec u e o Financial Economics a Uni e si y Malaysia Te engganu (UMT). Cu en ly he
se es as senio lec u e a Ins i u Tazkia Indonesia and appoin ed as Di ec o o Indonesia Waq Ins i u e (IWI). His
esea ch in e es s include Islamic economics, mac oeconomic, weal h managemen , classical li e a u e and philoso-
phy, and Islamic ci iliza ion and managemen .
Ranggi Adi ya Nug aha comple ed his Mas e ’s deg ee in Economics om Uni e si as Khai un. He cu en ly wo ks as
a s a membe a BPS (Indonesia S a is ics Bu eau) in No h Maluku P o ince. His esea ch in e es s include public
economics, indus ial economics, and u ban economics.
Suyan o Suk i Mus o a is a Ph.D. in de elopmen economics om Uni e si as B awijaya in 2009. Cu en ly he se es
as a senio lec u e in De elopmen Economics and se es as depu y chancello o inance a Uni e si as d .
Soe omo. He has a unc ional posi ion as associa e p o esso and is in he p ocess o becoming a ull p o esso . His
esea ch in e es s include public economics, egional inancial economics, and de elopmen planning wi h economic
de elopmen as a main ield.
Chai ullah Amin comple ed his Doc o al deg ee in T opical Ma ine Economics om Ins i u Pe anian Bogo
Uni e si y in 2021. He is a lec u e in he mas e ’s p og am in economics a Uni e si as Khae un Te na e, Indonesia.
His esea ch in e es s include egional economics, ma i ime economics, and na u al esou ce economics.
18 N. DAUD ET AL.
ORCID
Bayu Tau iq Possumah h p://o cid.o g/0000-0001-5541-4890
Da a a ailabili y s a emen
Da a de i ed om public domain esou ces. The da a ha suppo he indings o his s udy a e a ailable in h ps://
www.bps.go.id/id/publica ion/2023/05/16/e 80bec78ab91cb5b703b943/indeks-pembangunan-manusia-2022.h ml.
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