Huang, Chong; Zhang, Shilong; Zhang, Hongshuo
A icle
Analysis o he compe i i eness de elopmen o China's
ma ine indus y clus e s
Ma ine Economics and Managemen (MAEM)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Ocean Uni e si y o China, Qingdao
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Huang, Chong; Zhang, Shilong; Zhang, Hongshuo (2024) : Analysis o he
compe i i eness de elopmen o China's ma ine indus y clus e s, Ma ine Economics and
Managemen (MAEM), ISSN 2516-158X, Eme ald, Leeds, Vol. 7, Iss. 2, pp. 120-138,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/MAEM-10-2024-0018
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Analysis o he compe i i eness
de elopmen o China’s ma ine
indus y clus e s
Chong Huang, Shilong Zhang and Hongshuo Zhang
School o Managemen Science and Enginee ing,
Shandong Uni e si y o Finance and Economics, Jinan, China and
Ins i u e o Ma ine Economics and Managemen ,
Shandong Uni e si y o Finance and Economics, Jinan, China
Abs ac
Pu pose –The pu pose o his s udy is o analyze he cu en si ua ion o he compe i i eness de elopmen o
China’s ma ine indus ial clus e s, e eal he exis ing p oblems and challenges, p o ide heo e ical suppo
and p ac ical guidance o imp o ing he compe i i eness o China’s ma ine indus ial clus e s so as o
p omo e indus ial upg ading and high-quali y de elopmen and help China ealize he s a egic
ans o ma ion om a ma ine powe o a ma ine powe .
Design/me hodology/app oach –This epo i s p o ides a de ailed e iew o he cu en de elopmen
s a us and exis ing issues o ma ine indus y clus e s in China. Second, i cons uc s an e alua ion index
sys em o he compe i i eness de elopmen o China’s ma ine indus y clus e s and conduc s
compe i i eness analysis and e alua ion o ypical ma ine indus y clus e s in China. Thi d, i explo es he
de elopmen ends and p ospec s o ypical ma ine indus y clus e s in China. Finally, he epo p oposes
coun e measu es and sugges ions o enhancing he compe i i eness o ma ine indus y clus e s in China,
ocusing on esou ce op imiza ion, clus e s uc u e and clus e e iciency.
Findings –(1) Signi ican compe i i eness o ma ine shipbuilding and ocean enginee ing equipmen clus e s:
Th ough echnological inno a ion and policy suppo , he ma ine shipbuilding and ocean enginee ing
equipmen clus e s ha e shown a ma ked imp o emen in compe i i eness, ad ancing owa d high-quali y
de elopmen despi e acing mac oeconomic luc ua ions. (2) Con inuous imp o emen in ma ine ene gy and
o sho e wind powe clus e s: The compe i i eness o ma ine ene gy and o sho e wind powe clus e s has
been con inuously enhanced unde suppo i e policies. Howe e , he e is s ill a need o op imize esou ce
alloca ion and s eng hen inno a ion s abili y o mee ma ke challenges. (3) S ong g ow h po en ial o
desalina ion and comp ehensi e u iliza ion clus e s: The desalina ion and comp ehensi e u iliza ion clus e s
demons a e obus g ow h po en ial in echnological inno a ion and egional collabo a i e de elopmen .
Fu u e e o s should ocus on he applica ion o en i onmen ally iendly and ene gy-sa ing echnologies o
ensu e a balance be ween economic and ecological bene i s.
O iginali y/ alue –By s eng hening he compe i i eness o indus ial clus e s, China can e ec i ely
espond o in e na ional compe i ion, accele a e he ans o ma ion and upg ading o he ma ine indus y and
suppo i s ansi ion om a ma i ime powe o a s ong ma i ime na ion. Hence, his s udy will ocus on
analyzing he compe i i eness de elopmen o China’s ma ine indus y clus e s, iden i ying exis ing p oblems
MAEM
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© Chong Huang, Shilong Zhang and Hongshuo Zhang. Published in Ma ine Economics and
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(g an no. 22&ZD126), Na ional Social Science Found Gene al P ojec s o China (g an no. 23BGL031),
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Recei ed 6 Oc obe 2024
Re ised 10 Oc obe 2024
Accep ed 11 Oc obe 2024
Ma ine Economics and
Managemen
Vol. 7 No. 2, 2024
pp. 120-138
Eme ald Publishing Limi ed
2516-158X
DOI 10.1108/MAEM-10-2024-0018
and challenges and p o iding heo e ical suppo and p ac ical guidance o enhancing he compe i i eness o
China’s ma ine indus y clus e s.
Keywo ds Compe i i eness, Ma ine economy, Index sys em, Ma ine indus y clus e s
Pape ype Resea ch pape
1. In oduc ion
The ma ine economy is an indispensable componen o he global economic sys em.
Acco ding o he In e na ional Ma ine Resea ch Associa ion, app oxima ely 40% o global
economic ac i i ies a e di ec ly o indi ec ly ela ed o ma ine esou ces, encompassing
a ious sec o s such as shipping, ishe ies, ma ine ene gy, and ou ism. The ocean no only
p o ides abundan biological, mine al, and ene gy esou ces bu also se es as a i al
anspo a ion channel o he global economy (Kildow and McIlgo m, 2009). Ma i ime ade
accoun s o o e 90% o he o al olume o global goods ade, highligh ing he ocean’s
inc easingly s a egic posi ion in global economic ac i i ies. F om a na ional de elopmen
pe spec i e, he ma ine economy signi ican ly impac s a coun y’s long- e m sus ainable
g ow h. Fo a ma i ime na ion like China, he ocean is no only a new engine o economic
g ow h bu also a c ucial a ea o ensu ing na ional economic secu i y and e i o ial
in eg i y (Yan e al., 2015). In 2023, China’s ma ine g oss p oduc ion alue eached 99,097
billion yuan, ep esen ing a 6.0% inc ease compa ed o 2022. As he global economy shi s
owa d g eene , low-ca bon, and in elligen de elopmen , he ma ine economy will play an
e en mo e signi ican ole in ene gy ansi ion, indus ial upg ading, and echnological
inno a ion (Ding e al., 2014). In ecen yea s, China’s ma ine indus y has apidly eme ged as
a i al o ce d i ing economic g ow h (Xiong e al., 2020). China’s ma ine economy comp ises
mul iple indus ies, including ma ine ishe ies, ma ine oil and gas, shipbuilding, ma ine
ou ism, and ma ine biomedicine. F om 2001 o 2023, China’s ma ine indus y has
expe ienced apid de elopmen in dominan indus ies, pilla indus ies, and high-g ow h
indus ies. The dominan ma ine indus ies (ma ine ou ism, ma ine anspo a ion, and
ma ine ishe ies) g ew om 335.44 billion yuan o 2,697.6 billion yuan, accoun ing o
27.22% o he na ional ma ine p oduc ion alue in 2023. The pilla indus ies (ma ine
ou ism, ma ine anspo a ion, and ma ine chemical indus ies) inc eased om 245.31
billion yuan o 2,670.1 billion yuan, wi h an annual g ow h a e o 11.46%, con ibu ing
26.94% o he na ional ma ine p oduc ion alue in 2023. High-g ow h indus ies (ma ine
powe , ma ine pha maceu icals and biological p oduc s, seawa e desalina ion and
comp ehensi e u iliza ion, ma ine enginee ing equipmen manu ac u ing, and ma ine
enginee ing cons uc ion) ose om 11.78 billion yuan o 448.2 billion yuan, wi h an a e age
annual g ow h a e o 17.99%. Howe e , he de elopmen o China’s ma ine indus y s ill
aces nume ous challenges. In pa icula , he e is a signi ican gap in key ma ine
echnologies and high-end equipmen manu ac u ing compa ed o de eloped coun ies. The
issue o low indus ial added alue emains p ominen , wi h many indus ies s ill a he
ini ial p ocessing and low-end manu ac u ing s ages, making i di icul o p omo e high-
quali y g ow h (Fan e al., 2023). T adi ional ma ine indus ies, such as ma ine ishe ies and
oil and gas ex ac ion, a e highly esou ce-dependen , esul ing in signi ican en i onmen al
p essu es. In high-end ma ine equipmen and deep-sea esou ce de elopmen , he inno a ion
capaci y o he ma ine indus y is insu icien , and he e is s ill a gap in echnology le els
compa ed o de eloped coun ies.
Agains his backd op, he o ma ion o ma ine indus y clus e s has become an
ine i able choice o enhancing indus ial compe i i eness and achie ing sus ainable
de elopmen . Ma ine indus y clus e s p omo e collabo a ion and echnological inno a ion
among en e p ises by concen a ing ela ed indus ies in speci ic egions, op imizing
esou ce alloca ion, and imp o ing o e all e iciency and compe i i eness. This clus e
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de elopmen model no only s eng hens he igh connec ions along he indus ial chain bu
also acili a es indus ial upg ading, while enhancing egional economic esilience and
inno a ion capabili ies (Zhang e al., 2024). Ma ine indus y clus e s a e g adually eme ging
as a new ype o indus ial o ganiza ion and a e becoming an impo an pa hway o d i ing
high-quali y de elopmen o he ma ine economy (Zhang e al., 2024). Se e al in luen ial
ma ine indus y clus e s ha e o med in China’s coas al egions, such as he Shandong
Peninsula Blue Economic Zone and he Zhoushan A chipelago New A ea, playing a posi i e
ole in p omo ing egional economic de elopmen and indus ial ans o ma ion and
upg ading. Despi e he apid ise o ma ine indus y clus e s in China and hei signi ican
de elopmen po en ial, he e a e s ill a se ies o issues ha need o be add essed, including
insu icien inno a ion capabili y, weak independen esea ch and de elopmen abili y, lack
o independen inno a ion, and inadequa e in eg a ion o he indus ial chain. Addi ionally,
as he scale o clus e s expands, esou ce consump ion and en i onmen al p essu es a e also
inc easing (Yang and Zhao, 2024). How en e p ises wi hin hese clus e s achie e a balance
be ween economic bene i s and en i onmen al p o ec ion has become a c i ical issue o
u u e de elopmen . Mo eo e , he issue o sus ainable u iliza ion o ma ine esou ces is
becoming inc easingly se e e, necessi a ing ins i u ional inno a ion and managemen
measu es o achie e sus ainable de elopmen goals (Mo e al., 2020).
In an e a o globaliza ion and apid echnological ad ancemen , he ma ine indus y has
become a s a egic a ea o de elopmen among na ions. High-compe i i eness ma ine
indus y clus e s can e ec i ely in eg a e esou ces, p omo e he collabo a i e de elopmen
o ups eam and downs eam sec o s, enhance o e all indus ial e iciency and inno a ion
capabili ies, and possess s onge compe i i e ad an ages in in e na ional ma ke s, he eby
gene a ing g ea e economic bene i s and s a egic le e age o he coun y (Li e al., 2020).
Wi h he p o ound ans o ma ion o he global economic landscape and he u gen demand
o indus ial upg ading, ma ine indus y clus e s ha e become a i al mani es a ion o
na ional compe i i eness. Enhancing he compe i i eness o ma ine indus y clus e s is
c ucial o imp o ing China’s economic de elopmen and in e na ional s anding (Xiao e al.,
2016). Howe e , China’s ma ine indus y clus e s s ill ace sho comings in echnological
inno a ion, esou ce in eg a ion, and in e na ional ma ke expansion, wi h signi ican gaps
compa ed o de eloped coun ies. The e o e, in-dep h explo a ion o he cu en si ua ion
and pa hways o enhancing he compe i i eness o ma ine indus y clus e s has become key
o p omo ing high-quali y de elopmen o he ma ine economy. By s eng hening he
compe i i eness o indus ial clus e s, China can e ec i ely espond o in e na ional
compe i ion, accele a e he ans o ma ion and upg ading o he ma ine indus y, and
suppo i s ansi ion om a ma i ime powe o a s ong ma i ime na ion. The e o e, he
pu pose o his s udy is o analyze he cu en si ua ion o he compe i i eness de elopmen
o China’s Ma ine indus ial clus e s, e eal he exis ing p oblems and challenges, p o ide
heo e ical suppo and p ac ical guidance o imp o ing he compe i i eness o China’s
Ma ine indus ial clus e s, so as o p omo e indus ial upg ading and high-quali y
de elopmen , and help China ealize he s a egic ans o ma ion om a Ma ine powe o
a Ma ine powe .
2. Li e a u e e iew
2.1 Cu en s a us o domes ic esea ch on ma ine indus y clus e s
In ecen yea s, domes ic schola s ha e conduc ed inc easingly in-dep h esea ch on ma ine
indus y clus e s, p ima ily ocusing on egional agglome a ion cha ac e is ics, go e nmen
policy p omo ion, echnological inno a ion, ma ine ene gy de elopmen , egional
dispa i ies, and sus ainable de elopmen . Fi s , he spa ial dis ibu ion o ma ine indus y
clus e s in China exhibi s signi ican egional agglome a ion cha ac e is ics. Coas al
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p o inces such as Shandong, Zhejiang, and Guangdong ha e o med ela i ely comple e
indus ial chains encompassing ma ine ishe ies, shipbuilding, ma ine enginee ing
equipmen , desalina ion, and ma ine biomedicine. The ma ine ishe y clus e in he
Shandong Peninsula boas s a s ong indus ial chain encompassing ishing, aquacul u e,
p ocessing, and logis ics, making i a i al componen o he na ional ma ine economy (Li and
Cui, 2024). Le e aging i s ad an ageous po condi ions, Zhejiang has de eloped high-end
shipbuilding and ma ine enginee ing equipmen indus ies, o ming a obus indus ial
agglome a ion e ec suppo ed by go e nmen assis ance (Huang e al., 2024). Guangdong
has es ablished a comp ehensi e indus ial chain, pa icula ly in he shipbuilding and
ma ine enginee ing equipmen sec o s, elying on he indus ial ounda ion o he Pea l Ri e
Del a, while ma ine ene gy de elopmen is also on he ise (Du e al., 2022). O e all, he
o ma ion and de elopmen o hese egional ma ine indus y clus e s p o ide essen ial
suppo o he apid g ow h o China’s ma ine economy.
Go e nmen policy suppo has eme ged as a signi ican d i ing o ce behind he
de elopmen o domes ic ma ine indus y clus e s. In ecen yea s, he Chinese go e nmen
has in oduced a se ies o policies and plans aimed a encou aging and p omo ing ma ine
economic de elopmen , such as he “14 h Fi e-Yea Plan o Shipbuilding and Ma ine
Enginee ing Equipmen Indus y” and he “13 h Fi e-Yea Plan o Ma ine Economic
De elopmen .” These policies no only p o ide local go e nmen s wi h clea de elopmen
goals and di ec ions bu also p omo e he o ma ion and expansion o ma ine indus y clus e s
h ough iscal subsidies, ax incen i es, echnological in es men , and in as uc u e
de elopmen . Fo example, wi h na ional policy suppo , Jiangsu P o ince has apidly
de eloped in o a co e egion o China’s ma ine shipbuilding and o sho e equipmen indus y,
c ea ing agglome a ion e ec s in a eas such as Taizhou, Yangzhou, and Nan ong, whe e
enowned en e p ises like Yaxing Ancho Chain and Runbang Co. ha e concen a ed,
es ablishing he Nan ong Ma ine Enginee ing Equipmen Manu ac u ing Base (Shen and
Zhao, 2024). The de elopmen o hese clus e s d i en by policy has g adually imp o ed he
domes ic ma ine indus y chain and enhanced indus ial compe i i eness.
Technological inno a ion is also a c i ical ac o in he de elopmen o domes ic ma ine
indus y clus e s. In ecen yea s, China’s in es men in ma ine echnology has signi ican ly
inc eased, leading o b eak h oughs in ma ine equipmen manu ac u ing, desalina ion, and
deep-sea de elopmen echnologies. Fo ins ance, he seawa e desalina ion indus y clus e s
in Shanghai and Tianjin (Wang and Zhang, 2014) ha e become leading domes ic bases o
comp ehensi e wa e esou ce u iliza ion, elying on e e se osmosis and mul i-e ec
dis illa ion echnologies. Addi ionally, ad ancemen s in ma ine enewable ene gy
echnology, pa icula ly in he o sho e wind powe sec o (Gu e al., 2023), ha e made
signi ican p og ess in p o inces like Jiangsu and Zhejiang. As wind powe equipmen
manu ac u ing echnology con inues o imp o e, China’s o sho e wind powe indus y
clus e has begun o ake shape, p o iding obus momen um o economic g ow h and g een
ene gy de elopmen in coas al egions.
Howe e , he de elopmen o domes ic ma ine indus y clus e s is no balanced, wi h
signi ican dispa i ies among egions. Coas al p o inces such as Jiangsu, Shandong, and
Zhejiang, due o hei ad an ageous geog aphical loca ions and s ong indus ial
ounda ions, ha e ma u e ma ine indus y clus e s ha a e g adually achie ing scale
e ec s (Wenwen e al., 2016). In con as , unde de eloped a eas in he cen al and wes e n
egions, as well as some coas al egions, lag in he de elopmen o ma ine indus y clus e s,
lacking comple e indus ial chains and high alue-added indus ies. Fo example, ce ain
no he n coas al egions ha e long elied on adi ional hea y indus ies and manu ac u ing,
esul ing in a ela i ely simple indus ial s uc u e and acing en i onmen al pollu ion
issues, which es ic sus ainable de elopmen in hei ma ine indus y clus e s.
Addi ionally, some domes ic ma ine indus y clus e s s ill ha e sho comings in
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echnological inno a ion, pa icula ly in high-end echnologies and equipmen , which
emain hea ily elian on impo s, necessi a ing imp o emen s in inno a ion capabili ies.
In summa y, he cu en esea ch s a us on domes ic ma ine indus y clus e s showcases
h ee main cha ac e is ics: egional agglome a ion, policy p omo ion, and echnological
inno a ion. Despi e signi ican de elopmen po en ial, issues such as unbalanced clus e
de elopmen ac oss egions and insu icien echnological inno a ion pe sis (Yang and Hou,
2019). Fu u e esea ch should ocus on enhancing he o e all inno a ion capabili y o
indus ial clus e s, p omo ing coo dina ed de elopmen ac oss egions, and achie ing
sus ainable de elopmen o clus e s amid global clima e change and esou ce p essu es.
2.2 Cu en s a us o o eign esea ch on ma ine indus y clus e s
In e na ional schola s ha e concen a ed hei esea ch on ma ine indus y clus e s
p ima ily in a eas such as egional de elopmen , in e na ional coope a ion, specialized
di ision o labo , go e nmen suppo , and sus ainable de elopmen , e ealing a high deg ee
o di e si ica ion and specializa ion. The Uni ed Kingdom, as a global leade in ma ine
echnology inno a ion, exhibi s s ong compe i i eness in i s ma ine indus y clus e s in
o sho e wind powe , deep-sea oil and gas ex ac ion, and ma ine bio echnology. The
de elopmen o he UK’s ma ine indus y clus e s bene i s om he combina ion o
go e nmen policy suppo and echnological inno a ion, pa icula ly he obus suppo
p o ided by highe educa ion and esea ch ins i u ions o echnological ad ancemen s
(Ge ke e al., 2015). The UK go e nmen has p opelled esea ch and comme cializa ion o
ele an echnologies h ough a ious policies and unding ini ia i es. Fo example, he
o sho e wind powe indus y clus e in he UK has apidly de eloped in o a wo ld-leading
o sho e wind powe cen e , le e aging a o able na u al condi ions and policy incen i es
along i s Eas Coas . In he ields o deep-sea oil and gas ex ac ion and ma ine
bio echnology, UK en e p ises and esea ch ins i u ions also hold signi ican posi ions in he
global ma ke , demons a ing s ong inno a ion capabili ies and echnological ad an ages.
In he Uni ed S a es, ma ine indus y clus e s a e cha ac e ized by a high deg ee o
specializa ion, o ming e ined di ision o labo and collabo a i e models. U.S. en e p ises
ha e es ablished comple e indus ial chains in a ious ields, including ma ine ishe ies,
o sho e oil and gas, ma ine enginee ing equipmen , and ma ine anspo a ion (Riddle e al.,
2013). Companies ocus on hei co e businesses, enhancing he p oduc ion e iciency and
echnological inno a ion capaci y o he en i e indus ial chain h ough he di ision o labo
and collabo a ion ac oss ups eam and downs eam p oduc s. U.S. ma ine ishing and oil
and gas ex ac ion echnologies a e leading globally, pa icula ly in deep-sea sec o s whe e
ad anced explo a ion and de elopmen capabili ies a e p esen . Mo eo e , U.S. ma ine
indus y clus e s emphasize in eg a ion wi h in e na ional ma ke s, con inuously expanding
ma ke channels and enhancing compe i i e ad an ages h ough in e na ional ade and
echnological collabo a ion. The go e nmen p o ides subs an ial suppo h ough unding,
a o able policies, and p omo ing mul ina ional coope a ion, ensu ing he sus ainable
de elopmen o ma ine indus y clus e s.
The Eu opean Union’s ma ine indus y clus e s a e cha ac e ized by di e si ied
de elopmen , wi h a s ong emphasis on sus ainable de elopmen and in e na ional
coope a ion (Maskell and Malmbe g, 1999). Coun ies along he No h Sea coas line,
including he Ne he lands, Belgium, Ge many, and Denma k, ha e o med ela i ely ma u e
indus ial clus e s cen e ed on o sho e wind ene gy and ma ine enginee ing (Mon ei o e al.,
2013). Denma k has wi nessed apid de elopmen in i s o sho e wind powe indus y, hanks
o go e nmen policy suppo and co po a e echnological inno a ion. The coun y has
ad anced wind ene gy echnology de elopmen and applica ion h ough a comp ehensi e
policy amewo k and unding suppo , es ablishing a wo ld-leading o sho e wind ene gy
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indus ial clus e (So nn-F iese and I e sen, 2014). The Ne he lands and Ge many ha e
demons a ed excellence in he ma ine enginee ing equipmen manu ac u ing sec o ,
pa icula ly in shipbuilding, po in as uc u e cons uc ion, and o sho e wind powe
equipmen manu ac u ing, showcasing s ong echnological capabili ies (Sal ado e al., 2015).
Coun ies along he Medi e anean coas , such as Spain, I aly, and F ance, ha e de eloped
high- alue-added indus ial clus e s in ma ine ou ism and ma ine ood p ocessing,
le e aging hei ich na u al esou ces and cul u al he i age. Spain and I aly ha e adop ed an
economic model cen e ed on ma ine ou ism, a ac ing nume ous in e na ional isi o s due
o hei unique na u al landscapes and his o ical cul u al esou ces (Boschma and
Iamma ino, 2009). These coun ies ha e ac i ely p omo ed he de elopmen o ma ine
ood p ocessing indus ies, u ilizing abundan ma ine esou ces o c ea e specialized ma ine
p oduc s and high-end ood p ocessing indus ial clus e s, he eby enhancing hei
in e na ional compe i i eness.
Canada has le e aged i s abundan ma ine esou ces, pa icula ly in he ields o
ma ine ishe ies and oil and gas, o es ablish obus indus ial clus e s. Canada possesses
ad anced ma ine ishing echnologies and ich ishe y esou ces, wi h i s sea ood
expo s holding signi ican posi ions in he global ma ke (Dolo eux and Shea mu ,
2009). The go e nmen has ensu ed he long- e m de elopmen o ma ine indus y
clus e s h ough policy suppo , d i ing echnological inno a ion and sus ainable
de elopmen .
In summa y, ma ine clus e s in he Uni ed Kingdom, he Uni ed S a es and he Eu opean
Union ha e main ained hei echnological leade ship in o sho e wind powe , deep-sea oil
and gas, and ma ine bio echnology h ough a highly specialized di ision o labo , s ong
go e nmen suppo , and in e na ional coope a ion. Ne e heless, China’s ma ine clus e s
ha e demons a ed inc easing in luence globally, pa icula ly in ma ine anspo a ion,
ishe ies and some high-g ow h indus ies, and ha e gained signi ican scale ad an ages.
China’s ma ine indus y clus e s ha e g adually ealized he expansion o indus y chain and
he imp o emen o compe i i eness by elying on na ional policy suppo and huge ma ke
demand while de eloping apidly (Hol e and Moen, 2020). In he u u e, China is expec ed o
play a mo e s a egic and impo an ole in he global ma ine economy by lea ning om
success ul expe iences ab oad and u he imp o ing i s independen inno a ion capabili y
and in e na ional coope a ion, hus p omo ing he sus ainable de elopmen o he global
ma ine indus y.
2.3 Analysis o issues in ma ine indus y clus e de elopmen
Despi e signi ican p og ess in esea ch on ma ine indus y clus e s, se e al appa en issues
emain. Fi s , he e is a no able imbalance in esea ch ocus, as mos s udies, bo h domes ic
and in e na ional, end o concen a e on speci ic economically de eloped coas al egions
such as he Yang ze Ri e Del a, Pea l Ri e Del a, and Bohai Rim, while he ma ine indus y
clus e s in he cen al and wes e n coas al egions and economically unde de eloped a eas
ha e ecei ed insu icien a en ion. This leads o a skewed unde s anding o he o e all
de elopmen o ma ine indus y clus e s ac oss he coun y and hinde s in-dep h analysis o
egional dispa i ies. Second, he con en o esea ch is ela i ely singula ; al hough he e is a
weal h o li e a u e add essing adi ional ields such as ma ine ishe ies, shipbuilding, and
ma ine enginee ing equipmen , he e is compa a i ely less ocus on eme ging high- ech
indus ies like ma ine biomedicine, ma ine ene gy, and desalina ion and comp ehensi e
u iliza ion, pa icula ly ega ding he pa hways o enhancing he global compe i i eness o
hese new indus ies. Addi ionally, exis ing s udies o en emphasize he oles o
echnological inno a ion and policy p omo ion, ye lack in-dep h analysis o indus ial
chain syne gies, in e -en e p ise echnology ans e , and in e na ional coope a ion, ailing
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o comp ehensi ely e eal how indus ial clus e s can enhance compe i i eness h ough
in e na ional collabo a ion in he con ex o globaliza ion. In summa y, he cu en esea ch
on ma ine indus y clus e s s ill aces ce ain limi a ions in aspec s such as egional ocus,
indus ial dynamics, echnological collabo a ion, and sus ainable de elopmen . Fu u e
esea ch should s eng hen in es iga ions in hese a eas o p omo e u he in eg a ion o
heo y and p ac ice.
3. Cons uc ion o indica o sys em and da a sou ces
3.1 Design o he compe i i eness e alua ion indica o s o China’s ma ine indus y
clus e s
The design o he compe i i eness e alua ion indica o sys em o China’s ma ine indus y
clus e s ollows he amewo k o “ ele an ac o analysis—comp ehensi e iden i ica ion
o indica o s—classi ica ion and s a i ica ion o indica o s—indica o sys em pa adigm.”
By syn hesizing he ele an li e a u e on indus ial clus e compe i i eness, he s udy
cla i ies he conno a ions, ex ensions, and in luencing ac o s o h ee main aspec s: he
de elopmen capaci y o indus ial clus e s, he inno a ion capaci y o indus ial clus e s,
and he mac oeconomic suppo capaci y. Following he p inciple o selec ing e alua ion
indexes and on he basis o conside ing da a a ailabili y, his s udy ca ego izes he
in luencing ac o s and hen selec s he indexes o cons uc an e alua ion index sys em o
he de elopmen o compe i i eness o China’s ma ine indus y clus e s. This sys em
consis s o h ee seconda y indica o s: de elopmen capaci y o indus ial clus e s,
inno a ion capaci y o indus ial clus e s, and mac oeconomic suppo capaci y.
Addi ionally, i includes six e ia y indica o s: clus e scale le el, clus e g ow h
capaci y, inno a ion en i onmen le el, inno a ion de elopmen capaci y, mac oeconomic
en i onmen le el, and mac oeconomic de elopmen capaci y, as well as 50 qua e na y
indica o s, as de ailed in Table 1.
3.2 Da a p ocessing o he compe i i eness e alua ion indica o s o China’s ma ine
indus y clus e s
To ensu e he compa abili y o indica o da a, i is necessa y o elimina e dimensional
disc epancies be ween di e en indica o s. This s udy p ima ily employs he Min-Max
no maliza ion me hod o emo e dimensional di e ences.
Fo posi i e indica o s, he o mula is as ollows:
yi¼yi�ymin
ymax �ymin ði¼1;2;...;nÞ(1)
Fo nega i e indica o s, he o mula is as ollows:
yi¼ymax �yi
ymax �ymin ði¼1;2;...;nÞ(2)
In hese equa ions, yi ep esen s he o iginal da a, while yideno es he s anda dized da a.
3.3 E alua ion me hod o he compe i i eness o China’s ma ine indus y clus e s
The en opy me hod is an objec i e weigh ing app oach widely applied in mul i-
indica o comp ehensi e e alua ions. The weigh o en opy me hod measu es he
a iabili y o he index in o ma ion by calcula ing i s en opy alue. The g ea e he
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P ima y
indica o s
Seconda y
indica o s
Te ia y
indica o s Qua e na y indica o s
China Ocean
Indus y Clus e
Compe i i eness
E alua ion Index
Sys em
Clus e
De elopmen
Capaci y
clus e scale
le el
Numbe o En e p ises Abo e Designa ed Size in Indus ial
Clus e s (uni s)
Numbe o Fo une Global 500 Companies in Indus ial Clus e s
(uni s)
Numbe o Top 500 Domes ic Companies in Indus ial Clus e s
(uni s)
Numbe o Lis ed Companies in Indus ial Clus e s (uni s)
Numbe o Employees in Indus ial Clus e s (people)
To al Asse s a Yea -End o Indus ial Clus e s ( en housand
yuan)
To al Tax and P o i o Indus ial Clus e s ( en housand yuan)
To al Main Business Re enue o Indus ial Clus e s ( en
housand yuan)
A ea o Regional Sea ( en housand squa e kilome e s)
Leng h o Regional Coas line (kilome e s)
clus e g ow h
capaci y
Employmen G ow h Ra e (%)
En e p ise G ow h Ra e (%)
Tax and Re enue G ow h Ra e (%)
P opo ion o Ma ine G oss Ou pu Value o Na ional To al (%)
Ou pu Capaci y pe Uni o Sea A ea ( en housand yuan/
squa e kilome e )
Ou pu Capaci y pe Uni o Coas line (billion yuan/kilome e )
Inno a ion
G ow h
Capaci y
inno a ion
en i onmen
le el
Numbe o Scien i ic Resea che s (people)
Numbe o High-Le el Ma ine Talen s (people)
Numbe o Uni e si ies and Resea ch Ins i u es (uni s)
Numbe o R&D P ojec s (uni s)
Pe Capi a R&D Expendi u e ( en housand yuan)
G oss Ou pu Value o Ma ine Science, Educa ion, and
Managemen Se ices (billion yuan)
Numbe o Pa en s Au ho ized (uni s)
Numbe o Scien i ic Publica ions (uni s)
inno a ion
de elopmen
capaci y
G ow h Ra e o Scien i ic Resea che s (%)
G ow h Ra e o R&D Expendi u e (%)
G ow h Ra e o Pe Capi a R&D Expendi u e (%)
G ow h Ra e o High-Le el Ma ine Talen s (%)
G ow h Ra e o Pa en Au ho iza ions (%)
G ow h Ra e o Scien i ic Publica ions (%)
In ensi y o R&D In es men (%)
Mac oeconomic
Suppo
Capaci y
mac oeconomic
en i onmen
le el
Land A ea (squa e kilome e s)
Po Th oughpu Capaci y ( en housand ons)
Po Ca go Th oughpu Capaci y ( en housand ons)
Regional GDP pe Capi a (yuan)
Fiscal Re enue pe Capi a (yuan)
Ou pu Value o Ma ine-Rela ed Indus ies (billion yuan)
To al Numbe o Uni e si ies and Resea ch Ins i u ions (uni s)
Numbe o High-Le el Talen s in he Region (people)
Numbe o Uni e si y S uden s a Unde g adua e Le el and
Abo e (people)
Go e nmen E iciency
Business En i onmen
mac oeconomic
de elopmen
capaci y
Regional GDP G ow h Ra e (%)
Regional Fiscal Re enue G ow h Ra e (%)
Ma ine-Rela ed Indus ies Ou pu G ow h Ra e (%)
Po Th oughpu Capaci y G ow h Ra e (%)
Business En i onmen Imp o emen Ra e (%)
High-Le el Talen G ow h Ra e (%)
Road, Railway, and Inland Wa e way Mileage (kilome e s)
Ou pu Capaci y pe Uni o Land A ea (billion yuan/squa e
kilome e )
Sou ce(s): Au ho s’ own c ea ion
Table 1.
China ocean indus y
clus e
compe i i eness
e alua ion index
sys em
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127
shown in Table 3 (Weigh 3). The esul s indica e ha he compe i i eness o China’s
desalina ion and comp ehensi e u iliza ion indus y clus e is p ima ily in luenced by
mac oeconomic suppo capabili y, pa icula ly he capabili y o mac oeconomic
de elopmen . In con as , inno a ion capabili y and clus e de elopmen le els ha e a
weake impac . Among he key e ia y indica o s, he ou pu capaci y pe uni o sea a ea,
he imp o emen a e o he business en i onmen , and he ou pu capaci y pe uni o
coas line make signi ican con ibu ions. Table 5 p o ides he calcula ed comp ehensi e
compe i i eness index o he desalina ion and comp ehensi e u iliza ion indus y clus e s
in wo p o inces o China. Be ween 2017 and 2021, Jiangsu’s indus y clus e
compe i i eness s eadily imp o ed, eaching i s peak in 2020. Shanghai exhibi ed s eady
g ow h om 2017 o 2019, wi h a signi ican accele a ion beginning in 2020, indica ing a
s ong g ow h momen um in he la e s ages.
By calcula ing he annual a e ages o compe i i eness and co e seconda y indica o s o
he desalina ion and comp ehensi e u iliza ion indus y clus e s in Jiangsu and Shanghai
(see Figu e 5), he analysis e eals ha he desalina ion and comp ehensi e u iliza ion
indus y clus e demons a ed obus compe i i eness enhancemen om 2017 o 2021,
pa icula ly d i en by mac oeconomic suppo and inno a ion capabili ies. Howe e , a e
he apid g ow h expe ienced in 2020, some co e indica o s, such as mac oeconomic suppo
and clus e de elopmen capabili ies, expe ienced sligh adjus men s, which may signal ha
he desalina ion and comp ehensi e u iliza ion indus y clus e is en e ing a ela i ely s able
de elopmen phase. Mo ing o wa d, i is essen ial o con inuously op imize mac oeconomic
policies, enhance inno a ion capabili ies wi hin he clus e , and o e come he bo lenecks in
Yea Jiangsu Shanghai
2017 0.1306 0.1261
2018 0.2042 0.0991
2019 0.3150 0.1027
2020 0.8635 0.2630
2021 0.5022 0.5501
Sou ce(s): Au ho s’ own c ea ion
Table 5.
Comp ehensi e
compe i i eness index
o desalina ion and
comp ehensi e
u iliza ion indus y
clus e s in wo
p o inces o China
(2017–2021)
Figu e 5.
Tempo al e olu ion o
compe i i eness and
co e seconda y
indica o de elopmen
le els o China’s
desalina ion and
comp ehensi e
u iliza ion indus y
clus e
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clus e de elopmen capabili y o ensu e he s abili y and sus ainabili y o China’s
desalina ion and comp ehensi e u iliza ion indus y clus e de elopmen .
Figu e 6 illus a es he ends in compe i i eness and he de elopmen le els o co e
seconda y indica o s o he desalina ion and comp ehensi e u iliza ion indus y clus e s in
Jiangsu and Shanghai. The esul s indica e ha Jiangsu’s b eak h ough in mac oeconomic
suppo and clus e inno a ion capabili ies in 2020 signi ican ly enhanced i s indus y
clus e compe i i eness, demons a ing s ong inno a ion-d i en g ow h. In con as ,
Shanghai exhibi ed s able clus e de elopmen capabili ies and g adually imp o ing clus e
inno a ion capabili ies, esul ing in o e all compe i i eness ha emains s able bu g ows
ela i ely slowly. In he u u e, o u he enhance compe i i eness, Jiangsu mus con inue o
le e age i s inno a ion-d i en app oach while add essing he decline in clus e de elopmen
capabili ies. Meanwhile, Shanghai needs o seek g ea e b eak h oughs in mac oeconomic
suppo and clus e de elopmen capabili ies.
5. Conclusions and policy ecommenda ions
Based on he e alua ion and analysis o he compe i i eness o ypical ma ine indus y
clus e s in China, he ollowing conclusions can be d awn:
(1) Signi ican Compe i i eness o Ma ine Shipbuilding and Ocean Enginee ing
Equipmen Clus e s: Th ough echnological inno a ion and policy suppo , he
ma ine shipbuilding and ocean enginee ing equipmen clus e s ha e shown a ma ked
imp o emen in compe i i eness, ad ancing owa d high-quali y de elopmen
despi e acing mac oeconomic luc ua ions.
(2) Con inuous Imp o emen in Ma ine Ene gy and O sho e Wind Powe Clus e s: The
compe i i eness o ma ine ene gy and o sho e wind powe clus e s has been
con inuously enhanced unde suppo i e policies. Howe e , he e is s ill a need o
op imize esou ce alloca ion and s eng hen inno a ion s abili y o mee ma ke
challenges.
Figu e 6.
Tempo al
cha ac e is ics o
compe i i eness and
co e seconda y
indica o de elopmen
le els o he
desalina ion and
comp ehensi e
u iliza ion indus y
clus e s in wo
p o inces
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135
(3) S ong G ow h Po en ial o Desalina ion and Comp ehensi e U iliza ion Clus e s: The
desalina ion and comp ehensi e u iliza ion clus e s demons a e obus g ow h
po en ial in echnological inno a ion and egional collabo a i e de elopmen . Fu u e
e o s should ocus on he applica ion o en i onmen ally iendly and ene gy-sa ing
echnologies o ensu e a balance be ween economic and ecological bene i s.
(4) Regional compe i i eness is cha ac e ized by ou s anding ea u es: Shanghai has
demons a ed signi ican ad an ages in inno a ion and mac oeconomic suppo in
he indus ies o ma ine essels and o sho e enginee ing equipmen , and ma ine
ene gy and o sho e wind powe , while Jiangsu has demons a ed s ong
compe i i eness in he clus e de elopmen capaci y o ma ine ene gy and
seawa e desalina ion elying on policy d i e s.
(5) The di ec ion o imp o emen a ies: Jiangsu needs o s eng hen mac oeconomic
suppo and main ain inno a ion ad an ages o enhance sus ained compe i i eness;
Shanghai needs o make g ea e b eak h oughs in mac oeconomics and clus e
de elopmen capabili ies. Shandong and Tianjin need o imp o e hei inno a ion
capaci y and clus e size o enhance egional compe i i eness.
Based on hese conclusions, he ollowing h ee policy ecommenda ions a e p oposed:
(1) Dynamic Resou ce Op imiza ion Mechanism: U ilize big da a and a i icial
in elligence echnologies o es ablish eal- ime moni o ing pla o ms ha p omo e
egional esou ce sha ing and collabo a ion. De elop suppo i e policies o ensu e he
e icien and balanced u iliza ion o ma ine esou ces, he eby enhancing he o e all
e ec i eness o he ma ine economy.
(2) Indus y Clus e Ne wo ks Led by Leading En e p ises: Cen e ed a ound la ge
en e p ises, p omo e collabo a i e inno a ion among small and medium-sized
en e p ises. Th ough policy and inancial suppo , acili a e echnology ans e
and ma ke expansion, op imize he indus ial chain s uc u e, achie e esou ce
complemen a i y, and enhance o e all compe i i eness.
(3) Applica ion o In elligen Technologies o Imp o e Ope a ional E iciency: P omo e
in elligen manu ac u ing and In e ne o Things (IoT) echnologies o op imize
logis ics and supply chain managemen . S eamline adminis a i e app o al
p ocesses o enhance ope a ional e iciency and ma ke esponsi eness o
en e p ises, hus imp o ing he compe i i eness o ma ine indus y clus e s.
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