Aydın, Yaşa
Resea ch Repo
Tu key's indus ial and supply chain policy: Goals and
p ospec s o Ge man-Tu kish economic coope a ion and
bila e al ela ions
SWP Resea ch Pape , No. 2/2025
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
S i ung Wissenscha und Poli ik (SWP), Ge man Ins i u e o In e na ional and Secu i y A ai s,
Be lin
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Aydın, Yaşa (2025) : Tu key's indus ial and supply chain policy: Goals and
p ospec s o Ge man-Tu kish economic coope a ion and bila e al ela ions, SWP Resea ch Pape ,
No. 2/2025, S i ung Wissenscha und Poli ik (SWP), Be lin,
h ps://doi.o g/10.18449/2025RP02
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
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SWP Resea ch Pape
S i ung Wissenscha und Poli ik
Ge man Ins i u e o
In e na ional and Secu i y A ai s
Yaşa Aydın
Tu key’s Indus ial and
Supply Chain Policy
Goals and P ospec s o Ge man-Tu kish Economic Coope a ion
and Bila e al Rela ions
SWP Resea ch Pape 2
Augus 2025, Be lin
Abs ac
∎ Tu key’s geopoli ically mo i a ed indus ial and supply chain policy
implies close ies o Ge many as well as a secu i y and economic policy
o ien a ion owa ds he EU.
∎ Anka a wan s o b ing p oduc ion and sales in o line wi h EU s anda ds
and es ablish a g een high- ech and se ices economy. Howe e , i s
deca bonisa ion measu es emain inadequa e.
∎ Tu kish s akeholde s see dis up ions o global supply chains as c ea ing
he oppo uni y o eloca e Eu opean p oduc ion chains o Tu key (nea -
sho ing). The go e nmen , he p i a e sec o and business o ganisa ions
a e all wo king o expand sus ainable ene gy supplies.
∎ Tu key’s au ho i a ian domes ic policy – namely, he disman ling o
democ acy, ep ession and dis ega d o he ule o law – makes i
ex emely di icul o deepen bila e al coope a ion.
∎ Despi e close economic ies, he e a e no ma i e di e ences be ween
Ge many and Tu key and a consis en s a egy o o e come hem is
lacking. Ra he , he Tu kish go e nmen is ocused on using indus ial
policy o compensa e o sho comings in he ule o law.
∎ Amid he geopoli ical ensions be ween he Uni ed S a es and China,
Tu key is pe o ming a delica e balancing ac : i is main aining i s ies o
he Wes while a he same ime expanding i s echnology pa ne ship
wi h China and ene gy coope a ion wi h Russia.
∎ Ge man policy owa ds Tu key equi es a s a egic e hink. I should
endea ou o p omo e economic s abili y, s eng hen Tu key’s secu i y
policy in eg a ion in o Eu ope and coun e ac Anka a’s s a egic ap-
p ochemen wi h Moscow and Beijing. Going o wa d, coope a ion should
be made condi ional on democ acy, he ule o law and human igh s.
SWP Resea ch Pape
S i ung Wissenscha und Poli ik
Ge man Ins i u e o
In e na ional and Secu i y A ai s
Yaşa Aydın
Tu key’s Indus ial and
Supply Chain Policy
Goals and P ospec s o Ge man-Tu kish Economic Coope a ion and
Bila e al Rela ions
SWP Resea ch Pape 2
Augus 2025, Be lin
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ISSN (P in ) 2747-5123
ISSN (Online) 1863-1053
DOI: 10.18449/2025RP02
(English e sion o
SWP-S udie 11/2025)
Table o Con en s
5 Issues and Conclusions
7 Tu key: Geopoli ical Reposi ioning and Di e si ica ion
o Supply Chain In eg a ion
8 Tu key’s ‘G and S a egy’
9 Anka a’s calcula ion: Mo e oom o manoeu e h ough
mul ipola i y
10 Oppo uni ies o Tu key h ough US-China i al y
12 Ge man-Tu kish Economic and Supply Chain
In eg a ion
12 G owing bila e al ade
12 Raw ma e ial and ag icul u al impo s om Tu key
14 Ge man in es men s in Tu key
16 Tu kish companies in global alue chains
16 Tu kish companies in Ge man alue chains
19 Tu kish Indus ial Policy: Challenges and
Oppo uni ies
19 Res uc u ing supply chains
20 Goals o Tu kish indus ial policy
21 Goals o Tu kish ene gy policy
25 Eu opean G een Deal and CBAM: Blessing o cu se?
27 Economic policy and egional challenges
30 Tu kish Supply Chain Policy: Sho comings and
P ospec s
30 Tu key’s supply chain policy
30 Ge man and Eu opean supply chain go e nance
31 A eas o coope a ion: Ene gy, au omo i e and de ence
34 Conclusions and Recommenda ions
36 Abb e ia ions
D Yaşa Aydın is a esea che a SWP’s
Cen e o Applied Tu kish S udies (CATS).
SWP Be lin
Tu key’s Indus ial and Supply Chain Policy
Augus 2025
5
Issues and Conclusions
Tu key’s Indus ial and Supply Chain
Policy. Goals and P ospec s o Ge man-
Tu kish Economic Coope a ion and
Bila e al Rela ions
Ge man-Tu kish ela ions ha e been ola ile in ecen
yea s, mainly owing o Tu key’s au oc a isa ion and
i s ansac ional o eign policy. Anka a’s main o -
eign-policy goal is o educe he coun y’s g owing
secu i y dependence on he Eu opean Union (EU) and
he Uni ed S a es (US). The guiding p inciples he e a e
“di e se o ien a ions”, “ lexible alliances” and “issue-
ela ed coope a ion”. I could be a gued ha hese
p inciples sugges Tu key is u ning away om he
Wes , especially he US and he EU. Bu his esea ch
pape a gues ha inhe en in Tu key’s indus ial and
supply chain policy is a s ong d i e owa ds coope a-
ion wi h he EU and Ge many. Ancho ed in a geo-
poli ically and geoeconomically mo i a ed “G and
S a egy”, Tu key’s indus ial and supply chain policy
se es as a pull ac o and keeps Tu key in NATO and
wi hin he o bi o he EU – and hus Ge many. A
he same ime, economic coope a ion wi h Russia and
China as well as a emp s o es ablish close ies o
he BRICS (B azil, Russia, India, China and Sou h
A ica) a e also pa o Anka a’s o eign ade s a egy.
In acco dance wi h his s a egy, Tu key wan s o
di e si y i s expo ma ke s and lea e a ious coop-
e a ion op ions open in a wo ld cha ac e ised by
mul ipola in e dependencies.
Tu key’s indus ial policy is cen ed a ound a
supply chain s a egy and an ene gy policy ha is
o ien ed owa ds he EU. The aim is o ansi ion o a
g een high- ech and se ices economy ha is ca bon-
ee and o achie e he close in eg a ion o Tu kish
companies in o Eu opean and Ge man supply chains.
Bu al hough Tu key is pu suing ambi ious goals,
he e a e conside able weaknesses in i s implemen-
a ion o deca bonisa ion measu es.
Despi e poli ical ensions, Ge man-Tu kish eco-
nomic ela ions ha e expanded and di e si ied in
ecen yea s. Ge many is Tu key’s mos impo an
ading pa ne in he EU. Howe e , he cu en end
can be expec ed o con inue only i egula o y isks –
such as hose a ising om supply-chain go e nance
equi emen s and he Eu opean G een Deal (EGD) –
a e mi iga ed by he s a e and h ough en ep eneu -
Issues and Conclusions
SWP Be lin
Tu key’s Indus ial and Supply Chain Policy
Augus 2025
6
ial ac i i y. These isks p esen a challenge o bila -
e al ade, o Ge man di ec in es men in Tu key
and o he in eg a ion o Tu kish supplie s in o
Ge man supply chains. I Tu kish economic policy
ails o de elop sui able s a egies and he p i a e
sec o does no make he necessa y adjus men s, he
economic ies be ween he wo coun ies could
weaken.
The answe o he cen al ques ion o his esea ch
pape – whe he he end owa ds economic in-
eg a ion will con inue o e e se – can be sum-
ma ised as ollows: he Tu kish go e nmen , he
p i a e sec o and business o ganisa ions a e wo king
closely oge he o ensu e compliance wi h he EGD,
accele a e he ansi ion o sus ainable ene gy sup-
plies and s eng hen Tu key’s posi ion in Eu ope’s
supply chains. Al hough Anka a is s i ing o im-
p o e he in es men clima e in he coun y, he
e ec i eness o pu ely economic policy ini ia i es
is limi ed by democ a ic sho comings and dis ega d
o he ule o law.
While Tu key dis ancing i sel s a egically om
he EU and Ge many does no appea a a ional
p ospec , i canno be uled ou in he con ex o
geopoli ical and egional c ises and Tu key’s in en-
si ied au oc a isa ion. Anka a’s cu en e o s o
delibe a ely weaken he opposi ion equi es a new
Tu key s a egy – one ha enables Ge many and he
EU o pu hei economic and poli ical ela ions wi h
Tu key on a sus ainable oo ing wi hou indi ec ly
legi imising au ho i a ian endencies.
Raw ma e ial and ag icul u al impo s om Tu key
SWP Be lin
Tu key’s Indus ial and Supply Chain Policy
Augus 2025
13
Raw ma e ial and ag icul u al impo s om Tu key
Figu e 1
Figu e 2
Ge man-Tu kish Economic and Supply Chain In eg a ion
SWP Be lin
Tu key’s Indus ial and Supply Chain Policy
Augus 2025
14
o mos aw ma e ials.
30
Howe e , Tu key is he main
supplie o he c i ical aw ma e ial bo on o he EU
and Ge many in pa icula : a ound 98 pe cen o EU
demand is me by Tu kish p oduc ion. Bo on is s a-
egically impo an because o i s use in nume ous
key indus ies, including de ence, ae ospace and ocke
uels, specialised weapons as well as glass and ce amics,
manu ac u ing, ag icul u e ( o example, as a e ilise ),
de e gen p oduc ion, nano echnology, au omo i e
enginee ing, ene gy echnology, me allu gy and con-
s uc ion – in sho , whe e e ha dness, chemical
s abili y and hea esis ance a e equi ed. Owing o i s
b oad indus ial use, bo on is o conside able eco-
nomic ele ance; and secu i y o supply is a high isk
when he e a e deli e y bo lenecks. In e ms o e-
se es, Tu key is he global leade , wi h a sha e o
a ound 73 pe cen , ahead o Russia and he US.
31
Tu key is also a supplie o ag icul u al p oduc s.
In 2023, Ge many impo ed ag icul u al p oduc s
wo h €1.8 billion om Tu key. Tha is he equi alen
o 0.8 pe cen o o al Ge man impo s o ag icul u al
and ood p oduc s.
32
Ge man in es men s in Tu key
Ge many is one o he mos impo an coun ies o
o igin o o eign di ec in es men in Tu key – in
e ms o olume, du a ion o p esence and numbe o
companies (see Figu e 6, p. 17). As o la e 2024, Ge -
man di ec in es men in Tu key since 1980 s ood a
almos US$14.5 billion.
33
In 2023 alone, some US$687
million was in es ed by Ge man i ms (compa ed wi h
US$972 million he p e ious yea ). As o Augus 2023,
30
Lisand a Flach e al., Wie abhängig is Deu schland on
Rohs o impo en? Eine Analyse ü die P oduk ion on Schlüssel-
echnologien [How dependen is Ge many on aw ma e ial
impo s? An analysis o he p oduc ion o key echnologies]
(Munich, 2022), h ps:// inyu l.com/2p8xpsk2 (accessed
12 No embe 2024).
31
See “Tü kei besi z as alle Bo -Rese en de Wel ”
[Tu key Has Almos All he Wo ld’s Bo on Rese es], Deu sche
Wi scha snach ich en, 10 Feb ua y 2018, h ps:// inyu l.com/
m 2eu7bj (accessed 12 No embe 2024).
32
Fede al Minis y o Food and Ag icul u e (BMEL), “Außen-
handel mi de Tü kei” [Fo eign ade wi h Tu key] (online),
h ps:// inyu l.com/3andeb7y (accessed 12 No embe 2024).
33
See Ge man Rep esen a i e O ices in Tu key, “Deu sche
In es i ionen in de Tü kei” [Ge man in es men s in Tu key]
(online), h ps:// inyu l.com/ ze 7xua (accessed 12 No embe
2024).
mo e han 8,000 companies wi h Ge man capi al
in es men we e egis e ed in Tu key, p o iding em-
ploymen o mo e han 100,000 people. Mos Ge man
di ec in es men s in Tu key a e ans o ma i e in-
es men s ha ha e con ibu ed o he c ea ion o a
la ge numbe o jobs.
Ge man companies a e ep esen ed in many sec o s:
indus ial p oduc ion, ma ke ing, se ices and e ail.
Fo example, he No h Rhine-Wes phalian amily
business EJOT, which specialises in joining and as en-
ing echnology, in es ed €25 million in a new plan .
34
Me cedes-Benz Tü k has a bus plan in Is anbul
and a lo y plan in Aksa ay. While nei he BMW no
Audi has i s own p oduc ion acili ies in Tu key, bo h
companies wo k wi h Tu kish supplie s. As Eu ope’s
ou h-la ges ca -manu ac u ing coun y, Tu key is
an impo an p ocu emen and supplie ma ke
35
o
Ge man ca manu ac u e s.
O he majo Ge man companies in Tu key include
he consume goods and adhesi es manu ac u e
Henkel, which has been ope a ing in Gebze since 1963
and employs 750 people a h ee si es. The Bosch
G oup has a s ong p esence, oo, wi h i e subsidia -
ies and a ound 17,500 employees. And Deu sche Pos
has been ac i e in Tu key o almos 40 yea s and
plans o in es €135 million in a mode n ope a ions
cen e a Is anbul Ai po .
All in all, Tu key is an a ac i e economic pa ne
o Ge many and a popula loca ion o Ge man com-
panies. Cos ad an ages, a la ge sales ma ke and
good expo p ospec s – o example, in au omo i e
p oduc ion – make he coun y in e es ing o majo
global companies like Me cedes-Benz.
Tu key’s o he ad an ages include i s geog aphical
loca ion a he c oss oads o Eu ope, Asia and A ica,
i s ela i ely young popula ion o 84 million, as well
as i s g owing pu chasing powe , mode n anspo
in as uc u e, e icien logis ics and dynamic and com-
pe i i e p i a e sec o . Combined, all hese ac o s
o e Ge man companies conside able g ow h oppo -
uni ies.
34
See Ka in Senz, “Wa um deu sche Fi men in de Tü kei
in es ie en” [Why Ge man Companies A e In es ing in
Tu key], Tagesschau, 25 June 2023, h ps:// inyu l.com/
4p8p bm2 (accessed 27 Oc obe 2024).
35
See Tu nkey Sou cing, “G oßhandel ü den Impo on
Au o eilen und Au ozubehö en aus de Tü kei” [Wholesale
ade o he impo o ca pa s and ca accesso ies om
Tu key] (online), h ps:// u nkey-sou cing.de/au omobil
indus ie (accessed 11 Decembe 2024).
Ge man in es men s in Tu key
SWP Be lin
Tu key’s Indus ial and Supply Chain Policy
Augus 2025
15
Ge man in es men s in Tu key
Figu e 3
Figu e 4
Ge man-Tu kish Economic and Supply Chain In eg a ion
SWP Be lin
Tu key’s Indus ial and Supply Chain Policy
Augus 2025
16
Tu kish companies in global alue chains
In eg a ion in o global alue chains has a signi ican
impac on a coun y’s economic s eng h and p os-
pe i y, no leas because i pa es he way o e icien-
cy gains and echnology ans e s. The e a e wo
pilla s on which pa icipa ion in global alue chains
es s, namely:
∎ The impo o inpu p oduc s ( aw ma e ials, in e -
media e p oduc s, expe ise) and se ices ha a e
used in p oduc ion – bo h o he domes ic ma -
ke and o expo (backwa d in eg a ion); and
∎ The expo o inpu goods and inished p oduc s as
well as se ices ha a e consumed in he expo
des ina ion coun y o go in o p oduc ion and a e
in ended ei he o he domes ic ma ke o o
expo ( o wa d in eg a ion).
36
Coun ies pa icipa e in alue chains di ec ly ia
hei own inished p oduc s and/o he expo o
inpu goods o indi ec ly ia supplies o expo com-
panies on hei own e i o y o ab oad. Small and
medium-sized en e p ises (SMEs) a e o en indi ec ly
in ol ed in global alue chains as supplie s.
37
Pa ici-
pa ion in global alue chains is de e mined by se e al
ac o s, including he in as uc u e and connec i i y
o a coun y o sec o , he egula o y and business
en i onmen , he a ailable ac o s o p oduc ion and
he size o he domes ic ma ke .
The in ol emen o Tu kish manu ac u ing com-
panies in global alue chains has e ol ed o e he
yea s om limi ed pa icipa ion h ough simple
manu ac u ing p oduc s o an ad anced ole ha can
be measu ed by expo s o inpu and in e media e
goods. Be ween 1990 and 2015, Tu key’s pa icipa ion
in global alue chains inc eased by 7 pe cen .
38
The
yea 2011 ma ked a u ning poin . Un il hen, back-
wa d linkage had domina ed, wi h impo ed in e -
media e goods playing a cen al ole in bo h p oduc-
ion and expo s; o wa d in eg a ion – whe eby
domes ically p oduced in e media e goods accoun
o a g owing sha e o expo s– became mo e im-
po an om 2011 onwa ds. Ne e heless, backwa d
36
Holge Gö g and Saskia Mösle, “Globale We schöp-
ungske en in Zei en on (und nach) Co id-19” [Global
Value Chains in Times o (and a e ) Co id-19], i o Schnelldiens
73, no. 5 (13 May 2020), 3–7.
37
Adnan Se ic and Yee Siong Tong, “Wha A e Global
Value Chains and Why Do hey Ma e ?” (Indus ial Analy -
ics Pla o m, Augus 2019), h ps:// inyu l.com/3z w ym
(accessed 18 June 2025).
38
Kuş, “S eng hening Tu key’s Posi ion” (see no e 4).
in eg a ion has emained high and ollowed a s eep
g ow h ajec o y in ecen yea s: in 2015, impo ed
in e media e goods accoun ed o 30 pe cen o o al
impo s,
39
while in 2022, impo ed in e media e
goods ep esen ed no less han 80.4 pe cen o o al
impo s, capi al goods 11.1 pe cen and consume
goods 8.4 pe cen .
40
Tu key plays a signi ican ole in
se e al global alue chains.
Tu key, accoun s o a ound 1 pe cen o global
expo s o goods and se ices, plays a signi ican ole
in se e al global alue chains. Since a ound he mid-
2010s, he g owing impo ance o o wa d in eg a ion
and he s ong ocus on manu ac u ing expo s ha e
helped Tu key mo e up om “basic manu ac u ing”
coun y o “ad anced manu ac u ing and se ices
sec o ” coun y in he Wo ld Bank's classi ica ion.
Thanks o i s geog aphical loca ion, Tu key has eno -
mous g ow h po en ial wi hin he amewo k o global
alue chains. Tu kish companies ha e access o he
EU’s in e nal ma ke as well as o ma ke s in Eu ope,
A ica and Cen al Asia. Howe e , gaining access o
ma ke s such as he US, Japan, China and Indonesia,
which a e p o ec ed by abo e-a e age a i s, is mo e
di icul .
41
Tu kish companies in Ge man alue chains
Tu kish companies a e in eg a ed in o Ge man alue
chains in a ange o sec o s – om he p ocu emen o
aw ma e ials h ough manu ac u ing and p ocessing
o design, ma ke ing and sales.
42
They a e pa icula ly
well ep esen ed in he au omo i e, clo hing, ex ile
39
Ibid., 25.
40
ÜİK, “Fo eign T ade S a is ics, 12/2022” (in Tu kish),
31 Janua y 2023, h ps:// inyu l.com/8nj3 dax (accessed
18 June 2025).
41
Le e aging Global Value Chains o G ow h in Tu key. A Tu key
Coun y Economic Memo andum, Repo no. AUS0002378
(Washing on, D.C.: Wo ld Bank, Feb ua y 2022).
42
Di k Janno and Nela Vaso a, “Ma k ein i Deu sch-
land: Möglichkei en ü ü kische Un e nehmen” [En e ing
he Ge man Ma ke : Oppo uni ies o Tu kish Companies],
Eu ac i , 8 May 2017, h ps:// inyu l.com/2dyz65m9 (accessed
19 No embe 2024). The Ge man-Tu kish Ag eemen on
Es ablishmen o 1927 allows Tu kish companies o es ablish
hemsel es, acqui e p ope y and ca y ou business ac i i-
ies in Ge many.
Tu kish companies in Ge man alue chains
SWP Be lin
Tu key’s Indus ial and Supply Chain Policy
Augus 2025
17
Tu kish companies in Ge man alue chains
Figu e 5
Figu e 6
Ge man-Tu kish Economic and Supply Chain In eg a ion
SWP Be lin
Tu key’s Indus ial and Supply Chain Policy
Augus 2025
18
Ge man-Tu kish Economic and Supply Chain In eg a ion
and s eel indus ies. Many Tu kish companies a e
ac i e as supplie s o he Ge man au omo i e
indus y – a p ominen example is Bosch Sanayi e
Tica e , wi h some 8,000 employees.
Since a ound 2010, he pa icipa ion o Tu kish
companies in Ge man alue chains in he ex ile in-
dus y has inc eased signi ican ly. Fo example, Hugo
Boss Tex il, which employs a ound 4,000 people, and
he clo hing manu ac u e s.Oli e ha e p oduc ion
acili ies in Tu key. Tu kish companies in he clo h-
ing indus y a e success ully in eg a ed in o bo h
global and Ge man alue chains and co e all s ages
o p oduc ion – om local p ocu emen (o 70 pe
cen o aw ma e ials) o inal p oduc ion. In 2022,
he Tu kish appa el indus y eco ded expo s wo h
US$21.2 billion, wi h goods wo h US$3.6 billion
going o Ge many.
43
The o wa d in eg a ion o Tu kish manu ac u e s
in o Ge man supply chains is e iden om he ollow-
ing lis o expo s om Tu key o Ge many in 2023:
43
“2024 Expec a ions: Tex iles” (in Tu kish), GZT.com,
29 Janua y 2024, h ps:// inyu l.com/mw h4kj (accessed
12 No embe 2024); and Eli Fe han Yeşilyu , “Ready- o-
Wea and Clo hing Indus y B oke Expo Reco d in 2022”
(in Tu kish), Anadolu Ajansı, 13 Janua y 2023, h ps:// inyu l.
com/2wcjhc3y (accessed 12 No embe 2024).
pa s and accesso ies o ac o s (wo h US$1.65 bil-
lion); mo o ehicles o he anspo o en o mo e
pe sons, pa s and accesso ies, ehicles (excluding ail
ehicles) and pa s and accesso ies o hose ehicles
(US$4.99 billion); and elec ical machine y, appa a us
and appliances and pa s he eo , sound eco ding
and ep oducing appa a us, ele isions (US$1.35 bil-
lion).
44
The in eg a ion o Tu kish companies – bo h
SMEs and la ge companies – in o Ge man alue
chains is economically ad an ageous o bo h coun-
ies and p omo es inno a ion. Ge many bene i s
om his close in eg a ion h ough s able ade ela-
ions, high secu i y o supply and low-cos inpu s and
end p oduc s. Bu a he same ime, Tu key aces
challenges o in eg a ion – bo h now and going o -
wa d. These a e discussed in de ail in he nex wo
sec ions.
44
In e na ional T ade Cen e, “Bila e al T ade be ween
Ge many and Tü kiye” (online), h ps:// inyu l.com/42p6 38k
(accessed 12 No embe 2024).
Figu e 7
Res uc u ing supply chains
SWP Be lin
Tu key’s Indus ial and Supply Chain Policy
Augus 2025
19
Tu key’s indus ial policy,
45
which comp ises a supply
chain s a egy and a deca bonisa ion s a egy, in e-
g a es bo h ho izon al and e ical measu es. The ho i-
zon al measu es include s abilising mac oeconomic
condi ions, educing mac oeconomic imbalances,
secu ing a compe i i e exchange a e, expanding
human capi al and imp o ing he business en i on-
men . The e ical measu es ocus on he a ge ed
p omo ion o selec ed sec o s, in which he s a e
in e enes by p o iding ax incen i es, subsidies,
ade policy p o ec ion and subsidised loans in o de
o s eng hen he coun y’s s a egically ele an
indus ies.
Res uc u ing supply chains
The globalisa ion o economic cycles has led o com-
panies eloca ing nume ous s ages o p oduc ion o
a away coun ies. As a esul , global alue and
supply chains ha e expanded signi ican ly. Today,
a ound 80 pe cen o global ade is based on such
chains, p o iding o he li elihood o mo e han
450 million people.
46
No la e han since 2020 and
he ou b eak o he Co id-19 pandemic, his close
in e na ional in e dependence has been inc easingly
pe cei ed as a isk; and he e is now an acu e awa e-
ness o he high suscep ibili y o he globalised eco-
nomic sys em o dis up ion. Thus, cos e iciency is no
longe he only guiding p inciple o en ep eneu ial
ac i i y and economic policy s a egies. Fac o s such
45
Indus ial policy comp ises economic policy measu es
aimed a changing he s uc u e o economic ac i i ies. On
he concep o indus ial policy and i s opicali y, see Holge
Gö g, “Comeback de Indus iepoli ik?” [Comeback o Indus-
ial Policy?] Aus Poli ik und Zei geschich e, no. 4–5 (2024), 4–9.
46
See Fede al Minis y o Economic Coope a ion and
De elopmen (BMZ), “Lie e ke en” [Supply chains] (online),
h ps://www.bmz.de/ hemen/lie e ke en (accessed 8 Oc obe
2023).
as secu i y, esilience and s a egic au onomy a e
becoming ma kedly mo e impo an . And when busi-
ness pa ne s a e being selec ed, i is poli ical and
no ma i e c i e ia – such as eliabili y, s abili y and
alue-o ien a ion – ha a e inc easingly aken in o
accoun , alongside economic c i e ia.
Today’s ex ensi e ade linkages ha e c ea ed de-
pendencies ha pose a secu i y isk o he Wes –
including he EU and Ge many. As a esul , he e is
now mo e ocus on he di e si ica ion o supply chains,
no leas wi h ega d o China. Acco dingly, in Ge -
many’s Na ional Secu i y S a egy, China is desc ibed
as a “pa ne , compe i o and sys emic i al”.
47
Majo
e en s such as he ade dispu e wi h China, he Co id
pandemic and Russia’s wa o agg ession agains
Uk aine ha e no only exposed he ulne abili y o
global supply chains; hey ha e also aised ques ions
abou he supply o c i ical aw ma e ials and ene gy
dependency. Un il ecen ly, Russia was an impo an
supplie o aw ma e ials such as nickel, i anium and
aluminium, all o which a e cen al o Ge many’s
ene gy ansi ion. Fo his eason, Ge many and he
EU ha e inc easingly aken measu es o e he pas
ew yea s o educe hei dependence on Russia.
48
Among he op p io i ies o Ge many and Eu ope
a e he eo ganisa ion o supply chains and he secu-
i y o supply o aw ma e ials. The Ge man go e n-
47
Fede al Fo eign O ice, ed., In eg ie e Siche hei ü
Deu schland. Na ionale Siche hei ss a egie [In eg a ed Secu i y o
Ge many. Na ional Secu i y S a egy] (Be lin, June 2023). The
designa ion o China as “pa ne , compe i o and sys emic
i al” is seen as in need o “upda ing”, while he s a egy
i sel is c i icised as “mo e o a s a egy on Ge many” and as
lacking an o e a ching and long- e m goal o Ge man-Chi-
nese ela ions. See Nadine Godeha d , The Logic o Ge many’s
China Policy in he Zei enwende, SWP Resea ch Pape 16/2024
(Be lin: S i ung Wissenscha und Poli ik, Oc obe 2024).
48
Melanie Mülle , Inga Ca y and Vic o ia Reisch, “Pu in
und das deu sche Wind ad” [Pu in and he Ge man Wind
Tu bine], De F ei ag, 5 Ap il 2022.
Tu kish Indus ial Policy:
Challenges and Oppo uni ies
Tu kish Indus ial Policy: Challenges and Oppo uni ies
SWP Be lin
Tu key’s Indus ial and Supply Chain Policy
Augus 2025
20
men has esol ed o expand exis ing pa ne ships in
o de o “build sus ainable alue and supply chains”,
o “p o ide he necessa y anspo in as uc u e
o unc ioning supply chains” and o “make hese
[supply chains] mo e esilien in coope a ion wi h he
coun ies conce ned”.
49
Wi h i s indus ial s a egy –
he EGD – he EU is pu suing no only he digi isa-
ion and deca bonisa ion o business loca ions bu
also he goal o s eng hening o economic esilience
h ough he educ ion o dependence on impo s o
c i ical aw ma e ials.
50
In addi ion o dis up ions in supply chains, ising
eigh cos s
51
a e equen ly ci ed as a eason o
eo ganising exis ing supply chains. In Ge many’s
au omo i e, pha maceu ical and ae ospace sec o s,
he ocus is on esilience and he educ ion o de-
pendencies on o he coun ies,
52
no leas China and
o he au ho i a ian s a es. Companies in he chemi-
cal, in o ma ion echnology and au omo i e b anches
a e endea ou ing o eloca e pa o hei p oduc ion
and in es men away om China. This is whe e
Tu key sees nea sho ing oppo uni ies o i s indus-
ial sec o – some hing ha is also in Ge many’s
in e es .
In indus ial policy, he e a e clea
o e laps be ween Eu ope,
Ge many and Tu key.
Pa icipa ion in global alue chains is c ucial o
sus ainable economic g ow h in Tu key. The Tu kish
go e nmen is pu suing an ac i e indus ial, ade,
loca ion and supply chain policy in o de o bene i
om he eo ganisa ion o alue and supply chains.
49
Fede al Fo eign O ice, ed., In eg ie e Siche hei [In e-
g a ed Secu i y] (see no e 47).
50
Meike Schulze, Secu i y o Supply in Times o Geo-economic
F agmen a ion. Enhancing he Ex e nal Dimension o he EU’s Raw
Ma e ials Policy, SWP Commen 15/2024 (Be lin: S i ung
Wissenscha und Poli ik, Ap il 2024).
51
See “Unde s anding he Rise o Shipping Cos s in 2024”,
TEC (Blog), 31 May 2024, h ps:// inyu l.com/42jueh u
(accessed 27 Oc obe 2024); and F ede ike Be g, “T ends in
T anspo and Logis ics P ices in 2024”, Sca om- ux, 6 Sep-
embe 2024, h ps:// inyu l.com/9 hdsx 7 (accessed 27 Oc o-
be 2024).
52
See, o example, Inga Ca y and Mike Schulze, “Resi-
lienz in ansna ionalen Lie e ke en – Di e si izie en und
Nachhal igkei s ä ken” [Resilience in T ansna ional Supply
Chains – Di e si ying and S eng hening Sus ainabili y],
Plus, 6 Ma ch 2023. [The page can no longe be accessed.]
The ad an ages o e ed by Tu key as a business loca-
ion – such as in as uc u e, an inno a i e indus-
ial base and a a ie y o logis ical op ions o ade
wi h Eu ope – ha e helped o m he coun y’s new
indus ial policy sel -image.
I is impo an o poin ou ha he e a e clea
o e laps be ween Eu opean, Ge man and Tu kish
indus ial policy,
53
mainly in he a eas o p omo ing
sus ainable echnologies and educing CO2 emissions.
O he o e laps can be iden i ied in he in eg a ion
o digi al echnologies in o indus y and he secu ing
o ma ke access o aw ma e ials and p ima y p od-
uc s. Agains his backg ound, he Ge man go e n-
men and Ge man companies a e s epping up he
sea ch o pa ne s o secu e supply chains, while
Tu key, o i s pa , sees oppo uni ies o indus y in
i s own coun y.
Goals o Tu kish indus ial policy
The long- e m goal o Tu key’s indus ial policy is he
ansi ion o a sus ainable high- ech and se ices
economy ha is ca bon- ee. Bo h he Tu kish go e n-
men and Tu kish companies a e wo king o ul il he
equi emen s o he EGD and supply chain go e n-
ance while d i ing o wa d he g een ene gy ansi-
ion. Al hough he deca bonisa ion s a egies o
Tu key and Ge many a e no ully aligned, he e a e
many common goals. Tu key’s indus ial policy p i-
o i ises economic s abili y, he p omo ion o inno a-
ion in key echnologies and indus ies o he u u e
(e.g., au omo i e, de ence and ene gy) and he ad-
ancemen o manu ac u ing and expo s o s eng h-
en compe i i eness. A main conce n he e is he s abi-
lisa ion o he mac oeconomic base.
In his con ex , h ee sepa a e se s o measu es can
be iden i ied. Fi s , Tu key has been pu suing a e-
53
See Eu opean Commission, “Eu opean Indus ial
S a egy”, h ps:// inyu l.com/2p9ps3pp (accessed 21 Janua y
2025); Ge man Bundes ag, An wo de Bundes egie ung au die
Kleine An age de Abgeo dne en Reinha d Houben, Michael Theu e ,
G igo ios Aggelidis, wei e e Abgeo dne e und de F ak ion de
FDP – D ucksache 19/8218 –. Na ionale Indus ies a egie 2030
[Response o he Fede al Go e nmen o he b ie que y o
he pa liamen a y depu ies Reinha d Houben, Michael
Theu e , G igo ios Aggelidis, o he pa liamen a y depu ies
and he FDP pa liamen a y g oup – Documen 19/8218 –.
Na ional Indus ial S a egy 2030], D ucksache 19/8917
(Be lin, 29 Ma ch 2019), h ps:// inyu l.com/4hbbp xm,
(accessed 24 Janua y 2025).
Goals o Tu kish ene gy policy
SWP Be lin
Tu key’s Indus ial and Supply Chain Policy
Augus 2025
21
s ic i e mone a y and iscal policy since June 2023 in
a bid o cu b in la ion and cu ency dep ecia ion.
Unde o me Cen al Bank Go e no Ha ize Gaye
E kan and he successo , Yaşa Fa ih Ka ahan, key
in e es a es ha e been g adually aised, while
Finance Minis e Mehme Şimşek ini ia ed he e u n
o an o hodox economic policy. Tha policy includes
p io i ising mone a y s abili y, limi ing exchange a e
in e en ions and abolishing cu ency-p o ec ed
sa ings deposi s. Howe e , he e has been only limi -
ed success so a : in la ion emains high and he
sus ained con idence o in e na ional in es o s has
no been egained.
54
Second, Tu key is ocusing on
impo subs i u ion, expo p omo ion and s uc u al
adjus men s. Thi d, i plans o imp o e he gene al
condi ions o companies and p omo e esea ch and
de elopmen (R&D) h ough subsidies.
The long- e m goal o Tu key’s indus ial policy is
ha he coun y plays a ole in wha has been dubbed
he “Fi h Indus ial Re olu ion”. Indus y 5.0 s ands
o a new way o p oduc ion based on echnologies
such as a i icial in elligence (AI), he 5G mobile
communica ions s anda d, oice con ol sys ems and
digi al eali y, which pa es he way o de elopmen s
such as au onomous ehicles and sma homes and
ci ies. In Tu key, he Na ional Technology Mo emen
and he Indus y and Technology S a egy 2023 p o-
ide guidance o a p og essi e echnology policy in
he con ex o he Fi h Indus ial Re olu ion.
55
Mo e-
o e , an Indus y 5.0 cen e has been es ablished o
p omo e echnological de elopmen in Tu key. The e
a e also plans o in ensi y coope a ion be ween he
public and p i a e sec o s o de elop and ad ance
echnological inno a ions. Expe imen al wo kshops
ha e been se up in 30 p o inces so ha hese plans
can be implemen ed in a ious egions o he coun y.
Also impo an is he need o p epa e he 68,000 o
so ac o ies in Tu key o indus ial mode nisa ion in
he sho , medium and long e m. In his con ex , he
es uc u ing o he 353 o ganised indus ial zones
appea s p omising. The echnological enewal and
edesign o p oduc ion acili ies, indus ial pa ks and
54
See M. Mu a Kubilay, The Weigh o Pas Mis akes and he
Pos -elec ion Push o Economic No maliza ion (Washing on, D.C.:
MEI, 9 July 2024); and Yaşa Aydın, Anka a’s Economic Policy
Dilemma. Eu ope’s Op ions o Economic and Secu i y Coope a ion
wi h Tu key, SWP Commen 2/2024 (Be lin: S i ung Wissen-
scha und Poli ik, July 2023).
55
Deniz İs ikbal, “The Fi h Indus ial Re olu ion and
Tu key” (in Tu kish), SETA-Analiz, 7 May 2022,
h ps:// inyu l.com/3w7 z2wd (accessed 20 No embe 2024).
u ban a eas will play a cen al ole, especially o
echnical colleges and uni e si ies as cen es o knowl-
edge and inno a ion. And i will c ea e oppo uni ies
o Ge man and Eu opean companies o coope a e
and sell hei p oduc s. Fo ecas s by he IMF and he
audi ing i m P icewa e houseCoope s o he yea s
2030 and 2050 sugges ha in u u e, Tu kish indus-
y will accoun o a much la ge sha e o global
p oduc ion han i does oday.
56
In i s medium- e m economic p og amme o he
pe iod 2024–26, Tu key is ocusing on echnology-
in ensi e p oduc ion wi h high added alue. O he
goals include inc easing indus ial in es men , educ-
ing impo dependency and p omo ing echnology
pa ne ships. A he same ime, he g een and digi al
ans o ma ion is o be ad anced, domes ic p oduc-
ion capaci ies expanded and R&D suppo ed as pa
o he e o o ensu e sus ainable g ow h. Mo eo e ,
he p og amme aims o p omo e high-quali y and
la ge-scale in es men s and inc ease expo capaci ies
in o de o s eng hen Tu key’s global compe i i e-
ness. Finally, he s a egic objec i es also include
imp o ing he in es men clima e and acili a ing
access o inance o indus y.
Goals o Tu kish ene gy policy
In i s ene gy policy, he Tu kish go e nmen is in-
c easingly pu suing new app oaches. The goal is o
es ablish i sel as a eliable ene gy pa ne o Eu ope;
and o his end, i is making a ge ed in es men s in
clean ene gy echnologies. The g adual mo e away
om ossil uels no only has economic bene i s bu
also s eng hens he coun y’s app ochemen wi h
Eu ope in he a ea o ene gy policy; howe e , es ab-
lishing a sus ainable ene gy pa ne ship wi h Eu ope
p esen s o midable challenges o Anka a. Tu key’s
high dependence on gas impo s om Russia, I an
and Aze baijan pushes up he cu en accoun de ici
and makes he coun y ulne able o ex e nal shocks
and p ice luc ua ions on he ene gy ma ke s. O e all,
Tu key’s ene gy policy is shaped by bo h domes ic-
and o eign-policy conside a ions and is inc easingly
eac i e o geopoli ical dynamics. F om a o eign-
policy pe spec i e, Anka a is ocusing on h ee main
goals: mee ing he g owing demand o ene gy,
56
Ibid.
Tu kish Indus ial Policy: Challenges and Oppo uni ies
SWP Be lin
Tu key’s Indus ial and Supply Chain Policy
Augus 2025
22
di e si ying ene gy sou ces and educing CO2
emissions.
57
In i s bid o g ea e ene gy
so e eign y, Tu key is expanding
wind and sola ene gy and in es ing
in nuclea and coal powe .
Fo decades now, Tu kish go e nmen s ha e been
seeking o di e si y he coun y’s ene gy po olio
in o de o secu e a o dable and eliable ene gy sup-
plies. Among o he hings, Anka a has in es ed
hea ily in locally p oduced ene gy, including he
de elopmen o na u al gas ields in he Black Sea. I
also wan s o es ablish i sel as a na u al gas hub
be ween p oduce and consume coun ies – a
p ojec ha is geos a egically plausible bu could
clash wi h he in e na ional deca bonisa ion agenda
o e he long e m.
58
The d i e o di e si y ene gy
sou ces is also e iden om in es men s no only in
locally gene a ed ene gy sou ces such as wind and
sola ene gy bu also in he expansion o nuclea and
coal- i ed powe plan s. The la e , howe e , a e
clea ly a odds wi h he a o emen ioned deca bonisa-
ion agenda as hey cause high CO2 emissions and
delay he ansi ion o a low-ca bon ene gy sys em.
59
Tu key’s o eign-policy s a egy o di e si ica ion has
led o nume ous in e na ional pa ne ships: he
coun y main ains close ela ions wi h Wes e n
buye s o i s ene gy expo s as well as wi h majo
ene gy supplie s such as Russia and o he ene gy
p o ide s such as Aze baijan, I an and I aq.
In he cu en poli ical discussion, a less ans-
ac ional ela ionship be ween he EU and Tu key is
being sough . Fo i s pa , he EU has iden i ied he
ene gy sec o as a po en ial a ea o close coope a-
ion. To da e, EU-Tu kish ene gy coope a ion has
57
F ancesco Sicca di, Unde s anding he Ene gy D i e s o
Tu key’s Fo eign Policy (B ussels: Ca negie Eu ope, Feb ua y
2024), h ps:// inyu l.com/59j3 cey (accessed 26 Janua y
2025).
58
See Minis y o Fo eign A ai s o he Republic o
Tü kiye ( o me ly Republic o Tu key), “Tü kiye’s In e -
na ional Ene gy S a egy” (online), h ps://www.m a.go . /
u keys-ene gy-s a egy.en.m a (accessed 28 Oc obe 2024);
Sicca di, Unde s anding he Ene gy D i e s (see no e 57); and
Ke em Topuz, The Missing Piece in he Tu key’s Gas Hub Ambi ions
(Is anbul: Is anbul In e na ional Cen e o Ene gy and
Clima e [IICEC] and MNCM Consul ing, June 2019),
h ps:// inyu l.com/m wh4a c (accessed 28 Oc obe 2024).
59
Sicca di, Unde s anding he Ene gy D i e s (see no e 57).
ocused p ima ily on na u al gas ading. Wi h in-
c eased EU demand o na u al gas and he discon-
inua ion o he Russian gas ade, Tu key is a po en-
ial al e na i e sou ce o he ossil uel. Since 2020,
he coun y has con ibu ed o Eu ope’s ene gy
supply secu i y h ough he Sou he n Gas Co ido .
The backbone o his p ojec is o med by he T ans-
Ana olian Gas Pipeline (TANAP) and he Tu kS eam
na u al gas pipeline, which ha e a combined capaci y
o 31.5 billion cubic me es. (Na u al gas eaches
Tu key ia he i s pipeline and Eu opean coun ies
a e supplied ia he second.) Mo eo e , he Tu kish
S ai s a e impo an o global ene gy secu i y, as
a ound 3 pe cen o he wo ld’s oil demand is ans-
po ed ia his ou e.
60
In he medium o long e m, he na u al gas ade
is expec ed o become less ele an – a de elopmen
ha would be compa ible wi h he goals o he EGD
and he in e na ional deca bonisa ion agenda. Low-
ca bon ene gy sou ces and ca bon- ee elec ici y could
be he mains ay o u u e ene gy ela ions be ween
Tu key, he EU and Ge many. Going o wa d, he
ene gy pa ne ship be ween Ge many and Tu key will
gain in impo ance. Howe e , his does no mean ha
he cu en poli ical obs acles will ha e been emo ed.
Ene gy ansi ion and deca bonisa ion
The EU di ec i es on g een o eign di ec in es men
a e con ibu ing o he deca bonisa ion o he Tu kish
economy in wo ways: by encou aging in es men in
enewable ene gy and by b inging Tu key in o line
wi h Eu opean g een in es men s anda ds. Since
mo e han 40 pe cen o Tu kish expo s a e bound
o he EU, bo h he EGD egula ions and guidelines
a e expec ed o ha e a ans o ma i e e ec on Tu key’s
indus y. In addi ion o in es ing in clean ene gy,
emission-in ensi e sec o s such as cons uc ion, hea y
chemicals and ex iles will ha e o g een hei p oduc-
ion and logis ical ope a ions i hey wan o main ain
o expand hei ade ela ions wi h EU coun ies.
61
60
Minis y o Fo eign A ai s o he Republic o Tü kiye”
( o me ly Republic o Tu key), “Tü kiye’s In e na ional
Ene gy S a egy” (see no e 58). Fo a mo e ecen o e iew o
gas supplies o Eu ope ia Tu key and he coun y's ole as a
gas hub, see Josephine Bollinge -Kanne, “Tü kei bie e Gas
aus dem Os en” [Tu key O e s Gas om he Eas ], VDI
Nach ich en, 7 Feb ua y 2025.
61
Unlocking G een Finance in Tu key (Washing on, D.C.:
Wo ld Bank, 2022), h ps://openknowledge.wo ldbank.o g/
handle/10986/40248 (accessed 18 June 2025).
Economic policy and egional challenges
SWP Be lin
Tu key’s Indus ial and Supply Chain Policy
Augus 2025
29
es a ise om he EGD and CBAM as well as om
Eu opean and Ge man supply chain go e nance,
which is discussed below.
To sum up, i is e iden ha he e a e nume ous
o e laps be ween he indus ial policies o he EU,
Ge many and Tu key, pa icula ly in he a eas o
sus ainable echnologies, CO2 educ ion and digi al
ans o ma ion. Mo eo e , he e is a sha ed goal o
secu ing access o aw ma e ials and p ima y p od-
uc s. Tu key sees his as an oppo uni y o s eng hen
i s indus ial sec o h ough s able and eliable pa -
ne ships wi hin global supply chains. F om bo h
o icial s a egy/posi ion pape s published by minis-
ies and business o ganisa ions and discussions
in ol ing poli ical and economic ac o s, i can be seen
ha he e is g owing awa eness o wha seizing his
oppo uni y en ails.
85
Also, he e is a b oad consensus
ha sus ainable economic de elopmen in Tu key is
possible only i Tu kish indus y mee s Eu opean
en i onmen al and sus ainabili y s anda ds, especial-
ly hose s ipula ed by he EGD and he go e nance
equi emen s o Ge man and Eu opean supply chain
legisla ion.
86
Ne e heless, some main goals o Tu k-
ish indus ial policy ha e s ill no been achie ed.
Since June 2023, Finance Minis e Mehme Şimşek
has been pu suing an o hodox, es ic i e mone a y
policy, p ima ily in o de o cu b pe sis en ly high
in la ion. This mo e has been la gely welcomed by
economic ac o s, as i is seen as a necessa y co ec ion
o he ea lie highly expansiona y and uncon en ion-
al economic policy. Bu he e a e signi ican doub s
abou he sus ainabili y o his mone a y policy
cou se, no leas because o he suspec ed in e en-
ion o P esiden E doğan. Mo eo e , i has no ye
been possible o build up he us o in e na ional
in es o s and domes ic economic playe s. No has
he e been any signi ican co ec ion o he se ious
mac oeconomic imbalances – including he high
in la ion a e, he pe sis en cu en accoun and
ade de ici s and he agile mone a y-policy en i on-
men o e all, high key in e es a es no wi hs anding.
S u ga , h ps:// inyu l.com/4a9n6czz (accessed 19 No embe
2024).
85
As pa o his s udy, 16 semi-s uc u ed expe in e -
iews we e conduc ed wi h ac o s om poli ics, business, he
EU bu eauc acy and a ious in e es g oups. The in e iews
ook place be ween No embe 2023 and May 2024 in Be lin,
Is anbul, Anka a and B ussels. The in e iewees ha e no
been iden i ied by name.
86
Du ukan, “Tü kiye’s Pe spec i e on he EU G een Deal”
(see no e 67), 40.
Fu he mo e, despi e legisla i e ini ia i es such as
he planned in oduc ion o an ETS, independen
assessmen s show ha Tu key has so a ailed o
mee i s sel -imposed clima e a ge s. The con inued
expansion o coal- i ed powe plan s is clea ly a
odds wi h achie ing hose a ge s. Because o hei
high CO2 emissions, Tu key’s powe plan s a e a
majo obs acle o i s ansi ion o a low-ca bon ene gy
sys em. The Clima e Ac ion T acke a es he meas-
u es aken by Anka a o mee i s ne -ze o a ge o
2053 as “insu icien ” – hose implemen ed o da e,
along wi h he emission educ ions planned by 2030,
do no su ice o ul il he equi emen s o he Pa is
Clima e Ag eemen , e en hough clima e policy is
becoming mo e impo an a he ins i u ional le el.
Acco ding o in e na ional analyses, signi ican im-
p o emen s a e necessa y o he ne -ze o a ge o be
achie ed by 2053.
Tu kish Supply Chain Policy: Sho comings and P ospec s
SWP Be lin
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In his pape , supply chain policy is unde s ood o
comp ise he s a egies, measu es and na ional legis-
la ion implemen ed by he go e nmen as well as
hei alignmen wi h in e na ional ag eemen s and
global s anda ds. The ocus he e is on he p omo ion
o he expo economy, compliance wi h in e na ion-
al ade s anda ds and he c ea ion o a ou able
amewo k condi ions o o eign in es o s.
Tu key’s supply chain policy
The wo main pilla s o Tu key’s supply chain policy
a e he economic amewo k condi ions and expo
o ien a ion. The coun y pu sues an expo -o ien ed
economic policy in a bid o es ablish i sel as a p o-
duc ion cen e and supplie o indus ial goods in
Eu ope, Asia and he Middle Eas . The es ablishmen
o indus ial and ee ade zones o p omo e ade
and p oduc ion ac i i ies plays a key ole. Companies
ope a ing in hese zones ecei e ax concessions and
a e subjec o ewe egula ions. The zones hem-
sel es a e no only a ac i e loca ions o en e p ises
bu also impo an hubs in global supply chains.
Labou and en i onmen al p o ec ion laws a e
essen ial o se ing s anda ds. Tu key has enac ed
na ional laws on occupa ional heal h and sa e y and
on labou igh s compliance ha a e based on he
s anda ds o he In e na ional Labou O ganiza ion o
he Uni ed Na ions. Bu iola ions a e equen ly
documen ed, especially in he ex ile and ag icul u al
indus ies.
87
Tu key also has an en i onmen al code
ha egula es was e disposal, emissions and he p o-
ec ion o na u al esou ces. Howe e , sho comings
87
Ayşegül Kayaoğlu, Au dem Rücken on T änen und Schweiß:
Sy e in de ü kischen Tex ilindus ie [On he Back o Tea s and
Swea : Sy ians in he Tu kish Tex ile Indus y] (Bonn:
Bundeszen ale ü poli ische Bildung, 18 Oc obe 2023),
h ps:// inyu l.com/y um eck (accessed 13 Feb ua y 2025).
in he ule o law as well as poli ical dependencies
and ine iciencies in he Tu kish judicia y a e ham-
pe ing supply chain in eg a ion.
The EU-Tu key Cus oms Union, which acili a es
he mo emen o indus ial p oduc s, wen in o e ec
in 1996. As pa o he EU accession nego ia ions,
Anka a has commi ed o implemen ing EU s anda ds
in a eas such as labou p o ec ion and en i onmen al
p o ec ion.
88
This has consequences o supply chain
equi emen s and p oduc ion condi ions in Tu key.
Companies in Tu key’s expo -o ien ed sec o s ace
demands om in e na ional cus ome s ha due dili-
gence obliga ions a e me along he supply chain.
Some Tu kish companies ha expo o Eu ope ha e
olun a ily signed up o in e na ional s anda ds such
as he ISO s anda ds and social accoun abili y ce i-
ica ion (e.g., SA8000 o BSCI), which boos s hei
compe i i eness in in e na ional supply chains. Tu key
complies wi h he abo e-named s anda ds as well as
he labou and en i onmen al no ms, pa icula ly in
sec o s wi h in e na ional clien s.
89
Ge man and Eu opean supply chain
go e nance
Supply chain go e nance e e s o a egula o y ame-
wo k o na ional and sup ana ional binding equi e-
men s o companies o comply wi h human igh s
and en i onmen al due diligence obliga ions along
he en i e leng h o global supply chains. Ge many’s
Supply Chain Due Diligence Ac (LkSG), which has
been in o ce since 1 Janua y 2023, p o ides he ele-
an legal amewo k a he na ional le el and he
88
EYS OSGB [Join Heal h and Sa e y Uni ], “Wha Is
Heal h and Sa e y a he Wo kplace?” (in Tu kish),
h ps://eysosgb.com/isg/ (accessed 18 June 2025).
89
This is he assessmen o many o he economic ac o s
in e iewed o he pu pose o his esea ch pape .
Tu kish Supply Chain Policy:
Sho comings and P ospec s
A eas o coope a ion: Ene gy, au omo i e and de ence
SWP Be lin
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Augus 2025
31
Co po a e Sus ainabili y Due Diligence Di ec i e
(CSDDD), which he Eu opean Pa liamen o ed
ini ially o adop in June 2023, will do so a he Eu o-
pean le el. A e a empo a y se back, he la e was
adop ed by a quali ied majo i y in he EU Council in
a second o e in Ma ch 2024 and was inally adop ed
by he Eu opean Pa liamen and Council in May
2024. The deadline o implemen a ion is June 2028.
Because o he p imacy o EU law o e na ional law,
Ge many is obliged o anspose he CSDDD in o
na ional law wi hin wo yea s o i s en e ing in o
o ce. Bo h he Ge man and he Eu opean di ec i es
a e unde sc u iny: while he LkSG is he subjec
o con o e sial deba e, pa icula ly wi h ega d o
he issues o implemen a ion, bu eauc a ic ou lay
and he bu den on SMEs, he CSDDD mus now be
implemen ed in he membe s a es in a s anda dised
and e ec i e manne and i s p ac ical applica ion
de e mined.
90
Supply chain go e nance equi es companies o
uphold human igh s and en i onmen al s anda ds.
They mus demons a e ha hey a e ac i ely iden i-
ying isks and aking measu es o minimise hem.
91
In acco dance wi h he CSDDD, Eu opean companies
mus also ensu e ha human igh s, biodi e si y and
he en i onmen a e p o ec ed.
92
Ge many’s Fede al
O ice o Economic A ai s and Expo Con ol (BAFA)
moni o s implemen a ion and imposes ines and
sanc ions in he e en o iola ions. While he Ge man
law applies mainly o si es in Ge many and di ec
supplie s, he Eu opean law ex ends o ups eam and
downs eam ac i i ies, including indi ec supplie s.
Fu he , he EU di ec i e imposes a du y o ca e on
90
Fo mo e, see No a Aboushady e al., “The Eu opean
Supply Chain Law Is Coming A e All – Wha Can We
Make o he Comp omise?” (Resea ch Ne wo k Sus ainable
Global Supply Chains, 28 June 2024), h ps:// inyu l.com/
ycx ej4z (accessed 25 Janua y 2025).
91
Thijs Willae , “Lie e ke enso g al sp lich engese z
(LkSG) beschlossen – Was Un e nehmen be ücksich igen
soll en” [Supply Chain Due Diligence Ac (LkSG) Passed –
Wha Companies Should Conside ], DQS in Deu schland,
15 June 2021, h ps:// inyu l.com/#233wwx4 (accessed
12 Feb ua y 2025).
92
See Uni ed Na ions Guiding P inciples on Business and Human
Righ s (New Delhi: UNDP India, 2011), h ps:// inyu l.com/
4es 9pns; and OECD-Lei aden ü die E üllung de So g al sp lich
ü e an wo ungs olles un e nehme isches Handeln [OECD
Guidance on Due Diligence o Responsible Business Con-
duc ] (Pa is, 2018), h ps:// inyu l.com/3bxkk3uh (accessed
21 Oc obe 2024).
companies h oughou he en i e leng h o he supply
chain; his also applies o anspo , s o age and dis-
posal ca ied ou by he business pa ne s, whe eby
selle s and consume s a e no aken in o accoun .
93
By con as , he LkSG p o ides only o he p oac i e
sc u iny o di ec supplie s and he eac i e sc u iny
o indi ec supplie s. Las ly, he new EU egula ion
in oduces ci il liabili y o companies; unde ce ain
condi ions, ade unions and non-go e nmen al
o ganisa ions can asse claims on behal o inju ed
pa ies wi hin i e yea s.
Tu kish economic playe s – including en ep e-
neu s and ep esen a i es o leading associa ions such
as TÜSİAD and he Union o Chambe s and Com-
modi y Exchanges o Tu key (TOBB) – ega d Ge man
supply chain go e nance as pa o he o e all Eu o-
pean a chi ec u e o supply chain legisla ion, indus-
ial policy and he EGD. This “ egula o y package”
is seen as p o iding a s a egic amewo k ha e-
qui es signi ican adjus men s o be made bu a he
same ime opens up oppo uni ies o he deepe
in eg a ion o Tu key in o Eu opean alue chains.
Because o he ca bon-in ensi e s uc u e o he
Tu kish economy, companies an icipa e ising cos s
owing o he CBAM; he e o e, comp ehensi e in e-
g a ion in o g een alue chains – o example, wind
and sola ene gy – is conside ed essen ial. Mo eo e ,
TÜSİAD and TOBB belie e he EGD o e s he chance
o inc ease he compe i i eness o Tu kish p oduc s
on he EU ma ke . Tu key has compa a i e ad an-
ages in se e al indus ial sec o s ha could be u ilised
o cushion he nega i e impac o he CBAM and
ini ia e s uc u al e o m p ocesses.
94
A eas o coope a ion:
Ene gy, au omo i e and de ence
Coope a ion wi h Ge many is pa icula ly impo an
in h ee a eas o he Tu kish economy: he ene gy,
93
The LkSG has come unde c i icism o no being com-
p ehensi e and o he ac ha many companies all below
he h eshold alue. Fo hei pa , indus y and business
s akeholde s ea in e na ional compe i i e disad an ages.
The CDU/CSU and FDP pa liamen a y ac ions ha e called o
he LkSG o be epealed. See Ge man Bundes ag, “Ini ia i e
zu Au hebung des Lie e ke engese zes be a en” [Ini ia i e
o Repeal he Supply Chain Ac Discussed] (Be lin, 14 June
2024), h ps:// inyu l.com/46 3ya 6 (accessed 25 Janua y
2025).
94
Tsa ouhas, Tu key’s ‘G een’ T ans o ma ion (see no e 76).
Tu kish Supply Chain Policy: Sho comings and P ospec s
SWP Be lin
Tu key’s Indus ial and Supply Chain Policy
Augus 2025
32
au omo i e and de ence indus ies. Agains he back-
d op o clima e policy objec i es – especially de-
ca bonisa ion – coope a ion in he i s wo a eas is
mos p omising. In he au omo i e sec o , he e is
mo e o wa d han backwa d in eg a ion in o Ge man
supply chains and in he ene gy sec o he wo a e
mo e o less balanced. Howe e , in he de ence indus-
y, backwa d in eg a ion p edomina es: Tu key is
s ill dependen on inpu goods and echnological
expe ise om ab oad, including Ge many. Close
coope a ion in he ene gy and au omo i e sec o s
could s eng hen Ge many’s secu i y o supply, while
in he a ea o de ence, Tu key would bene i om
echnology ans e .
The Ge man-Tu kish ene gy pa ne ship
The Ge man-Tu kish Ene gy Fo um has been held
egula ly since 2011. The six h such e en , which
ook place in Be lin in No embe 2024, was a ended
by hen Ge man Minis e o Economic A ai s Robe
Habeck and Tu kish Minis e o Ene gy and Na u al
Resou ces Alpa slan Bay ak a . The highligh was he
signing o a decla a ion o in en o in ensi y bila e al
coope a ion, along wi h a coope a ion ag eemen
be ween he Tu kish ene gy company Ene jisa and
Hambu g Uni e si y o Applied Sciences on esea ch
p ojec s in he a eas o g een hyd ogen and enew-
able ene gies.
95
Hyd ogen p oduc ion, which o e s p omising
in es men oppo uni ies in Tu key, could u n he
coun y in o a majo g een-ene gy hub. This would
no only educe dependence on Russian na u al gas
bu also con ibu e o Eu ope’s ene gy secu i y. A
he same ime, he EU would come close o achie ing
i s clima e a ge s as pa o he ene gy ansi ion.
Mo eo e , g een hyd ogen plays a key ole in Ge man
indus y’s e o o achie e clima e neu ali y; and
hyd ogen impo s om Tu key could make an impo -
95
See Ge man-Tu kish Chambe o Indus y and Com-
me ce, ed., Tü kei. Windene gie. Zielma k analyse 2022 mi
P o ilen de Ma k ak eu e [Tu key. Wind Ene gy. Ta ge Ma ke
Analysis 2022 wi h P o iles o Ma ke Playe s] (Is anbul and
elsewhe e, Janua y 2022);“Tü kisch-Deu sches Ene gie o um
– gemeinsam ü die Ene giewende” [Tu kish-Ge man
Ene gy Fo um – Wo king Toge he o he Ene gy T ansi-
ion] (Be lin: Bundes e band eMobili ä e.V., 6 Decembe
2024), h ps:// inyu l.com/bdcubk38 (accessed 8 Decembe
2024); and Tu kish-Ge man Ene gy Pa ne ship, “6 h Tu k-
ish-Ge man Ene gy Fo um”, 27 No embe 2024,
h ps:// inyu l.com/3mcs9zsw (accessed 12 Feb ua y 2025).
an con ibu ion he e. Ge many is al eady suppo -
ing Tu key o he une o €200 million o p omo e
enewable ene gies and de elop a hyd ogen econo-
my.
96
And as pa o he In e na ional Clima e Ini ia-
i e, €20 million ha e been made a ailable o Tu key
o inno a i e clima e-p o ec ion measu es, whe eby
he ocus is on inc easing ene gy e iciency.
Au omo i e and de ence indus y
Tu key con inues o be an impo an au omo i e
ma ke o he EU. The Tu kish au omo i e indus y
is highly in eg a ed in o Ge man and Eu opean
supply chains. China is unlikely o o e ake Eu ope as
he mos impo an ma ke o Tu kish ca s and ca
pa s; howe e , as no ed abo e, he People’s Republic
will play an inc easing ole in he Tu kish au omo i e
ma ke . The Chinese ca manu ac u e BYD’s plans
97
o open a p oduc ion acili y in Tu key by he end o
2026 is aimed a ci cum en ing EU a i s on elec ic
ehicles and gaining du y- ee access o he EU. Mean-
while, he launch o he sale o China-made elec ic
ehicles in Tu key – BYD planned o sell 10,000 elec-
ic ehicles in Tu key in 2024 – could help boos
he sales o he Tu kish elec ic ca manu ac u e
Togg and lead o he expansion o he cha ging and
se icing ne wo k in Tu key. On he o he hand,
he e is he isk ha Tu kish ca p oduc ion will be
nega i ely a ec ed and Togg’s ma ke sha e educed.
Mo eo e , he close in eg a ion o he Tu key’s
au omo i e indus y wi h ha o China h ea ens
pu ing u he s ain on Tu kish-Eu opean ela ions.
Abo e all, close economic ies could esul in ade
de ici s and g ea e dependence on China. And a
s a egic eo ien a ion o he Tu kish au omo i e
indus y owa ds China could ha e a conside able
nega i e impac on he compe i i eness o he Eu o-
pean indus y.
96
“Riesenpo enzial am Bospo us: Wie en wickel sich die
ü kische Ene giewi scha ?“ [Huge po en ial on he Bospo-
us: How is he Tu kish ene gy indus y de eloping?], H Zwei.
Das Wasse s o -Magazin on Gen ne , 4 Decembe 2023,
h ps:// inyu l.com/2njhn6nw (accessed 18 June 2025).
97
Sebas ian Henßle , “Millia dendeal: BYD in es ie in
ü kische E-Au o Fab ik [sic]” [Billion-eu o Deal: BYD in es s
in Tu kish E-ca Fac o y], Elek oau o-News, 9 July 2024,
h ps:// inyu l.com/4 pcbn7c (accessed 12 Feb ua y 2024).
A eas o coope a ion: Ene gy, au omo i e and de ence
SWP Be lin
Tu key’s Indus ial and Supply Chain Policy
Augus 2025
33
Amid he ech i al y be ween
he US and China, Tu key is pu suing
a balancing s a egy.
Amid he echnical and poli ical i al y be ween
he US and China, Tu key is pe o ming a balancing
ac in i s ela ions wi h he wo supe powe s. Al-
hough Tu key is allied wi h he Wes , i also main-
ains s a egic ela ions wi h China and has en e ed
in o echnology pa ne ships, including in he a ea
o 5G. Tu key’s s ance is o be seen agains he back-
g ound o he echnology ans e and expo es ic-
ions ha he US and some EU s a es ha e imposed on
Tu key. These include a egula ion in oduced by he
Biden adminis a ion in he ield o AI s ipula ing
ha Tu key (along wi h many o he coun ies a ound
he wo ld) is o ecei e only limi ed access o ad anced
AI echnology. A he same ime, Tu key ea s ha
he second T ump adminis a ion ceasing o abide by
Wo ld T ade O ganiza ion ules would c ea e an
unp edic able in e na ional ade en i onmen ha
would also a ec i .
As no ed abo e, he de ence indus y is in eg a ed
in o Ge man supply chains mainly ia he impo o
inpu s and echnology (backwa d in eg a ion). A e
decades o in es men s and e o ms, he Tu kish
de ence indus y has de eloped in o a se ious playe
on he in e na ional de ence ma ke ; howe e , he
pa icipa ion o Tu kish de ence companies in in e -
na ional p og ammes is limi ed owing o he ola ile
na u e o Tu kish poli ics. The wa in Uk aine u he
limi s Tu key’s op ions: p e iously, he e was he
op ion o coope a ion wi h Russia in he a ea o
de ence, bu ha is no longe possible since Russia
launched i s wa o agg ession on Uk aine.
In ecen yea s, Tu key’s in e es in de ence indus y
coope a ion and in ol emen in a ms p og ammes
unde he auspices o NATO has inc eased. A he same
ime, Anka a is seeking o imp o e i s o eign policy
and de ence indus y ela ions wi h i s Wes e n pa -
ne s amid inancial cons ain s. The Tu kish de ence
indus y, pa icula ly in he ield o d ones, is closely
coo dina ed wi h he US and NATO. The Tu kish
de ence company Bayka , which manu ac u es he
Bay ak a TB2 comba and econnaissance d one, en-
su es i s echnology mee s NATO s anda ds. I Tu key
and Eu ope we e able o ede ine hei ela ions by
adap ing o he new geopoli ical landscape, eno mous
po en ial o mu ually bene icial de ence-indus ial
coope a ion could be unlocked.
98
98
Egeli e al., Adap ing Secu i y (see no e 27), 4, 18, 22 .
Conclusions and Recommenda ions
SWP Be lin
Tu key’s Indus ial and Supply Chain Policy
Augus 2025
34
The abo e analysis shows ha Tu key la gely aligns
i s indus ial and ene gy policies wi h EU guidelines
and s a egies. E en hough he e is slow p og ess
owa ds deca bonisa ion and a consis en and e ec-
i e implemen a ion o measu es owa ds achie ing
ha goal is lacking, Tu key’s o ien a ion owa ds
he EU in he economic sec o is e iden . The Tu kish
go e nmen is making e o s o b ing i s na ional
g ow h s a egy in o line wi h he equi emen s o
bo h he EGD and Ge man and Eu opean supply
chain go e nance. This, in u n, gi es a signi ican
boos o Tu key’s alignmen owa ds he EU in he
a eas o geopoli ics and secu i y policy. A p e equisi e
o inc eased economic in e dependence and deepe
coope a ion is a s able and cons uc i e poli ical ela-
ionship wi h he EU, wi h he indi idual membe
s a es and wi h Ge many in pa icula .
Howe e , Tu key’s g owing au oc a isa ion is
p o ing a majo obs acle o he in ensi ica ion o
bila e al ela ions – bo h in he economy and in he
a ea o (secu i y) policy. So a , he e is no clea
poli ical will o cohe en s a egy in sigh o o e come
he s uc u al impedimen s ha a ise om au o-
c a isa ion and sho comings in he ule o law, he
elimina ion o which is conside ed c ucial o he
success o he a ge ed g ow h s a egy. Ins ead, he
go e nmen appea s o be a emp ing o compensa e
– a leas o some ex en – o hese de ici s by
ocusing on indus ial policy. Wha a e he implica-
ions o Ge many’s Tu key policy gi en he dis-
c epancy be ween he signi ican po en ial o eco-
nomic and he g owing no ma i e di e gences on
accoun o Tu key’s au oc a isa ion and o eign-policy
ambi ions o s a egic au onomy?
A way o wa d would be o Ge many o weigh
i s in e es s mo e s a egically – along he lines o
aiming o secu e economic s abili y, in eg a e Tu key
in o he Eu opean secu i y a chi ec u e and p e en
i om d i ing u he owa ds Russia and China in
i s geopoli ical o ien a ion. Based on his p emise, he
cu en close economic in e dependencies and co-
ope a i e ela ions could be jus i ied – e en i
no ma i e equi emen s wi h ega d o democ acy
and he ule o law a e aken in o accoun only o
a limi ed ex en .
Fo his o happen, a p agma ic, albei c i ical
app oach would be equi ed – one ha links any
u he deepening o economic ela ions o clea ly
de ined and non-nego iable condi ions ega ding
democ a ic s anda ds, he ule o law and espec
o human igh s. A s a egic pa ne ship wi h an
inc easingly au oc a ic Tu key is no sus ainable –
no only o no ma i e easons bu also gi en Ge -
many and Eu ope’s long- e m in e es s. The Ge man
go e nmen has poli ical and economic le e s a
i s disposal ha could help a oid a comple e up u e
in ela ions while a he same ime se ing clea
bounda ies o coope a ion and unequi ocally de in-
ing he undamen al p inciples ha a e no open o
nego ia ion – democ acy, he ule o law and human
igh s.
The e a e i e main ecommenda ions o be made
based on he abo e analysis.
Fi s , he main ask o Ge man policy owa ds Tu -
key should be o iden i y a eas o o e lapping in e -
es s and, based on hese in e sec ions, adop cons uc-
i e app oaches o p oblem-sol ing. An in-dep h
deba e ha acknowledges bo h exis ing di e ences
and sha ed in e es s o simila h ea pe cep ions is
needed o explo e a enues o coope a ion. Recognis-
ing commonali ies as poli ical capi al is he i s s ep
owa ds a long-o e due and consis en policy shi in
ela ions wi h Tu key.
Second, i mus be unde s ood ha he Tu kish
go e nmen ’s geopoli ical balancing s a egy does no
signal a g adual u ning away om he Wes (espe-
cially he US and he EU) bu a he an a emp o
emain connec ed o, and able o manoeu e among,
global powe and economic blocs (EU, US, BRICS, he
Gul s a es, e c.). Tu key is seeking coope a ion wi h
Conclusions and
Recommenda ions
Conclusions and Recommenda ions
SWP Be lin
Tu key’s Indus ial and Supply Chain Policy
Augus 2025
35
Russia and China o o se Wes e n in luence. Bo h
policymake s and economic ac o s in Tu key ega d
his open app oach as c ucial o posi ioning he
coun y as a secu e loca ion o supply chains. Like
Ge many, Tu key is aiming a he esilience and
di e si ica ion o supply chains and he educ ion o
dependencies. The de elopmen o Tu kish-US
ela ions du ing Donald T ump’s second e m will
ha e an impac on Tu kish-Eu opean ela ions.
Di e ging p io i ies in Sy ia, ensions o e he S-400
ai de ence missile sys em and he di icul balancing
ac be ween NATO, Russia and China emain majo
obs acles o deepe and mo e ha monious ela ions.
Thi d, a ealignmen o Ge man-Tu kish ela ions
is ad isable. The aim should be, abo e all, o ede in-
ing he ela ionship wi h Anka a – as a pa ne , a
imes compe i o , bu no a i al. To ully exploi he
po en ial o Ge man-Tu kish coope a ion in he a eas
o secu i y, ade, in es men and diplomacy, he
ocus should be on commonali ies and a p agma ic,
solu ion-o ien ed app oach. Tha app oach should
ake in o accoun he cu en poli ical eali ies. A he
same ime, he ule o law and democ acy should
con inue o se e as he p e equisi es o sus ainable
s a egic coope a ion.
Fou h, he Chinese elec ic ehicle and ba e y
manu ac u e BYD’s decision o in es in Tu key mus
no be iewed in isola ion bu should be seen in he
con ex o Tu key’s Asia policy and i s e o s o
g ea e au onomy om he Wes . The decision i sel
poses an economic challenge o he EU, which
should econside i s ade policy owa ds hi d coun-
ies. An impo an economic-policy ask o Ge many
in he coming yea s is o pu i s economy back on a
g ow h pa h. Especially sec o s like he au omo i e
indus y, which ace eno mous challenges, could
bene i om deepening coope a ion wi h he Tu kish
au omo i e indus y and he in eg a ion o Tu kish
supplie s in o Ge man supply chains. P omising in-
es men oppo uni ies o Ge man companies a e o
be ound in he expansion o enewable ene gies in
Tu key, especially h ough p ojec s in wind powe
and he p oduc ion o g een hyd ogen. Such in es -
men s would no only con ibu e o di e si ying
ene gy sou ces bu also lay he ounda ion o deepe
coope a ion in ca bon- ee powe gene a ion.
Fi h, high-le el dialogue o ma s – such as he
Ge man-Tu kish Ene gy Fo um and he Join Econo-
mic and T ade Commission – and egula go e n-
men consul a ions, could be o conside able impo -
ance. In his con ex , he es ablishmen o a dis-
cussion g oup ha b ough oge he expe s wi h a
speci ic ocus on Tu key would be a signi ican s ep.
Poli ics and adminis a ion could sys ema ically d aw
on he expe ise o his g oup o add ess cu en and
u u e challenges as well as c ises. Admission o he
g oup should no be limi ed o exis ing ins i u ions in
Be lin bu should be coo dina ed a he na ional le el
in o de o ap in o a b oad and well- ounded spec-
um o knowledge.
Abb e ia ions
SWP Be lin
Tu key’s Indus ial and Supply Chain Policy
Augus 2025
36
Abb e ia ions
AHK
Deu sche Auslandshandelskamme n
(Ge man Chambe s o Comme ce Ab oad)
AI
A i icial In elligence
AKP
Adale e Kalkınma Pa isi (Jus ice and De elop-
men Pa y)
BAFA
Bundesam ü Wi scha und Aus uh kon olle
(Fede al O ice o Economic A ai s and Expo
Con ol)
BDI
Bundes e band de Deu schen Indus ie e.V.
(Fede a ion o Ge man Indus ies)
BMEL
Bundesminis e ium ü E näh ung und Land-
wi scha (Fede al Minis y o Food and
Ag icul u e)
BMZ
Bundesminis e ium ü wi scha liche Zusammen-
a bei und En wicklung (Fede al Minis y o
Economic Coope a ion and De elopmen )
BRICS
B azil, Russia, India, China, Sou h A ica
CBAM
Ca bon Bo de Adjus men Mechanism
CDU
Ch is lich Demok a ische Union Deu schlands
(Ch is ian Democ a ic Union o Ge many)
CO2
Ca bon dioxide
COP
Con e ence o he Pa ies
CSDDD
Co po a e Sus ainabili y Due Diligence Di ec i e
CSU
Ch is lich-Soziale Union in Baye n e.V.
(Ch is ian Social Union in Ba a ia)
DIHK
Deu sche Indus ie- und Handelskamme
(Ge man Chambe o Comme ce and Indus y)
DOTS
Di ec ion o T ade S a is ics
EGD
Eu opean G een Deal
ETS
Emissions T ading Sys em
EU
Euopean Union
FDP
F eie Demok a ische Pa ei (F ee Democ a ic Pa y)
HAW
Hochschule ü Angewand e Wissenscha en
(Hambu g)
IFRI
Ins i u ançais des ela ions in e na ionales
IICEC
Is anbul In e na ional Cen e o Ene gy and
Clima e
IMF
In e na ional Mone a y Fund
IPC
Is anbul Policy Cen e
ISO
In e na ional O ganiza ion o S anda diza ion
JETCO
Join Economic and T ade Commission
LkSG
Lie e ke enso g al sp lich engese z (Supply Chain
Due Diligence Ac )
MEI
The Middle Eas Ins i u e
NATO
No h A lan ic T ea y O ganiza ion
OECD
O ganisa ion o Economic Co-ope a ion and
De elopmen
PwC
P icewa e houseCoope s
R&D
Resea ch and de elopmen
SME
Small and medium-sized en e p ises
SPD
Sozialdemok a ische Pa ei Deu schlands
(Social Democ a ic Pa y o Ge many)
TANAP
T ans-Ana olian gas pipeline
TOBB
Tü kiye Odala e Bo sala Bi liği (Union o
Chambe s and Commodi y Exchanges o Tu key)
TÜİK
Tü kiye İs a is ik Ku umu (Tu kish S a is ical
Ins i u e)
TÜSİAD
Tü k Sanayicile i e İşadamla ı De neği (Tu kish
Indus ialis s’ and Businessmen’s Associa ion)
UNDP
Uni ed Na ions De elopmen P og amme
VDI
Ve ein Deu sche Ingenieu e e.V. (Associa ion o
Ge man Enginee s)
Fu he Reading
Yaşa Aydın
Tu key on he Pa h o Au oc acy.
Economic Consequences and Policy Op ions o
he EU and Ge many
SWP Commen 20/2025 (Be lin: S i ung Wissenscha
und Poli ik, May 2025).
Yaşa Aydın
PKK Disa ms – Bu Will This B ing Peace?
SWP Poin o View (Be lin: S i ung Wissenscha und
Poli ik, 15 July 2025).
Yaşa Aydın
Sy ia: Wha Role Do Tu key and Ge many Play?
SWP Poin o View (Be lin: S i ung Wissenscha und
Poli ik, 7 Feb ua y 2025).
Yaşa Aydın, Jens Bas ian and Maximiliane Schneide
Visualising he Dynamics and Po en ial o
Economic Rela ions be ween Ge many and Tu key.
Flou ishing T ade, In es men and T ansna ional
Rela ions P omise Fu he Syne gies o Bo h
Coun ies
CATS Ne wo k (Be lin: S i ung Wissenscha und
Poli ik, 23 Oc obe 2024).
Yaşa Aydın
Anka a’s Economic Policy Dilemma.
Eu ope’s Op ions o Economic and Secu i y
Coope a ion wi h Tu key
SWP Commen 2/2024 (Be lin: S i ung Wissenscha
und Poli ik, Janua y 2024).
The Cen e o Applied Tu key S udies (CATS) is unded by
S i ung Me ca o and he Ge man Fede al Fo eign O ice.
