Ga o, And ea; Sadik-Zada, Elkhan Richa d
A icle — Published Ve sion
REDD+ in Indonesia: An assessmen o he in e na ional
en i onmen al p og am
En i onmen , De elopmen and Sus ainabili y
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Sp inge Na u e
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Ga o, And ea; Sadik-Zada, Elkhan Richa d (2024) : REDD+ in Indonesia:
An assessmen o he in e na ional en i onmen al p og am, En i onmen , De elopmen and
Sus ainabili y, ISSN 1573-2975, Sp inge Ne he lands, Do d ech , Vol. 27, Iss. 10, pp. 24045-24060,
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Ex ended au ho in o ma ion a ailable on he las page o he a icle
REDD+ in Indonesia: An assessmen o he in e na ional
en i onmen al p og am
And eaGa o1,2,3 · Elkhan Richa dSadik-Zada3,4,5
En i onmen , De elopmen and Sus ainabili y (2025) 27:24045–24060
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10668-024-05368-w
Abs ac
This pape p o ides a comp ehensi e e iew o he li e a u e and assesses he p og ess on
he e ec s o Indonesia’s REDD+ p og am. Due o he signi icance o Indonesia in e ms
o global ain o es s and he comp ehensi e implemen a ion p ac ice o REDD+ p og ams
since 2009, ocusing on he case s udy o Indonesia enables in e es ing insigh s ega d-
ing he challenges and oppo uni ies o REDD+. Indonesia aced challenges du ing he
p ojec ’s implemen a ion, bu he e we e also educ ions. This success is a ibu ed o he
se p og am design o REDD+. In his pape , we show ha wi hou in e na ional de elop-
men coope a ion in he ield o clima e change mi iga ion, he coun ies in he Global
Sou h lack locally d i en o es conse a ion o es o a ion incen i es. These incen i es
emana e exogenously om in e na ional de elopmen coope a ion p og ams in he ield
o clima e change mi iga ion. The e iew o he p og am also shows ha despi e he ig-
o ous ins i u ional design o REDD+ in Indonesia, no all he s akeholde s could bene i
om he p og am app op ia ely. Because o he de ac o weakness o he smallholde
a me s, indigenous popula ion g oups, and o he ulne able ca ego ies in he poli ical
p ocess o Indonesia, hese g oups’ in e es s ha e no come ully o hei own in Indone-
sia. Hence, we conclude ha in e na ional p og ams ha a ge en i onmen al p o ec ion,
while add essing in e io ins i u ional quali y, bad go e nance and ope a e h ough mo e
accoun able NGOs han go e nmen agencies would pe o m be e in e ms o global
en i onmen al a ge s and he sus ainabili y o local li elihoods.
Keywo ds REDD+ · Fo es s managemen · De o es a ion · Capaci y building · Clima e
change mi iga ion · S akeholde in e es s
JEL code Q23 · F51 · F53 · Q56
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A. Ga o, E. R. Sadik-Zada
1 In oduc ion
P ima y o es p ese a ion is one o keys ones o in e na ional en i onmen al ag eemen s
(Mackey e al., 2015). De o es a ion accoun s o abou 20% o global an h opogenic CO2
emissions in o he global a mosphe e (IPCC, 2007; an de We e al., 2009). This is he
second la ges an opogenic sou ce o g een house gases (GHGs) in he global a mosphe e
(Lai, 2024). Fo es s a e c ucial o he abso b ion o GHGs and hea and egula e wa e lows
(Mulyani & Jepson, 2013). Thus, he p ese a ion o opical ain o es s is o pa amoun
impo ance o achie ing global clima e a ge s (Hein, 2017; UNFCCC, 2015). In e na ional
en i onmen al ag eemen s play a cen al ole in he con ex o he p ima y o es p ese a-
ion. These ag eemen s a e closely linked o ene gy sec o managemen , land use, clima e
change and ag icul u al sec o de elopmen (Kalaba e al., 2014; Cowie e al., 2007). Fu -
he mo e, ins i u ional capaci y de elopmen and localiza ion o he global en i onmen al
ini ia i es a e i al o he a ainmen o he a ge s o global en i onmen al conse a ion
ini ia i es (Eime e al., 2016; Pa k, 2022).
18% o he global g eenhouse gas emissions emana e om de o es a ion and o es deg-
ada ion, whe eby 75% o hem can be a ibu ed o de o es a ion in de eloping coun ies
(S e n, 2008; IPCC, 2020). Fo es s egula e ecosys ems, p e en dese i ica ion and land
deg ada ion, p o ec biodi e si y, and by doing so, con ibu e o he capabili ies o u al
communi ies o adop sus ainable li elihood s a egies (IUCN, 2021; DFID, 2020). Besides
ha ing posi i e impac s on he en i onmen , a o es a ion and indigenous c op plan ing a e
also he ga eways o os e ing ood secu i y by inc easing household esilience and sus ain-
able de elopmen in de eloping egions (Mo ow e al., 2023, 2024).
Hence, p omo ing sus ainable de elopmen , simila p ojec s ha e been implemen ed all
o e he wo ld, being ega ded as key s eps o ensu e e o es a ion (Condo e al., 2011).
The awa eness abou he c i ical impo ance o opical ain o es s has been s eadily inc eas-
ing wo ldwide since he Ea h Summi in Rio de Janei o in 1992 and he es ablishmen
o he “Fo es P inciples” wi hin he UN Con e ence on En i onmen and De elopmen
(UNCED), he adop ion o he Kyo o P o ocol in 2005 and he UN clima e con e ence in
Glasgow in 2021. Du ing he con e ence in Glasgow in 2021, mo e han 130 go e nmen s
decla ed hei commi men o s op de o es a ion by 2030 (UNFCCC, 2021).
Despi e inc easing awa eness abou he impo ance o o es s and hei ole in he mi -
ga ion o global wa ming, he wo ld has been wi nessing de o es a iono e he pas h ee
decades. Acco ding o Food and Ag icul u e O ganiza ion (FAO) in he 1990s he annual
global loss o o es s was 16 million hec a es. Due o o es policies since he Ea h Summi
in 1992 he e we e, howe e , also some ad ances in e ms o global o es p ese a ion and
es o a ion. Howe e , be ween 2015 and 2020 he annual a e de o es a ion was on a e age
10 million hec a es (FAO and UNEP, 2020). Acco ding o The Wo ld Coun s (2023), in
eali y, hese numbe s a e much g ea e . Thei es ima ions show ha since 2016, he e has
been a subs an ial inc ease in de o es a ion. The yea ly cu o o es s su ged om 20 million
hec a es be ween 2011 and 2015 o an a e age de o es a ion o 28 million hec a es om
2016. This is equi alen o one oo ball ield o es loss e e y single second a ound he clock
(WRI, 2023). In 2021, de o es a ion in he Amazon has eached a 15-yea high (Wo ld Eco-
nomic Fo um, 2022). 2023 was, howe e , a e y success ul yea because, acco ding o he
Eu opean Commission (2024), de o es a ion o B azilian Amazon has been nea ly hal ed in
2023 as compa ed o 2022.
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REDD+ in Indonesia: An assessmen o he in e na ional en i onmen al…
Re o es a ion, con inemen o o es deg ada ion, a o es a ion and he mi iga ion o
GHGs a e he co ne s ones o in e na ional en i onmen al ag eemen s (Lede e , 2012;
Sch oede , 2010; Global En i onmen al Change, 2010). The cen al dilemma o de o es-
a ion is ha smallholde a me s and indigenous popula ion g oups a e o a some ex end
“bene icia ies” o de o es a ion and hey a e in he same ime nega i ely a ec ed by he
de o es a ion ha is d i en by o he s ake holde s (Solikin, 2015). This is why, he issue o
de o es a ion is closely ied o he concep and p oblem o clima e jus ice. And, hence, i
is in he i s line a complex e hical ques ion ha encapsula es di e en aspec s o clima e
jus ice.
No able measu es a e designed o p o ec bo h he en i onmen and mankind – abo e
all indigenous people and hei esou ces igh s (Wallbo , 2014; Lys e , 2011; Sch oede ,
2010). In his sense, REDD+ has been designed as an in e na ional amewo k o p o ec ing
o es s and achie ing sus ainable de elopmen goals by ac ing on en i onmen al go e -
nance and en i onmen al jus ice (Thompson e al., 2011; Oke eke & Dooley, 2010).
In e na ional en i onmen al p og ams, suppo ed by in e na ional en i onmen al ag ee-
men s, a e inc easingly ecognizing he impo ance o in ol ing each socioeconomic g oup,
especially he mos ulne able ones. This amewo k is o en based on mul is akeholde
app oaches elying on plu alis ic and holis ic pe spec i es poin ing a uni e sal socioeco-
nomic inclusi eness – abo e all he mos ma ginalized communi ies (Ga o, 2020, 2022;
Rusciano & Ga o, 2022). REDD+ is one o ew examples o global en i onmen al ac ion
ha ac i ely inco po a es he sub-na ional go e nmen s in o his global ac ion. Hence,
REDD+ is a ool o en i onmen al policy whe eby he elemen s o he subsidia i y p inciple
also come in o hei own (Sadik-Zada e al., 2018).
Despi e a b oad consensus in he schola ly and applied clima e policies, economics and
managemen li e a u e on he me i s o REDD+, he e a e g a e di e ences in he pe o -
mance o he p og am in di e en coun ies. This pape ocuses on he implemen a ion,
esul s and majo challenges o REDD+ in Indonesia. Indonesia is wo ldwide he hi d-la g-
es opical o es a ea a e B azil and he Democ a ic Republic o he Congo. 94,43 million
hec a es o 52% o Indonesia’s land a ea a e co e ed by o es s (FAO, 2011).
The choice o Indonesia as a case s udy emana es om i s ain o es abundance, signi i-
cance o Indonesia’s global signi icance in he ealm o global p ima y o es abundance,
he dominance o commodi y-d i en de o es a ion in he coun y (87%), and he high de o -
es a ion o he na ional o es s since he ea ly 2000s (WRI, 2023). The global signi icance
o Indonesia’s o es esou ces, he coun y’s commi men o REDD+, and ela i ely high
de o es a ion a es despi e his commi men make Indonesia an in e es ing case s udy o
he p elimina y e alua ion o he impac o REDD+ on o es p ese a ion (Dwisa io e
al., 2021). Re-add essing he case o Indonesia is impo an due o he declining academic
in e es o he de o es a ion p oblems in he REDD+ commi ed o es and un o una ely
also a gian in e ms o he p ima y na u al o es loss – Indonesia on he one hand side, and
he inc easing c i icism in he en i onmen al policy discou se on he e ec s o REDD+ in
his coun y on he o he hand side (c . Aus in e al., 2019). Wi h his pape , we en is-
age a eac i a ion o he schola ly discussion on he achie enen s and/o ailu es ela ed
o REDD+ p og am in Indonesia, o eg ounding he cen al challenges, and d awing he
balance ela ed o REDD+ Indonesia and discuss he lessons lea n o simila ongoing o
planned p ojec ini ia i es.
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A. Ga o, E. R. Sadik-Zada
The pape is o ganized as ollows: Sec . 2 dwells on he gene al desc ip ion o he p o-
g am. Sec ion 3 sc u inizes he implemen a ion o REDD+ in Indonesia and discusses he
cen al challenges a di e en s ages o he p og am ha Indonesia encoun e ed. In he sub-
sequen Sec . 4, he s udy c i ically e alua es he REDD p og am om he pe spec i e o
Indonesia. The las Sec . 5 p esen s concluding hough s and ema ks.
2 De elopmen o REDD+
2.1 O igin and o ma ion
In May 2005, unde he leade ship o he go e nmen o Papua New Guinea, a nongo -
e nmen al o ganiza ion, he Coali ion o Rain o es Na ions was launched by wo MBA
g adua es om Columbia Uni e si y. They pu o wa d he Reduc ion o Emissions om
De o es a ion (RED) ini ia i e. The e was much skep icism as RED was made public.
Ne e heless, he go e nmen o Cos a Rica secu ed he suppo o RED. This allowed
he p oposi ion o RED in he amewo k o COP 11 in Mon eal in Canada. La e , du -
ing COP13 in Bali in 2007, he RED was supplemen ed by he opic o o es deg ada ion.
Hence, RED has been augmen ed and he o icial i le o he p og am has been changed o
Reducing Emissions om Fo es Deg ada ion and De o es a ion (REDD) (Pis o ius, 2012;
UNFCCC, 2007).
REDD, he cen al ool o global o es policy, has been o icially adop ed du ing COP
13 in Bali in 2007. The idea o REDD goes, howe e , back o he Noel Kemp Me cado
Clima e Ac ion P ojec in No h-Eas Boli ia (Holloway and Giandomenico, 2009). Wi hin
UNFCCC he idea i s came o i s own 1997 in A icle 2 o he Kyo o P o ocol. The ope a-
ion is widely ecognized a he global le el as an e o o mi iga e ulne abili y and p o-
mo e esilience ools o he ulne able, os e ing decen alized o es managemen and
inclusi eness in ligh o polycen ic go e nance app oaches (Ga o, 2022; Sandb ook e al.,
2010). The p inciples o sus ainable o es managemen ha e been u he conc e isized and
expanded wi hin he Cancun Ag eemen s in 2010 (UNFCCC, 2010).
Going beyong REDD has lead o a mo e comp ehensi e amewo k dubbed as REDD+
(Olande e al., 2012). Impo an eau u es o REDD+ a e hei compliance wi h he na ional
o es p og ams and a special a en ion o he igh s o indigenous popula ion g oups in he
managemen o o es s and o es y p og ams. The indigenous g oups ha e o be a cen al
elemen o he mul i-s akeholde o es y managemen p ocesses (UNFCCC, 2010). COP
19 in Wa saw played a decisi e ole in he s engh hening iscal anspa ency in he imple-
men a ion o REDD+. This aspec has been s engh hened again and subs an ia ed in 2015
du ing COP 21 (UNFCCC, 2013, 2015).
2.2 The REDD+ mechanism
The Cancun Ag eemen ha was p oposed wi hin he COP16 in 2010 and also he Wa saw
F amewo k Condi ions p opounded a he 19 h UNFCCC in 2013 de e mine a se ies o
phases (Schalle , 2020; UNFCCC, 2021). REDD+ is a h ee-phase p ocedu e (FAO, 2021;
GCF, 2023). The i s phase, REDD+ eadiness phase, ocuses on he de elopmen o he
na ional o es s a egies, policies, and mesu es, as well as es ablishmen o he equi ed
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REDD+ in Indonesia: An assessmen o he in e na ional en i onmen al…
ins i u ions and echnical capaci y building ac i i ies. The e a e also s ic c i e ia ela ed o
he ini ial phase. These a e (1) he exis ence o a na ional REDD+ s a egy; (2) he na ional
o es e e ence emission le els; (3) de elopmen o he anspa en and elian o es moni-
o ing sys ems; and (4) de elopmen o a sa equa ds in o ma ion sys em (G anzie a e al.,
2021).
These c i e ia a e also known as Wa shau F amewo k elemen s (GCF, 2023). The sec-
ond phase is ela ed o he implemen a ion o he o es ac ion plans and s a egies ha
ha e been d a ed in he ini ial phase. And, he hi d phase is he e alua ion and de ailed
assessmen phase. The i s submissions o he esul s we e made only a he end o 2022.
We could say mo e abou he whole p og amm success in he selec ed REDD+ implemen -
ing coun ies in he coming yea s (UNFCCC, 2010). The hi d phase is also known as he
REDD+ esul s-based paymen phase, because i he pa icipa ing coun ies can demons a e
e i iable emission educ ions o ca bon s ock enhancemen s hen hey a e eligible o he
esul s-based paymen s om he in e na ional clima e inance mechanisms.
In he nex sec ion, we en u e, howe e , a p elimina y assessemn o he case s udy o
Indonesia, a coun y wi h 94,43 million hec a es o o es ha ep esen mo e han 50%
o he o al land a ea and he hi d-la ges opical o es s wo ldwide. Only B azil and he
Democ a ic Republic o Congo ha e a g ea e opical o ea a ea han Indonesia (Solikin,
2015). He eby, we e iew he po en ial o REDD+ o gene a e signi ican ca bon sa ings in
Indonesia and e iew he selec ed na ionwide REDD+ ini ia i es in Indonesia, assess he
e i ied emission educ ions and analyze he cen al challenges such as land enu e con lic s,
limi ed capaci y o local communi ies, and di icul ied in he moni o ing and e alua ion o
he ini ia i e.
3 The case o Indonesia
3.1 REDD+ in Indonesia
De o es a ion is he cen al issue in Indonesia’s clima e policies. Roughly 60% o o al emis-
sions o Indonesia a e caused by de o es a ion (Mulyani & Jepson, 2013). Land use, land
use change, and o es y (LULUCF) a e esponsible o a leas 35% o GHG emissions o
Indonesia (DNPI, 2010; Solikin, 2015). The assessmen o Indonesia’s upda ed Na ionally
De e mined Con ibu ion (NDC) 2021–2030 shows ha 97,2% o con ibu ions a e ela ed
o o es , land and ene gy sec o managemen . Wi hin he new NDC main o es y and land
use measu es a e he enhancemen o a o es a ion, e o es a ion, ehabili a ion, and pea
wa e managemen (Minis y o En i onmen and Fo es y o he Republic o Indonesia,
2022).
The clima e-o ien ed o es policies da e back o 2009 as Indonesia joined he REDD+ p o-
g am. In jus h ee yea s, Indonesia inalized he i s phase o REDD+ and p oposed a ull-
ledged ac ion plan by he end o 2012. The ela ed s a egic REDD+ implemen a ion plan
has se h ee main objec i es ha build upon each o he in e ms o iming and con en .
The ini ial capaci y building a ge s se in he s a egy pape had o be achie eb by he end
o 2014. Indonesia en isaged a comple e ad ancemen o he REDD+-aligned go e nance
sys ems by 2018 and achie e he emission educ ion a ge by 26–41% by 2020 (Indonesian
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A. Ga o, E. R. Sadik-Zada
REDD+ Task Fo ce, 2012). The en isaged long- e m a ge was, howe e , he achie emen
o ull ca bon-neu ali y by he end o his decade.
I has o be men ioned ha Indonesia has al eady alloca ed USD 6,1 billion o i s s a e
budge o clima e unding and is commi ed o a ain he Pa is a ge s by 2030. Despi e sub-
s an ial a en ion o clima e issues, he men ioned amoun s a e no su icien . The men ioned
clima e in es men s co e only 34% o he equi ed in es men s in o clima e change mi iga-
ion in Indonesia (Sa io, 2021).
In o de o achie e hese long- e m goals wi hou iola ing he i e co e p inciples o
e ec i eness, e iciency, ai ness, anspa ency and accoun abili y Indonesia elabo a ed a
s a egic amewo k buil on i e pilla s. The i s pilla a ge s de elopmen o an app op i-
a e and unc ioning ins i u ional sys em o REDD+ in Indonesia. This sys em has o p o ide
an e ec i e exchange and nego ia ion pla o m o all he majo s akeholde s o he o es
and land use policy in Indonesia. To his end, Indonesian go e nmen es ablished a Na ional
REDD+ agency ha has o assu e good ins i u ional quali y. I one asks abou he unc ion
o his agency hen he answe is i s o all anspa ency and inclusi eness o he o es
managemen , i.e. c ea ion o a new cul u e o inclusi eness in he managemen o na u al
esou ces (Indonesian REDD+ Task Fo ce, 2012). The second pilla is closely ela ed o he
i s one. I , howe e , encompasses only he inancial enginne ing o he local REDD+ in
Indonesia. This is he c ea ion o a s aigh o wa d and o e e yone unde s andable emu-
ne a ion sys em o hose who engage in e o es a ion.
The REDD+ Measu emen , Repo ing and Ve i ica ion (MRV) is he hi d essen ial ele-
men o he ins i u ional design o REDD+ in Indonesia. The pu pose o he ins i u ion is he
suppo in moni o ing, e alua ion and epo ing ela ed o Indonesian REDD+ (Indonesian
REDD+ Task Fo ce, 2012; Solikin, 2015).
Legal and Regula o y F amewo ks is he second pilla o REDD+ in Indonesia, whe eby,
i s ope a ioning is closely chained wi h he wo k o he i s pilla . This pilla con ibu es o
he lexibili y o he p og am in he ace o pe manen changes, eme ging oppo uni ies and
he e en ual challenges.
The hi d pilla o he Indonesian REDD+ Na ional S a egy is a coo dina ed s a egic
p og amming agains he backd op o he ade-o s and complemen a i ies o he indi idual
a ge s wi hin he REDD+ p og am. The e a e oughly h ee coo dina ed p og ams wi hin
he REDD+ s a egy oo . These a e: (A) conse a ion and ehabili a ion; (B) sus ainable
ag icul u e, o es y and mining; and (C) sus ainable managemen o landscapes.
3.2 Implemen a ion
Now, almos i een yea s a e launching he REDD+ p og am in Indonesia, he e is much
p aise, bu a he same ime also c i ique on he e ec s o REDD + on he se a ge s and
he impac on di e en s akeholde s (A i a, 2024). The li e a u e is domina ed by discus-
sions on he e ec i eness o REDD+ in educing GHGs. The impac o REDD+ on GHGs
is mos ly measu ed by he magni ude o he mi iga ion o de o es a ion. The main d i e s
o de o es a ion in Indonesia a e oil palm cul i a ion and imbe plan a ion (Tsujino e al.,
2016; Aus in e al., 2019). Bo h ac i i ies play a signi ican ole in e ms o employmen
and g ow h pe o mance o Indonesia. The men ioned p oduc ions a e disp opo iona ely
con ibu ing o income-gene a ing ac i i ies o he u al poo and he indigenous popula-
ion g oups in Indonesia (Solikin, 2015). Hence, he p esen compensa ion sys ems o he
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REDD+ in Indonesia: An assessmen o he in e na ional en i onmen al…
REDD+ p og am a e supposed o compensa e o he inhibi ion o he economic ac i i ies
o hese ulne able swa hs o he popula ion.
The dec ease o he p ima y o es loss in Indonesia since 2016 is a ibu ed solely o he
akeo e o REDD+. In 2016, Indonesia p o ided an upda ed alue o he na ional o es
e e ence emission le el. I was se a 0.57
G CO2e−1
wi h 1990–2012 as he e e ence
pe iod and included emissions om de o es a ion, o es deg ada ion, and pea land decom-
posi ion in o de o measu e he pe o mance o he implemen a ion pe iod be ween 2013
and 2020 (No yanza e al., 2020).
The calcula ion o he na ional o es e e ence le el was c i icized by he Global Fo es
Wa ch boa d membe s and o he expe s (Global Fo es Wa ch, 2021). They p esumed ha
he e e ence emissions le el migh be in la ed, double coun ing p ojec -le el educ ions
occu ed and ha indigenous people’s igh s ha e no been su icien ly p o ec ed. They also
c i icized he ac ha a mo e ecen da e had no been used as a e e ence pe iod, as Indo-
nesia had al eady made p og ess in educing emissions and an ou da ed e e ence pe iod
leads o highe pe o mance-based paymen s wi hou p o iding s ong incen i es o o es
p o ec ion (Jong, 2020).
Ko honen-Ku ki e al. (2017) examined he ins i u ional aspec s o REDD+ in Indonea-
sia and came o he conclusion ha REDD+ was a signi ican b eak h ough in he pub-
lic sec o managemen and ins i u ional de elopmen bo h wi hin REDD + Indonesia and
coun ywide. REDD+ c ea ed an impac ul and an inclusi e mul i-s akeholde exchange
and decision making pla o m in Indonesia (UNCCCC, 2023). In addi ion, REDD+ has
igge ed an o e a ching and o all he s akeholde s bene icial de elopmen o he dia-
logue cul u e in he issues ela ed o socio-economic de elopmen . Howe e , he e we e
also signi ican dawbacks in he a e ma h o he new go e nmen ha delega ed he in e -
ac ion be ween he go e nmen and REDD+ o he indi idual minis ies. Repo ing o and
wo king di ec ly wi h he adminis a ion o he o me p esiden o Indonesia was a se ing
ha enabled a subs an ial educ ion o he ansac ion cos s, and especially he cos s o
bu eauc acy.
En ici and Hubacek (2018) analyzed he e ec s o REDD+ and claimed ha he educ-
ions o GHGs in Indonesia could be mo e subs an ial i he s akeholde managemen o
REDD+ in Indonesia would p o ide mo e anspa ency and au oma ion in e ms o compen-
sa ion paymen s o he indigenous g oups and smallholde a me s. The au ho s e e also
o he di icul ies in he implemen a ion o REDD+ due o he complex in e ac ion pa e ns
be ween cen al go e nmen , s a es and municipali ies. This con i ms he ansac ions cos s
hypo heis in Ko honen-Ku ki e al. (2017)
The Cen e o In e na ional Fo es y Resea ch (CIFOR) also e e ed o he o ganiza-
ional issues and showed ha he a ained esul s we e no su icuen . As he cen al cause
E ans (2022) e e ed o p esiden Yudhoyono and in e na ional communi y suppo as posi-
i e ac o s ha ended, howe e , wi h he minis e ial e o ms and lowe le el o in ol e-
men o Indonesian p esiden ial o ice in he wo k o REDD+ (No yanza e al., 2020).
3.3 Challenges
As we ha e al eady men ioned in he p e ious sec ion, pu ing o wa d a s eamlined and
eally inclusi e o es p o ec ion policies was and is s ill a g ea challenge because o he
impo ance o o es s in he li elihoods o di e en s akeholde s and he ela ed economic
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sec o s. The cen al obs acles o s opping de o es a ion is he economic weigh o imbe as
an expo commodi y, mining ac i i ies, and ag icul u al land use. Based on a comp ehen-
si e li e a u e e iew on he causes o de o es a ion in Indonesia, Aus in e al. (2019), com-
piles he cen al d i e s o de o es a ion in Indonesia be ween 2001 and 2016. The au ho s
show ha imbe plan a ions, oil palm plan a ions, ex en ion o he g assland a eas, u he
la ge-scale plan a ions, small-scaled a ming, and logging ha e been he main single d i e s
o de o es a ion in Indonesia in he espec i e ime ame.
This shows ha he e enue side o Indonesia’s public budge , ag icul u al sec o ou pu
and he li elihoods o small-scaled a ms a e hea ily dependen on he deg ada ion o o -
es s. In he same ime, he mos ulne able, he indigenous g oups a e hea ily dependen on
in ac o es landscapes. Figu e 1 ou lines he main REDD+ s akeholde s in Indonesia. The
s akeholde diag amme is based on he li e a u e e iew and he assessmen o he o icial
documen s ela ed o REDD+.
The a ea o he espec i e s akeholde s indica e he ela i e impo ance o hem wi hin
he amewo k o o es conse a ion and upg ading in Indonesia. Acco ding o ou in e -
iews wi h expe s om Indonesia Minis y o En i onmen and Fo es y o Indonesia and
also Na ional Council o Clima e Change o Indonesia play a decisi e ole in he o es poli-
cies in Indonesia. The success o he REDD+ p og am depends consequen ly almos en i ely
on na ional go e nmen . In addi ion, he subna ional go e nmen s a e s ic ly ollowing he
policies ha a e induced by he na ional go e nmen in Jaka a.
And, i we jux apose he men ioned s akeholde s, i would be clea ha he pu ely eco-
nomic sho - o middle- e m in e es s and powe ela ions a e mo e a o able o he bene i-
Fig. 1 REDD+ S akeholde s in Indonesia. * Indonesia minis y o en i onmen and o es y o Indonesia
and also na ional council o clima e change o Indonesia
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Publishe ’s no e Sp inge Na u e emains neu al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in published maps and
ins i u ional a ilia ions.
Au ho s and A ilia ions
And eaGa o1,2,3 · Elkhan Richa dSadik-Zada3,4,5
And ea Ga o
[email p o ec ed]
Elkhan Richa d Sadik-Zada
[email p o ec ed]
1 College o Business and Public Managemen , Wenzhou-Kean Uni e si y, Wenzhou, Zhejiang,
China
2 Di ision o In e na ional S udies, College o In e na ional S udies, Ko ea Uni e si y, 145
Anam- o, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic o Ko ea
3 Cen e o S udies on Eu opean Economy, Aze baijan S a e Uni e si y o Economics, Baku,
Aze baijan
4 Ins i u e o De elopmen Resea ch and De elopmen Policy, Ruh -Uni e si ä Bochum,
Bochum, Ge many
5 Cen e o En i onmen al Managemen , Resou ces and Ene gy, Ruh -Uni e si y o Bochum,
Bochum, Ge many
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