Cas eleijn-Oso no, Regina; Hy i, Ulla
A icle
Momp eneu ship and esilience: Explo ing
en ep eneu ship o mo he s o child en wi h addi ional
needs
BRQ Business Resea ch Qua e ly
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Asociación Cien í ica de Economía y Di ección de Emp esas (ACEDE), Mad id
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Cas eleijn-Oso no, Regina; Hy i, Ulla (2025) : Momp eneu ship and esilience:
Explo ing en ep eneu ship o mo he s o child en wi h addi ional needs, BRQ Business Resea ch
Qua e ly, ISSN 2340-9444, Sage Publishing, London, Vol. 28, Iss. 3, pp. 651-677,
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In oduc ion
En ep eneu ship can o e a unique, ye unde explo ed
pa hway o mo he s ca ing o child en wi h addi ional
needs1 (AN hence o h), o o m a meaning ul ca ee
wi hin he cons ain s o ime, space, and ca egi ing
esponsibili y. Mo he s who iden i y as bo h ca egi e s
and en ep eneu s ep esen a dis inc g oup wi hin socie y,
wi h he po en ial o de elop ul illing and meaning ul
ca ee s h ough momp eneu ship. The concep o he
momp eneu in ol es he c ea ion o a new business en-
u e led by a woman who p io i izes he ole as a mo he
(and po en ially ca egi e ) while seeking independence
and lexibili y h ough en ep eneu ial pu sui s (Jean &
Fo bes, 2012). The lead au ho o his s udy is bo h a
mo he o a child wi h AN and a o me momp eneu ,
d i en p ima ily by a desi e o achie e wo k–li e balance
(Richomme-Hue e al., 2013, p. 256). This esea ch a ose
om he expe ience o na iga ing he complexi ies o
balancing mul iple oles, along wi h he con lic s and
en ichmen associa ed wi h hem. The aim o his pape is
o challenge socie al assump ions ega ding he en ep e-
neu ial po en ial o mo he s ca ing o a child wi h AN. I
seeks o highligh hei capaci y o engage meaning ully in
en ep eneu ship and o demons a e how hei acqui ed
s eng hs can con ibu e o success ul en ep eneu ial en-
u es (Shephe d e al., 2021). Fu he mo e, in his con ex ,
his pape illus a es how en ep eneu ship can se e as a
s a egy o suppo one’s amily while simul aneously
managing ca egi ing esponsibili ies wi hin a liminal
space.
Momp eneu ship and esilience: Explo ing
en ep eneu ship o mo he s o child en
wi h addi ional needs
Regina Cas eleijn-Oso no and Ulla Hy i
Abs ac
By conduc ing a p oblema izing e iew, his s udy explo es whe he en ep eneu ship could bene i mo he s ca ing o
child en wi h addi ional needs (ANs). Th ough ole con lic heo y, we a gue ha en ep eneu ship p o ides he ime
and space lexibili y necessa y o combine wo k and ca e oles and o expe ience he au onomy no a ailable in paid
employmen . Howe e , a suppo i e ins i u ional amewo k, such as a o dable child ca e, is needed. Based on ole
en ichmen heo y, we sugges ha mo he s ca ing o AN child en possess skills, such as esilience and ne wo king,
which a e bene icial o en ep eneu ship. Fu he mo e, p o ided ha a ai di ision o esponsibili ies exis s wi hin he
household, AN child en can s eng hen he amily uni and make i an impo an esou ce in en ep eneu ship o mo he s.
We de elop a u u e esea ch agenda o momp eneu ship wi h AN child en in line wi h inclusi e en ep eneu ship.
JEL CLASSIFICATION: L26 En ep eneu ship
Keywo ds
Momp eneu ship, addi ional needs pa en ing, ole con lic , ole en ichmen , esilience
Depa men o Managemen and En ep eneu ship, Tu ku School o
Economics, Uni e si y o Tu ku, Tu ku, Finland
Co esponding au ho :
Regina Cas eleijn-Oso no, Depa men o Managemen and
En ep eneu ship, Tu ku School o Economics, Uni e si y o Tu ku,
Reh o inpellonka u 3, 20500 Tu ku, Finland.
Email: [email p o ec ed]
1315485BRQ0010.1177/23409444251315485Business Resea ch Qua e lyCas eleijn-Oso no and Hy i
esea ch-a icle2025
Special Issue: En ep eneu ship and
Well-Being: Resea ch P og ess and Challenges Ahead
652 Business Resea ch Qua e ly 28(3)
The sca ci y o en ep eneu ship li e a u e add essing
he in e sec ion o ca egi ing and en ep eneu ship has
c ea ed he misleading imp ession ha he numbe o
women impac ed by ca egi ing esponsibili ies, o en o
he de imen o hei ca ee s, is limi ed o a small g oup.
While pa en ing a child wi h AN may ini ially seem like a
niche expe ience, he eali y is ha ising awa eness and
ad ancemen s in diagnosis ha e unco e ed ha app oxi-
ma ely 291 million child en and young adul s globally a e
a ec ed by some o m o AN (Cheng & Lai, 2023). As o
2023, in he Uni ed S a es alone, 19.4% o amilies, ep e-
sen ing app oxima ely 14.1 million households, include a
child wi h AN (V ankić Pa on e al., 2023; Young, 2022;
Zablo sky e al., 2023). This end unde sco es he need o
explo e iable solu ions o ca egi e s o balance ca egi -
ing esponsibili ies wi h employmen , such as h ough
en ep eneu ship (Sco , 2018).
Wi h mos child en wi h AN ca ed o a home, mo he s
p edominan ly ake on he p ima y ca egi e ole, o en
lea ing hem wi hou he op ion o ( lexible) employmen
due o hei addi ional ca egi ing esponsibili ies.
Consequen ly, he cos o hese mo he s’ ca ee aspi a ions,
wellbeing, and pe sonal goals wi hin hei mul iple oles is
p o ound and di icul o quan i y (Bake & D apela, 2010;
Kaniama am & Oxley, 2021). In addi ion, hese mo he s
equen ly assume o he oles wi hin hei amilies and
communi ies, such as olun ee ing o ad oca ing o
awa eness o ANs o d i e change and achie e pe sonal
ul illmen (Cheng & Lai, 2023; Nedungadi e al., 2023).
Un o una ely, hese con ibu ions, which p o ide en ich-
men o he ca egi ing ole, suppo ed by ole en ichmen
heo y, a e o en o e looked, ma ginalized, o misunde -
s ood, despi e being oo ed in skills de eloped h ough
hei ca egi ing expe iences (Cas eleijn-Oso no, 2024;
Ryan e al., 2008).
To demons a e how en ep eneu ship could be seen as
a iable ca ee o mo he s wi h AN child en, we engage in
a p oblema izing e iew (Al esson & Sandbe g, 2020) and
d aw om ole heo ies (Anglin e al., 2022) o in es iga e
esea ch on he employmen o mo he s wi h AN child en
on one hand and he expe iences o mo he -en ep eneu s
(momp eneu s) on he o he hand. Role con lic s and s ess
ela ed o he mul iplici y o he mo he –ca egi e –wo k
oles a e well de ined in he li e a u e (Budak e al., 2018;
C onin, 2018; Skinne e al., 1999). The challenge o
achie ing a syne gy o paid employmen and amily ha -
mony has been iden i ied as an one ous s esso o hese
mo he s. Because o di icul ies inding employmen o
he in lexibili y o he wo king condi ions in paid employ-
men , mo he -ca egi e s o e whelmingly spend much
ime unde employed and a e o en o ced o cease wo king
o long pe iods o ul ill hei ca egi ing esponsibili ies
(B andon, 2007; Lei e e al., 2004; Lynch e al., 2022).
Ha ing meaning ul employmen , howe e , would p o ide
hese mo he s wi h a much-needed espi e om daily
challenges and aid in inc eased wellbeing, bo h o mo h-
e s and hei amilies (Lewis e al., 1999).
Consequen ly, we ask whe he en ep eneu ship could
p o ide hese mo he s wi h easonable access o paid wo k
and alle ia e he con lic be ween hei wo k and ca e
oles. Howe e , we do no wan o sugges en ep eneu -
ship as a golden icke o employmen and wellbeing o
hese mo he s, bu we seek o p oblema ize he condi ions
ha a e needed o his o happen. Al hough he li e a u e
ega ding mo he s wi h AN child en ocuses on hei chal-
lenges and limi a ions in li e and access o wo k in pa icu-
la , we sugges a need o p oblema ize hese assump ions
and in es iga e whe he — h ough ole en ichmen he-
o y—expe ience om mo he ing AN child en and being in
amilies wi h hese child en could ac ually be bene icial in
mo he s’ en ep eneu ship jou ney.
Ou e iew indings enable us o p opose ha en ep e-
neu ship may be an oppo uni y o mo he s wi h AN chil-
d en o engage in paid employmen wi hin he ime and
space o hei ca ing esponsibili ies (Ekinsmy h, 2013) i
ele an amily policies and suppo s uc u es o hem
and hei amilies a e in place. Howe e , u u e esea ch
should in es iga e how hese mo he s na iga e ime and
space es ic ions in hei daily li es and how hese in lu-
ence hei en u es, pa icula ly p o i abili y and ela ed
inancial o o he isks (Dhaliwal, 2022; Dube ley &
Ca igan, 2013). Speci ically, esea ch needs o conside
he ins i u ional con ex s o amilies and en ep eneu ship.
I hese con ex s a e no suppo i e o he many oles ha
mo he s play, he ensions be ween hem may inc ease.
Ou e iew indings also enable us o p opose ha he
embeddedness o mo he s wi h AN child en in hei com-
muni ies allows hem o iden i y unique business oppo u-
ni ies ela ed o ANs and ha mo he s wi h AN child en
possess de eloped skills, such as esilience, ad ocacy, and
ne wo king (Dillon-Wallace e al., 2013; Lee & Pa k,
2016; Ryan e al., 2008; Skinne e al., 1999), which may
be bene icial in en ep eneu ship. Howe e , addi ional
esea ch is needed o iden i y whe he hese skills ca y
o e om one ole o ano he . The cu en s udy also chal-
lenges some o he ex an assump ions ha ega d pa en -
ing AN child en as simply a liabili y o mo he s and hei
amilies. We sugges ha hey a e posi i ely in luenced by
child en wi h ANs and do mo e han simply cope wi h
challenges; a he , hey g ow oge he and a e en iched
(Go e al., 2017). We p opose ha his s ong amily uni
is a esou ce o mo he s in en ep eneu ship, bu u u e
esea ch is needed o unde s and how he di ision o ca e
and inancial esponsibili ies wi hin he household in lu-
ences momp eneu s wi h AN child en.
As a as we a e awa e, his is among he i s ew s ud-
ies o i s kind o connec en ep eneu ship o mo he s wi h
AN child en. The wellbeing lens and ole heo y allow us
o explo e and expand ou unde s anding o mo he hood,
ca egi ing, and en ep eneu ship (Budak e al., 2018;
Cas eleijn-Oso no and Hy i 653
Houle e al., 2009; Wee a unge e al., 2013). Ou p ima y
con ibu ion o he en ep eneu ship and wellbeing li e a-
u e, he e o e, is de e mining he ex en o which en e-
p eneu ship could be applied by mo he s wi h AN child en
o engage in (paid) employmen wi hin di e en socio-
economic con ex s. We sugges some posi i e ou comes
o ha ing AN child en o mo he s and hei amilies. This
u he adds o eme ging esea ch aiming o illumina e he
mo he –AN child discou se in a posi i e and inclusi e
ligh . The e o e, we also aim o con ibu e o he deba e
on inclusi e en ep eneu ship (Bakke & McMullen,
2023).
Role heo y: ole con lic and ole
en ichmen
“A ole ep esen s a co e se o beha iou al expec a ions
ied o a social g oup o ca ego y ha de ines app op ia e
and pe mi ed o ms o beha iou o g oup membe s”
(Anglin e al., 2022, p. 1470). Role heo ies a e de eloped
based on he idea ha an indi idual has mul iple oles ha
hey pe o m in hei daily li es. In his e iew, we ely on
wo co e cons uc s in ole heo ies: ole con lic and ole
en ichmen . Role con lic is “a phenomenon ha occu s
when he demands placed upon an indi idual a e ei he in
con lic o incompa ible, such ha complying wi h all o
he demands would be di icul o e en impossible”
(C oom & Mille , 2018, p. 3). Role con lic has been s ud-
ied pa icula ly in he wo k– amily domain, and ex an
esea ch on i includes s udies on he oles ha mo he s
play and he ela ionship o hese o ca ee and amily,
including pe sonal wellbeing (Gje dingen e al., 2000;
Mason & Pa ia, 2006; Pa chomiuk, 2020; S ephan e al.,
2023). Resea ch has in es iga ed en ep eneu ship bo h as
a ool ha agg a a es ole con lic o women en ep e-
neu s (Hunde a e al., 2019), necessi a ing di e en coping
s a egies (i.e., commi ing o ei he one o hei many
social oles), and as a way o educing ole con lic o
mo he s because en u es can be c ea ed wi hin amily
s uc u es (Hudson B een e al., 2017).
Role en ichmen explains how expe ience in one ole
may imp o e he quali y o expe ience in ano he
(G eenhaus & Powell, 2006). Resea ch on ole en ichmen
has ocused on how pe o mance in a wo k ole may be
en iched o challenged by pe o ming o he nonwo k oles.
The key sugges ion om exis ing esea ch is ha he
wo k– amily in e ace, o en unde s ood as a sou ce o
ole con lic , can also be a sou ce o ole en ichmen .
While ole con lic and en ichmen may seem like opposi e
ends o a con inuum, hey a e di e en concep s wi h di -
e en oo s. Role con lic is d i en by ole demands, and
ole en ichmen is de eloped h ough pe sonal expe iences
in wo k and amily oles. This also means ha hey a e no
dependen on each o he ; no expe iencing ole con lic
does no imply ole en ichmen (Anglin e al., 2022).
The e o e, expe iencing ole con lic does no exclude he
po en ial o ole en ichmen a he same ime. Role en ich-
men has been s udied in hyb id en ep eneu ship o in es-
iga e how skills and expe iences ans e o en ep eneu ial
wo k om wage wo k o ice e sa and how skills om
en ep eneu ial wo k (such as c ea i i y) ca y o e o paid
employmen oles (Asan e e al., 2022; C ide e al., 2024).
In his p oblema izing e iew, we in eg a e insigh s
om ole heo y, including ole con lic and ole en ich-
men , wi h mul idisciplina y li e a u e o explo e he in lu-
ence o oles and hei connec ion o ou p oposi ions and
u u e de elopmen s. D awing om esea ch in en ep e-
neu ship, mo he hood, ca egi ing, ca ee dynamics, and
amily wellbeing, we link ole heo y o hese domains o
os e no el heo e ical pe spec i es (Pos e al., 2020).
This app oach highligh s how en ep eneu ship in e sec s
wi h ole dynamics, unco e ing po en ial con lic s and
oppo uni ies o ole en ichmen .
Re iew me hodology
Ou ini ial sea ch (scoping), which included e ms such as
“addi ional/special needs child,” “needs child,” “wi h disa-
bili y,” “mo he ,” “employmen ,” and/o “ca ee limi a ions”
AND “momp eneu ,” “mump eneu ,” o “en ep eneu ial
mo he (s),” yielded only one s udy on he opic o momp e-
neu s wi h AN child en (Lowens ein & Jones, 2021).
Sepa a ely, we could iden i y li e a u e on momp eneu ship
(o mo he -en ep eneu s and hei expe iences as en ep e-
neu s) as well as on he employmen and ca ee (limi a-
ions) o mo he s wi h AN child en. This ini ial inding
illus a es he no el y o he opic in he li e a u e (Figu e 1)
despi e he inc easing awa eness o how ANs in luence
amilies (Cheng & Lai, 2023).
P oblema izing e iew
To explo e he po en ial wellbeing bene i s o challenges
o en ep eneu ship o mo he s o AN child en and guide
u u e esea ch, we e iewed li e a u e on momp eneu s
and wellbeing. D awing on ole heo ies ( ole con lic and
Figu e 1. The lack o en ep eneu ial esea ch on
momp eneu s who ca e o child en wi h ANs.
654 Business Resea ch Qua e ly 28(3)
ole en ichmen ), we p oblema ize whe he en ep eneu -
ship suppo s o hinde s hese mo he s’ wellbeing.
Adop ing he p inciples o p oblema izing e iews, we
app oached he li e a u e e lexi ely, b oadly, and selec-
i ely (Al esson & Sandbe g, 2020).
Following he s udy by Al esson and Sandbe g (2020),
p oblema izing e iews aim o e-concep ualize exis ing
hinking and inspi e new ideas and heo ies. Unlike adi-
ional sys ema ic e iews, which build upon es ablished
app oaches (Elsbach & an Knippenbe g, 2020), his
me hod opens up he li e a u e h ough c i ical and b oad
explo a ion. Fo example, Dzhengiz e al. (2023) showed
how such e iews help mi iga e he o e ep esen a ion o
dominan s udies.
P oblema izing e iews a oid igid “whe e, wha , who,
when, and why” ques ions ypical o sys ema ic e iews
(Callahan, 2010), enabling unencumbe ed explo a ion o
di e se li e a u e. By a oiding eliance on keywo d
sea ches, we c i ically engage wi h opics and s udies ha
migh o he wise emain o e looked. Adop ing a “less is
mo e” app oach, we selec i ely ocus on li e a u e ha
enhances unde s anding and en iches he esea ch agenda,
inco po a ing unique and e lec i e insigh s (Al esson &
Sandbe g, 2020). See Figu e 2 o e iew p ocess.
Selec ion o s udies
S age 1: Ini ial scoping o li e a u e on he opics
(a) We p oduced a sea ch on he chosen opic o mom-
p eneu ship acco ding o he sea ch c i e ia in
Table 1.
(b) We manually checked 125 ele an abs ac s wi h a
sea ch limi a ion o s udies published be ween
2014 and 2024. Those ha ailed o discuss mo he s
who we e en ep eneu s and ocused p ima ily on
amilies, women en ep eneu s (wi hou child en),
and only a he s we e excluded.
(c) The p ocess lis ed in a and b was epea ed o ou
second main opic: he wo k (limi a ions) o mo h-
e s ca ing o child en wi h ANs. We manually
checked 222 abs ac s o ele ance by skimming
h ough hem. In his ini ial selec ion, he ele an
s udies we e na owed down o 82. Those excluded
om he co pus p edominan ly ailed o discuss
mo he s who we e ca ing o child en wi h ANs and
included all ypes o ca egi ing ha we e no ele-
an o ou aim.
S age 2: Iden i ying he co e s udies o he co pus
(a) We ca e ully ead he 32 s udies on momp eneu -
ship, esul ing in he selec ion o nine s udies o
he e iew. This selec ion was based on hese s ud-
ies discussing he expe iences o momp eneu s
om mul iple pe spec i es and oge he ep esen -
ing a b oad spec um o he wellbeing bene i s o
momp eneu ship. Some s udies we e selec ed
because hey included well-known assump ions
ega ding momp eneu ship (bu no all o a oid
ea i ming he ex an esea ch e idence) and i s
connec ion wi h amily and ne wo ks; o he s we e
chosen because hey iden i ied momp eneu ship in
ela ion o ins i u ional con ex s.
(b) As men ioned ea lie , we ca e ully ead he 82 s ud-
ies on he wo k and wo k limi a ions o mo he s
ca ing o hei AN child en. Some s udies ocusing
on nega i e biases ega ding ca egi ing and
employmen we e included, bu o he s we e
excluded o a oid nega i e dominance. Some ha
ailed o add ess employmen and ocused on poli-
cymaking o educa ion we e excluded. F om his
sc eening, 12 s udies we e selec ed as ep esen a-
i e o he domains o employmen and wellbeing
o mo he s wi h AN child en. They ocused on he
expe iences o mo he s wi h AN child en om a -
ious pe spec i es and ep esen ed a b oad spec um
o esea ch on wellbeing and employmen in ela-
ion o ca ing o AN child en. S udies ha included
he posi i e aspec s o mo he ing we e also selec ed,
including he in luence o amilies/households on
employmen while ca ing o AN child en. O he s
we e chosen because hey add essed esilience and
he skills acqui ed om pa en ing child en wi h
ANs. Fu he mo e, s udies ocusing on he connec-
ion wi h amily and ne wo ks in ela ion o ins i u-
ional con ex s we e chosen because his opic
aligned wi h ou momp eneu ship sea ch.
Table 1. Sea ch c i e ia o S age 1 o he p oblema izing e iew p ocess.
Resea ch on momp eneu s Wo k and wo k limi a ions o mo he s wi h AN child en
Sea ch e ms ALL = (momp eneu OR mump eneu OR
mo he AND en ep eneu OR mom AND
en ep eneu )
TS = (“mo he s” AND “child en” AND (“in ellec ual
disabili ies” OR “special heal h ca e needs” OR
“disabili ies”) AND (“employmen ” OR “ esilience”))
Res ic ion 1 Published in 2014–2024 Published in 2014–2024
Res ic ion 2 A icles + e iew a icles A icles + e iew a icles
Cas eleijn-Oso no and Hy i 655
S age 3: En iching he co pus wi h b oad eading
(a) Be o e mo ing on o he analysis, we c i ically
e iewed he 21 s udies (9 om momp eneu ship
and 12 om employmen and mo he s wi h AN
child en) o iden i y elemen s ha we e missing
when discussing he o e a ching heme o ou
esea ch, iden i ying whe he en ep eneu ship is
sui able o mo he s wi h AN child en. In alignmen
wi h he p oblema izing e iew, we shi ed ou
ocus o conside eading b oadly, add essing 5–10
ele an a enues in ei he an adjacen a ea o ou
domain o a enues ha a e ele an o pu he pe -
spec i e o ou e iew in o ocus. He e, we d ew on
ou pe sonal knowledge and unde s anding o he
opic (Shephe d e al., 2021) o expand ou li e a-
u e e iew; he goal was o no only b oaden bu
also en ich his e iew by speci ically sea ching
and including esea ch add essing he pu pose and
meaning, as well as he o he posi i e in luences, o
ha ing AN child en in amilies.
(b) We iden i ied 26 s udies (lis ed in Appendix 1, Tables
2 and 3) wi h a b oad and possibly indi ec impac on
he esea ch domain de ined in s age 2. This was
done o enhance ou unde s anding o he posi i e
e ec s o pa en ing AN child en, as well as o
comp ehend he mo he –child dyad, esilience, and
ole con lic s.
(c) In his s age, addi ional s udies ( i e) on he opic o
wo k and he wo k limi a ions o mo he s ca ing o
child en wi h ANs we e included in he e iew
despi e hem alling ou side he se empo al limi a-
ions o ou esea ch scope. They we e selec ed
because hei ele ance o he opic was conside ed
aluable o ou main pu pose o en iching esea ch
on he bene i s o wellbeing, en ep eneu ship, and
employmen , as well as esea ch on ad oca ing
mo he s o no commence wo king along wi h ul-
iling hei ca egi ing esponsibili ies. They we e
also ele an o ou pu pose o comp ehensi ely
looking a wo k– amily policies and childca e
issues in ela ion o pa en ing child en wi h ANs.
All ele an s udies (n = 52) ha we e used a e
ound in Appendix 1, Tables 2 and 3.
S age 4: Analysis. Fo he analysis, we adop ed an abduc-
i e easoning app oach, inspi ed by Dzhengiz e al.
(2023), as i was mos sui able o he opic, he me hods
used, and he heo ies e e ed o. Acco ding o Lipscomb
(2012), abduc i e easoning “can be en isaged as he c ea-
i e, imagina i e o insigh ul momen in which unde -
s anding is g asped—o is hough o be g asped . . .
Figu e 2. Re iew p ocess.
No e: This igu e was c ea ed by Cas eleijn-Oso no, 2024 o de ail he e iew p ocess.
656 Business Resea ch Qua e ly 28(3)
abduc ion is bo h an e e yday e en and, i will be a gued,
a p oblema ic one” (p. 244). All s udies we e c i ically
analyzed, compa ed, and con as ed. We amed he analy-
sis wi hin he bounda ies o ou se assump ions ega ding
momp eneu ship and employmen o mo he s wi h AN
child en and analyzed hem h ough ole con lic / ole
en ichmen heo ies. In doing so, we add essed wo
assump ions om se e al pe spec i es, which con ibu ed
o ou p oblema iza ion p ocess and ou b oad eading on
he opic o momp eneu ship.
Assump ion 1: Momp eneu ship is a way h ough
which mo he s wi h NAN (non-addi ional needs hence-
o h) child en balance pe sonal goals wi h household
(ca egi ing) esponsibili ies.
Assump ions ega ding momp eneu ship we e
add essed by iden i ying and challenging assump ions
ela ed o se e al dimensions o momp eneu ship. We
s a ed by concep ualizing momp eneu ship and acknowl-
edging he challenges wi h known assump ions ega ding
wo k– amily balance and pe sonal mo i a ion (Ekinsmy h,
2013; Foley e al., 2018; Hudson B een & Leung, 2020;
Rod igues e al., 2023). Nex , we add essed he isks asso-
cia ed wi h emale en ep eneu ship and he impo ance o
suppo ne wo ks (excluding amily; Humbe & B indley,
2015; Ve shinina e al., 2022), including iden i ying he
ac o s ha mi iga e ole s ess and con lic in he o m o
suppo and lexibili y o employmen . We ollowed up ou
analysis wi h an examina ion o wo k– amily balance and
he e ec s o momp eneu ship on he household
(Ma kowska e al., 2023; Welsh & Kaciak, 2019). We con-
cluded wi h an in-dep h examina ion o wellbeing and
en ep eneu ship as connec ed wi h momp eneu s’ wellbe-
ing (Kadhi & Ham ouni, 2023; S ephan e al., 2023).
Th ough ou eading, we we e able o iden i y challenges
in ou cu en assump ions o momp eneu ship, including
he ease o en u e c ea ion in ce ain cul u al con ex s. We
we e also able o iden i y he necessa y suppo s uc u es
o mi iga e isks and enhance he success o en u es c e-
a ed by mo he s.
Assump ion 2: Pa en ing AN child en is a de imen o
he wellbeing o mo he s and o amily ha mony.
Based on ou analysis, we iden i ied ha he assump-
ions ega ding employmen challenges o mo he s ca ing
o child en wi h ANs we e inex icably linked o wellbe-
ing. We i s ocused ou eading on ou add essed assump-
ion ha pa en ing child en wi h AN needs is a de imen
o he wellbeing o mo he s and amilies by iden i ying
known assump ions (Dillon-Wallace e al., 2016; Hals ead
e al., 2018; Lloyd & Has ings, 2009; Ma ks, 1998;
Sekułowicz e al., 2022; Spe ling & Mowde , 2006). Using
a ole con lic heo y lens, we hen looked a employmen
and mo he s wi h AN child en. This included challenges in
secu ing employmen , suppo o /agains employmen
wi h ega d o he oles and con lic s he ein, and he
e ec s o employmen on he mo he –child dyad (Bake &
D apela, 2010; Lewis e al., 2000; Mo is, 2012; Schus e
e al., 2009). Nex , we examined employmen o mo he s
wi h AN child en and i s impac on wo k– amily balance.
We unco e ed li e a u e highligh ing he esilience o bo h
mo he s and amilies wi h AN child en, challenging ou
second assump ion (Bolbocean e al., 2022; Chou e al.,
2014; Go e al., 2017; G ee & Nol ing, 2013; Heiman,
2002; Nu san i, 2024; Olshansky, 1962). This led us o
unco e he posi i e e ec s o ha ing AN child en on am-
ily dynamics and he wellbeing o mo he s (Ba ne e al.,
2003; B ock, 2014; De Schauwe & Da ies, 2015; Jess
e al., 2018; McS ay e al., 2014; Mige ode e al., 2012;
Sunde land e al., 2009).
We con inued wi h he analysis o he necessa y suppo
o ne wo ks and he empowe men el by mo he s ca ing
o AN child en h ough hei ole as ad oca es/wa io s.
Pa o his ole included inding s eng h and suppo in
ne wo ks and communi ies o and wi hin AN pa en ing.
We iden i ied his unpaid ole as one o i al impo ance o
he wellbeing o no only mo he s bu also hei amilies
and ne wo ks o he suppo gi en (Amma i &
Schoenebeck, 2015; Blake e al., 2019; Ki chho e e al.,
2022; Lukemeye e al., 2000; Musya opah e al., 2023;
Sousa, 2011). We concluded ou analysis on he joy o ha -
ing AN child en in he amily (Landsman, 2015; Munsell
& O’Malley, 2019).
Ou in-dep h analysis led us o c ea e p oposi ions
ega ding how en ep eneu ship can po en ially be an
op ion o mo he s ca ing o AN child en and p o ided us
wi h a b ead h o eading ou side he scope o en ep e-
neu ship and pa en ing. This analysis enabled us o sug-
ges a eas o u u e esea ch ha we e no conside ed a
he beginning o ou analysis.
Re iew indings
We now p esen he indings om ou e iew o esea ch
on he wo k, ca ee s, and wellbeing o mo he s wi h chil-
d en diagnosed wi h AN, con as ing hese wi h ou e iew
o exis ing li e a u e on mo he s’ en ep eneu ship. This
compa ison aims o explo e whe he , and unde wha con-
di ions, en ep eneu ship could se e as a iable op ion o
mo he s o child en wi h AN. We ou line ou p oposi ions
o guide u u e esea ch in his a ea.
T ansi ioning in o mo he hood is a li e-changing
expe ience and in ol es na iga ing mul iple oles and
aligning aspi a ions wi h socie al ideals o “good” mo h-
e hood (Blum, 2007; Colle , 2005). Despi e p og ess in
Cas eleijn-Oso no and Hy i 657
gende equali y, mo he s o en assume p ima y ca egi -
ing oles, in luenced by igid wo k s uc u es o a he s
(Hy i e al., 2023). As a esul , mo he s need o nego ia e
hei oles.
Momp eneu ship as an op ion o add ess he
wo k- ela ed challenges o mo he s wi h AN
child en
Role con lic s causing di icul ies in accessing employ-
men . Exis ing esea ch has clea ly es ablished he con-
lic o oles conce ning mo he s’ ca egi ing esponsibili ies
and employmen (Chou e al., 2014). Mo he s wi h AN
child en expe ience lowe paid employmen oppo uni ies
han mo he s wi h NAN child en and o e whelmingly
spend long pe iods o ime in uns able and unde employ-
men (Chou e al., 2018; Mo is, 2012). Employed mo he s
wi h AN child en ha e been amed in an un a o able bias
because o hei ca egi ing oles, and hey ace ha she
c i icisms han hei NAN coun e pa s (Mo is, 2012).
Thei challenges in inding employmen may also be
ela ed o social no ms and expec a ions, hei own and he
socie y’s, such as he image ha a good mo he is some-
body who is sel less, nu u ing, and e e -p esen (Johns on
& Swanson, 2006; Mu nieks & Mosakowski, 2007). This
cons uc ed image o sel lessness, which is unde s ood as
quali y mo he ing, applies no only o how a mo he should
look bu also o how a woman should p io i ize mo he ing
i s and se aside o he oles o an unde e mined amoun
o ime o ocus on ca ing o he child en (Dube ley &
Ca igan, 2013; Wyk & Leech, 2016).
Mo he s ha e been iden i ied as in e nalizing s uggles
ela ing o he mo he ing o AN child en because o hei
own limi a ions o coping mechanisms. Fu he mo e, soci-
e al s igma iza ion in he o m o mo he blaming, whe e
he beha io o he child is seen as a e lec ion o a mo h-
e ’s beha io , is pa icula ly challenging o mo he s’ well-
being (Colke , 2015; Sekułowicz e al., 2022). Due o he
in ica e complexi ies o he mo he –child dyad, nega-
i ely exp essed judgmen and open socie al c i icism con-
ce ning hei child en wi h in isible AN is he e o e
in e nalized by some mo he s. These mo he s ha e been
iden i ied as being acu ely sensi i e o mo he blaming and
o e socie al c i icism (o hei child en’s beha io ; Blum,
2007; You & McG aw, 2011). They may su e om low
sel -es eem and wellbeing because o socie al esponses
(s igma). I was no long ago ha mo he s we e seen as he
causes o hei child en’s disabili ies and he esul ing am-
ily imbalance (Dillon-Wallace e al., 2013; McS ay e al.,
2014). These complex mo he - ole iden i ies and expe i-
enced eali ies a e in e wo en wi h hose o hei child en
(Ryan e al., 2008), limi ing mo he s’ abili y o ul ill he
image and expec a ions o an e icien employee. Taken
oge he , ole con lic and he ela ed ole expec a ions
acing mo he s wi h AN child en make i di icul o hem
o ind paid employmen .
Role con lic s o mo he s wi h AN child en in employ-
men . Mo he s wi h AN child en who a e employed a e
no necessa ily be e o . Some expe ience disc imina ion
in he o m o a i udinal ba ie s in he wo kplace. Wo k-
ing mo he s wi h NAN child en ha e been iden i ied as
being mommy acked and passed o e o p omo ions
because o hei mo he hood obliga ions, hus illus a ing
iews o hese con lic ing oles in es ablished wo kplaces
(Be dahl & Moon, 2013). Howe e , hese con lic s
be ween oles a e pa icula ly p onounced in he case o
mo he s wi h AN child en. This ex ends o he ypes o
oles ha hese mo he s a e conside ed o , as well as he
igidi y in he wo kplace and a lack o ad ancemen (Bake
& D apela, 2010). The addi ional ole s ess can u he
lead o negligence in he wo k sphe e, pa icula ly a lack o
ime o comple e asks and neglec o con lic ing oles as
nega i e spillo e e ec s o paid employmen o mo he s
(Sanz-Ve gel e al., 2015). Consequen ly, mo he -ca egi -
e s a e shown o p og ess slowly in hei ca ee s. In addi-
ion, some mo he s a e le wi h no op ion o he han o
ob ain pa - ime employmen o cease wo king o pe iods
o ime o ul ill hei ca egi ing esponsibili ies as new
challenges a ise (Pa chomiuk, 2020). Becoming mo he s
and expe iencing ole con lic in combining amily–wo k
esponsibili ies may incen i ise some mo he s o slow
down o pu hei p o essional li es on hold o a while.
This can u he lead o “ ole cap i i y” o some mo he s
ca ing o an AN child and inc ease con lic be ween
desi ed and ac ual ole (Nomaguchi & Milkie, 2020). In
addi ion, because o he iden i ied ole con lic s and ela ed
ole s ess o wo king mo he s wi h AN child en, hei
abili y o excel and p og ess in a ca ee ou side he home is
isibly unde h ea .
En ep eneu ship educing ole con lic o mo he s. En ep e-
neu ship can be seen as a way o educe ole con lic o
mo he s because en u es can be c ea ed wi hin amily s uc-
u es and a e conside ed socially accep ed ca ee s (Hudson
B een e al., 2017). The desi e o de ine he bo de be ween
mo he hood and wo king on hei own e ms may be a ea-
son o choosing o be en ep eneu s and c ea ing hei own
jobs (Foley e al., 2018; Lewis e al., 2000). Momp eneu -
ship he e o e con ibu es o ul illing he need o wo k–li e
balance, o a wo k en i onmen ha is sensi i e o he needs
o one’s amily, and o exci ing and challenging wo k expe-
iences (Ko sgaa d, 2007). This has some imes been de ined
as he co e o momp eneu ship as a socio-spa ial phenome-
non, enabling he de elopmen o a business wi hin he con-
s ain s o he ime and space o mo he ing esponsibili ies
(C oom & Mille , 2018; Ekinsmy h, 2013).
Mo he s a e mo i a ed by a desi e o independence
and he abili y o be p esen as pa en s who hold g ea
658 Business Resea ch Qua e ly 28(3)
in luence on he c ea ion o a en u e wi hin he amily
s uc u e. The lexibili y o manage child ca e and he
abili y o challenge onesel and a ain au onomy wi hin
amily-s uc u ed schedules a e also unde s ood mo i es
(Ekinsmy h, 2013; Rod igues e al., 2023). Wi hin many
Wes e n con ex s, he e is a s ong no ma i e expec a ion
o wo king mo he s, so emaining a ca egi e (s ay-a -
home mom) may no be a legi ima e op ion and pushes
mo he s o become en ep eneu s (Dube ley & Ca igan,
2013). By becoming en ep eneu s, mo he s can align
well wi h compe ing mo he ing ideologies and socie al
expec a ions o wha i means o be a good wo king
mo he while ul illing pe sonal aspi a ions (Foley e al.,
2018); i e lec s a desi e o lexibili y and au onomy
while managing child ca e esponsibili ies and de elop-
ing a ca ee iden i y wi hin he empo ali y o ca egi ing
esponsibili ies as mo he s. En ep eneu ship is seen as
empowe ing while o e ing a ep ie e om con lic ing
ole challenges ha can occu in he wo kplace (Hudson
B een, 2001).
Disad an ages wi h assuming an en ep eneu ial ole. Limi-
a ions ega ding ime endowmen s and loca ion es ic-
ions ha e been iden i ied o limi he de elopmen and
g ow h o momp eneu s’ en u es (Ekinsmy h, 2013).
This aises ques ions abou how a momp eneu ac i i-
ies can be iewed h ough he lens o sel -exploi a ion
a he han libe a ion o a leas highligh ing he need o
unde s anding bo h sides (Dube ley & Ca igan, 2013).
As he discou se on ime and lexibili y is s ong wi hin
he momp eneu ship li e a u e, he e is less ocus on
inancial isks (Dhaliwal, 2022). Conside ing he limi a-
ions in inding and engaging in paid employmen o he
wo king mo he s o AN child en, en ep eneu ship migh
be he bes —and in some cases he only—op ion o
ca ee c ea ion/de elopmen wi hin he cons ain s o ca -
egi ing (Humbe & B indley, 2015). Howe e , as sug-
ges ed by disad an age heo y, u ning o en ep eneu ship
as a means o o e coming ba ie s o sui able employmen
is o en accompanied by addi ional challenges such as
challenges in a aining unding, us building wi hin com-
muni ies, and suppo om amily. While obs acles wi hin
adi ional labo ma ke s may indeed mo i a e hese
women o pu sue en ep eneu ship, he con lic ing
demands o ca egi ing and wo k in oduce less- isible
impedimen s ha can hinde hei en ep eneu ial success
om he ou se (Mo is e al., 2020).
P oposi ion 1: En ep eneu ship ep esen s an oppo u-
ni y o mo he s wi h AN child en o engage in paid
wo k wi hin he ime and space o hei ca ing esponsi-
bili ies. Howe e , ime and o he es ic ions may limi
hei en ep eneu ial success.
En ep eneu ship as an op ion o bene i om
wo k- ela ed ad an ages o mo he s wi h AN
child en: he need o suppo i e s uc u es
Resea ch demons a es he posi i e e ec s o employmen
on wellbeing. Those who lack wo k oppo uni ies because
o he need o ocus on ca egi ing ha e a high isk o bu n-
ou (Chou e al., 2016; Sekułowicz e al., 2022). The posi-
i e e ec s o secu ing paid employmen ha e been
iden i ied as p o iding mo he s wi h social con ac s, in el-
lec ual challenges, and inancial gains no p o ided o he -
wise (Sanz-Ve gel e al., 2015). Mo he s engaged in paid
employmen while ca ing o hei AN child en expe ience
espi e om ca egi ing obliga ions and lowe ed le els o
s ess should employmen o e ul illmen (Mo is, 2012).
The adop ion o a ole which is suppo ed, such as a paid
employmen posi ion in which ce ain lexibili y is allowed
and skills a e acknowledged, has been shown o suppo
new ole acquisi ion wi hou nega i e con lic s (Sellmaie
e al., 2020).
Need o a lexible wo k en i onmen and suppo i e home
en i onmen . Coinciden ally, s ess has been shown o
dec ease when suppo sys ems a e in place, ensu ing suc-
cess in one’s new ole (Shea n & Todd, 2000). Mo he s
wi h AN child en engaged in a suppo ed paid-employ-
men en i onmen expe ience diminished con lic wi hin
oles despi e he admi ed challenges o ca egi ing. This,
in u n, leads o imp o ed wo k– amily balance (S ewa
e al., 2022). In ac , o bo h mo he s o AN child en and
mo he s o NAN child en, a majo ac o in mi iga ing ole
s ess and con lic is suppo and lexibili y o employmen
(Lynch e al., 2022; Wa ield, 2001).
The challenge lies he e. Pa icula ly o mo he s wi h
AN child en, suppo ed employmen is challenging o
a ain, wi h employe s ma kedly insensi i e o he equi ed
lexibili y needs o employees wi h addi ional ca egi ing
esponsibili ies (De igne & Po e ield, 2017). In lexibili y,
inconsis en wo k schedules, and low le els o au onomy
in he wo kplace accoun o he lessened wellbeing bene-
i s o paid employmen . Employmen mus be mo he
eady, allowing o las -minu e changes and lexibili y o
mo he s (Sco , 2018). Failu e o secu e such a posi ion
lea es mo he s in a p eca ious si ua ion in which espi e
and bene i s a e acknowledged bu a e una ainable. O e
ime, his imbalance simul aneously spills in o he wellbe-
ing o hei child( en), back in o hei employmen and he
es o he amily (Pa chomiuk, 2020).
Besides he wo k con ex , he oppo uni ies o mo h-
e s o bene i om he wellbeing e ec s o wo king a e
dependen on household condi ions. Despi e ad ance-
men s and p oposals o changes in ca egi ing models,
mo he s a e s ill p edominan ly esea ched as p ima y
ca egi e s o AN child en, wi h a he s a ending o he
Cas eleijn-Oso no and Hy i 665
2014) and hei ela ed skills in building and using hese
ne wo ks. The e o e, an in e es ing esea ch ques ion
in ol es de e mining he ex en o which hese ne wo king
skills ca y o e o he business side. Wha ypes o
esou ces become a ailable o hem h ough hei ne -
wo ks? Does hei embeddedness in ce ain ne wo ks
become a liabili y unde ce ain ci cums ances?
Exis ing esea ch on momp eneu ship highligh s how
en ep eneu ship is based on an oppo uni y linked o he
expe ience o mo he ing a child. Fu he expansion o his
opic could iden i y how mo he s wi h AN child en can use
en ep eneu ship o make meaning o hei oles as mo h-
e s and ad oca es o he AN communi y. These mo he s
may be in e es ed in s a ing businesses o suppo hei
AN child en by p o iding a place whe e hey (and o he
AN people) could be employed (S nado á & E ans,
2013) and o he ex en his is impo an o hei pe cei ed
success in en ep eneu ship, o ming an in e es ing u u e
esea ch a enue. In addi ion, explo a ion in o how mo he s
e oke an en ep eneu ial spi i wi hin he amily h ough
an “in e gene a ional ansmission o en ep eneu ial
in en ions” should be on he esea ch agenda o en ep e-
neu ship schola s (Hopp e al., 2019).
Resea ch sugges s ha he e may be posi i e and unex-
pec ed e ec s o ha ing AN child en on he en i e amily
dynamic (Lloyd & Has ings, 2009). Examples a e heigh -
ened esilience and amily en ichmen om no o cing
no malcy o assimila ion on o he amily, and a he
accep ing and suppo ing hei child en h ough chal-
lenges. Open communica ion and ecogni ion o he con-
ce ns o all membe s, including nego ia ing nega i e
eelings, u he con ibu e o c ea ing a ha monious am-
ily li e and good amily dynamics (Heiman, 2002; McS ay
e al., 2014). As he ole o he amily has been ound o be
an impo an esou ce in en ep eneu ship, we p opose ha
u u e esea ch should in es iga e whe he he esou ces o
amilies wi h AN child en can help mo he s who engage in
en ep eneu ship and wha hese esou ce ypes a e.
Simila ly, as esea ch demons a es ha en ep eneu ship
and en ep eneu ial wellbeing a e s ongly embedded in
he household con ex , u u e esea ch should shed ligh on
how he di ision o ca e and inancial esponsibili ies
wi hin he household in luences momp eneu s wi h AN
child en.
Finally, we make some me hodological sugges ions o
ad ancing esea ch in his ield by p oposing he need o
induc i e quali a i e s udies in ol ing no only mo he s
bu also en i e amilies (spouses, AN child en, and o he
child en, p o ided ha he e hical aspec s a e duly consid-
e ed) o include he amily dynamics/household pe spec-
i e. E hnog aphic app oaches migh be pa icula ly use ul
o lea n abou he e e yday li es o hese mo he s na iga -
ing be ween he amily and business and he ela ions
be ween he mo he and hei child, as well as o he s in
hei amilies, communi ies, and ne wo ks. Finding and
ec ui ing sui able subjec s o his esea ch pu pose may
come wi h some challenges (e.g., lack o ime), hus call-
ing o inno a i e app oaches ha enable hese mo he s’
and hei amilies’ oices o be hea d. This could in ol e
in i ing mo he s o ake pho og aphs cap u ing momen s
in hei daily li es (Munsell & O’Malley, 2019) o o he
a s-based me hods. As ou e iew unde sco ed he impo -
ance o suppo , u u e esea ch could also con ibu e o
de eloping and in es iga ing in e en ions aimed a sup-
po ing mo he s ( hei amilies) in hei en ep eneu ial
jou neys.
Conclusion
Th ough ou p oblema izing e iew, we p oposed ha
en ep eneu ship may be an oppo uni y o mo he s wi h
AN child en o engage in paid employmen wi hin he ime
and space cons ain s o hei ca ing esponsibili ies, p o-
ided ha he necessa y suppo s uc u es a e in place. We
also p oposed ha mo he s wi h AN child en possess skills,
such as esilience, ad ocacy, and ne wo king, which may
be bene icial in en ep eneu ship. We sugges ha hese
mo he s and hei amilies a e posi i ely in luenced by chil-
d en wi h ANs and ha his s ong amily uni is a aluable
esou ce o mo he s in en ep eneu ship. Howe e , mo e
empi ical esea ch is needed o shed ligh on hese issues
and explo e he po en ial downsides o en ep eneu ship o
hese women, hei en u es, and amilies.
Decla a ion o con lic ing in e es s
The au ho (s) decla ed no po en ial con lic s o in e es wi h
espec o he esea ch, au ho ship, and/o publica ion o his
a icle.
Funding
The au ho (s) ecei ed no inancial suppo o he esea ch,
au ho ship, and/o publica ion o his a icle.
ORCID iD
Regina Cas eleijn-Oso no h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-7616-
9174
No e
1. Fo his s udy, he e m “addi ional needs” is used o include
neu odi e gen and physically disabled child en. These
needs could be de elopmen al, physical, lea ning, beha -
io al, o senso y. This e m is used in clinical diagnos ic
and unc ional de elopmen o desc ibe indi iduals wi h
physical, men al, o emo ional disabili ies o wi h inancial,
communi y- ela ed, o esou ce disad an ages. Addi ional
needs may wa an special educa ion, aining, o he apy
(Child en and Young People’s Se ices, Na ional Heal h
Se ices, UK, 2024).
666 Business Resea ch Qua e ly 28(3)
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Appendix 1
Table 2. Ten ields o esea ch acco ding o Web o Science (WoS) Ca ego ies a e concluding S age 1 o he selec ion p ocess.
“Momp eneu s” pape s (%)a“Wo k-(limi a ions) mo he s AN child en” pape sa
To al amoun o ele an a icles 43 82
To al amoun o esea ch ieldsb 8 29
Resea ch ield Resea ch ield
Business 20 (63%) Rehabili a ion 24 (29%)
Managemen 10 (31%) Educa ion special 19 (23%)
Economics 3 (9%) Psychology de elopmen al 14 (17%)
Sociology 3 (9%) Family s udies 12 (15%)
Women S S udies 3 (9%) Psychia y 9 (11%)
De elopmen s udies 2 (6%) Public en i onmen al
occupa ional heal h
9 (11%)
Geog aphy 1 (3%) Social wo k 7 (9%)
Indus ial ela ions labo 1 (3%) Sociology 5 (6%)
– Psychology educa ional 4 (5%)
– Clinical neu ology 3 (4%)
No e: Pe cen age o o al ele an a icles a e in he he ().
aPe cen age o he o al amoun o ele an a icles.
bA icles can belong o mo e han one ca ego y.
Cas eleijn-Oso no and Hy i 671
Table 3. S ages 1 (na ow sc eening) and S age 3 (b oad eading).
A icles on momp eneu ship Domain Theo e ical
backg ound
Me hod used Resea ch ques ion Main indings
1 B een, R. & Leung, A. (2020). Choosing mo he ing and
en ep eneu ship: a ela ional ca ee -li e p ocess. In e na ional
Jou nal o Gende and En ep eneu ship, 12(3), 253–271. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1108/IJGE-08-2019-0130
Gende s udies Rela ional heo y Quali a i e Wha is he in luence o he mo he ing
ole in shaping he ansi ion in o
In luence o he mo he ing ole in shaping he ansi ion
in o
2 Ekinsmy h, C. (2013). Mo he s’ business, wo k/li e and he
poli ics o “mump eneu ship.” Gende , Place & Cul u e, 21(10),
1230–1248. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/0966369X.2013.817975
C i ical heo y Mixed
me hods
Will he subjec posi ion “mump eneu ”
will cemen cu en gende ole
inequali y?
Mump eneu ship is a spa ial phenomenon. The da ke
side o mump eneu wo king p ac ices needs o be
explo ed.
3 Foley, M., Bai d, M., Coope , R. & Williamson, S. (2018).
Is independence eally an oppo uni y? The expe ience o
en ep eneu -mo he s. Jou nal o Small Business and En e p ise
De elopmen , 25(2), 313–329. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/
JSBED-10-2017-0306
Social science Maximum
u iliza ion heo y
Quali a i e How en ep eneu -mo he s expe ience
independence as a mo i a ing ac o ?
En ep eneu -mo he s expe ience independence no as
an oppo uni y
4 Humbe , A. L., & B indley, C. (2015). Challenging he concep
o isk in ela ion o women’s en ep eneu ship. Gende in
Managemen , 30(1), 2–25. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/GM-10-
2013-0120
Gende s udies Role heo y Quali a i e How women en ep eneu s
concep ualize isk, and how he no ion
o isk is linked o
Risk is a gende ed cons uc , which needs o be expanded
o go beyond inancial isk.
5 Ma kowska, M., Ahl, H., & Naldi, L. (2023). Timeou : The ole
o amily- iendly policies in business s a -up among mo he s.
En ep eneu ship Theo y and P ac ice, 47(4), 1169–1199. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1177/10422587221126493
Gende s udies Ca ee heo y Quali a i e Why inc easing numbe o Swedish
mo he s a e becoming en ep eneu s?
Suppo ed by he posi i e e ec o he Swedish wel a e
sys em upon en ep eneu ship en y and he iming o
his decision.
6 El Kadhi, N. N., & Ham ouni, A. D. (2023). Mump eneu ship
in an e ec ual dynamic: En ep eneu ial logic and mo i a ions
o mump eneu s. Jou nal o En e p ising Cul u e, 31(1), 1–24
Gende s udies E ec ua ion heo y Quali a i e Wha is he en ep eneu ial logic o
mump eneu s in he ligh o e ec ua ion
heo y?
Mump eneu s a e mo i a ed by se e al ac o s such as
dissa is ac ion, mo he hood, independence, and he need
o imp o e hei inancial si ua ion.
7 Rod igues, M., Daniel, A.D. & F anco, M. (2023). Wha is
impo an o know abou mump eneu ship? A bibliome ic
analysis. In e na ional Jou nal o O ganiza ional Analysis, 31(7),
3413–3435. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/IJOA-05-2022-3293
Gende s udies Role heo y Quan i a i e Scien i ic and bibliome ic mapping o
momp eneu ship li e a u e
Dilemma Mo he hood and En ep eneu ship
8 Ve shinina, N., Phillips, N., & McAdam, M. (2022). Online
communi ies and en ep eneu ing mo he s: P ac ices o
building, being and belonging. En ep eneu ship & Regional
De elopmen , 34(7–8), 742–764.
Business P ac ice heo y Quali a i e How membe s o an online communi y
collec i ely in e p e and nego ia e he
challenges o pu suing en ep eneu ship
alongside pa en hood?
C i ical ole o ne wo king in how en ep eneu ing
women cons uc and main ain communi y connec ions
and dis inguishes be ween h ee dimensions o
communi y engagemen : Building, Being, and Belonging.
9 Welsh, D. H. B., Kaciak, E. (2019). Family en ichmen and
women en ep eneu ial success: he media ing e ec o amily
in e e ence. In e na ional En ep eneu ship and Managemen
Jou nal, 15, 1045–1075. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s11365-019-
00587-4
Social science Role heo y Concep ual Conside how wo ypes o en ichmen :
amily ins umen al ( inancial) suppo
and amily a ec i e (mo al) suppo
a ec en ep eneu ial success?
Pe sonal p oblems ha e a nega i e e ec when amily
inancial suppo is p esen , and a posi i e e ec when
amily mo al suppo is expe ienced.
(Con inued)
672 Business Resea ch Qua e ly 28(3)
A icles on “Wo k-(limi a ions) o mo he s wi h ca ing o a
child wi h addi ional needs”
Domain Theo e ical
backg ound
Me hod used Resea ch ques ion Main indings
1 Bozku , B., Güle , M. & Kandeğe , A. (2022). The media ing
ole o ma e nal esilience in he ela ionship be ween
in e nalized sexism and couple bu nou in mo he s o child en
wi h disabili ies. In e na ional Jou nal o he Ad ancemen o
Counseling, 44, 680–693. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10447-022-
09480-2
Gende s udies C i ical heo y Quan i a i e To examine whe he mo he esilience
has a media ing e ec on bu nou in
mo he s
Mo he esilience
2 Chou Y.-C., K Oge , T., & Pu, C.-Y. (2015). Uni e sal
b eadwinne e sus uni e sal ca egi e model: Fa he s’
in ol emen in ca egi ing and well-being o mo he s o
o sp ing wi h in ellec ual disabili ies. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/
ja .12156
Social science Uni e sal ca egi e
model
Quan i a i e To examine he hypo hesis ha he
uni e sal ca egi e model is mo e
ela ed o he o e all wellbeing o
mo he s o child en wi h in ellec ual
disabili ies han he uni e sal
b eadwinne model.
Mo he s in he uni e sal ca egi e g oup had highe le els
o ma e nal ma i al and amily li e sa is ac ion, bu no o
wo k sa is ac ion and quali y o li e. An incen i e policy
is c i ical o suppo ing he a he s in ol ed in li elong
ca egi ing and o p omo e he mo he s’ quali y o li e.
3 Chou, Y.-C, K öge , T., Pu, C.-Y. (2018). Unde employmen
among mo he s o child en wi h in ellec ual disabili ies. J Appl
Res In ellec Disabil, 31, 152–158.
Social science Ca ee heo y Quan i a i e Who unde employed mo he s a e, and
wha a e he ac o s associa ed wi h
such employmen ha dship when ha ing
a child wi h in ellec ual disabili y (ID)?
Mo he s we e mo e likely o be unde employed
compa ed wi h he mo he s who we e olun a ily
wo king pa - ime/non-employed.
4 Dillon-Wallace, J. A., McDonagh, S. H., & Fo dham, L. A.
(2014). How s able is he well-being o Aus alian mo he s
who ca e o young child en wi h special heal h ca e needs?
J Child Fam S ud, 23, 1215–1226. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/
s10826-013-9782-6
Psychology Pa en
de elopmen
heo y
Quan i a i e Wha a e he di e ences in he heal h
and wellbeing o mo he s whose young
child en do and do no ha e special
heal h ca e needs?
Mo he s o child en wi h special heal h ca e needs ha e
poo e gene al heal h and men al heal h han mo he s
whose child en do no ha e special needs.
5 Hals ead, E. J., G i i h, G. M., & Has ings, R. P. (2017).
Social suppo , coping, and posi i e pe cep ions as po en ial
p o ec i e ac o s o he well-being o mo he s o child en
wi h in ellec ual and de elopmen al disabili ies. In e na ional
Jou nal o De elopmen al Disabili ies, 64(4–5), 288–296. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1080/20473869.2017.1329192
Social science Pa en
de elopmen
heo y
Quan i a i e Whe he pe cei ed social suppo ,
posi i e pe cep ions, o coping s yle
explain some o his a iabili y and
speci ically whe he hese h ee
a iables unc ion as p o ec i e ac o s?
Pe cei ed social suppo unc ioned as a p o ec i e
ac o , a ec ing he ela ionship be ween child beha io al
and emo ional p oblems and ma e nal dep ession,
posi i e wellbeing.
6 Hodge s, S., McConnell, D., Zwaigenbaum, L., & Nicholas,
D. (2014). The impac o au ism se ices on mo he s’
occupa ional balance and pa icipa ion. OTJR Occupa ion,
Pa icipa ion and Heal h, 34(2), 81–92. h ps://doi.
o g/10.3928/15394492-20130109-0
Heal h science G ounded heo y Mixed
me hods
Wha is he impac o p o essional
se ices on wellbeing and leisu e?
Discon inui y o se ices was a signi ican p edic o o
dis up ed employmen and/o leisu e.
7 Pa chomiuk, M. (2020). Wo k- amily balance and sa is ac ion
wi h oles in pa en s o disabled child en. Communi y, Wo k &
Family, 25(3), 353–373. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/13668803.20
20.1764499
Social science Role heo y Quan i a i e Wha ypes o wo k– amily in e ac ions
based on he esul s o con lic and
en ichmen in pa en s o disabled
child en in luence cha ac e is ics o
he child, pa en al sa is ac ion, and job
sa is ac ion?
Fou ypes we e ound: unbalanced pa en s expe iencing
s ong con lic and poo en ichmen ; pa en s sepa a ing
amily and p o essional li e (low con lic and en ichmen );
he blu ed ype wi h high con lic and en ichmen ; and
balanced pa en s expe iencing low con lic and high
en ichmen .
Table 3. (Con inued)
(Con inued)
Cas eleijn-Oso no and Hy i 673
A icles on “Wo k-(limi a ions) o mo he s wi h ca ing o a
child wi h addi ional needs”
Domain Theo e ical
backg ound
Me hod used Resea ch ques ion Main indings
8 Pas o -Ce ezuela, G., Fe nández-And és, M. I., Pé ez-
Molina, D., & Tije as-Ibo a, A. (2021). Pa en al s ess
and esilience in au ism spec um diso de and Down
synd ome. Jou nal o Family Issues, 42(1), 3–26. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1177/0192513X20910192/FORMAT/EPUB
Psychology Pa en
de elopmen
heo y
Quan i a i e Wha is he compa ison be ween
pa en al s ess and esilience in pa en s
o child en wi h au ism spec um
diso de (ASD), Down synd ome (DS),
and ypical de elopmen (TD), and
he ela ionship be ween hese wo
cons uc s?
The highe pa en al s ess ob ained in he ASD g oup,
compa ed o he DS g oup, was no associa ed wi h
aspec s ela ed o he pa en s o demog aphic and social
ac o s o he amilies bu a he wi h aspec s ela ed
o he child and he cha ac e is ics o each diso de , as
pe cei ed by he pa en s.
9 Sanz-Ve gel e al., 2015.-).-, A. I., Rod Iguez-Mu~ Noz, A.,
& Nielsen, K. (2015). The hin line be ween wo k and home:
The spillo e and c osso e o daily con lic s. Jou nal o
Occupa ional and O ganiza ional Psychology, 88, 1–18. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1111/joop.12075
Psychology Wo k– amily
and amily–wo k
con lic heo y
(WFC-FWC)
Quan i a i e We hypo hesized ha daily le el o
amily–wo k con lic (FWC) would
inc ease daily in e pe sonal con lic s
wi h colleagues a wo k, which in
u n would inc ease con lic s wi h he
pa ne a home.
In e pe sonal con lic s a wo k p edic ed con lic s
wi h he pa ne a home. Fu he mo e, neu o icism
accen ua ed he ela ionship be ween in e pe sonal
con lic s a wo k and hose a home. The e was also a
c osso e o in e pe sonal con lic s a home.
10 Sco , E. K. (2018). Mo he - eady jobs: Employmen
ha wo ks o mo he s o child en wi h disabili ies.
Jou nal o Family Issues, 39(9), 2659–2684. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1177/0192513X18756927
Gende s udies - Quali a i e Employmen o amily ca egi e s o
child en wi h disabili ies is challenging,
should employe s be mo e lexible?
A need o jobs in which hey can manage bo h
employmen and ca e and p omo e wo kplace policies
ha enable us o c ea e he condi ions o be e
wo k– amily i .
11 Sekułowicz, M.; Kwia kowski, P.; Mano -Binyamini, I.; Bo oń-
K upińska, K., Cieślik, B. (2022). The e ec o pe sonali y,
disabili y, and amily unc ioning on bu nou among mo he s
o child en wi h au ism: A pa h analysis. In e na ional Jou nal o
En i onmen al Resea ch and Public Heal h, 19, 1187. h ps://doi.
o g/10.3390/ije ph19031187
Psychology Theo y o pa en al
bu nou
Quan i a i e Wha is he ela ionship be ween
ma e nal bu nou and he mo he ’s
subjec i e epo ing o di icul y
in childca e, amily unc ion, and
pe sonali y ai s?
Inc eased ma e nal emo ional ins abili y (neu o icism)
and conscien iousness can lead o inc eased amily
communica ion p oblems, which may u he lead o a
b eakdown o he equilib ium in he amily sys em.
12 Chou, Y.-C., Wang, S.-C., Chang, H.-H., & Fu, L.-Y. (2014).
Wo king bu no employed: Mo he s o adul s wi h
in ellec ual disabili y as hidden wo ke s. Jou nal o In ellec ual
and De elopmen al Disabili y. h ps://doi.o g/10.3109/13668250
.2014.940862
Social science Ca ee heo y Quali a i e Why non-employed mo he s o
child en wi h in ellec ual disabili y (ID)
ha e lowe wellbeing han employed
mo he s?
The mo he s le he labo ma ke a di e en s ages
o he amily li e cycle due o a lack o o mal/in o mal
suppo o he ca e needs o hei young child en, and
he con inuing in ensi e ca e needs o hei child wi h ID.
A icles on esilience, wellbeing, pu pose, and he posi i e side
o pa en ing a child wi h AN
Domain Theo e ical
backg ound
Me hod used Resea ch ques ion Main indings
1 Amma i, T., & Schoenebeck, S. (2015). Ne wo ked
empowe men on Facebook g oups o pa en s o child en
wi h special needs. h ps://doi.o g/10.1145/2702123.2702324
Compu e
science
Empowe men
heo y
Quali a i e In wha ways do pa en s le e age hese
online communi ies o gain emo ional
suppo , in o ma ion, and esou ces?
By o e ing a sense o communi y, p omo ing sel -e icacy,
and encou aging collec i e ad ocacy, hese online
ne wo ks con ibu e o he psychological wellbeing and
empowe men o pa en s. Howe e , he s udy also no es
he challenges ha can a ise, including issues ela ed o
accessibili y, he sp ead o misin o ma ion, and he isks
o nega i e social compa ison.
2 Ba ne , D., Clemen s, M., Kaplan-Es in, M., & Fialka, J.
(2003). Building new d eams: Suppo ing pa en s’ adap a ion
o hei child wi h special needs. In an s & Young Child en,
16(3), 184–200.
Psychology Be ea emen
heo y
Quali a i e How pa en s o child en wi h special
needs (e.g., de elopmen al disabili ies,
au ism, in ellec ual disabili ies) adap o
hei child’s condi ion and how hey can
be suppo ed in his p ocess.
Pa en s o child en wi h special needs go h ough a
p ocess o emo ional adap a ion, whe e hey mo e om
ini ial g ie o disappoin men o c ea ing new d eams
and expec a ions o hei child’s u u e. This p ocess o
ebuilding d eams equi es signi ican emo ional suppo .
Table 3. (Con inued)
(Con inued)
674 Business Resea ch Qua e ly 28(3)
A icles on esilience, wellbeing, pu pose, and he posi i e side
o pa en ing a child wi h AN
Domain Theo e ical
backg ound
Me hod used Resea ch ques ion Main indings
3 Blake, L., B ay, L., & Ca e , B. (2019). “I ’s a li eline”:
Gene a ing a sense o social connec edness h ough
be iending pa en s o disabled child en o child en wi h
addi ional need. Pa ien Educa ion and Counseling, 102(12),
2279–2285. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.pec.2019.07.012
Heal h and
social sciences
Social suppo and
bu e ing heo y
Mixed
me hods
Wha a e he emo ional and
psychological bene i s o social
connec edness o pa en s o disabled
child en?
Social connec edness o pa en s o child en wi h
disabili ies help educe social isola ion, os e a sense
o communi y, and o e p ac ical esou ces and
ad ice. They ha e a posi i e impac on men al heal h,
empowe men , and pa en ing p ac ices, while also
c ea ing a li eline o pa en s na iga ing he challenges o
aising a child wi h special needs.
4 Blum, L. D. (2007). Psychodynamics o pos pa um dep ession.
Psychoanaly ic Psychology, 24(1), 45.
Psychology C i ical heo y Quali a i e Wha a e psychoanaly ic heo ies,
ocusing on unconscious p ocesses,
ea ly childhood expe iences, ma e nal
iden i y, and he psychological e ec s o
childbi h on he new mo he .
Add essing unconscious con lic s and p o iding suppo
o he ma e nal psyche may be key in he ea men and
p e en ion o pos pa um dep ession.
5 Bolbocean, C., Rhidenou , K. B., Mcco mack, M., Su e , B.,
& Holde , J. L. (2022). Resilience, and posi i e pa en ing in
pa en s o child en wi h synd omic au ism and in ellec ual
disabili y. E idence om he impac o he COVID-19
pandemic on amily’s quali y o li e and pa en -child
ela ionships. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/au .2825
Beha io al
science
Resilience heo y Quan i a i e How he COVID-19 pandemic has
a ec ed he esilience and pa en ing
beha io s o pa en s aising child en
wi h synd omic au ism and in ellec ual
disabili y (ID).
While he COVID-19 pandemic posed signi ican
challenges o pa en s o child en wi h AN, esilience and
posi i e pa en ing we e key ac o s in main aining amily
wellbeing and os e ing s ong pa en –child ela ionships.
6 B ock, S. (2014). The impac o “good mo he ing” ideology on
iden i y pe cep ion o mo he s o child en wi h disabili ies.
Heca e, 40(1), 20–35.
Gende s udies - - Wha a e he cul u al and psychological
implica ions o he socie al expec a ions
o mo he hood—speci ically he ideal
o “good mo he ing”—on he iden i ies
o mo he s aising child en wi h
disabili ies?
Con lic can lead o eelings o inadequacy, sel -doub , and
iden i y con usion o hese mo he s. Howe e , he s udy
likely also highligh s how some mo he s ede ine hei
unde s anding o wha i means o be a “good mo he ,”
emb acing he unique aspec s o hei ole and inding
empowe men in hei ca egi ing.
7 Coughlin, M. B., & Se ha es, K. A. (2017). Ch onic so ow
in pa en s o child en wi h a ch onic illness o disabili y:
An in eg a i e li e a u e e iew. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
pedn.2017.06.011
Nu sing science Model o ch onic
so ow
Mixed
me hods
How does ch onic so ow di e om
o he o ms o g ie o dis ess in
pa en s o child en wi h disabili ies o
ch onic illnesses?
The e iew also iden i ies key coping s a egies—
including social suppo and p o essional assis ance— ha
help pa en s manage ch onic so ow. Social suppo , in
pa icula , plays a c ucial ole in alle ia ing emo ional
dis ess, as does he de elopmen o esilience and
meaning-making o e ime.
8 De Schauwe , E., & Da ies, B. (2015). C ossing h esholds
wi h a child wi h a disabili y. Depa u es in C i ical Quali a i e
Resea ch, 4(4), 83–98.
Social science The social model o
disabili y
Quali a i e Wha a e ans o ma i e expe iences o
pa en s o ca egi e s as hey na iga e
miles ones and signi ican momen s (o
“ h esholds”) in he li e o a child wi h
a disabili y?
These h esholds—such as ecei ing a diagnosis,
ansi ioning o di e en phases o ca e, o achie ing
de elopmen al miles ones—can ha e signi ican
emo ional, social, and psychological impac s on pa en s
and amilies.
9 Go , B. S., High, J., Cless, A., Kobli z, K., S aa s, N., &
Sp inge , N. (2017). Families wi h special needs: A jou ney
om coping and adap a ion o esilience and hope. Families &
change: Coping wi h s ess ul e en s and ansi ions, 432.
Social sciences Family s ess
heo y,
Mixed
me hods
How do amily dynamics, indi idual
coping mechanisms, and social suppo
con ibu e o he amily’s jou ney
owa d esilience?
O e ime, amilies lea n o e ame hei expec a ions
and ind ul illmen in hei ca egi ing oles, ul ima ely
ede ining hei own sense o success.
10 G ee , A. P., & Nol ing, C. (2013). Resilience in amilies o
child en wi h de elopmen al disabili ies. Families, Sys ems, &
Heal h, 31(4), 396.
Heal h sciences Resilien amily
heo y
Mixed
me hods
Wha ac o s con ibu e o he
de elopmen o esilience in hese
amilies?
Key ac o s con ibu ing o esilience include s ong
social suppo , e ec i e coping s a egies, pa en al
cha ac e is ics such as op imism and lexibili y, and
heal hy amily dynamics. Families ha de elop esilience
ede ine success in ways ha a e mo e aligned wi h hei
child’s unique needs and celeb a e small ic o ies
(Con inued)
Table 3. (Con inued)
