Han, Hagchin; Ding, Jiangmin
A icle
Measu es o o e come popula ion decline and egional
ex inc ion c ises o pan- ou ism aspec s in Ko ea: An
explo a o y s udy using Cha GPT
Global Business & Finance Re iew (GBFR)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
People & Global Business Associa ion (P&GBA), Seoul
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Han, Hagchin; Ding, Jiangmin (2024) : Measu es o o e come popula ion decline
and egional ex inc ion c ises o pan- ou ism aspec s in Ko ea: An explo a o y s udy using Cha GPT,
Global Business & Finance Re iew (GBFR), ISSN 2384-1648, People & Global Business Associa ion
(P&GBA), Seoul, Vol. 29, Iss. 7, pp. 78-92,
h ps://doi.o g/10.17549/gb .2024.29.7.78
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/306029
S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen:
Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen
Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den.
Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle
Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich
machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen.
So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen
(insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en,
gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do
genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e.
Te ms o use:
Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal
and schola ly pu poses.
You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o
exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he
in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public.
I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en
Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise
u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence.
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
I. In oduc ion
Ko ea’s popula ion c isis emains se ious and
Recei ed: Ap 29, 2024; Re ised: Jun. 7, 2024; Accep ed: Jun. 14, 2024
† Co esponding au ho : Jiangmin Ding
E-mail: [email protected]
egional ex inc ion is accele a ing. In ac , since he
1980s, Ko ea has aced h ee popula ion cli pe iods,
and despi e he go e nmen ’s ac i e a emp s o
inc ease he bi h a e, i ell o 0.72 in 2023, he
lowes in he OECD (S a is ics Ko ea, 2023). This
has also ecei ed a en ion om o e seas media. The
New Yo k Times poin ed ou he se iousness o he
GLOBAL BUSINESS & FINANCE REVIEW, Volume. 29 Issue. 7 (AUGUST 2024), 78-92
pISSN 1088-6931 / eISSN 2384-1648∣H ps://doi.o g/10.17549/gb .2024.29.7.78
ⓒ 2024 People and Global Business Associa ion
GLOBAL BUSINESS & FINANCE REVIEW
www.gb jou nal.o g
o inancial sus ainabili y and people-cen e ed global business1)
Measu es o O e come Popula ion Decline and Regional Ex inc io
n
C ises o Pan- ou ism Aspec s in Ko ea: An Explo a o y S udy usin
g
Cha GPT
Hagchin Hana, Jiangmin Dingb†
aDepa men o Ho el & Ai line Managemen , Hannam Uni e si y, Daejeon, Republic o Ko ea
bDepa men o Business Adminis a ion, Pusan Na ional Uni e si y, Busan, Republic o Ko ea
A
B S T R A C T
Pu pose: The issue o egional ex inc ion due o he popula ion c isis has long been ecognized in Ko ea. As
a esul o his issue, Ko ea is acing a se ious socioeconomic c isis. This s udy explo ed new and exis ing policy
ideas o o e coming popula ion decline and egional ex inc ion in Ko ea and explo ed he impo ance and e ec i e-
ness o hese policies in pan- ou ism aspec s using OpenAI’s Cha GPT.
Design/me hodology/app oach: Va iables we e ex ac ed om exis ing esea ch pape s, epo s, jou nals, and in e -
iews wi h expe s in ela ed ields. The s udy hen examined how Cha GPT ecognizes (e alua es) he impo ance
and e ec i eness o indi idual policies o ideas in i e ields. This s udy a emp ed o inc ease eliabili y by aking
measu emen s eigh imes o e one yea .
Findings: The indings highligh ed he p io i iza ion o gene al s a egies such as quali y employmen , educa ion,
heal hca e, and housing, alongside he e ec i eness o pan- ou ism s a egies in add essing egional depopula ion.
Public ela ions and ma ke ing ac i i ies we e also deemed c ucial, ollowed by policy de elopmen and admin-
is a i e suppo .
Resea ch limi a ions/implica ions: This s udy is highly signi ican as i explo ed sho - e m and e ec i e policies
o o e coming he popula ion decline c isis and egional ex inc ion om a pan- ou ism pe spec i e and e alua ed
hese policies using Cha GPT. To ensu e he alidi y o he esul s, compa a i e esea ch wi h s akeholde s will
be necessa y.
O iginali y/ alue: This s udy ocused on he issues o popula ion decline and egional ex inc ion in Ko ea, in-
no a i ely u ilizing Cha GPT o auxilia y analysis. The esea ch indings o e aluable insigh s o policymake s
and p o essionals in ol ed in egional de elopmen and ou ism managemen .
Keywo ds: Popula ion decline; Regional ex inc ion; Cha GPT; Pan- ou ism; Explo a o y s udy
ⓒ
Copy igh : The Au ho (s). This is an Open Access jou nal dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion
Non-Comme cial License (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which pe mi s un es ic ed non-comme cial use, dis ibu ion
,
and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
Hagchin Han, Jiangmin Ding
79
Ko ean popula ion c isis in i s edi o ial "Is Sou h
Ko ea Disappea ing?" The a icle likened he si ua ion
o he Black Dea h in Medie al Eu ope. Simila ly,
he BBC a icle "Why Sou h Ko ean women a en’
ha ing babies," published on Feb ua y 28, 2024, shed
ligh on he low bi h a e among Ko ean women.
Fac o s such as he inadequa e sha ing o childca e
esponsibili ies, high housing and educa ion cos s,
and e ol ing social no ms ha e been iden i ied as
key easons o he declining bi h a e.
The issue o egional ex inc ion due o popula ion
c isis has long been ecognized in Ko ea. E o s
o comba he popula ion c isis in Ko ea include he
es ablishmen o he P esiden ial Local Adminis a ion
Commi ee, ope a ion o he Regional Ex inc ion
Response Fund, implemen a ion o he Home own
Lo e Dona ion Sys em, expansion o quo as o
o eign wo ke s, and esea ch on esiden and s aye
popula ions. No ably, he S a is ical O ice’s pilo
calcula ion esul s o he li ing popula ion in a eas
expe iencing popula ion decline ca ego ized hese
a eas in o a ious ypes such as ou is s, mili a y,
commu e s, and o eigne s. Qua e ly disclosu es o
all 89 a eas wi h declining popula ions a e se o
begin in 2025 (S a is ics Ko ea, 2024). The li ing
popula ion comp ises people who s ay in o he egions
empo a ily o ou ism, cul u al ac i i ies, ec ea ion,
and egula exchanges.
Meanwhile, a ecen decision by a Uni ed S a es
Fede al Cou d ew public in e es . The uling s a ed
ha a wo k c ea ed solely by a i icial in elligence
(AI) wi hou human in e en ion was no eligible
o copy igh p o ec ion. Judge Howell s essed he
endu ing impo ance o human c ea i i y in copy igh
law, asse ing ha e en as he law e ol es, human
in ol emen emains essen ial o es ablishing copy igh
(Dong-A Ilbo, 2023). Essen ially, his decision unde sco es
he necessi y o human inpu o copy igh ecogni ion
and p o ec ion. Since i s launch in No embe 2022,
Cha GPT has cap u ed global a en ion, igni ing a
su ge in gene a i e AI and o e ing inno a i e solu ions
in obo ics and au oma ion. Gene a i e AI, which
lea ns om exis ing con en such as ex , images,
audio, and ideo and gene a es new con en in esponse
o use que ies, has seen signi ican ad ancemen s
p opelled by Cha GPT.
In addi ion, esea ch u ilizing Cha GPT in he
ou ism ield is inc easing. O e seas s udies ha e
co e ed ailo ed a el ecommenda ions, us , and
beha io al in en ions (Ali e al., 2023); ecommenda ion
agen s (Kim e al., 2023); ou ism educa ion and lea ning
ou comes (Dalgıç e al., 2024); esea ch e hics (Nau iyal
e al., 2023); in e disciplina y esea ch in ou ism
(Shin and Kang, 2023); and ma ke ing con en (Zhang
and P ebensen, 2024). These s udies highligh he
inc easing adop ion o Cha GPT ac oss di e se
indus ies and domains. In Ko ea, Cha GPT and o he
gene a i e AI echnologies a e being ac i ely in eg a ed
in o he ou ism and a el sec o s.
In esponse o he domes ic popula ion c isis and
apid en i onmen al changes in he AI ecosys em,
we examined he policy e o s o he na ional and
local go e nmen s om new pe spec i es and
me hodologies in an a emp o o e come egional
ex inc ion due o popula ion decline.
Fi s , while esea ch in a ious ields using Cha GPT
is al eady in p og ess, we conduc ed an explo a o y
s udy on i s applicabili y o o e coming he popula ion
c isis and egional ex inc ion, which is ecei ing
a en ion as a majo policy issue in Ko ea. Second,
Cha GPT’s esponses a e he esul o machine (deep)
lea ning using a la ge amoun o in o ma ion (big
da a) and basic da a o compa a i e esea ch wi h
di ec and indi ec s akeholde s (me opoli an a eas,
local esiden s, e c.). Thi d, we a emp ed o e lec
he eliabili y o he in o ma ion p o ided by Cha GPT
as much as possible h ough pe iodic epea ed
measu emen s o e a pe iod o one yea , s a ing
om Ap il 2023.
We conside ed conclusi e esea ch on ways o
o e come he domes ic popula ion c isis and egional
ex inc ion by e i alizing daily li e and c ea ing a
popula ion in lux in pan- ou ism aspec s, including he
legal, in as uc u e, con en , p og am, and ma ke ing
domains. We sough o explo e how Cha GPT, as
a gene a i e AI ool, can be u ilized o ackle a ious
ace s o he popula ion c isis and how i s insigh s om
a big da a pe spec i e migh help mi iga e popula ion-
GLOBAL BUSINESS & FINANCE REVIEW, Volume. 29 Issue. 7 (AUGUST 2024), 78-92
80
ela ed challenges aced by local go e nmen s.
Speci ically, by ocusing on policy domains o issues
pe inen o egional decline, his s udy endea o ed
o e alua e Cha GPT’s pe cep ions o assessmen s
h ough an impo ance-e ec i eness analysis.
II. Theo e ical Backg ound
A. De elopmen and Applica ion o Cha GPT
Cha GPT, de eloped by OpenAI, is an AI cha bo
based on he GPT amewo k, a powe ul la ge-language
model ha u ilizes deep lea ning o gene a e human-
like ex (Rad o d e al., 2019). Since i s launch,
Cha GPT has gained widesp ead popula i y and has
had a signi ican socie al impac h ough i s na u al
language p ocessing and con ex ual awa eness (Rad o d
e al., 2019). The la es e sion, GPT-4, p ocesses
bo h ex and image inpu s, he eby o e ing enhanced
eliabili y and c ea i i y (Shin and Kang, 2023).
Cha GPT’s ex ensi e aining on di e se publicly
accessible da a enables i o gene a e esponses on
a wide ange o opics (B own e al., 2020). I s p ima y
objec i e is o ad ance AI de elopmen in a secu e
and bene icial manne , while i s inno a i e unc ions
allow i o p ocess la ge olumes o da a, iden i y
ends, and analyze complex phenomena. This makes
Cha GPT a ans o ma i e ool in a ious ields,
including ou ism and hospi ali y, whe e i imp o es
se ice deli e y, human esou ce managemen , and
decision making (Ca alho and I ano , 2023; Shin
and Kang, 2023).
Cha GPT can gene a e new ideas, o ecas u u e
ends, and assis wi h academic esea ch by p o iding
domain-speci ic insigh s (Lund and Wang, 2023).
I s e sa ile applica ions include gene a ing s a egies
o businesses, answe ing schola ly ques ions, and
unde s anding he impac s o AI on indus ies such
as highe educa ion and ou ism (Iskende , 2023).
B. P e ious Resea ch on Cha GPT and he
Tou ism Indus y
Since 2023, much esea ch has been conduc ed
on he applica ion o Cha GPT in he ou ism indus ies
o o eign coun ies. Thus, we analyzed he con en
and keywo ds o p e ious o e seas s udies, as shown
in Table 1.
Since i s in oduc ion in 2022, Cha GPT has been
used bo h academically and p ac ically in a ious
academic disciplines and indus ies, including ou ism.
Addi ionally, e hical issues ela ed o gene a i e AI
sys ems, such as Cha GPT, ha e been esea ched (S ahl
Au ho s (Yea ) Con en s Keywo ds
Dalgıç e al.
(2024)
The aim o he s udy is o elucida e he ela ionship be ween he a i icial
in elligence echnology Cha GPT and lea ning ou comes in ou ism educa ion,
as well as o iden i y how Cha GPT can play a pi o al ole in shaping he
u u e o ou ism educa ion. The esea ch indings demons a e ha Cha GPT
in luences lea ning ou comes, wi h digi al p o iciency playing a media ing ole,
and pe sonalized lea ning se ing as a media o in his ela ionship.
Tou ism educa ion,
lea ning ou comes
Kim e al.
(2023)
Th ough i e s udies, he esea ch in es iga es how indi iduals eac di e en ly
o ecommenda ion op ions gene a ed by he AI-based language model Cha GPT.
S udies 1 and 2 demons a e a endency o people o posi i ely espond o
mul iple ecommenda ion op ions (60 op ions), e ealing di e se consume
pe cep ions o AI-gene a ed ecommenda ions. S udies 3 and 4 u he explain
he mode a ing e ec o ecommenda ion agen s and iden i y dis inc pa e ns
o consume eac ions depending on whe he he ecommenda ion a ises om
human o AI agen s, indica ing he p esence o choice o e load. S udy 5 di ec ly
measu es consume p e e ences o ecommenda ion agen s, p o iding insigh s
in o gene al p e e ences o Cha GPT.
Recommenda ion
agen , consume
p e e ence
Table 1. P e ious esea ch on Cha GPT as applied in he ou ism indus y
Hagchin Han, Jiangmin Ding
81
and Eke, 2024). Cha GPT has also been employed
by educa o s o di e en ia e educa ional echnology
(Coope , 2023) and e alua e and imp o e educa ional
policies (Co on e al., 2023). Fu he mo e, esea che s
ha e emphasized ha h ough Cha GPT, s uden s can
analyze he lea ning p ocess, obse e pe o mance,
and p edic he necessa y in o ma ion (I ano and
Soliman, 2023). The e o e, some esea che s ha e
sugges ed ha Cha GPT can be e ec i ely in eg a ed
in o educa ional se ings (Ogugua e al., 2023).
C. P e ious Resea ch on Policies o Comba
Popula ion Decline and Regional Ex inc ion
In his sec ion, we analyze majo domes ic esea ch
pape s ela ed o popula ion decline and egional
ex inc ion o e he pas h ee yea s. Based on his,
we a emp o de i e ideas on o e coming egional
ex inc ion. The pape s a e lis ed in Table 2.
The ollowing is an o e iew o majo policies
and issues ela ed o depopula ion and egional
ex ic ion in Ko ea. We ca ego ized hem in o a eas
o policy de elopmen and adminis a i e suppo ,
in as uc u e and en i onmen c ea ion, con en
disco e y and ou ism p oduc de elopmen , p omo ion
and ma ke ing, and o he a eas such as e alua ion
indica o de elopmen , moni o ing, and esea ch.
Fi s , in ela ion o policy de elopmen and
adminis a i e suppo , a ious measu es can be
p oposed, including expanding suppo o se lemen
ees, suppo ing he mig a ion o non-ag icul u al
wo ke s, and inc easing suppo o hose e u ning
o u al a eas wi h local ies. I is also conside ed
ha one me hod o p e en local ex inc ion is o
inc ease he popula ion o " esiden s and ela ions"
Au ho s (Yea ) Con en s Keywo ds
Nau iyal e al.
(2023)
The esea ch explo es he in e sec ion o Cha GPT and ou ism s udies. The
indings emphasize he impo ance o ci ing sou ces in ex s, pa icula ly in
ligh o conce ns abou AI gene a ing po en ially misleading in o ma ion. I
highligh s he need o nuanced heo e ical pe spec i es and p ac ical policies
ega ding plagia ism, add essing au ho s, publishe s, jou nal edi o s, uni e si ies,
and cou se coo dina o s. Rega ding Cha GPT’s po en ial ole as a co-au ho , i
unde sco es he impo ance o p ope ly a ibu ing sou ces and he signi icance
o disclosu e whe e app op ia e. I sugges s es ablishing and egula ly upda ing
global s anda ds o e hics and academic in eg i y, conside ing he capabili ies
and implica ions o AI, and i s impac on knowledge c ea ion and c ea i i y.
Resea ch e hics in
ou ism esea ch,
co-au ho ship, e c.
Shin and Kang
(2023)
This s udy in es iga ed he e olu ion, cu en s a us, and u u e di ec ions o
ou ism esea ch u ilizing Cha GPT. Fi een in e iew ques ions we e o mula ed,
and semi-s uc u ed in e iews we e conduc ed using Cha GPT. Th ough quali a i e
analysis o he esponses, key hemes pe aining o ou ism esea ch we e
iden i ied, including majo opics in p e ious s udies, he in luence o ac o s
shaping esea ch de elopmen , accomplishmen s, limi a ions, and a eas equi ing
u he explo a ion. The u iliza ion o Cha GPT o e s aluable insigh s in o
he la es ad ancemen s in ou ism esea ch. Fu he mo e, he in e disciplina y
na u e o ou ism esea ch signi ican ly con ibu es o he p og ess o o he
academic ields.
In e disciplina y
esea ch in ou ism
Wong e al.
(2023)
This s udy p o ided an ini ial snapsho o Cha GPT’s abili y o enhance he
ou is decision-making p ocess in he p e- a el, du ing a el, and pos - a el
s ages. In pa icula , i showcases a ious scena ios, such as Cha GPT’s po en ial
o imp o e ou is expe iences in h ee a el s ages by enhancing a el planning
e iciency, p o iding pe sonalized ecommenda ions, o e ing ound- he-clock
pe sonal assis ance, enabling luen communica ion using AI, acili a ing
au onomous guided ou s, and os e ing ich sha ed expe iences. The added
alue o au onomous d i ing se ices p o ides ou is s wi h cos -e ec i e a el
solu ions and o e s cus omized in o ma ion o acili a e easy a el.
T a el decision-
making p ocess
imp o emen ,
T a el solu ions,
Pe sonalized
in o ma ion
Sou ce: Compiled by he au ho s.
Table 1. Con inued
GLOBAL BUSINESS & FINANCE REVIEW, Volume. 29 Issue. 7 (AUGUST 2024), 78-92
82
who ha e ies o he a ea, e en i hey do no se le
in he egion (Kyunghyang Shinmun, 2022). In
addi ion, policies such as he homeland lo e dona ion
sys em implemen ed in 2023, ou is incen i e
sys ems ( ouche s), digi al ou ism esidency ca ds,
and in e egional elay isi s by ou is s ha e also
been p oposed.
Second is he c ea ion o in as uc u e and
en i onmen . The ocus is on ha nessing landma ks
and unique enues as ou is esou ces, including
suspension b idges, skywalks, mono ails, ho spo s,
and ilm loca ions. Na ional landma ks and unique
enues, such as Tongyeong, Yeosu, Wonju, Cheongju,
and Yesan, ha e become ou is a ac ions. Addi ionally,
he e is an emphasis on expanding li es yles and spo s
acili ies. This in ol es concen a ing and ope a ing
li es yle se ice hubs con aining e e yday li e se ice
unc ions, such as medical ca e, wel a e, and shopping
Au ho s (Yea ) Con en s Keywo ds
Gu (2021)
A egional and spa ial app oach so ha he young popula ion can ecei e
quali y "educa ion" in local a eas, main ain app op ia e "jobs" and
"income," ha e s able "housing," enjoy "cul u al" bene i s compa able o
hose in he me opoli an a ea, and "educa e hei child en," wi h
in e disciplina y esea ch and policy al e na i es.
cul u e (space,
e en s, e c.)
Gyeonggi
Resea ch Ins i u e
(2022)
Fo he de elopmen o Gapyeong-gun, " egional g ow h" o a ac he
younge gene a ion and " egional adap a ion" o c ea e com o able and
sa e li ing condi ions o he elde ly and middle-aged a e being implemen ed
in pa allel. Fo example, p ojec s o a ac ele an popula ions, including
"li ing o a mon h" using emp y houses and closed pensions.
u al egene a ion
p ojec
Kim (2021)
A compac ci y- ype "you h- iendly ci y" ( en a i e name) was o med as
a esponse s a egy o local popula ion decline (Danyang-gun). Expansion
o local-led you h job c ea ion p ojec s cen e ed on he ou ism indus y
(Yanggu-gun and Cheo won-gun). Encou aging he eloca ion o amilies
o mili a y o ice s due o de elopmen limi a ions ( eloca ion subsidies, e c.)
you h
en ep eneu ship,
mo e-in subsidy
Yu e al. (2021)
This s udy aims o explo e he ex inc ion isk o local ci ies and coun ies
in Ko ea. Fo analysis, i uses ac o s ha a ec he isk o ex inc ion
o he a ac i eness o he egion. and da a is collec ed and o ganized
in he KOSIS. In conclusion, o o e come local ex inc ion in he u u e,
local go e nmen s in dange o ex inc ion need o ocus i s on hese economic
and indus ial ac o s imp o ed, and i hose ac o s a e o e come, i is
impo an o expand cul u al and medical acili ies o enhance local
a ac i eness.
li es yle cul u e
(complex communi y)
Cho (2022)
Japan’s 5 h Ac on Response o A eas a Risk o Local Ex inc ion ecognizes
he new concep o ele an popula ion and seeks o inc ease he ele an
popula ion o a eas a isk o ex inc ion. In pa icula , he suppo measu es
speci ied in he law include secu ing and nu u ing human esou ces,
p omo ing indus y, p omo ing ou ism and p omo ing exchanges, e c.,
unde he goal o depopula ion measu es.
ou ism p omo ion
(in a, p og am)
Ko ea Resea ch Ins i u e
o Local Adminis a ion
(2021)
Es ablishmen o a popula ion DB sys em, collabo a ion be ween ins i u ions,
in eg a ed de elopmen o u ban and u al a eas, de elopmen o egional
me opoli an a eas, you h in low policy, ole o local uni e si ies, esponse
o egional ex inc ion, co ec planning and execu ion o unds, bes
p ac ices, s eng hening suppo .
local ex inc ion
esponse und,
disco e ing
excellen cases
Ko ea Resea ch Ins i u e
o Local Adminis a ion
(2023)
This s udy was conduc ed o help egions acing popula ion decline s a egically
seek policies o e i alize li ing popula ions. The de eloped indica o
sys em and case analysis esul s can be used as basic da a o es ablishing
s a egies o e i alize li ing popula ions in each egion in he u u e, and
a e expec ed o play an impo an ole in p omo ing he sus ainable
de elopmen o local communi ies.
li ing popula ion,
indica o s
Sou ce: Compiled by he au ho s.
Table 2. Analysis esul s o majo s udies o e he pas h ee yea s (2021-2023)
Hagchin Han, Jiangmin Ding
83
in places wi h good accessibili y (Ko ea Resea ch
Ins i u e o Local Adminis a ion, 2019).
The hi d a ea includes he ields o con en disco e y
and ou ism p oduc de elopmen . I will in oduce
o expand ag icul u al, moun ainous, and ishing
illage expe ience p og ams aimed a u ban esiden s
who wish o e u n o u al a eas. Addi ionally,
ag icul u al and u al exchange p og ams aim o sol e
he p oblem o small-scale school closu es in u al
a eas and in oduce inno a i e u al olun ee ac i i ies
h ough wo king holiday p og ams o locals (Hankook
Ilbo, 2022). Mo eo e , he e a e in e gene a ional
illage-communi y p ojec s. The go e nmen suppo s
a ious communi y ac i i ies h ough annual communi y
esiden ec ui men p ojec s, allowing esiden s o
explo e illages and c ea e li able communi ies. E o s
a e needed o ac i a e domes ic su i al aining
in ol ing ec ea ional spo s clubs, p o essional
spo s o ganiza ions, and p o-spo s g oups.
Fou h is public ela ions and ma ke ing. This
in ol es con inuous p omo ion h ough TV and media.
Local a ac ions a e gaining popula i y because o
well-p oduced con en . Addi ionally, he e a e join
ou ism p omo ion ac i i ies be ween local go e nmen s.
Mo eo e , he p omo ion o local Ko ean he i age
es i als has had a posi i e e ec (Kang and Kyoung-
Bae, 2023). Essen ially, he di ec ion o hese s a egies
esembles he concep o sus ainable u al ou ism
p ac ices emphasized by Chan (2023).
Fi h, i is necessa y o de elop new join e alua ion
indica o s o local go e nmen assessmen s and o
engage in ongoing esea ch and moni o ing e o s
aimed a o e coming popula ion decline and egional
depopula ion. E o s such as idea compe i ions a e
also needed o e i alize and eco e egions h ough
an in lux o esiden ial popula ions (Han, 2023).
III. Me hodology
A. Va iable Ex ac ion and Resea ch Model
Figu e 1 shows he a iable ex ac ion p ocess
and he esea ch model adop ed in his s udy.
Fo he su ey design, i em de elopmen , and sample
selec ion, app oxima ely 20 ele an esea ch pape s
published domes ically since 2020 we e e iewed
along wi h epo s om ins i u ions such as he Ko ea
Resea ch Ins i u e o Local Adminis a ion (2022)
and Ko ea Ru al Economic Ins i u e (2021) (wi h
mo e han 10 epo s), as well as o e 50 news a icles.
Figu e 1.
V
a iable ex ac ion and esea ch model
GLOBAL BUSINESS & FINANCE REVIEW, Volume. 29 Issue. 7 (AUGUST 2024), 78-92
84
Recen issues we e con i med by isi ing u al ai s
o newcome s and e u nees. Subsequen ly, he main
con en s o p ojec plans ela ed o coun e measu es
agains local ex inc ion we e analyzed. In his s udy,
47 new and exis ing policy- ela ed a iables ela ed
o local ex inc ion we e ex ac ed. These ideas we e
ca ego ized by ield h ough in-dep h discussions and
exchanges o opinions wi h expe s, including
uni e si y p o esso s and indus y p ac i ione s. A e
excluding miscellaneous i ems, 42 i ems we e
inalized as he su ey ques ions.
Based on he con en desc ibed ea lie , his s udy
ocused on he ollowing esea ch ques ions:
RQ1:
How does Cha GPT e alua e o ecognize
he impo ance and e ec i eness o sec o -
speci ic policies (policy, in as uc u e, con en ,
and publici y) in he pan- ou ism aspec s o
o e coming popula ion decline and egional
ex inc ion?
B. Resea ch Design h ough Inqui ies wi h
OpenAI’s Cha GPT
Se e al s eps we e aken o conduc he in es iga ion
h ough dialogue wi h OpenAI’s Cha GPT. Fi s ,
egis a ion was comple ed a ound No embe 2022,
when Cha GPT was eleased (GPT-3.5). Second, o e
app oxima ely h ee mon hs, a e de e mining he
ques ionnai e and a iables based on p io esea ch on
domes ic popula ion decline and egional depopula ion,
he su ey was inalized wi h modi ica ions and
imp o emen s. Thi d, con e sa ions wi h Cha GPT
we e conduc ed using he ques ions p esen ed in he
inal ques ionnai e. In Ap il 2023, an ini ial assessmen
was conduc ed ega ding he impo ance and
e ec i eness o all 42 ques ions. A Like -s yle i e-
poin scale was used o he e alua ion. Be o e he
ac ual ques ions, he unde s anding o he se e i y
o domes ic popula ion decline and egional depopula ion,
he awa eness o he impo ance and e ec i eness,
and he Like i e-poin scale we e assessed.
Subsequen ly, measu emen s we e epea ed e e y
h ee mon hs un il Oc obe 2023, and hen mon hly
om Janua y 2024 onwa d, o aling eigh ounds o
analysis using Cha GPT. The a ionale o conduc ing
his longi udinal s udy was o add ess he ongoing
discussions ega ding he accu acy and eliabili y o
he esul s gene a ed by Cha GPT. The esea che s
also ag eed ha he e was a need o mo e accu a e
and eliable esul s ega ding popula ion decline and
egional depopula ion.
IV. Empi ical Analysis
A. Cha GPT Analysis P ocess and Resul s
The ollowing is an exce p om a dialogue wi h
he gene a i e AI Cha GPT ega ding ques ions and
answe s ela ed o popula ion decline and egional
depopula ion ac oss di e en ields. A mo e de ailed
examina ion is p esen ed in Figu e 2.
As shown in Figu e 2, Cha GPT was asked o a e
he impo ance o egional p omo ion and ma ke ing
ac i i ies in he ield o pan- ou ism ela ed o
domes ic popula ion decline and egional depopula ion
using a i e-poin Like scale. The esponse, along
wi h he a ionale, is p esen ed below. The esponse
indica ed ha Cha GPT a ed he impo ance o
egional p omo ion and ma ke ing ac i i ies as "5
( e y impo an )." I is impo an o no e ha du ing
epea ed measu emen s, he ques ions we e asked in
English and he same indi idual ques ion con en
had o be consis en ly p esen ed wi h each epe i ion
o ob ain accu a e esul s. Thus, o each measu emen ,
basic con e sa ions and analysis p ocesses we e
conduc ed o enhance he unde s anding o speci ic
i ems (such as he Home own Lo e Dona ion Sys em,
Regional Depopula ion Response Fund, Spo s-Ca ion,
e c.). Th ough 8 epea ed measu emen s, app oxima ely
420 ques ions and esponses we e ob ained.
The ollowing is an analysis o he e ec i eness
o egional p omo ion and ma ke ing ac i i ies in
he pan- ou ism sec o ela ed o popula ion decline
and egional depopula ion based on ques ions and
answe s using he gene a i e AI Cha GPT. A mo e
Hagchin Han, Jiangmin Ding
85
de ailed examina ion is p esen ed in Figu e 3.
As shown in Figu e 3, ques ions we e posed o
Cha GPT ega ding he e ec i eness o egional
p omo ion and ma ke ing ac i i ies in he pan- ou ism
sec o ela ed o domes ic popula ion decline and
egional depopula ion, using a i e-poin Like scale
o e alua ion. The esponse indica ed ha Cha GPT
a ed he e ec i eness o egional p omo ion and
ma ke ing ac i i ies as "5 ( e y e ec i e)." Addi ional
explana ions and easons o his e alua ion a e
Figu e 2. Cha GPT esponse analysis esul o he con en disco e y and ou ism p oduc de elopmen impo ance
(example)
Figu e 3. Cha GPT esponse analysis esul on he e ec i eness o egional p omo ion and ma ke ing ac i i ies (example)
GLOBAL BUSINESS & FINANCE REVIEW, Volume. 29 Issue. 7 (AUGUST 2024), 78-92
92
e.2024.100481
Dong-A Ilbo. (2023), U.S. Cou Says AI C ea ions Wi hou
Human In e en ion Don' Ge Copy igh P o ec ion.
h ps://www.donga.com/news/I /a icle/all/20230821/120
797668/1
Gu, Y.M. (2021). Regional imbalance in popula ion change
and u ban decline: Implica ions o low bi h a e and
egional ex inc ion. Jou nal o Na ional Geog aphy, 55(3),
301-320.
Gyeonggi Resea ch Ins i u e. (2022). The u u e o Pocheon,
Yeoncheon, and Cheo won h ough global geopa k
coope a ion. h p://www.kyeongin.com/ o e/ iew.php?ke
y=20211222010003802
Han, H. (2023). The Issue o Regional Disappea ance in
he E a o Regionaliza ion and he Ac i a ion o Pan-Li ing
Tou ism Popula ion Exchange. In 2023 P oceedings o
he 45 h Sp ing Con e ence o he Ko ean Ho el and
Tou ism Associa ion (pp. 13-51).
Hankook Ilbo. (2022). Cho Hee-yeon's Uncon en ional Ini ia i e
"Make S udy Ab oad 'Semi-Manda o y' o Seoul Elemen a y
School S uden s in Ru al A eas. h ps://m.hankookilbo.co
m/News/Read/A2022080714470003288
Iskende , A. (2023). Holy o unholy? In e iew wi h open
AI’s Cha GPT. Eu opean Jou nal o Tou ism Resea ch,
34, 3414-3414.
I ano , S., & Soliman, M. (2023). Game o algo i hms:
Cha GPT implica ions o he u u e o ou ism educa ion
and esea ch. Jou nal o Tou ism Fu u es, 9(2), 1-8.
doi:10.1108/JTF-02-2023-0038
Jean Mackenzie. (2024). Why Sou h Ko ean women a en'
ha ing babies. h ps://www.bbc.com/news/wo ld-asia-68
402139
Kang, S., & Kyoung-Bae, K. (2023). Sus ainabili y o he
es i al policy: Focused on communi y and isi o s. Global
Business & Finance Re iew, 28(1), 72-87.
Kim, H. (2021). Resea ch on esponse s a egies o local
popula ion decline (Na ional Assembly Budge O ice,
2021 Resea ch Se ice Repo ). pp. 1-128.
Kim, J., Kim, J.H., Kim, C., & Pa k, J. (2023). Decisions
wi h Cha GPT: Reexamining choice o e load in Cha GPT
ecommenda ions. Jou nal o Re ailing and Consume
Se ices, 75, 103494. doi:10.1016/j.j e conse .2023.103494
Ko ea Policy B ie ing. (2023). Suppo ing he beginning o
he local e a! h ps://www.ko ea.k /news/es NewsView.d
o?newsId=148917558&ca eId=people_news§Id=PE
_SEC_1_EDS0206002& blKey=PMN&pWise=sub&p
WiseSub=J1
Ko ea Resea ch Ins i u e o Local Adminis a ion. (2019).
S udy o de elop a comp ehensi e plan o add ess egional
popula ion decline (Policy Resea ch). pp. 1-275.
Ko ea Resea ch Ins i u e o Local Adminis a ion. (2021).
Response o local ex inc ion o o e come he na ional
c isis. Local Au onomy Issues and Fo ums, 39, 1-57.
Ko ea Resea ch Ins i u e o Local Adminis a ion. (2023).
Indica o disco e y and case analysis o suppo a eas
wi h popula ion decline - Ta ge ing li ing popula ion pilo
a eas (Sel -S udy 23-6) pp. 1-189.
Ko ea Ru al Economic Ins i u e. (2021). 2020 a ming and
u al illage panel su ey esul s (R 919 Resea ch Da a-1).
pp. 1-176.
Kyunghyang Shinmun. (2022). Wo k whe e you wan o
li e s. li e whe e you wan o wo k. h ps://m.khan.co.k /n
a ional/na ional-gene al/a icle/202208051716001#c2b
Lund, B. D., & Wang, T. (2023). Cha ing abou Cha GPT:
how may AI and GPT impac academia and lib a ies?
Lib a y Hi Tech News, 40(3), 26-29.
Nau iyal, R., Alb ech , J. N., & Nau iyal, A. (2023). Cha GPT
and ou ism academia. Annals o Tou ism Resea ch, 99,
103544.
Ogugua, D., Yoon, S. N., & Lee, D. (2023). Academic In eg i y
in a Digi al E a: Should he Use o Cha GPT Be Banned
in Schools? Global Business and Finance Re iew, 28(7),
1-10.
Rad o d, A., Wu, J., Child, R., Luan, D., Amodei, D., &
Su ske e , I. (2019). Language models a e unsupe ised
mul i ask lea ne s. OpenAI blog, 1(8), 9.
Shin, H., Kang, J. (2023). B idging he gap o bibliome ic
analysis: The e olu ion, cu en s a e, and u u e di ec ions
o ou ism esea ch using Cha GPT. Jou nal o Hospi ali y
and Tou ism Managemen , 57, 40-47. doi:10.1016/j.jh m.2
023.09.001
S ahl, B.C., Eke, D. (2024). The e hics o Cha GPT - Explo ing
he e hical issues o an eme ging echnology. In e na ional
Jou nal o In o ma ion Managemen , 74, 102700. doi:
10.1016/j.ijin omg .2023.10 27
S a is ics Ko ea. (2023). Homepage. h ps://kos a .go.k /ansk/
S a is ics Ko ea. (2024). Resul s o he "Li ing Popula ion"
pilo calcula ion o depopula ed a eas. h ps://kos a .go.k /
boa d.es?mid=a10301010000&bid=246&lis _no=42892
8&ac = iew&mainXml=Y
Yu, H. B., Tak, G. J., & Moon, J. S. (2021). A s udy on
ac o s causing a loss in Ko ea and ways o o e come
hem: Explo a ion h ough machine lea ning me hods.
Local Go e nmen Resea ch, 24(1), 443-476.
