S ei , M. E.
A icle
P oblems and Pe spec i es o Regional De elopmen in
Wes e n Eu ope
Zei sch i ü Wi scha s- und Sozialwissenscha en (ZWS) - Vie eljah essch i de
Gesellscha ü Wi scha s- und Sozialwissenscha en, Ve ein ü Socialpoli ik
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Duncke & Humblo , Be lin
Sugges ed Ci a ion: S ei , M. E. (1974) : P oblems and Pe spec i es o Regional De elopmen in
Wes e n Eu ope, Zei sch i ü Wi scha s- und Sozialwissenscha en (ZWS) - Vie eljah essch i
de Gesellscha ü Wi scha s- und Sozialwissenscha en, Ve ein ü Socialpoli ik, ISSN 0342-1783,
Duncke & Humblo , Be lin, Vol. 94, Iss. 3, pp. 267-288,
h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.94.3.267
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/291342
S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen:
Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen
Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den.
Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle
Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich
machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen.
So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen
(insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en,
gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do
genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e.
Te ms o use:
Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal
and schola ly pu poses.
You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o
exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he
in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public.
I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en
Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise
u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence.
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/
P oblems and Pe spec i es
o Regional De elopmen in Wes e n Eu ope
By M. E. S ei *
Basic objec i es o his pape a e (1) o sc u inize ac s and egula i ies
which appea o indica e a speci ic egional de elopmen pa e n in Wes e n
Eu ope, (2) o ind c ucial ac o s which migh de e mine he dynamic o his
pa e n, and (3) o de i e om hese indings conclusions o a policy which
is di ec ed owa ds educing egional imbalances.
1. In oduc ion: he issues
Twen y yea s ha e passed since he Economic Commission o Eu ope
(ECE) poin ed a
— he g owing a en ion which egional dispa i ies ecei ed by he
Eu opean go e nmen s,
— he d awback which economic in eg a ion may imply o he pe i-
phe al egions o Eu ope,
— he in e - ela ionships be ween egional policies and in e na ional
economic ela ions, and
— he need o coope a ion be ween coun ies in he ield o egional
policy1.
In he mean ime, hese poin s ha e no los hei impo ance. On
he con a y, he pa ly s enuous go e nmen al e o s2 o cope wi h
egional dispa i ies u gen ly equi e a e iew: The li le s a is ical
e idence we ha e allowing in e egional compa isons sugges s ha by
and la ge egional dispa i ies in pe capi a income in Wes e n Eu ope3
ha e no inc eased since 1960, bu ha e, in gene al o some deg ee e en
* Re ised and ex ended e sion o a lec u e gi en a he Uni e si y o
Zu ich on June 19 h, 1974.
The au ho wishes o hank his collabo a o s U. Ho e , G. Noe and J. Wal e
o help ul commen s and sugges ions bu e ains ull esponsibili y o any
e o s and omissions.
1 See Uni ed Na ions [1955], pa icula ly pp. 136 . and 170.
2 Fo a p esen a ion o he a ious policy measu es see, o example, OECD
1970 b,
pa s V o VII, Bi d (1967), and McC one (1969). Ten a i e es ima es o
a leas some o he cos s can be ound, o example, in OECD 1970 b, Table 2,
p. 66 and in de Cas elbajac (1972).
3 De ined o hese pu poses as comp ising he enla ged Eu opean Com-
muni y and in addi ion Aus ia and Swi ze land. Admi edly, such an ex en-
OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.94.3.267 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 11:50:53
268 M. E. S ei
na owed. Howe e , e en i one lea es aside he p oblem o how and o
wha ex en o a ibu e his obse a ion o speci ic policies, his can
ha dly be conside ed a sa is ac o y eco d, pa icula ly i a en ion is also
paid o o he aspec s o egional de elopmen . To hese belong p ima ily
unemploymen a es, lows o mig a ion, economic s uc u e, equip-
men wi h in as uc u e e c. The e is wide ag eemen ha he com-
pa ison should be ex ended o e en mo e social indica o s in o de
o ge an app op ia e pic u e o he egional condi ions o li ing. How-
e e , al eady o c oss-coun y compa isons sho age o s a is ical in o -
ma ion is se ing na ow limi s o such e o s. And beyond ha , concep-
ional di icul ies p oduce se ious limi a ions; pe haps he mos impo an
di icul y consis s in mo ing om a one- a iable wel a e unc ion
(income pe head) o a — ce ainly desi able — mul i a iable wel a e
unc ion, weighing oge he a se o social indica o s4.
Taking up he poin s aised by he ECE, any assessmen o pas
de elopmen s wi h he aim o imp o e he analy ical basis o u u e
ac ion in he ield o egional policy can ha dly a oid o deal wi h he
ollowing aspec s:
— Regional p oblems p ima ily ha e a long- e m cha ac e . This means
ha Keynesian measu es o demand managemen o which go e n-
men s end o eso in he i s place when aced wi h employmen
p oblems, can only b ing empo a y elie , and e en his a ely
wi hou in la iona y consequences5. In he long- un, he ques ion
mus be aised whe he he a ious egions ha e chosen he igh
"p o essions" conside ing secula changes in he s uc u e o demand.
— By a numbe o easons i is empi ically suppo ed ha he loca io-
nal posi ion and hence he supply condi ions o he Eu opean egions
a e a ec ed by economic in eg a ion wi hin he amewo k o he
ECE espec i ely he EFTA. And he e is su icien e idence o
show ha his e ec is e en enhanced i he libe aliza ion o ade
is accompanied by a libe aliza ion o ac o mo emen s, pa icula ly
o labou 6.
sion o he a ea unde conside a ion can me ely be conside ed as an absolu e
minimum necessa y because hese wo coun ies a e p ac ically loca ed wi hin
he enla ged Communi y.
4 Fo a ecen su ey on he co esponding li e a u e see, o example,
Leipe (1973).
5 As is sugges ed he e, egional p oblems e lec la gely a disad an ageous
s uc u e and compe i i eness o supply. Hence an inc ease in o e all demand
will u n o he backwa d egions as ma ginal p oduce s on a la ge scale
only a e he p ospe ous egions show sho - e m bo lenecks in supply which
end o push up hei p ice-le el. Bu he consecu i e inducemen o in es
in he p ospe ous egions and he o e all ise in cos will soon es o e he old
dispa i ies.
6 Fo a summa y o he Communi y o he Six* measu es o elimina e
obs acles o labou mo emen s see, o example, Yannopoulos (1969), pp. 226 .
OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.94.3.267 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 11:50:53
P oblems and Pe spec i es o Regional De elopmen in Wes e n Eu ope 269
— T ade libe aliza ion can lead o speci ic egional consequences i
disc imina ion is no a oided. Cases in poin a e he ag icul u al
p o ec ionism and, mo e gene ally, he bias in libe aliza ion a ou -
ing ade be ween de eloped coun ies (DC's) as compa ed wi h
ade be ween DC's and less de eloped coun ies (LDC's). The
s uc u al conse a ion which can esul may no a all help he
backwa d egions in he long un.
— The case o in e na ional coope a ion, al eady s essed by he ECE,
becomes he s onge he mo e na ional go e nmen s emba k upon
compe i i e egional policies because such e o s can easily u n
in o non- a i ba ie s o a size in ole able wi h ega d o a smoo h
unc ioning o he in e na ional economic o de : The e is always
he dange ha he in an indus y a gumen is misused o ad oca e
p o ec ion o he pu pose s uc u al conse a ion.
— Finally, a e iew o egional policies canno by-pass he ques ion
o consis ency i basic a ionali y equi emen s should no be neglec -
ed. An a emp o assess he cos s and bene i s o a speci ic policy
mus ake in o accoun he possibili y ha o he policies pu suing
o he objec i es may well be coun e -p oduc i e wi h espec o
e o s aiming a egional balance.
In he ligh o hese aspec s he assessmen will consis ou o he
ollowing sequence o s eps:
— Fi s , i appea s use ul o highligh he egional p oblems exis ing
in Eu ope by p o iding a ew selec ed ac s7.
— Second, beyond he ac s, some egula i ies poin ing a a speci ic
egional de elopmen pa e n in Eu ope will be p esen ed and
sc u inized.
— Thi d, a en ion will be paid o concep ual di icul ies and adminis a-
i e as well as poli ical obs acles which egional policy usually has
o ace.
— Fou h, he key ques ion as o he analy ical basis o policy ac ion
will be aken up, namely wha a e he impo an , dynamic ac o s
which p obably a ec he obse ed egional de elopmen pa e n.
— Fi h, conclusions will be d awn wi h ega d o hose policy measu es
mos app op ia e in helping o suppo and o di ec he dynamic
which can be ound inhe en in he egional de elopmen pa e n
and which could educe egional dispa i ies wi hin Eu ope.
7 The in o ma ions a e p ima ily selec ed o gi e ac ual suppo o he
pe spec i es o be de eloped in he ollowing sec ion. Addi ional in o ma ions
can be ound in he sou ces which will be quo ed hen.
OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.94.3.267 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 11:50:53
270 M. E. S ei
2. Regional p oblems: income dispa i ies,
mig a ion, s uc u al weaknesses and poli ical obs acles
Dispa i ies
The e a e s ill sizeable di e ences in pe capi a egional income8
wi hin he a ious coun ies: In he second hal o he 1960s his income
was be ween 50 pe cen (e. g. Swi ze land9) and 190 pe cen (I aly)
highe in he mos p ospe ous egions han in he poo es egions10.
In 1970, he iches a eas in he Communi y o he Six as a whole
had a pe capi a income abou i e imes as high as ha o he poo es 11
lea ing he la e a a le el compa able o some LDC's in La in Ame ica.
As al eady men ioned, he dispa i ies wi hin he indi idual coun ies
appea o ha e na owed somewha . Howe e , as also indica ed, he
eliabili y o such a inding is limi ed. This does no only esul om
p oblems ela ed o he es ima ion o egional incomes e en when con-
side ing indi idual coun ies and compa ing es ima es o di e en
pe iods. A leas equally impo an is he way in which he egions
ha e been delinea ed12. In any case, he igu es men ioned do show
8 The egional income da a a ailable a e subjec o conside able s a is ical
and concep ual limi a ions. Compa e o hese p oblems Biehl, Hussmann and
Schnyde (1972), pp. 64 ., Commission (1973), pp. 51 and 59, Fische (1967),
pp. 257 . and (1970), pp. 239 .
9 This igu e compa es he pe capi a income o wo adminis a i e uni s
(Kan one): Basel (S ad and Land) on he one side, Un e walden (Obwalden
and Nidwalden) on he o he (S a is ical Sou ce: Fische [1970], p. 248).
10 Fo all coun ies, he app oxima e pe cen ages ( he co esponding egions
a e gi en in b acke s) we e: Belgium/Luxembu g 70 p.c. (B aban /Limbu g),
Denma k 50 p. c. (Sjaelland/Jylland), F ance 90 p. c. (Région Pa isienne/B e-
agne), Ge many 80 p. c. (Kôln/Niede baye n, lea ing ou he wo ci y egions
Hambu g and B emen), I eland 60 p.c. (Eas /Wes ), I aly 190 p.c. (Lomba dia/
Calab ia), Ne he lands 50 p.c. (Zuid Holland/D en he), Uni ed Kingdom 70 p.c.
(Sou h Eas and Eas Anglia/No he n I eland). Sou ces: Biehl, Hussmann and
Schnyde (1972), pp. 64* and 65*, Commission (1973), p. 60. (The da a o he UK,
I eland and Denma k e e o 1970, he o he da a o 1969.)
11 Commission (1973), p. 2.
12 I may su ice o poin a he ac ha a compa ison o he ela i e dis-
pe sion (coe icien o a ia ion) in egional pe capi a income o Ge many
in 1960 and 1969 is al eady somewha ambiguous because he h ee ci y-s a es
Be lin, B emen and Hambu g en e he calcula ion as egions. Bu i would be
equally a bi a y o me ge, o example, Hambu g wi h Schleswig-Hols ein
as a whole simply because no in o ma ions a e a ailable o smalle adjacen
a eas. — The ac ual a io o Ge many is 0.97. The co esponding a ios o
he o he membe coun ies o he Communi y o he Six a e: F ance 0.99,
I aly 0.75, Belgium and Luxembu g 0.88, Ne he lands 1.08; i.e. excep o he
Ne he lands, dispa i ies seem o ha e na owed o a leas did no inc ease
(compu ed om he da a gi en in Biehl, Hussmann and Schnyde (1972),
Table 29*, column 1 [ o 1960] espec i ely 2 [ o 1969]). A simila esul was
ob ained o Swi ze land (1950 - 1965) al hough wi h less sophis ica ed measu es
o a iance (Fische [1967], p. 257). Aus ia appea s o show a widening o
dispa i ies (Os e . Ins , . Raumplanung [1966], pp. 23 .); howe e his com-
pa ison e e s o he pe iod 1950 - 1961.
OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.94.3.267 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 11:50:53

P oblems and Pe spec i es o Regional De elopmen in Wes e n Eu ope 271
ha he dispa i ies a e s ill sizeable. And he income hie a chy o egions
did ha dly change o e ime13.
Regula i ies
(1) Close inspec ion o he egional income da a p o ides some
e idence o a sys ema ic geog aphical pa e n. Al eady he compa ison
o he egions wi h he highes and lowes pe capi a income shows ha
in hose coun ies which each ou o he pe iphe y o Wes e n Eu ope,
he poo es egions a e loca ed a he pe iphe y14. Fo he Communi y
o he Six, pe capi a egional income appea s o decline a he sys e-
ma ically wi h g owing dis ance om wha could be conside ed as he
Communi y's economic cen e, i. e. he Rhein/Ruh a ea15. A simila
cone- ype decline o pe capi a income om he cen e o he pe iphe y
was ound when applying a g a i y model16: Fo he enla ged Com-
muni y, an a ea oughly desc ibed by he iangle Düsseldo , Liège,
An we p was iden i ied as he economic cen e. Taking in o accoun
ha he i s quo ed eg ession analysis is limi ed o he Communi y
o he Six and ha he g a i y model does no use egionalized igu es
o Swi ze land and Aus ia and is pa ly based on qui e la ge ad-
minis a i e egions (Lände ) in he case o Ge many17, he ollowing
modi ied pa e n appea s mo e plausible: Pe capi a egional income
ends o decline a he egula ly in all geog aphical di ec ions om
a somewha cu ed de elopmen axis unning om he mou h o he
Thames along he Rhine wi h he a ea be ween Düsseldo and F ank-
u as he likely peak, along he Rhine o e he Alps p ac ically
o Milan18. Addi ional suppo o his hypo hesis is ound when con-
side ing he geog aphical dis ibu ion o popula ion wi hin Wes e n
Eu ope19.
13 The coe icien s o co ela ion, compa ing he ank o he a ious egions
acco ding o hei pe capi a income in wo di e en yea s a e ex emely high.
Fo he Communi y o he Six (1960/1969): 0.92, o Swi ze land (1950/1965):
0.91, and o Aus ia (1950/1961): 0.94 (Own calcula ions om he da a gi en in
Biehl, Hussmann and Schnyde [1972], Fische [1967] and ös e . Ins . . Raum-
planung [1966]).
14 I.e. B e agne, Wes o I eland, No he n I eland, Jylland, Niede baye n,
Bu genland and Calab ia.
15 Taking Düsseldo as he u ban cen e o he cen al egion, a signi ican
non-linea ela ionship can be es ima ed be ween pe capi a income o he
a ious egions and he geog aphical dis ance o hei u ban cen e om
Düsseldo (Biehl, Hussmann and Schnyde [1972], p. 74).
18 Cla k, Wilson and B adley (1969), pa icula ly he esul p esen ed on
pp. 204 . (Map III).
17 Al oge he 22 egions bu wi h Hessia, Baden-Wü embe g, Ba a ia and
Schleswig-Hols ein ea ed as " egions".
18 The majo bu easily explainable excep ions om his egula i y a e
Hambu g, B emen, Be lin and B ussels.
10 Fo he enla ged Communi y compa e Commission (1973), p. 26 a.
OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.94.3.267 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 11:50:53
272 M. E. S ei
(2) Tu ning o unemploymen and mig a ion, a pa e n complemen a y
o he geog aphical dis ibu ion o pe capi a income appea s o exis :
Fo he Communi y o he Six, he a e o unemploymen ises a he
sys ema ically20 wi h g owing geog aphical dis ance om he sugges ed
economic cen e. Ex ending he analysis o he Communi y o he Nine,
i is unlikely ha his pa e n is upse in iew o he No h-Sou h de-
cline o unemploymen a ios in England and Sco land and he ex-
emely high unemploymen a ios in No he n I eland and No he n
Denma k21. Qui e in co espondance wi h he pa e n o employmen
oppo uni ies a e he lows o mig a ion: The majo ne emig a ion
zones o he enla ged Communi y a e on he pe iphe y22 wi h he
desc ibed de elopmen axis as he majo immig a ion a ea23. Howe e ,
mig a ion wi hin Wes e n Eu ope is ou numbe ed by an in low o labou ,
p ima ily om LDC's bo de ing he Medi e anean basin24.
(3) I is almos common sense ha unemploymen and mig a ion a e
causally in e ela ed wi h economic s uc u e. This iew appea s o be
con i med when inspec ing mo e sys ema ically, o example, he egion-
al s uc u e o he Communi y o he Six: The e is a elling in e se
ela ionship be ween unemploymen and he sha e o he seconda y
sec o (i. e. indus y a la ge) in egional income26. And as al eady
men ioned, he majo egions o emig a ion a e he pe iphe al ones
which also ha e ha dly any indus y; he same holds pa icula ly ue
o hose LDC's whe e mos o he p esen mig an s o he cen al
Eu opean egions come om. Bu egional popula ion d ain in Eu ope
is no comple ely es ic ed o ag icul u al a eas. Regions wi h un
down indus ies a e simila ly a ec ed by he a ac ion o cen al
a eas; he No h o England, he No hwes o F ance and pa s o
Belgium a e cases in poin .
20 Coe icien o de e mina ion (R2) o he ela ionship be ween hese wo
a iables: 0.63
(Biehl,
Hussmann and Schnyde [1972], p. 74).
21 Compa e, o example, he ins uc i e map 3 in Commission (1973), p. 126 a.
22 Commission (1973), pp. 129 .
23 A s iking case wi hin he enla ged Communi y is Ge many. In 1972, he
sha e o o eign labou in he o al labou o ce amoun ed o 10.5 p.c. compa ed
wi h 0.7 p.c. in 1958, F ance (7.3 p.c.) and, Belgium (7.2 p.c.) coming nex
(Kommission [1974], p. 226). Wi h a peak o 24.6 p.c. in 1964 (Joh , Hube [1968/
1969], p. 378), Swi ze land held an Eu opean " eco d".
24 In Ge many, o example, he a io be ween o eign labou coming om
membe coun ies o he enla ged Communi y and om hi d coun ies was
abou
1
:3 in 1972 (S a . Bundesam [1973], p. 144).
25 The co esponding, s a is ically signi ican (a 99 p.c.) coe icien o de-
e mina ion (R2) is (—) 0.43. Fu he mo e a signi ican al hough compa a i ely
weak, posi i e co ela ion can be ound be ween he sha e o ag icul u e in
egional income and he a e o unemploymen (R2 = 0.13); aking in o accoun
ha pa icula ly ag icul u e is a sec o whe e much disguised unemploymen
can be ound, he s a is ical esul p obably ep esen s an unde s a emen .
(Fo he coe icien s compa e Biehl, Hussmann and Schnyde [1972], Table 5,
p. 74).
OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.94.3.267 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 11:50:53
P oblems and Pe spec i es o Regional De elopmen in Wes e n Eu ope 273
Obs acles
(1) The ques ion which necessa ily will come up, namely whe he
he pas end o mig a ion can be ex apola ed in o he u u e, canno
be answe ed wi hou aking in o accoun a u he egional p oblem.
On he one side we ha e egional depopula ion which in mos cases
implies a loss o economic iabili y because he depa u e egions
end o lose he mos dynamic pa o hei popula ion26. On he side
o he cen al egions which p ima ily abso b hese mig an s, he e
is a g owing awa eness o he social ne cos s including en i onmen al
damages caused by a s eady concen a ion o economic ac i i y and
o popula ion. Bu he co ec i e measu es which a e con empla ed
o enac ed a e highly di igis ic, beginning wi h Swi ze land's legisla-
i e ac ion in 1964 o s em he in low o o eign wo ke s. And i may
be ques ioned whe he legal ba ie s o mobili y o labou a e a leas
in he medium un he mos app op ia e co ec i e ac ion pa icula ly
i he objec i e o secu e a socially mos e icien use o esou ces
o e space should no be neglec ed. As loca ion heo y sugges s27 he
ex ensi e mo emen o wo ke s o he wo ks can be explained by a ai-
lu e o close gaps be ween p i a e and social cos s o p oduc ion and
consump ion a any loca ion. Fo agglome a ions which can only ex-
pand a s ongly inc easing cos s o be incu ed when p o iding addi-
ional public goods and when ying o conse e decen en i onmen al
s anda ds, alloca i e e iciency would equi e o cha ge in ull wi h
hese cos s o expansion (ma ginal ne social cos s) all p oduce s and
consume s loca ed in o mo ing in o such agglome a ions. On he o he
hand, he e a e u ban cen es which could each a la ge size ul ima ely
a compa a i ely lowe cos s and consequen ly should be encou aged o
do so by cha ging p oduce s and consume s again wi h he ( a he de-
clining) inc emen al (ma ginal) cos s o expansion. Howe e , he p ac i-
cal di icul ies o ollow such an alloca ion de ice esul om he well
known cha ac e is ics o public goods including he en i onmen ,
namely how o ma ch he paying g oup o he bene i ing g oup.
Nei he he ne cos s o expansion can be p ope ly assessed no can hey
be cha ged app op ia ely, i.e. acco ding o he ex en o which hese
goods a e used by he indi idual. F equen ly, he conges ed a eas e en
do no manage o co e hei o al cos s, i. e. o balance hei budge s.
And e en i hey succeed hey s ill cha ge p ac ically on a e age he
indi idual p oduce and consume conside ably less han he cos s o
expansion. O he wise hey would sco e budge su pluses. And hese could
26 Fo an elabo a ion o his poin compa e, o example, Williamson (1968),
pp.
102
.
27 Compa e, o example, . Boe en e (1962), pa icula ly he policy con-
clusion on pp. 186 .
18 Zei sch i li Wi scha s- u. Sozialwissenscha en 1974/3
OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.94.3.267 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 11:50:53
274 M. E. S ei
be ans e ed o po en ial u ban cen es which ind hemsel es ha d
up o p o ide an ini ial in as uc u e consis ing la gely ou o indi i-
sible espec i ely complemen a y p ojec s which a e i al o make such
cen es a ac i e.
(2) Tu ning he egional policy and o how i is p ac iced by he
Eu opean go e nmen s, i may be wo h o no e he OECD's e dic
ha "s a ing om assis ance gi en o pa icula egions in o de o
cope wi h pa icula p oblems, mainly unemploymen , policy has mo ed
on o placing egional and na ional p oblems in a common in e ela ed
pe spec i e"28. Howe e , his pe spec i e does no necessa ily lead o an
ac ual change in policy and e en i i would be he case he e emains
he ques ion whe he i is he mos app op ia e policy.
Fi s , he e a e adminis a i e and poli ical obs acles o a sa is ac o y
coo dina ion o legisla i e and go e nmen al measu es likely o a ec
he egional de elopmen wi hin a na ional amewo k. A case in poin
is a some imes a - eaching decen aliza ion o budge a y powe s which
does no necessa ily ake ca e o he egional aspec ; in mos coun ies,
and no only on he na ional le el, one can ind ha e en in egional
policy as such esponsibili ies es wi h qui e a numbe o minis ies, de-
pa men s and o he adminis a i e agencies. Wha is e en wo se, he
alloca ion o public unds can be de ini ely biased agains a dis ibu ion
acco ding o he needs o egional de elopmen . On he adminis a i e
le el he e is a po en ial ad an age o agglome a ions o e smalle ad-
minis a i e uni s wi h espec o planning expe ise. And since compe-
i ion o unds o be p o ided by highe au ho i ies is equen ly de-
cided ia compe i ion o p ojec s, lack o planning expe ise can also
mean lack o unds. On he poli ical le el, i is obse able ha agglom-
e a ions as concen a ions o elec o s end o induce cen al go e n-
men s o gi e special a en ion o hei p oblems29. And hese consis
p ima ily o bo lenecks in hei in as uc u e. To emo e hese bo le-
necks equi es unds a an inc easing scale wi hou p o iding mo e
28 OECD (1970 b), p. 33.
29 Gie sch (1973), pp. 110 . Fu he adminis a i e and iscal ac o s a ou -
ing agglome a ions a e epo ed in Rappo (1971), pp. II/1/29 . In Bildungs-
we k (1973), pp. 40 ., a majo iscal dis o ion is discussed consis ing o he
wide-sp ead p ac ice o a ibu e ax e enues o hose loca ions ( egions,
coun ies) which he ax-paye s can decla e hei home-base. Such a p ac ice
igno es he o igin o he axable eceip s. And since he p ospe ous a eas a e
impo an as o igins o in es men s elsewhe e because o hei weal h and as
inancial cen es which e en collec and p o ide as c edi s sa ings om o he
a eas, hey will also ecei e he e u ns and he de i ed public eceip s which
la gely de e mine he capaci y o p o ide addi ional in as uc u e. Such a
iscal sys em lea es unnecessa ily much o clumsy ans e sys ems h ough
which public unds a e channelled om he ich o he poo egions.
OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.94.3.267 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 11:50:53
P oblems and Pe spec i es o Regional De elopmen in Wes e n Eu ope 281
— Cen ipe al o ces eleased by a lowe ing espec i ely emo al o
a i and non- a i ba ie s wi hin Eu ope (economic in eg a ion)
and p ima ily a ibu able o agglome a ion economies;
— Cen i ugal o ces which e lec (1) secula changes in he in e sec o al
income e ms o ade pushing some ac i i ies ou o he high-cos ,
high-income agglome a ions and c ea ing possibili ies las no leas
o comple ely new ones, (2) he well-known e ec s o conges ion
which make hemsel es el soone o la e du ing he p ocess o
spa ial economic concen a ion;
— Re a ding o ces which can be aced back o ill-concei ed economic
policies as well as o a gene al poli ical and adminis a i e o igin ahd
which, in a ious ways, so a p olonga ed he p ocess o agglome a-
ion pa icula ly in he cen e o Wes e n Eu ope by o se ing la ge-
ly he cen i ugal o ces.
Remo ing e a ding o ces
Fo any policy which aims a educing he egional imbalance in Wes e n
Eu ope and which ies o employ as much as possible he ma ke o ces
o achie e his objec i e, a i s and mos ob ious s ep would be o u n
o he e a ding o ces.
(1) So a , he ma ke mechanism as a spa ial alloca ion de ice has
been la gely le o wo k wi h he "w ong" p ice signals: he gaps be-
ween social and p i a e cos s o p oduc ion, o example, a e mo e han
ob ious in he conges ed cen e o Wes e n Eu ope. Howe e , o close
such gaps co ec ly is ha dly possible as al eady explained. Bu his does
no mean ha he e a e no a leas ough and eady measu es concei -
able o ed ess he loca ional imbalances; a ax on he alue o land47
and an employmen ax a ying wi h he deg ee o egional employmen
densi y48 a e wo h o be se iously conside ed. Since land de i es i s
alue om he e u ns ea ned espec i ely he sa is ac ion enjoyed by
using i , a gene al and pe iodic land ax would no be piled on op o
ma ke en s. Gi en an inelas ic supply i would ha e o be bo ne by
he landowne s. Hence i s p io unc ion would be a iscal one; he e-
enues could be used o suppo he expansion o he de elopmen o
o he u ban cen es equi ed o decen alize economic g ow h. An inhe-
en alloca i e e ec o such a ax could, i s , be expec ed o he ex en
o which — in an impe ec ma ke — landowne s would be induced o
y ha de o de o e hei p ope y o he bes possible use. Second, and
47 P oposed as a ax on he inc ease in he alue o land in Gie sch (1971),
pp.
91
. Ou basic a gumen , howe e , does no change when conside ing
simply a ax on he o al alue o land.
48 P oposed in Bildungswe k (1973), p. 40.
OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.94.3.267 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 11:50:53

282 M. E. S ei
ela ed o i , hoa ding o land in he expec a ion o impending app ecia-
ion would become mo e cos ly; as a consequence u ban sp awl would
possibly be decele a ed49.
A ax which a ies acco ding o he egional densi y o ( ull- ime) jobs
would wo k in he same di ec ion since he en isaged ax-base is a p oxy
o he geog aphical concen a ion o p oduc ion as one o he majo
sou ces o he social cos s o u baniza ion. The o al ax o be paid by
an employe could depend on he di e ence be ween he ac ual densi y
o jobs in his egion and, say, he a e age densi y o a coun y o a
g oup o coun ies like he enla ged Communi y. And i he ac ual
densi y would be below his a e age, he employe could claim a subsidy
which could be paid ou o he ax e enues aised in a eas wi h an
abo e-a e age densi y. In his way, he ax would edis ibu e public
unds au oma ically be ween loca ions o high densi y and hose o low
densi y hus combining some kind o conges ion ax wi h an employmen
subsidy.
(2) The case o an employmen subsidy is a mo e gene al one e-
qui ing some elabo a ion. A p esen , mos egional aids a e di ec ly o
indi ec ly capi al subsidies. Howe e , such a bias is ha dly compa ible
wi h a qui e amilia si ua ion: backwa d egions wi h below-a e age
p oduc i i y and a sys em o wage ba gaining whe e money wages a e
nego ia ed p ima ily on he basis o he p oduc i i y and employmen
eco d o p ospe ous egions50. Such a cons ella ion is bound o inc ease
he egional p oblems because wage cos s in backwa d a eas may be
oo high compa ed wi h labou p oduc i i y e en i e ec i e wages
paid in mo e p ospe ous pa s a e s ill highe han nego ia ed ones. In
his case, egional minimum-wage unemploymen would be a no mal
ma ke esul . I he p ice o labou is dis o ed as explained, i should
be co ec ed by paying an employmen subsidy in he hope o a ac -
ing complemen a y capi al which could help o ise p oduc i i y o a
le el compa ible wi h he nego ia ed money-wage a e. I he ma ke
would be le o wo k wi h he "w ong" p ice o labou , emig a ion
om he backwa d egions and conges ion in he mo e ad anced ones
a e e y likely o be he ul ima e ou come.
(3) Fo eign ade policy o Eu opean and o he DCs owa ds LDC's
was and s ill is nei he conduci e o a mos ad an ageous in e na ional
di ision o labou no o egional balance in Eu ope. So a , comple-
men a i ies domina ed ade ela ions be ween DCs and LDC's; he
la e p o ided he aw ma e ials o indus ial expansion o he o me
and pa icula ly hose ag icul u al p oduc s equi ing speci ic clima ic
condi ions. Al hough LDC's a e qui e sui able as loca ions o some in-
49 Fo he mo e de ailed a gumen compa e Ga ney (1969), pp. 147 .
50 Compa e o he basic a gumen Gie sch (1949/50), p. 92.
OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.94.3.267 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 11:50:53
P oblems and Pe spec i es o Regional De elopmen in Wes e n Eu ope 283
dus ies in iew o hei endowmen wi h less skilled bu abundan
labou and in iew o he a ailabili y o compe i i e labou -in ensi e
p oduc ion echniques, such indus ies we e p e en ed o p ospe he e.
Ins ead hey we e kep in DCs ia massi e p o ec ion and — in he case
o Wes e n Eu ope — labou was impo ed om he neighbou ing LDC's
wi h no a all pleasan egional consequences. A mo e libe al ade
policy combined wi h he o emen ioned measu es o deconges could
help o b ing he wo k o he wo ke s. This would no a all be disad-
an ageous o he Eu opean economies. Fi s o all, some o he p o-
duc ion in ques ion is likely o s ay in Wes e n Eu ope al hough i
would p obably eloca e on a la ge scale in o hose egions whe e he
compe i i e condi ions a e s ill a he simila o hose in LDC's. Second,
a ake-o e o p oduc ion by LDC's would ha dly be possible wi hou
combining hei manpowe wi h Eu opean capi al and know-how
p o ided hese LDC's would emo e he ba ie s o capi al impo s which
s ill p e ail o a e e en se up in some cases. Thi d, he e is no jus i i-
ca ion o ea ha libe aliza ion will c ea e las ing employmen p oblems
in Wes e n Eu ope. S ong p essu e o demand a ou ing pa icula ly
he mode n se ices is clea ly ecognizable in many pa s o Eu ope.
And i he indus ializa ion o LDC's would be accele a ed ia a mo e
libe al ade policy, i is mos likely ha he DC's and hence also Eu ope
will be in a qui e a ou able posi ion o p o ide he complemen a y
se ices, pa icula ly in iew o he lack o expe ise o LDC's, e. g. in
consul ing, banking, insu ance, esea ch and de elopmen .
(4) Mos di icul o o e come a e he adminis a i e and poli ical
obs acles o a be e egional balance wi hin he indi idual coun ies
and in Wes e n Eu ope as a whole. On a na ional le el o wi hin he
enla ged Communi y he p oblem o poli ical o e - ep esen a ion o
agglome a ions could be possible a acked by es ablishing a Chambe
o Regions on a basis simila o he US Sena e as pa o he pa liamen -
a y sys em51. And hese egions could be mo e equally and p ope ly
equipped wi h planning capaci y. The di icul ies in coo dina ing e-
gional policies a e e en la ge on he le el o Eu ope as a whole.
Assuming qui e eluc an ly ha he enla ged Communi y will succeed
in o ganizing an e ec i e common egional policy, he e will be e en
mo e need and esponsibili y on he pa o coope a e wi h Eu opean
non-membe coun ies. In p inciple a Eu opean coo dina ion could ake
51 Such a chambe is p oposed in Cai nc oss, Gie sch e al. (1974). Looking
a indi idual Eu opean coun ies and lea ing aside he c i ical ques ion o he
mos app op ia e delinea ion o " egions", Swi ze land a leas p ima acie
comes closes o such a legisla i e cons uc ion, i.e. he "S ände a ". The Wes
Ge man "Bundes a " does no con o m o he basic idea because he Lände
go e nmen s (i.e. only indi ec ly he elec o a e) delega e ep esen a i es and
hei numbe pa ly depends on he size o he popula ion o he a ious
Lände .
OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.94.3.267 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 11:50:53
284
M.
E. S ei
place on he le el o he Council o Eu ope al hough i s pe o mance,
o example, in en i onmen al ma e s (e. g. he Rhine Commission) is
no e y encou aging.
Complemen ing he ma ke mechanism
The e emains he ques ion whe he mo e mus be done han simply
co ec ing he ma ke signals and emo ing adminis a i e as well as
poli ical obs acles. The answe s a e well-known: Fi s , a la ge pa
o he na ional p oduc is no de e mined by he ma ke bu by decisions
o he legisla i e and o go e nmen al agencies. And as a as go e n-
men spending akes he o m o in es men in o in as uc u e a la ge
i s egional impac is mos ob ious and asks o much mo e consis en
planning han expe ienced so a . Second, he ma ke mechanism, wi h
a ew excep ions ( o wa d ma ke s), does coo dina e ex pos and no ex
an e. Howe e , he la e is necessa y whene e in es men decisions
ha e o be aken which a e highly in e dependen . Unde such condi-
ions economic g ow h can be easily biased in a ou o exis ing cen es
o economic ac i i y. The eason is ha any single in es o who wan s
o expand o o ake up p oduc ion will mos likely ind po en ial
supplie s o inpu s o as well as use s o his own ou pu in sizeable
u ban cen es oge he wi h o he impo an ameni ies. Hence he will
end o loca e whe e all o mos in es men s complemen a y o his
p oduc ion a e al eady a ailable. The conclusion o any policy which
ies o decen alize indus ial and ela ed g ow h in Wes e n Eu ope
would be: "The se ing up o new indus ies can be expec ed o p o e a
las ing success only i he places chosen a e well p o ided wi h a good
in as uc u e o public ameni ies, schools, hospi als, shopping and ad-
ing acili ies. Also, new indus ial zones will in gene al be iable only
i hey can lean on a majo u ban cen e52!" Such a equi emen amoun s
o a g ow h-pole s a egy53 ying o se agains he domina ing agglo-
me a ions o Wes e n Eu ope well-equipped u ban cen es which a e
e icien ly in eg a ed in a mul i-mode anspo sys em and om which
impulses would dissemina e o he su ounding loca ions. Howe e ,
his would equi e much mo e coope a ion be ween he Eu opean
coun ies in o de o a oid he was e which can be p oduced i egions
compe e wi h expensi e immobile and long-las ing in es men s in o he
in as uc u e.
Secula de elopmen pa e n
Taking in o accoun he a ious policy measu es as well as he ma ke
o ces which ha e been discussed, he ollowing secula de elopmen
52 . d. G oeben (1969),
p.
5.
53 Fo an analysis o he g ow h-pole hypo hesis om he poin o iew o
egional policy compa e S ei (1971).
OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.94.3.267 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 11:50:53
P oblems and Pe spec i es o Regional De elopmen in Wes e n Eu ope 285
pa e n would be concei able which could educe mo e quickly he ex-
is ing egional dispa i ies in condi ions o li ing:
— Acco ding o he egula i ies in sec o al change and in he in e -
egional dis ibu ion o income pe head, i could be expec ed ha
he cen al a eas o Wes e n Eu ope will inc easingly p o ide se -
ices equi ing highly quali ied manpowe whe eas egions a a
dis ance om he cen e will become mo e and mo e a ac i e as
indus ial loca ions, pa icula ly i employmen oppo uni ies will be
u he educed in he p ima y sec o acco ding o i s long- e m
de elopmen p ospec s.
— Loca ional shi s in indus ial p oduc ion will no s op a he bo de s
o Wes e n Eu ope i he LDC's we e allowed o use mo e ully hei
compe i i e ad an age in he p oduc ion o indus ial commodi ies
equi ing compa a i ely li le capi al and quali ied labou , and i
ag icul u al p o ec ion will be no longe a aboo o Eu ope's ade
policy. This would imply a s eady change in he dis ibu ion o labou
be ween he a ious egions inside and ou side Eu ope; he eby he
p oduc ion o commodi ies and se ices equi ing much physical bu
especially human capi al would expand espec i ely be aken up in
he mos ma u e egions and less demanding ac i i ies would mo e o
less ma u e egions.
Summa y
Wes e n Eu ope's egional p oblems a e cha ac e ized by p o iding some
c ucial ac s; u he mo e, a speci ic egional de elopmen pa e n is aced
by sc u inizing appa en empi ical egula i ies. Then a en ion is paid, i s ,
o concep ual di icul ies and adminis a i e as well as poli ical obs acles
which egional policy usually has o ace; second, hypo heses a e analyzed
which could explain an obse able ela ionship be ween egional economic
ma u i y and composi ion o ou pu . The esul s ob ained a e me ged and
complemen ed in an e o o answe he key ques ion o he pape : Wha
a e he o ces which appea o go e n he egional de elopmen pa e n in
Wes e n Eu ope? The answe allows, inally, o ou line basic ea u es o a
a ional policy which aims a educing he exis ing egional imbalances.
Zusammen assung
Wes eu opas Regionalp obleme we den zunächs mi einigen zen alen
Fak en gekennzeichne ; da übe hinaus wi d ein spezi isches egionales En -
wicklungsmus e übe p ü , das du ch einige empi ische Regelmäßigkei en
beleg zu sein schein . Sodann gil die Au me ksamkei e s ens, konzep ionellen
Schwie igkei en sowie adminis a i en und poli ischen Hinde nissen, die de
Regionalpoli ik gewöhnlich en gegens ehen; zwei ens we den Hypo hesen
analysie , die eine beobach ba e Beziehung zwischen egionalem ökono-
OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.94.3.267 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 11:50:53
286 M. E. S ei
mischem Rei eg ad und Wi scha ss uk u e klä en könn en. Die e ziel en
E gebnisse we den zusammenge aß und e gänz in dem Bemühen, die zen-
ale F age de A bei zu bean wo en: Welche Fak o en scheinen das egio-
nale En wicklungsmus e Wes eu opas p imä zu bes immen? Die An wo
e laub es schließlich, eine a ionale Poli ik zu um eißen, die da au ge ich e
is , die bes ehenden egionalen En wicklungsun e schiede zu e inge n.
Re e ences
Bildungswe k eu opäische Poli ik (Ed .) (1973), Gu ach en zu Übe gangs-
phase de Wi scha s- und Wäh ungsunion, Manusk ip , Bonn 15. 11. 1973.
Biehl,
D.y
E. Hussmann and S. Schnyde (1972), Zu egionalen Einkommens-
e eilung in de Eu opäischen Wi scha sgemeinscha , Die Wel wi -
scha , He 1,1972, pp. 64 - 78.
Bi d, H. M. (1967), Regional Policies in a Common Ma ke , in: C. S. Shoup
(Ed .). Fiscal Ha moniza ion in Common Ma ke s, New Yo k, London, Co-
lumbia Uni e si y P ess
1967,
pp. 385 - 456.
Boe en e , E. . (1962), Theo ie des äumlichen Gleichgewich s, Tübingen,
J.
C.
B. Moh 1962.
Bo s, G. H. and J. L. S ein (1968), Regional G ow h and Ma u i y in he
Uni ed S a es: A S udy o Regional S uc u al Change, Rep in ed in: L.
Needleman (Ed .), Regional Analysis, Ha mondswo h, Penguin 1968,
pp.
159
- 197.
Bundesans al ü A bei (1972), Am liche Nach ich en de Bundesans al ü
A bei , (20) 1972, No. 11, pp. 916 - 919.
Cai nc oss, Si A. e al. (1974), Economic Policy o he Eu opean Communi y:
The Way Fo wa d, London, Macmillan 1974 (Fo hcoming).
Cas elbajac, P. de (1972), Les Aides à l'Expansion Indus ielle Régionale dans
les Pays du Ma ché Commun, No es e E udes Documen ai es, Pa is, La Do-
cumen a ion F ançaise, Sep embe 11,1972, No. 3917.
Cla k, C., F. Wilson and J. B adley (1969), Indus ial Loca ion and Economic
Po en ial in Wes e n Eu ope, Regional S udies
3
(1969), pp. 197 - 212.
Commission o he Eu opean Communi ies (Commission 1973), Repo on Re-
gional P oblems in he Enla ged Communi y, B ussels 1973.
Dönges, J. B., G. Fels and A. D. Neu e al. (1973), P o ek ion und B anchen-
s uk u de Wes deu schen Wi scha , Tübingen, J. C. B. Moh 1973.
Fels, G. (1972), The Choice o Indus y Mix in he Di ision o Labou be ween
De eloped and De eloping Coun ies, Wel wi scha liches A chi , 108
(1972), pp.
71
- 121.
Fels, G., K.-W. Scha z and F. Wol e (1971), De Zusammenhang zwischen
P oduk ionss uk u und En wicklungsni eau, Wel wi scha liches A chi ,
106 (1971), pp. 240 - 278.
Fische , G. (1967), Das Volkseinkommen de Kan one 1950 - 1965, Wi scha
und Rech , 19 (1967), pp. 229 - 270.
— (1970), Me hoden und E gebnisse kan onale Volkseinkommensschä zungen
als Ins umen e des bundess aa lichen Finanzausgleichs, Schweize ische
Zei sch i ü Volkswi scha und S a is ik, 106 (1970), pp. 237 - 255.
OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.94.3.267 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 11:50:53

P oblems and Pe spec i es o Regional De elopmen in Wes e n Eu ope 287
Ga ney, M. (1969), Land Ren , Taxa ion, and Public Policy, Regional Science
Associa ion, Pape s
23
(1969), pp.
141
- 153.
Gie sch, . (1949/50), Economic Union be ween Na ions and he Loca ion o
Indus ies, Re iew o Economic S udies, 17 (1949/50), pp. 87 - 97.
— (1971), Kon o e se F agen de Wi scha spoli ik, München, Pipe 1971.
— (1973), The Case o a Eu opean Regional Policy, in: Commission o he
Eu opean Communi ies, S udy G oup on Economic and Mone a y Union,
B ussels, Oc obe 1973, pp. 109 - 125.
G oeben, H. . de (1969), Regional Policy in an In eg a ed Eu ope, Communi y
Topics, No. 33, No embe 1969.
Jöh , W. A and R. Hube (1968/69), Die konjunk u ellen Auswi kungen de
Beansp uchung ausländische A bei sk ä e. Un e suchungen mi Hil e
eines Simula ionsmodells de Schweize ischen Volkswi scha , Schweize-
ische Zei sch i ü Volkswi scha und S a is ik, 104 (1968), pp. 365 - 610;
105 (1969), pp. 3 - 92.
Ka ouzian, M. A. (1970), The De elopmen o he Se ice Sec o : A New
App oach, Ox o d Economic Pape s 22 (1970), pp. 363 - 383.
Kommission de Eu opäischen Gemeinscha en (Kommission 1974), Be ich
übe die En wicklung de sozialen Lage in de Gemeinscha im Jah e 1973,
B ussels - Luxembu g 1974.
K einin, M. E. (1972), E ec s o he EEC on Impo s o Manu ac u es, The
Economic Jou nal, 82 (1972), pp. 897 - 920.
Leipe , C. (1973), Soziale Indika o en. Ube blick übe den S and de Diskus-
sion, Konjunk u poli ik, 19 (1973), pp. 204 - 256.
Me C one, G. (1969), Regional Policy in he Eu opean Communi ies, in: G. R.
Den on (Ed .), Economic In eg a ion in Eu ope, London, Weiden eld & Ni-
colson 1969, pp. 194 - 219.
OECD (1970 a), The G ow h o Ou pu 1960 - 1980 — Re ospec , P ospec and
P oblems o Policy, Pa is, OECD 1970.
— (1970 b), The Regional Fac o in Economic De elopmen : Policies in i een
indus ialized OECD coun ies, Pa is, OECD 1970.
ös e eichisches Ins i u ü Raumplanung (Ed .) (1966), Raumo dnung in
Ös e eich, Vienna, Ma ch 1966.
Rappo su la capaci é concu en ielle de la Communau é Eu opéenne (Rap-
po 1971), Pa un G oupe de T a ail Ins i ué pa la Commission, Commis-
sion o he Eu opean Communi ies, II/481/71-F, No embe 1971.
S a is isches Bundesam (1973), S a is isches Jah buch ü die Bundes epublik
Deu schland 1973, S u ga und Mainz, Kohlhamme 1973.
S ei , M. E. (1973), Eu opean Ex e nal Economic Policy a he C oss oads,
Konjunk u poli ik 19 (1973), pp. 189 - 203.
— (1971), Regionalpoli ische Aspek e des Wachs umpolkonzep s, Jah buch ü
Sozialwissenscha , 22 (1971), pp.
221
- 234.
— (1973), Eu opäische Regionalpoli ik: Kon en ionelles Flickwe k ode kon-
zep ionelle Reo ien ie ung? in: W. E ns und R. Thoss (Ed .), Raumo dnung
und Ve wal ungs e o m, Müns e , Ins i u ü Siedlungs- und Wohnungs-
wesen de Uni e si ä Müns e 1973, pp. 37 - 57.
Uni ed Na ions (Ed .) (1955), Economic Su ey o Eu ope in 1954, Gene a, Uni-
ed Na ions E/ECE/194,1955.
OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.94.3.267 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 11:50:53
288 M. E. S ei
Uni ed Na ions (Ed .) (1970), Economic Su ey o Eu ope in 1969, Pa 1,
S uc u al T ends and P ospec s in he Eu opean Economy, New Yo k,
Uni ed Na ions E/ECE/753, 1970.
— (1972), Economic Su ey o Eu ope in 1971, Pa 1, The Eu opean Economy
om he 1950s o he 1970s, New Yo k, Uni ed Na ions E/ECE/814,1972.
Williamson, J. G. (1968), Regional Inequali y and he P ocess o Na ional De-
elopmen : A Desc ip ion o he Pa e ns, Rep in ed in: L. Needleman (Ed .),
Regional Analysis, Ha mondswo h, Penguin 1968, pp. 99 - 158.
Yannopoulos, G. N. (1969), Economic In eg a ion and Labou Mo emen s wi h
Re e ence o he EEC Coun ies, in: G. R. Den on (Ed .), Economic In e-
g a ion in Eu ope, London, Weiden eld
&
Nicolson 1969, pp. 220 - 245.
OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.94.3.267 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 11:50:53