Wibowo, Agus e al.
A icle
Using echnology accep ance model o in es iga e digi al
business in en ion among Indonesian s uden s
Cogen Business & Managemen
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Taylo & F ancis G oup
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Using echnology accep ance model o
in es iga e digi al business in en ion among
Indonesian s uden s
Agus Wibowo, A i Sap ono, Bagus Shandy Na madi ya, Mohammad So wan
Effendi, Sapa uddin Mukh a , Supa no & Muhammad Hakimi Mohd Shafiai
To ci e his a icle: Agus Wibowo, A i Sap ono, Bagus Shandy Na madi ya, Mohammad
So wan Effendi, Sapa uddin Mukh a , Supa no & Muhammad Hakimi Mohd Shafiai
(2024) Using echnology accep ance model o in es iga e digi al business in en ion
among Indonesian s uden s, Cogen Business & Managemen , 11:1, 2314253, DOI:
10.1080/23311975.2024.2314253
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Cogen Business & ManageMen
2024, VoL. 11, no. 1, 2314253
Using echnology accep ance model o in es iga e digi al business
in en ion among Indonesian s uden s
agus wibowoa , a i sap onoa , Bagus shandy na madi yab , mohammad so wan
e endia, sapa uddin mukh a a , supa noa and muhammad hakimi mohd sha iaic
aFacul y o economics, uni e si as nege i Jaka a, Jaka a, indonesia; bFacul y o economics and Business, uni e si as nege i
Malang, Malang, indonesia; cFacul y o economics and Managemen , uni e si i Kebangsaan Malaysia, Banda Ba u Bangi,
Malaysia
ABSTRACT
he digi aliza ion o en ep eneu ship a icula es concep s om a ious s eams o
li e a u e o p omo e en ep eneu ial in en ions. his s udy in es iga es he in luence o
digi al en ep eneu ship educa ion, pe cei ed use ulness, and pe cei ed ease o use on
digi al en ep eneu ial in en ions. D awing on knowledge-based li e a u e, his esea ch
explo es he media ing e ec o digi al en ep eneu ial sel -e icacy. he da a we e
collec ed om 309 uni e si y s uden s in indonesia h ough a sel -adminis e ed su ey,
and he hypo heses we e es ima ed using pls-sem wi h sma -pls 3.0. he indings
indica e ha digi al en ep eneu ship educa ion signi ican ly a ec s digi al
en ep eneu ial sel -e icacy and in en ion among indonesian s uden s. his s udy also
demons a es ha he a iables o he echnology accep ance model can p omo e
digi al en ep eneu ial sel -e icacy and in en ion. in addi ion, he esul con i ms he
media ing ole o digi al en ep eneu ial sel -e icacy in explaining he associa ion
be ween digi al en ep eneu ship educa ion, pe cei ed ease o use, and en ep eneu ial
in en ions.
1. In oduc ion
c ea ing new en u es is essen ial o he economic p ospe i y o bo h de eloped and eme ging coun-
ies. some s udies epo ed ha new business ini ia ions ha e he po en ial o c ea e jobs, gene a e
weal h, and os e inno a ion, all o which a e c i ical componen s o economic de elopmen (al e aih,
2022; Kollmann e al., 2022). om he educa ional side, he uni e si ies in many coun ies ha e esponded
by p omo ing new business c ea ion h ough en ep eneu ship educa ion and aising en ep eneu ial
in en ions among s uden s (sap ono e al., 2021; wa dana e al., 2023). Uni e si ies can ex end a pla o m
o p omo e en ep eneu ial in en ion wi hin s uden s h ough a ious ini ia i es, such as en ep eneu -
ship p og ams, incuba ion cen e s, and s a -up accele a o s (mukh a e al., 2021). hese ini ia i es p o-
ide s uden s he necessa y esou ces, guidance, and men o ship o pu sue hei en ep eneu ial
in en ions and new business c ea ions ( a en & Usmanij, 2021).
he apid de elopmen o digi al echnologies is seen as essen ial o eshaping he social economy,
including en ep eneu ial ac i i ies. Digi aliza ion con inues o expand and change economic beha io om
o line o online ac i i y using digi al pla o ms (al e aih, 2022). hence, he u gency o digi al en ep eneu ial
in en ions inc eases due o a g owing ma ke demand o digi al p oduc s o se ices (sap ono e al., 2021).
p elimina y pape s men ioned ha digi aliza ion p omo es oppo uni ies o aspi ing digi al en ep eneu s
(al e aih, 2022; yousse e al., 2021). conce ning indonesia, he e is an inc easing demand o in e ne usage.
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup
CONTACT agus Wibowo agus-wibow[email p o ec ed] Facul y o economics, uni e si as nege i Jaka a, Jaka a, indonesia.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2314253
his is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons a ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
ARTICLE HISTORY
ecei ed 5 ap il 2023
e ised 12 Decembe 2023
accep ed 31 Janua y 2024
REVIEWING EDITOR
Balan sunda akani,
Uni e si y o wollongong
in Dubai acul y o
Business, Uni ed a ab
emi a es
KEYWORDS
Digi al en ep eneu ial
in en ion; digi al
en ep eneu ship
educa ion; pe cei ed
use ulness; pe cei ed
ease o use; digi al
en ep eneu ial
sel -e icacy
SUBJECTS
Business, managemen
and accoun ing;
educa ion s udies;
educa ional psychology
2 a. wiBOwO e al.
acco ding o he da a om he minis y o communica ions and in o ma ics (Komin o, 2023), he numbe o
in e ne use s in indonesia has ouched 82 million. wi h his achie emen , indonesia anked eigh h la ges in
he sphe e (Komin o, 2023). his has he po en ial o in ol e digi al en ep eneu ial in en ion and beha io .
in esponse o he sophis ica ion o echnology, in e ne usage, and digi al ma ke demands, digi ali-
za ion p o ides new oppo uni ies o in eg a e digi al echnology and en ep eneu ial ac i i ies. Digi al
en ep eneu ship o e s new and p ominen insigh s o en ep eneu s compa ed o con en ional models
as i elies on as e and mo e massi e business oppo uni ies (elia e al., 2020; Kollmann e al., 2022).
addi ionally, digi al en ep eneu ship no ably changes he con en ional business model and b ings many
posi i e e ec s, such as in e ms o ime e iciency, inc eased p o i s, business expansion, and ease o
access o bo h en ep eneu s hemsel es and consume s (nambisan e al., 2017; nambisan & Ba on,
2021). om s uden pe spec i es, digi al en ep eneu ship enables hem o wo k om any loca ion wi h
in e ne access, p o iding hem he lexibili y o balance hei academic and business ma e s.
he supe io i y o digi al en ep eneu ship has os e ed he need o educa ion ans o ma ion om
con en ional o digi al-based ac i i ies. in pa icula , en ep eneu ship educa ion is a p ocess o p omul-
ga ing knowledge, skills, a i udes, and compe encies o p epa e s uden s o iden i y, c ea e, and manage
a business en u e ( a en & Usmanij, 2021). in his con ex , digi al en ep eneu ship educa ion enables
a con en adap a ion linked wi h cogni i e abili ies o concede oppo uni ies and inaugu a e new busi-
ness c ea ion (nowiński e al., 2019). Digi al en ep eneu ship educa ion also p o ides knowledge on how
o commence a business unde going a digi al pla o m (clinka d, 2018). he di e se app oach in digi al
en ep eneu ship educa ion also acili a es s uden s wi h adap a ion and openness o a ious changes in
he new digi al en i onmen (Kickul e al., 2018).
Despi e he signi icance o digi al en ep eneu ship and he ole o educa ion, howe e , ew s udies
ha e analyzed he p edic o s o digi al en ep eneu ship. a la ge numbe o schola s a e aking poin s
om con en ional en ep eneu ial pe spec i es in unde s anding en ep eneu ial in en ions among s u-
den s (e.g., Ba ba-sánchez e al., 2022; agoso-Diaz e al., 2021; mah ud e al., 2020). he p e ailing
s udies (e.g., younis e al., 2020) in es iga ed he mo i a ion ac o s linked o digi al en ep eneu ship
in en ion among s uden s, while a ecen s udy by al e aih (2022) epo ed ha subjec i e no m, pe -
cei ed easibili y, and inno a i eness can p omo e he digi al en ep eneu ial in en ions o s uden s.
addi ionally, mos s udies a e pe o med on digi al en ep eneu ship in en ion using a sys ema ic li e a-
u e e iew (hueso e al., 2021; seow, 2022).
he e o e, his s udy is in ended o ill he gap by p o iding an empi ical examina ion o ac o s a ec ing
digi al en ep eneu ship in indonesia. his s udy p o ides some con ibu ions o heo y and p ac ice. i s , his
pape con ibu es o he cu en business and en ep eneu ship li e a u e by explo ing how digi al en ep e-
neu ship educa ion can p omo e business in en ion. in addi ion, i o e s a g ea e unde s anding o digi al
en ep eneu ship in eme ging coun ies, i.e., indonesia. in pa icula , ou s udy ound ha digi al en ep eneu -
ship educa ion is a powe ul ool o inc easing insigh and knowledge ela ed o he digi al en ep eneu ship
o s uden s. second, his esea ch con ibu es o he s udy heme o he eme ging ele ance o digi al ech-
nologies by e ealing how digi al echnology adop ion con ibu es posi i ely o en ep eneu ial sel -e icacy
and he in en ion o become digi al en ep eneu s along wi h en ep eneu ship educa ion.
his s udy p oposes he ollowing esea ch ques ions: ( Q1) how does digi al en ep eneu ship edu-
ca ion p omo e digi al en ep eneu ial in en ions? ( Q2) how do he a iables o he echnology accep-
ance model in luence digi al en ep eneu ial in en ions? and ( Q3) how does digi al en ep eneu ial
sel -e icacy media e he a iables in ol ed in his esea ch? he es o he esea ch dispenses a li e a-
u e e iew on digi al en ep eneu ship in sec ion 2, ollowed by he me hod used o con i m he
hypo hesis in sec ion 3. acco dingly, sec ion 4 and sec ion 5 p o ide he esul and discussion, sup-
po ed by he conclusion in sec ion 6.
2. Li e a u e e iew
2.1 Unde pinning heo y
he echnology accep ance model ( am) is app op ia e o explaining he accep ance o echnology use.
i was ini ia ed by Da is (1986) as an ex ension o he heo y o easoned ac ion ( a) by ajzen and
cOgen BUsiness & managemen 3
ishbein (1975). he digi al ma ke and economic ac i i ies a e a ec ed by echnology, and digi aliza ion
can be in ol ed in en ep eneu ial ac i i ies. he model o digi al en ep eneu ship in en ion is ounded
on he heo y o planned beha io ( pB) by ajzen (1991). his heo y illus a es how pe cei ed in en ions
and expediency can be in luenced by a ious ac o s such as knowledge, educa ion, and ci cums ance,
which can d i e easibili y pe cep ions. acco ding o his model, a ange o ac o s has a di ec impac on
he in en ion o demeano an ob ious beha io , while ex e nal ac o s like enume a ion and educa ional
o eg ound ha e no di ec in luence on an indi idual’s in en ions (ajzen, 1991; Kol e eid, 1996; linan, 2004).
in p inciples, am can be applied o nume ous domains, including digi al en ep eneu ial in en ion
and beha io . in his con ex , am enables o unde s and he dimensions ha in luence indi iduals’
in en ion o be in ol ed in digi al en ep eneu ship using echnology. he echnology accep ance model
( am) p oposes ha an indi idual’s in en ion o use a echnology is p ima ily in luenced by wo key
ac o s: he pe cei ed bene i o using he echnology and he ease o using i . am iden i ies pe cei ed
use ulness (pU) and pe cei ed ease o use (peOU) as p ima y ac o s d i ing an indi idual’s in en ion o
in ol e a echnology. pU e e s o how much a pe son belie es ha using he echnology will aise hei
pe o mance, while peOU ema ks o he ex en o which a pe son belie es ha in ol ing he echnol-
ogy will help o deal wi h goals.
2.2 Digi al en ep eneu ship educa ion, en ep eneu ial sel -e icacy, and digi al en ep eneu ial
in en ion
Digi al en ep eneu ship educa ion (Dee) is becoming inc easingly impo an in oday’s economy ( a en &
Usmanij, 2021). wi h he ise o digi al echnologies, he e has been a shi owa ds en ep eneu ship om
adi ional o digi al ma e s. his has c ea ed a demand o Dee ha p epa es s uden s o he challenges
o s a ing and unning a success ul digi al business (mukh a e al., 2021). he majo i y o au ho s no ed
ha en ep eneu ship educa ion has emained an en y poin o escala ing con en ional and digi al en e-
p eneu ship in en ions o s uden s du ing he ew ecen yea s (e.g., Dimche a, 2019; Zen e al., 2022). a
p io s udy by a en and Usmanij (2021) no ed ha he pu pose o Dee is no only o equip s uden s wi h
knowledge bu also o change hei mindse s ega ding inno a i e ac i i ies and isk- aking in en ep e-
neu ship. o de e mine whe he s uden beha io has been changed, i is equi ed o ocus on en ep e-
neu ship educa ion, which inco po a es bo h cogni i e and a ec i e domains (sap ono e al., 2021).
Dee has been shown o be e ec i e in de eloping en ep eneu ial sel -e icacy—an indi idual’s belie
accompanying he skills and abili ies necessa y o s a and un a business. esea ch has shown ha
en ep eneu ial sel -e icacy is a obus p edic o o en ep eneu ial in en ion, which is he desi e o s a a
business (al e aih, 2022). se e al s udies ha e in es iga ed he in e connec edness be ween digi al en e-
p eneu ship educa ion, en ep eneu ial sel -e icacy, and en ep eneu ial in en ion. o ins ance, a wo k by
al-mamun e al. (2022) indica ed ha digi al en ep eneu ship educa ion had a posi i e e ec on bo h
en ep eneu ial sel -e icacy and en ep eneu ial in en ion. simila ly, wang e al. (2020) epo ed ha Dee
has a s a is ically signi ican e ec on s uden s’ en ep eneu ial in en ion, in which his e ec is pa ially
media ed by s uden s pe cei ed en ep eneu ial sel -e icacy. he s udy also ound ha he e ec o Dee
on s uden s’ en ep eneu ial in en ions is s onge o hose who ha e p io en ep eneu ial expe ience.
O e all, he li e a u e claims ha digi al en ep eneu ship educa ion is e ec i ely enhances en ep e-
neu ial sel -e icacy and inc eases digi al en ep eneu ial in en ion (Dei). o ins ance, Jena (2020) epo ed
ha Dee, when ca ied ou e ec i ely and accompanied by sys ema ic p ac ice, will signi ican ly in lu-
ence s uden in en ions. indeed, he s udies o ho m-h e al. (2018) no ed ha Dee has he po en ial
o posi i ely impac en ep eneu s by boos ing hei p o i abili y, en ep eneu ial mindse , a i ude, and
chances o success. mul iple s udies (e.g., ahmed e al., 2020; Bischo e al., 2018) ha e shown ha Dee
is s ill a aluable ool o p omo ing en ep eneu ial ac i i y. as a esul , uni e si ies a e s i ing o
enhance he ole o en ep eneu ship educa ion by p o iding hei g adua es wi h he necessa y knowl-
edge o e ec i e en ep eneu ial c ea ion and con inua ion. Based on his explana ion, he hypo hesis
o he s udy is p o ided as ollows.
H1: Dee will be posi i ely ela ed o Dei
H2: Dei will be posi i ely ela ed o Dese
4 a. wiBOwO e al.
2.3 Pe cei ed use ulness, pe cei ed ease o use, and digi al en ep eneu ial in en ion
Using he echnology accep ance model ( am) o s udy digi al en ep eneu ial in en ion can p o ide
insigh s in o he dimensions ha p omo e a s uden ’s decision o pu sue digi al en ep eneu ship. he
concep o pe cei ed use ulness (pU) is also ele an o digi al en ep eneu ship, as i e e s o an
indi idual’s pe cep ion o how aluable a new echnology o inno a ion will be in acili a ing he suc-
cess o hei business (Da is, 1989). a p io s udy ound a posi i e co ela ion be ween pe cei ed use-
ulness and en ep eneu ial sel -e icacy ( enka esh & Da is, 2000). when indi iduals pe cei e ha a
new echnology o inno a ion will be use ul in acili a ing he success o hei business, hey a e mo e
likely o belie e in hei abili y o inaugu a e and un a business success ully. his belie s ems om
hei con idence in hei abili y o o e come challenges and obs acles ha may a ise. pU is also a
conside able ac o in indi iduals’ in en ion o use echnology. a p e ious s udy epo ed ha pU sig-
ni ican ly impac s s uden s’ in en ion o become digi al en ep eneu s (cha e jeee al., 2022). s uden s
who pe cei e digi al echnologies as use ul o hei en ep eneu ial endea o s a e mo e likely o ha e
a posi i e a i ude owa d en ep eneu ship and o pu sue a digi al en ep eneu ship ca ee ( ajesh,
2021; soluk e al., 2021).
in addi ion o pU, pe cei ed ease o use (peOU) is a c i ical ac o ha a ec s digi al en ep eneu ial
sel -e icacy. s udies ha e epo ed ha indi iduals who pe cei e digi al en ep eneu ship as easy o use
ha e highe sel -e icacy in s a ing and managing hei en u es. o ins ance, enka esh and Bala (2008)
s a ed ha peOU posi i ely a ec s an indi idual’s sel -e icacy in digi al en ep eneu ship. hey men-
ioned ha indi iduals who pe cei ed digi al en ep eneu ship as easy had highe sel -e icacy han
hose who pe cei ed i as di icul . la e , a p io s udy also ecognized ha peOU also in luences digi al
en ep eneu ial in en ion. as an example, a s udy by Ka imi e al. (2017) e ealed ha pe cei ed ease o
use is posi i ely ela ed o en ep eneu ial in en ion among s uden s.
p omp s scien is s and p ac i ione s a e in ag eemen wi h co ec i e ac ion (Da is, 1989). he e is also
a p ominen link be ween peOU and pU, indica ing ha peOU is a p edic o o pU. he obus connec-
i i y be ween peOU and pU indica es ha hose who ind new echnologies easy o use also disco e
hem highly use ul (Da is, 1989). he in ol emen o digi al echnology in en ep eneu ship e e s o he
s udies o Bha adwaj (2000) and U bina i e al. (2020), namely he use o compu e -based echnology as
a signi ican solu ion in en ep eneu ship. o example, sma phone applica ions can p o i om en e-
p eneu ial ac i i ies due o low-cos alloca ion bu each a wide ma ke ing segmen , inc ease income,
and p o ide lexibili y in building and de eloping new businesses ( ajesh, 2021; soluk e al., 2021). hus,
he hypo hesis is p esen ed below.
H3: pU will be ela ed o Dei
H4: pU will be ela ed o Dese
H5: peOU will be ela ed o Dei
H6: peOU will be ela ed o Dese
2.4 The ole o sel -e icacy in media ing digi al en ep eneu ship educa ion and en ep eneu ial
in en ion
Digi al en ep eneu ship educa ion is conside ed o be a new a ea o in e es ha aims o p o ide indi-
iduals wi h he skills and knowledge o s imula e and g ow digi al en u es. he majo i y o wo ks ha e
e idenced a posi i e impac o digi al en ep eneu ship educa ion on en ep eneu ial in en ion (Bilal e al.,
2021; yu e al., 2022). howe e , he e ec i eness o digi al en ep eneu ship educa ion p og ams depends
on se e al ac o s, including he ole o sel -e icacy. sel -e icacy plays a c i ical ole in media ing he
associa ion be ween digi al en ep eneu ship educa ion and en ep eneu ial in en ion. some wo ks ha e
mani es ed he in e connec edness be ween sel -e icacy, digi al en ep eneu ship educa ion, and en e-
p eneu ial in en ion. hese wo ks sugges ha sel -e icacy can ake a ole as a media o in he ela ion-
ship be ween digi al en ep eneu ship educa ion and en ep eneu ial in en ion (Bilal e al., 2021; yue al.,
cOgen BUsiness & managemen 5
2022). in sho , digi al en ep eneu ship educa ion can enhance an indi idual’s sel -e icacy, which in u n
can escala e he en ep eneu ial in en ion. hus, he hypo hesis is p o ided below.
H7: Dese will be ela ed o Dei
H8: Dese media es he in luence o Dee on Dei
2.5. The ole o sel -e icacy in media ing PU, PEOU, and digi al en ep eneu ial in en ion
en ep eneu ial in en ion has long been conside ed impo an in p omo ing new business c ea ion. while
sel -e icacy is o en linked o he d i e o en ep eneu ship. sel -e icacy e e s o belie s in he mo i a-
ion, cogni i e esou ces, and abili y o ini ia e ac ions necessa y o mee he demands o a pa icula
si ua ion (wood & Bandu a, 1989; Zhao e al., 2005). Bandu a (1986) elucida ed ha sel -e icacy de e -
mines ac ions o ake, e o o pu in, how long i akes o pe se e e, and wha me hods o use in
di icul si ua ions. i has no hing o do wi h he numbe o skills bu wi h he s uden s’ belie ha hey
can do wha hey can in a a ious si ua ions and ci cums ances (Bandu a, 1997). Da man o e al. (2022)
no ed ha one o he main ac o s o success ul echnology adop ion in en ep eneu ship is ela ed o
s uden s’ sel -e icacy.
Digi al en ep eneu ial sel -e icacy (Dese) is c ucial o building mo i a ion ha can a ec indi idual
oppo uni ies, pu poses, emo ional eac ions, e o s, and pe sis ence. in his ega d, s uden s wi h be e
le els o sel -e icacy a o o imp o e hei abili ies o accomplish ce ain asks. p elimina y schola s ha e
epo ed ha pe cei ed sel -e icacy posi i ely p edic s accomplishmen - ela ed beha io s, such as mo i-
a ion, e ec i eness, and posi i e a i udes (Bachmann e al., 2021; saeid & eslaminejad, 2016). a p elim-
ina y publica ion showed ha an inc ease in Dese is highly co ela ed wi h Dei (Da man o e al., 2022).
inally, he esul s o abdullah and wa d (2016) no ed ha he e ec o peOU on Dese con i ms a pos-
i i e and signi ican associa ion. meanwhile, abdullah e al. (2016) also no ed ha peOU and pU posi-
i ely in luence Dese. he e o e, he hypo hesis is p esen ed as ollows.
H9: Dese media es he in luence o pU on Dei
H10: Dese media es he in luence o peOU on Dei
3. Me hod and ma e ials
3.1 Design
in his s udy, a c oss-sec ional su ey wi h a quan i a i e app oach was used o empi ically alida e a
concep s udy model using s uc u al equa ion models (pls-sem). pls-sem is con empla ed sui able o
his s udy as i has he highes po en ial o p edic all cons uc ela ionships simul aneously, and i is
widely implemen ed in business and en ep eneu ship esea ch (e.g., nowiński e al., 2019). his pape is
an ini ial a emp o in es iga e he media ing ole o Dese in a ec ing Dei. in mo e de ail, his esea ch
a emp ed o examine how Dee, pU, and peOU di ec ly p omo e Dei and also indi ec ly h ough Dese as
a media ing a iable (see igu e 1).
3.2 Sample and da a collec ion
he indonesian uni e si y s uden s p o ided sui able esea ch con ex as he indonesian go e nmen
campaigns o enhance he numbe o en ep eneu s among uni e si y g adua es. his s udy adop ed a
con enience sampling di ec ed a educa ional-based uni e si y s uden s in malang and Jaka a, indonesia.
he a ionale o using con enience sampling is la gely used by schola s on his heme (e.g., nowiński
e al., 2019). he esea ch pa icipan s we e de ined as indi iduals who had ollowed educa ion in en e-
p eneu ship and we e cu en ly engaged in en ep eneu ial pu sui s. he de e mina ion o he geog aph-
ical a ea o his esea ch is due o he ac ha he ci ies o malang and Jaka a a e well-known as
educa ional cen e s in indonesia. mo eo e , he ci y o malang is enowned o i s bu geoning ou ism
6 a. wiBOwO e al.
indus y and he assis ance o e ed by he local go e nmen o escala e he de elopmen o new
businesses.
he esea ch ins umen was p o ided in sel -adminis a ed ques ionnai es using google o ms,
which we e sha ed wi h pa icipan s using email and wha sapp du ing sep embe –no embe 2022,
and we ollowed up h ee weeks la e . in he p o ided ques ionnai es, he pa icipan s we e asked
o hei anonymi y, and i was in o med ha his esea ch is in ended o academic pu poses only.
la e , he in o ma ion gi en by he esponden s would be kep con iden ial. in addi ion, he ins i u-
ional e iew boa d app o ed all e hical issues a Uni e si as nege i Jaka a, indonesia. a ound 350
pa icipan s ook pa in his su ey, and we ound ha 320 comple ed he ques ionnai es. in addi-
ion, we pe o med an in es iga ion o de e mine he eligible esponses, which esul ed in 309 ques-
ions o u he analysis. he p o ile o he esponden s in his esea ch is exhibi ed p ecisely in
able 1.
acco ding o able 1, o e hal o he pa icipan s in he su ey we e emale (50.4%). in e ms o hei
academic le el, mo e han hal we e om he 2019 coho (52.1%), wi h he emaining being om he
2020 coho (49.6%). he majo i y o esponden s had pa en s who we e en ep eneu s (57.6%), while
Figu e 1. Resea ch amewo k.
Sou ce: own elabo a ion based on Vejaya a nam e al. (2019), Hasan e al. (2017), Liñán and Chen (2009), Venka esh and Bala (2008).
Table 1. Desc ip i e s a is ics o pa icipan s.
Cha ac e is ics % (N = 309)
gende
Female 50.4 (156)
Male 49.6 (153)
age s a is ics
19-22 yea s old 60.5 (187)
23-25 yea s old 39.5 (122)
Min: 19 yea s old 9.4 (29)
Max: 25 yea s old 21.4 (66)
Mean 22.6
Median 23.0
sD 2.03
Yea class
2019 52.1 (161)
2020 47.9 (148)
Pa en s’ occupa ion
en ep eneu 57.6 (178)
eache /Lec u e 16.1 (50)
Fa me s 15.8 (49)
Ci il se an s 10.5 (32)
subjec
Managemen 33.3 (103)
economic educa ion 33.6 (104)
accoun ing 33.1 (102)
cOgen BUsiness & managemen 7
only a small pe cen age had pa en s who we e ci il se an s (10.5%). he able also shows ha he mos
common majo among esponden s was economics educa ion (33.6%), while accoun ing (33.1%) was he
leas common.
3.3 Measu es
we ex ac ed he measu emen i ems in his esea ch om well-es ablished s udies. we adop ed back- o-
back ansla ion o ensu e he compa abili y o o iginal and ansla ed i ems. he a iables o he esea ch
we e es ima ed on a i e-poin like scale anging om (1) “s ongly disag ee o (5) “s ongly ag ee”. in
de ail, digi al en ep eneu ship educa ion (Dee) was measu ed by nine i ems p oposed by hasan e al.
(2017) and Denanyoh e al. (2015), while pe cei ed use ulness (pU) was calcula ed by adop ing i e i ems
om Da is (1989) and chin (2009). la e , he a iable o pe cei ed ease o use (peOU) was measu ed
using i e i ems om Da is (1989) and chin (2009). addi ionally, o he measu es o he digi al en e-
p eneu ial sel -e icacy a iable (Dese), we adop ed i e i ems om Zhao e al. (2005). inally, digi al
en ep eneu ial in en ion (Dei) was measu ed using eigh i ems p oposed by liñán and chen (2009) and
ejaya a nam e al. (2019).
3.4 Da a analysis
s uc u al equa ion modeling was employed o in es iga e he hypo heses p oposed. mo e p ecisely,
a iance-based pa ial leas squa es s uc u al equa ion modeling (pls-sem) was applied as i s supe io i y
in es ima ing media ion analysis wi h a la ge numbe o sample sizes (hai e al., 2017). addi ionally,
pls-sem has mo e ad an ages om high e iciency in pa ame e es ima ion in compa ison o
co a iance-based s uc u al equa ion modeling (cB-sem). he p ocedu e o analysis using pls-sem ol-
lows se e al s ages, including ou e model es ima ion, inne model e alua ion, s uc u al model, hypo h-
esis analysis, and media ing es ing.
4. Resul s and analysis
4.1 Ou e model e alua ion
a se ies o pls-sem guidelines om hai e al. (2020) we e applied o analyze he da a. he i s
ma e is o es he con e gen alidi y o he a iable. hai e al. (2013, 2020) p o ided a cu -o
alue o he loading ac o ha mus be 0.70 and o e , as a condi ion o he a iable o accomplish
con e gen alidi y. as depic ed in able 2, i can be ema ked ha o he nine i ems in he digi al
en ep eneu ship educa ion (Dee), i e o hem ha e a loading ac o alue (λ) be ween 0.833 and
0.852 (> 0.70), so hey pass con e gen alidi y. while he es o he ou i ems (Dee3, Dee6, Dee8,
and Dee9) ha e o be emo ed since hey ha e alues lowe han 0.70. u he mo e, o he eigh
Dei a iable i ems, h ee i ems need o be emo ed, conside ing he alues a e smalle han he
h eshold (<0.70). in he digi al en ep eneu ial sel -e icacy (Dese) a iable, all ou p oposed i ems
pass because hey a e g ea e han he h eshold (>0.70). in he pe cei ed use ulness (pU) a iable,
ou o ou i ems, wo i ems (pU2 and pU3) mus be d opped because hey a e smalle han he
h eshold (<0.70). inally, on he pe cei ed ease o use (peOU) a iable, ou i ems mee he h esh-
old (> 0.70) so ha i mee s con e gen alidi y. able 2 also in o ms ha all models ha e been
good acco ding o he sugges ion o hai e al. (2013, 2020), whe e c onbach’s alpha (α) is highe
a 0.70, composi e eliabili y (c ) is highe a 0.70, and a e age a iance ex ac ed (a e) is highe
a 0.50.
he nex p ocedu e ha ollows he ace o hai e al. (2013, 2020) is o assess he disc iminan
alidi y. hai e al. (2013, 2020) p o ided a cu -o alue o c oss-loading o each a iable should
highe o equal o 0.70, so ha he a iable mee s disc iminan alidi y. able 3 exhibi s ha he
c oss-loading alue o he Dee, Dei, Dese, peOU, and pU a iables > 0.70, so ha all a iables mee
con e gen alidi y.
14 a. wiBOwO e al.
Muhammad Hakimi Mohd Sha iai is an associa e p o esso o en ep eneu ship, islamic economics, and islamic social
inance a he acul y o economics and managemen , Uni e si i Kebangsaan malaysia, malaysia. his esea ch in e -
es s include en ep eneu ship, islamic economics, islamic mic o inance, waq , and islamic social inance.
ORCID
agus wibowo h p://o cid.o g/0000-0003-0051-1743
a i sap ono h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-4182-2284
Bagus shandy na madi ya h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-4019-8723
sapa uddin mukh a h p://o cid.o g/0000-0003-4641-5052
supa no h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-5518-0489
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