Ay ape yan, Da id; Be o , Nicolas; He mans, F ans
A icle — Published Ve sion
F om local ma ke s o global legi imacy: A ma e ializa ion
pe spec i e on echnological inno a ion sys em's
dynamics
Resea ch Policy
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Ay ape yan, Da id; Be o , Nicolas; He mans, F ans (2025) : F om local ma ke s
o global legi imacy: A ma e ializa ion pe spec i e on echnological inno a ion sys em's dynamics,
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F om local ma ke s o global legi imacy: A ma e ializa ion pe spec i e on
echnological inno a ion sys em's dynamics
Da id Ay ape yan
a,*
, Nicolas Be o
b
, F ans He mans
a
a
Leibniz Ins i u e o Ag icul u al De elopmen in T ansi ion Economies (IAMO), Theodo -Liese -S . 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Ge many
b
NEOMA Business School, Chai in Bioeconomy and Sus ainable De elopmen , The Wo ld We Wan AoE, 59 ue Pie e Tai inge , 51100 Reims, F ance
ARTICLE INFO
O iginal con en : Supplemen a y Da a_F om
local ma ke s o global legi imacy: A
ma e ializa ion pe spec i e on echnological
inno a ion sys em’s dynamic (O iginal da a)
Keywo ds:
Local scale
Ma e ializa ion
Technological inno a ion sys em (TIS)
Bio e ining
Case s udy
ABSTRACT
The Technological Inno a ion Sys ems (TIS) li e a u e has made conside able s ides in explo ing he spa ial
aspec o echnological inno a ion dynamics o e he pas decade. Abandoning he pu ely na ional ocus on TISs,
schola s ha e heo ized TIS dynamics simul aneously along mul iple geog aphical scales, such as egional, na-
ional, and global. Ye , he concep ual and empi ical insigh s on he local scale o TISs ha e been limi ed. This
pape elabo a es a local spa ial pe spec i e on TISs and elucida es how he local scale in e ac s wi h b oade
scales h ough s uc u al couplings. We use echnological ma e ializa ion o de ine he local scale and illus a e
ou pe spec i e wi h a case s udy on a local bio e ining TIS e olu ion in F ance. Using e en -his o y analysis, we
explo e how he local scale e ol ed h ough unc ional in e ac ions bo h wi hin and ac oss he local and b oade
scales. The esul s e eal shi ing con igu a ions o TIS unc ions and hei in e ac ions a a ious scales in
di e en pe iods: while he local scale was cha ac e ized by ma e ializa ion o bio e ining echnology and local
ma ke o ma ion, b oade scales played mo e e sa ile oles by p o iding esou ces o, o ming end ma ke s o ,
and es ablishing he legi imacy o he local scale. Policy should p omo e bio e ine y-in e nal ma ke s h ough
echnological ma e ializa ion and dissemina e local success s o ies a b oade scales.
1. In oduc ion
O e he pas decade, he li e a u e on Technological Inno a ion
Sys ems (TIS) has been ollowing a pa icula line o heo izing,
encou aging o ollow he TIS- ele an ac o s, ne wo ks, and p ocesses
o whe e e hey lead a a ious geog aphical scales (Coenen e al.,
2012;Binz e al., 2014). Ha ing eme ged om he c i icism o p e-
dominan ly na ional TIS pe spec i e (Ma ka d e al., 2012), his line has
mo i a ed schola s o de elop a ious mul iscala concep ualiza ions o
TISs by in oducing a ious geog aphical scales. Fo ins ance, au ho s
ha e s udied di e en TISs om p ima ily egional (Rohe, 2020;Rohe
and Ma es, 2022), p ima ily na ional (Binz e al., 2012;Dewald and
F omhold-Eisebi h, 2015), o e en p ima ily global (Binz e al., 2014;
Yuan and Li, 2021) pe spec i es, while using o he , seconda y, scales o
in es iga e hei e ec on hese p ima y scales. Fu he mo e, s udying
‘ e ical’(Rohe, 2020) o ‘s uc u al’couplings (Be gek e al., 2015;
Binz and T u e , 2017), au ho s ha e elabo a ed on a ious on ologies
o mul iscala in e ela ions aking place among he p ima y and sec-
onda y scales.
In spi e o ema kable ad ances in inc easing he spa ial sensi i i y
and esolu ion o he TIS amewo k, a lacuna ega ding he local scale
o TISs emains open as he e ha e been no s udies on mul iscala TIS
ha ea he local scale as p ima y and analyze i s dynamics wi h
b oade scales. In his pape , we elabo a e a new spa ial pe spec i e on
TISs wi h a p ima y ocus on he local scale which connec s o all
b oade , i.e. seconda y, scales. To do his, we de ine he local scale based
on he p ocess o echnological ma e ializa ion and illus a e ou
pe spec i e wi h a case s udy on he e olu ion o a local BioRe ining
Technological Inno a ion Sys em (BRTIS) in F ance. The issue o ma-
e iali y has gained inc easing a en ion, especially in he li e a u e on
he bioeconomy and bio e ine ies (Bi ch and Cal e , 2015;Van Assche
e al., 2022). We will a gue ha inco po a ing he place whe e echno-
logical ma e ializa ion occu s will allow us o e ain om any a p io i
spa ial delimi a ions (Coenen e al., 2012;Binz e al., 2014), he eby
sepa a ing he local om o he scales.
S a ing om he local scale, we dis inguish be ween local unc ional
dynamics and s uc u al couplings wi h b oade scales. The local unc-
ional dynamics a e he in e ac ions o TIS unc ions aking place among
he ac o s wi hin he local TIS, i.e. wi hin he local scale. A s uc u al
coupling is a ained “i speci ic ac o s, ac o ne wo ks o ins i u ions
* Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add esses: [email p o ec ed] (D. Ay ape yan), [email p o ec ed] (N. Be o ), [email p o ec ed] (F. He mans).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Resea ch Policy
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h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. espol.2024.105130
Recei ed 4 May 2023; Recei ed in e ised o m 23 May 2024; Accep ed 17 Sep embe 2024
Resea ch Policy 54 (2025) 105130
0048-7333/© 2024 The Au ho (s). Published by Else ie B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY license ( h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/ ).
span ac oss o o e lap be ween a ious subsys ems, be his in a speci ic
egion o coun y, in a global non-go e nmen al o ganiza ion o a
ansna ional co po a ion”(Binz and T u e , 2017, p. 2). S uc u al
couplings a e hus he mul iscala
1
in e ac ions o TIS unc ions aking
place be ween he ac o s a he local TIS and ac o s si ua ed a b oade
geog aphical scales, i.e. egional, na ional, Eu opean, o global
(Wieczo ek e al., 2015;Ande sson e al., 2018). We in e p e he e o-
lu ion o he local BRTIS as a combina ion o hese wo ypes o dy-
namics. We a e he e o e in e es ed in he e olu ion o he local BRTIS,
shaped by how ac o s ca y ou hei ac i i ies a local scale and he way
hey in e ac wi h ac o s a b oade scales. The e o e, ou esea ch
ques ion is:
How did he local BRTIS e ol e h ough a combina ion o local
unc ional dynamics and s uc u al couplings?
To answe his ques ion, we use e en -his o y analysis (EHA). We
apply he p ocess app oach wi hin EHA ha makes a s ong emphasis on
empo al and causal ela ionships among e en s (Van de Ven and Poole,
2005). To s udy he local unc ional dynamics, we analyze he in-
e ac ions o TIS unc ions ha ha e been linked o e en s occu ing
only a he local scale. To s udy he s uc u al couplings, we analyze he
in e ac ions o TIS unc ions ha ha e been linked o e en s occu ing a
he local and b oade scales.
Ou s udy con ex is he bio e ine y o he Bazancou -Pomacle
clus e (BPC) in F ance. This bio e ine y has a 40 yea his o y o in-
no a ions and echnological ma e ializa ion, making i one o he mos
ad anced and in eg a ed bio e ine ies in Eu ope (Th´
eno e al., 2018;
Diakosa as and F ezal, 2019). F om he geog aphical pe spec i e, he
BPC ope a es one o he la ges , ye e i o ial, bio e ine ies in he wo ld
which also ans e s i s expe ise a he na ional and global scales (Philp
and Winicko , 2017). Applying p inciples o ci cula economy h ough
a sys em o local by-p oduc ma ke s, his bio e ine y p oduces no only
bio uels and bioene gy (which co espond o mos o he EU isions on
bio e ine y echnologies (Baue e al., 2017)), bu also a wide ange o
bio-p oduc s such as ood, eed, biochemicals, and cosme ic ing edien s
(Allais e al., 2021). Fu he mo e, unlike mos Eu opean bio e ine ies,
he bio e ine y o he BPC has passed he pilo and demons a ion
phases, en e ing mass ma ke s wi h mos o i s echnologies (Philp and
Winicko , 2017, 2019). This makes he case pa icula ly ele an o a
TIS analysis, since all he TIS unc ions, including he p ocesses o
ma ke o ma ion, can be ep esen ed and analyzed. Fo he sake o
b e i y, in he emainde o he pape we e e o ou case as local BRTIS.
The TIS unc ions and hei in e ac ions (Hekke e al., 2007;Be gek
e al., 2008c) se e as analy ical lenses o ou s udy.
2
Ou s udy makes h ee con ibu ions. Fi s , i con ibu es o he TIS
li e a u e by concep ualizing a new spa ial pe spec i e on TISs based on
p ocesses o echnological ma e ializa ion. Second, he s udy gene a es
no el insigh s ega ding he geog aphy o eco-inno a ions in TISs
h ough a ine spa ial esolu ion o TISs and a local pe spec i e on TIS
building (Binz and T u e , 2017;Musiolik e al., 2020;Hansmeie and
K oll, 2024). Las ly, i opens new a enues o locally- ailo ed inno a ion
policies o p omo e echnological ma e ializa ion, mo ing beyond he
con en ional policy ocus on ac o s, ne wo ks, and ins i u ions.
The pape p oceeds as ollows: Sec ion 2 e iews he exis ing spa ial
pe spec i es on TISs and p oposes a new local TIS pe spec i e. Sec ion 3
p esen s ou case, he me hod, and explains he da a collec ion and
p ocessing. Sec ion 4 p esen s he esul s. Sec ion 5 discusses he
empi ical, heo e ical, and policy implica ions. Sec ion 6 summa izes
he pape and ou lines a enues o u u e esea ch.
2. Towa d a local pe spec i e in echnological inno a ion
sys ems
2.1. De ini ion and unc ions
Technological inno a ion sys em's pe spec i e o igina ed om he
heo y o e olu iona y economics (Win e and Nelson, 1982). Along
wi h he ela ed na ional (Lund all, 1988), egional (Cooke e al., 1997),
and sec o al (Male ba, 2002) delinea ions o inno a ion sys ems, he TIS
app oach is designed o s udy inno a ion dynamics wi hin he limi s o a
pa icula echnology (Ma ka d e al., 2015). A TIS is de ined by
Ca lsson and S ankiewicz (1991, p. 93) as “[…] a dynamic ne wo k o
agen s in e ac ing in a speci ic economic/indus ial a ea unde a pa icula
ins i u ional in as uc u e and in ol ed in he gene a ion, di usion, and
u iliza ion o echnology.”Fou elemen s a e he e o e p esen in any TIS:
echnology, ac o s, ne wo ks, and ins i u ions (Jacobsson and Be gek,
2011). The echnology in ocus can be de ined ei he na owly o
b oadly, depending on he aims and scope o he TIS analysis (Ma ka d
e al., 2015). Ac o s a e p ima ily he i ms wi hin he whole alue chain
o he echnology, bu can also include o he o ganiza ions, esea ch
ins i u es, and go e nmen bodies (Be gek e al., 2008b). Ne wo ks
ep esen he ypes o ela ions ha TIS ac o s es ablish among hem-
sel es and wi h o he ac o s. These can be knowledge/ esea ch ne -
wo ks, poli ical ne wo ks, as well as comme cial ne wo ks linking ac o s
o he ele an ma ke s. Finally, ins i u ions a e he a ious ules and
no ms, bo h o mal and in o mal, ha egula e he in e ac ions among
he ac o s.
Hekke e al. (2007) and Be gek e al. (2008a) e ined he TIS
concep by in oducing he TIS unc ions. These a e unde s ood as he
key p ocesses aking place in a TIS ha se e i s pu pose o de eloping,
di using, and u ilizing echnology. TIS unc ions can in luence and
ein o ce each o he , c ea ing a ious sho o long unc ional ‘chains’
connec ed by causal logic. Table 1 p esen s and desc ibes a se o eigh
TIS unc ions.
2.2. Challenging he na ional pe spec i e on TISs
The TIS amewo k has been popula in inno a ion s udies (Ma ka d
e al., 2015), because i can explain how (well) he de elopmen and
di usion o an eme ging (o en mo e sus ainable) echnology akes
Table 1
A se o eigh unc ions o s udy echnological inno a ion sys ems.
Func ion Desc ip ion
F1: En ep eneu ial
ac i i ies
Ac o s' ac ions o u ilize business oppo uni ies p esen ed
by esou ces, knowledge, ne wo ks, and ma ke s.
F2: Knowledge
de elopmen
Applied and undamen al esea ch on new echnological
op ions and p ocesses.
F3: Knowledge di usion Ne wo king among TIS ac o s pu suing join R&D
p ojec s and he exchange o echnological knowledge.
F4: Guidance o sea ch The p ocess o o ien a ion and selec ion among di e en
di ec ions o echnological de elopmen .
F5: Ma ke o ma ion In oduc ion o he new echnology/p oduc o he niche
o mass ma ke .
F6: Resou ce
mobiliza ion
In lows o inancial, human, o na u al esou ces o
main ain and de elop he TIS.
F7: C ea ion o
legi imacy
Ac o s' ac ions o legi imize he new echnology o he
go e nmen , media, and use s.
F8: Ma e ializa ion C ea ion o TIS- ela ed physical in as uc u e such as
plan s, ac o ies, and pipeline acili ies.
(Sou ce: adap ed based on Hekke e al. (2007);Be gek e al. (2008a);Be gek
e al. (2008c);Suu s and Hekke (2009);Hellsma k (2010);He mans e al.
(2019).)
1
In TIS li e a u e he e m ‘mul iscala ’has been used o indica e he exis-
ence o mo e han one geog aphical scale (e.g. egional, na ional, and global).
Ye , o he s eams o li e a u e use his e m o indica e he exis ence o mul-
iple ypes o scales, such as ins i u ional, adminis a i e, empo al, o o he
s uc u al scales (Gibson e al., 2000;Ra en e al., 2012).
2
The TIS amewo k is no new o he li e a u e on bio e ining echnology.
BRTIS has been he subjec o many case s udies, such as by Hellsma k e al.
(2016),Hansen and Coenen (2017),Giu ca and Sp¨
a h (2017),F ishamma e al.
(2019), and Ts e ano a e al. (2022).
D. Ay ape yan e al. Resea ch Policy 54 (2025) 105130
2
place. Di e en TIS unc ions can se e as a ge s o policies aiming o
suppo eme ging sus ainable echnologies and mode a e he esis ance
o he incumben ac o s (Wal a e and Ra en, 2016). Acco ding o
Coenen e al. (2012), he inc easing endency o in o m echnology
policies o coun ies has led TIS schola s o delinea e hei s udies p e-
dominan ly o he na ional scale. The e ha e been nume ous case s udies
o TISs de ined and analyzed wi hin he bounda ies o one coun y.
3
Howe e , he endency o de ine TISs na ionally has aced c i icism
(Be khou e al., 2009;Ma ka d e al., 2012) as schola s began o s ess
ha he spa ial con ex ele an o unde s and echnological inno a ions
is mo e sophis ica ed. Di e en geog aphical scales, i.e. local, egional,
na ional, global, become ele an and in e ela ed du ing inno a ion
p ocesses (Binz and T u e , 2017). Focusing solely on he na ional scale
isks o e looking impo an in luences and e ec s ex ending beyond he
na ional bounda y as well as migh igno e he di e en ways in which
inno a ion p ocesses end up dis ibu ed une enly a he sub-na ional, i.
e. egional and local scales (Binz e al., 2014). Consequen ly, schola s
such as Coenen e al. (2012),Binz e al. (2014), and Mi¨
o ne and Binz
(2021) ha e called o ollow he ele an ac o s, ne wo ks, and p ocesses
o whe e e hey lead ins ead o se ing a p io i spa ial bounda ies.
These calls also ied in wi h discussions wi hin human geog aphy on he
‘poli ics o scale’and ‘scale as a social cons uc ion’(Ma s on, 2000;
Bulkeley, 2005;Moo e, 2008). These au ho s c i icize he hie a chical
na u e o geog aphical scales ha iews scales as ladde ed con aine s on
which he di e en le els o m he “[…] bounded, a eal uni s encom-
passing and de ining he people and p ocesses supposedly loca ed wi hin
hem”(Moo e, 2008, p. 212). As a esul , schola s began o implemen
di e en amewo ks and me hodologies, allowing hem o di e deepe
in o he spa ial complexi y o echnological inno a ion p ocesses.
2.3. Exis ing mul iscala concep ualiza ions o TISs
The li e a u e on mul iscala TISs can be analyzed om he
pe spec i e o p ima y and seconda y geog aphical scales. This ea u e
is c i ical o ou s udy, and, he e o e, we p opose a dis inc ion be ween
p ima y and seconda y scales o e iew he exis ing mul iscala TIS
pe spec i es and concep ualize ou own. A p ima y scale is ha om he
pe spec i e o which a gi en TIS is being s udied. Seconda y scales a e
hose included in he analysis as well, apa om he p ima y scale.
Fig. 1 (a–d) illus a es how di e en s udies ha e concep ualized mul-
iscala TISs using p ima y and seconda y scales and highligh s he in-
e ela ions among hose scales. Following Binz and T u e (2017) we
will use e m ‘s uc u al coupling’ o cha ac e ize he in e ela ions
among p ima y and seconda y scales.
The global inno a ion sys ems pe spec i e has been ei ied in s udies
ha ea ed he global scale o TISs as p ima y and he na ional scale as
seconda y (Fig. 1a). Acco dingly, Binz e al. (2014) concep ualized he
memb ane bio eac o TIS in gene al, i.e. a he global scale. Analyzing
bibliome ic da a, he au ho s s udied he spa iali y o he knowledge
c ea ion p ocesses wi hin his echnology. They ound ha o e ime he
knowledge ‘ lowed’ om he global knowledge pool o ce ain con i-
nen s and, ul ima ely, concen a ed in speci ic coun ies. Simila ly, hey
e ealed how ac o s c ea ed spaces o dense inno a i e ac i i ies ha
did no coincide wi h na ional bo de s, bu ins ead could c oss bo de s
and shi spa ial con igu a ions o e ime. Following he same spa ial
concep ualiza ion, Yuan and Li (2021) s udied he global cha ac e is ics
o ba e y elec ic ehicles TIS. Analyzing pa en da a, he au ho s
e ealed how he oles o echnology dono s and ecipien s a e une enly
sha ed among coun ies such as Japan, China, he U.S., Ge many, and
Ko ea, and how he dis ibu ion o hese oles change o e ime. Binz
and T u e (2017) de eloped a amewo k o sys ema ize he global
pe spec i e on TIS. In hei amewo k, TIS esou ces, such as knowl-
edge, ma ke s, in es men s, and legi imacy can be si ua ed a sub-global
scales and in e ac h ough ‘s uc u al couplings’. Speci ic esou ces and
hei mul iscala dynamics can hen be analyzed a ansna ional, na-
ional, and egional scales which o e ime shi and a e e-de ined by
he ele an ac o -ne wo ks and ins i u ions.
Taking he na ional scale as p ima y, s udies ha e ocused on he
na ional-global dynamics in TIS o ma ion (Fig. 1b). Acco dingly, Binz
e al. (2012) s udied he unc ional in e ac ions o he memb ane
bio eac o TIS be ween he Chinese and he global con ex . They igu ed
ou he mos p obable ajec o ies o China o leap og he ial-and-
e o p ocess o de eloped coun ies in implemen ing his echnology.
Building on he TIS unc ions amewo k, Ande sson e al. (2018)
applied a esou ce lens o hei s udy on he idal ki e TIS in Sweden.
They s udied whe he di e en esou ces such as knowledge, compe-
ence, and enabling echnologies ‘s ick’mo e o he na ional o global
scale du ing he TIS eme gence.
The local, egional, na ional, and global scales ha e been in eg a ed
in s udies ha ea ed he na ional scale as p ima y and he o he scales
as seconda y (Fig. 1c). Analyzing he p ocesses o knowledge gene a-
ion, echnology p oduc ion, and ma ke o ma ion, Dewald and
F omhold-Eisebi h (2015) ound ha he o ma ion o he Ge man
pho o ol aic TIS could be cha ac e ized by he con e gence o hese
p ocesses om he local, egional and global scales o he na ional scale.
Adop ing a s ic e unc ional app oach, Ne zo o a (2022) s udied he
de elopmen o he Russian biogas TIS, in which ce ain TIS unc ions
we e ul illed mo e a he local, egional, o global scales wi h a ans e
o hese unc ions o he na ional scale o a g ea e o lesse ex en .
Finally, Rohe (2020) and Rohe and Ma es (2022) paid exclusi e
a en ion o he egional scale in hei s udies on onsho e wind TIS in
di e en Ge man egions (Fig. 1d). In pa icula , he amewo k o Rohe
(2020) ocused on he o ma ion o he TIS esou ce po olio in he
Ge man Oldenbu ge Land. He concep ualized ‘ e ical couplings’ o
s udy how some o he egional esou ces a e ac ually c ea ed a he
na ional and global scales, as well as eme ge om local concen a ions
o TIS p ocesses. Simila ly, Rohe and Ma es (2022) s udied he same TIS
in h ee Ge man egions. In pa icula , hey e ealed how he pa e ns o
knowledge de elopmen and ma ke o ma ion unc ions a y along he
egions and in e ac wi h he local, na ional, and global scales.
In summa y, schola s ha e gone beyond he na ionally-bound TIS
pe spec i e by choosing one p ima y scale, e.g. he egional, na ional, o
global scale, and, simul aneously, conside ing i s in e ela ions wi h
seconda y scales du ing he de elopmen o a TIS. Howe e , none o
hese s udies ea ed he local scale as he s a ing poin o he analysis
by assigning i a p ima y ole. Mo eo e , he exis ing mul iscala TIS
concep ualiza ions (Fig. 1 a–d) s ill ope a e wi h p e-de ined spa ial
bounda ies o all he inco po a ed scales (Coenen e al., 2012).
4
We
concep ualize a no el spa ial pe spec i e in TISs by o e- on ing he
local scale and ea ing i as p ima y, while also conside ing i s in-
e ac ions wi h all b oade , i.e. seconda y, scales (Fig. 1e). In he
ollowing sec ion, we will del e deepe in o he local scale and link i o
he issue o echnological ma e ializa ion.
3
Some examples a e he biomass diges ion (Neg o e al., 2007), bio uel
(Suu s and Hekke , 2009), and ag icul u al TISs (He mans e al., 2019) in he
Ne he lands, o sho e wind TIS in Ge many (Reicha d e al., 2016), ca bon
cap u e and s o age TIS in No way (Van Alphen e al., 2009), wood- ame
mul i-s o ey cons uc ion TIS in Finland (Laza e ic e al., 2020), and biogas
TIS in B azil (De Oli ei a and Neg o, 2019).
4
The au ho s o he e iewed s udies e e ed o ci ies, clus e s, indus ial
dis ic s/complexes in ela ion o he local scale; o egional adminis a i e
bounda ies in ela ion o he egional scale; o na ional adminis a i e bound-
a ies in ela ion o he na ional scale; and o he global bounda y in ela ion o
he global scale. Ye , he global scale ep esen s a na u al bounda y and no an
adminis a i e one. Beyond his scale, he TIS dynamic, in p inciple, does no
ex end. The e o e, he c i icism o a p io i spa ial delimi a ion in case o a
global TIS pe spec i e can be seen as an issue ha has been bypassed a he
han add essed di ec ly.
D. Ay ape yan e al. Resea ch Policy 54 (2025) 105130
3
2.4. The local scale in echnological inno a ion sys ems
Technological inno a ions o en eme ge om dis inc sub- egional
locali ies and local ne wo ks (Coenen e al., 2012). Ye , TIS schola s
o en use he e m ‘local’ o desc ibe b oade scales co esponding o
speci ic bo de s such as egions and coun ies (c. . Ande sson e al.
(2018),Rohe (2020). Meanwhile, e e ences o sub- egional local scales
in TISs we e made ei he in ela ion o an a bi a y local scale ee om
echnology gene a ing in as uc u e (e.g. Lukka inen e al. (2018),
Hojcko a e al. (2020) o in ela ion o a egionally o na ionally
agg ega ed local scale. The la e cons i u ed (o en mul iple) locali ies,
e e ed o as indus ial complexes, dis ic s, clus e s (Dewald and
F omhold-Eisebi h, 2015;Ne zo o a, 2022) as well as local concen a-
ions o a ious TIS unc ions (Rohe, 2020;Rohe and Ma es, 2022). Ye ,
hese we e conside ed in he con ex o p ima ily egional o p ima ily
na ional TIS pe spec i e and can he e o e be in e p e ed as seconda y
scales (see Fig. 1c and d). To esol e inconsis encies ela ed o he
e minological, geog aphical, and echnological dimensions o he local
scale, we p opose a concep ual de ini ion o he local scale in TISs.
In de eloping such a de ini ion we e ain om se ing p e-de ined
geog aphical bounda ies such as hose o a municipali y, dis ic , in-
dus ial clus e , complex, echnological pa k, o zone (Ba y, 2006).
Ins ead, we de ine he spa iali y o he TIS local scale h ough a pa ic-
ula p ocess known as echnological ma e ializa ion in TIS li e a u e. This
p ocess has s ong pa allels o place-based, i.e. local, ac i i ies and
he e o e se es as he ounda ion o ou de ini ion. Below we ou line
his as well as he o he aspec s ha we in eg a e o de ine he local scale
o TISs. Fi s , based on he co esponding li e a u e (Be gek e al.,
2008c;Hellsma k, 2010;Ben o and Fon es, 2015;Gosens e al., 2015;
S een e al., 2022), we in e p e echnological ma e ializa ion as he
ac ual coming in o exis ence o echnological in as uc u e. The la e
includes p oduc ion plan s, pilo and demons a ion plan s, ac o ies,
pipeline exchange acili ies, as well as esea ch cen e s wi h labo a o y
and es ing equipmen . The geog aphical aspec o ou de ini ion o TIS
local scale is based on he p ocess o ma e ializa ion o his in as uc u e.
Thus, he local scale is ‘ma e ialized’whe e he co esponding echno-
logical in as uc u e comes in o exis ence. Sel -e iden ly, we a gue ha
his in as uc u e mus also be u ilized acco ding o he pu pose o any
TIS. Second, we poin o he exis ence o a speci ic ins i u ional en i on-
men a he local scale o a TIS. Coenen e al. (2012) and Ca lsson and
S ankiewicz (1991) a gue ha ins i u ional s uc u es a e consequen ial
aspec s o TISs. The ules and no ms, whe he in o mal o mo e
o malized, coo dina e he beha io o he in ol ed ac o s and s uc u e
he u u e ision o TISs, necessa y o a ac esou ces and build legi -
imacy. Fo ins ance, ac o s in ol ed in bio e ining TISs o en ollow
speci ic o mal and in o mal ules egula ing hei coope a ion, ex-
changes o by-p oduc s, and was e managemen (Ay ape yan, 2023).
Thi d, we a gue ha he geog aphical a ea hos ing he ma e ialized
echnological in as uc u e mus be con iguous, i.e. ‘unin e up ed’. This
is he main a gumen o di e en ia e he local scale om e.g. a egional
scale. Fo ins ance, a claim could be made assuming an adminis a i e
egion being dis inguished by ma e ializa ion o echnology. Ye , in e-
ali y he echnology is ma e ialized in a numbe o dis inc geog aphical
a eas wi hin he egion. These a eas a e no con iguous, as hey a e
‘in e up ed’by geog aphical space wi h no echnological in as uc-
u e. The e o e, each o hese sepa a e a eas, and no he en i e egion,
could be conside ed a local scale o a TIS. Las ly, we p opose ano he
simple, ye auxilia y a gumen o poin o he sub- egional na u e o he
local scale: he geog aphical a ea hos ing he ma e ialized echnological
in as uc u e mus be smalle han he egion.
Conside ing hese ou aspec s, we de ine a local scale o a TIS as a
small and con iguous geog aphical a ea ope a ing unde a speci ic
ins i u ional en i onmen and dis inguished by ma e ializa ion and
u iliza ion o he co esponding echnological in as uc u e.
Fig. 2 illus a es how a local scale o a TIS can be ma e ialized o e
ime. I can be seen ha he bounda ies o he TIS local scale a e
dis inguished based on whe e he echnological in as uc u e is ma e-
ialized along he consecu i e pe iods a, b, and c. I is impo an o no e
ha , i s , he dis inc ion be ween he local and egional scale is a
g adual one, and depends on he de elopmen phase o he TIS. This
concep ualiza ion o he local scale o a TIS can be especially help ul o
he iden i ica ion o he ea ly phases o a TIS o an indus ial clus e .
Second, ma e ializa ion is no synonymous o local. Ma e ializa ion can
occu in o he egions o o he coun ies and hus can occu a o he
scales as well. Finally, he scales a e no necessa ily o de ed hie a -
chically: he local scale can ha e di ec s uc u al couplings wi h he
na ional, o e en he global scale o ins ance h ough he no ion o
‘glocalisa ion’(Swyngedouw, 2004).
Fig. 1. Mul iscala concep ualiza ions o TISs in he li e a u e (a-d) and in he cu en pape (e). No e: he Figu e does no imply any empo al sequence along sec ions ‘a’
o ‘e’.
(Sou ces: own elabo a ion based on (1): Binz e al. (2014); (2): Yuan and Li (2021); (3): Binz e al. (2012); (4): Ande sson e al. (2018); (5): Dewald and F omhold-
Eisebi h (2015); (6): Ne zo o a (2022); (7): Rohe (2020); (8): Rohe and Ma es (2022).)
D. Ay ape yan e al. Resea ch Policy 54 (2025) 105130
4
3. Me hodology
We employed a single case s udy app oach (Pio e, 2006;Yin, 2018)
o s udy how he local BRTIS e ol ed h ough a combina ion o local
unc ional dynamics and s uc u al couplings. This app oach o e s mo e
p ecise concep ual inpu s h ough a deepe unde s anding and analysis
o he selec ed case (Ge ing, 2016;Gus a sson, 2017). The case o he
BPC se es as a pe ec example because he de elopmen o i s bio-
e ining echnology o e he las 40 yea s was so ema kable ha i is
now conside ed as one o he mos ad anced bio e ine ies in Eu ope
(Philp and Winicko , 2019).
3.1. The case: bio e ining echnology a he Bazancou -Pomacle clus e
As o May 2022, he local BRTIS has ma e ialized in o a bioeconomy
clus e commonly e e ed o as he Bazancou -Pomacle clus e in
F ance. This clus e hos s a bio e ine y ha in eg a es a numbe o
ad anced echnologies o biomass alo iza ion, con o ming o he
p inciples o in eg a ed bio e ining (S ua and El-Halwagi, 2012).
Bioeconomy clus e s o en ope a e in eg a ed bio e ine ies (Ay ape yan
e al., 2022) ha localize he p oduc ion and p ocessing o na u al e-
sou ces (Deu z and Gibbs, 2008;Ay ape yan and He mans, 2020). The
geog aphic p oximi y o p oduc ion plan s, R&D cen e s, as well as pilo
and demons a ion acili ies (Hellsma k e al., 2016) in such bio-
e ine ies enable he p ocessing o biomass acco ding o he p inciples o
indus ial symbiosis and ci cula economy (Vi ien e al., 2019), o e ing
po en ial imp o emen s in en i onmen al sus ainabili y (Bosman and
Ro mans, 2016;He mans, 2021).
The bio e ine y o he BPC o igina ed om a suga ac o y se up in
1953 be ween he communi ies o Bazancou and Pomacle in he
F ench Champagne-A denne egion (Schieb e al., 2015). I came in o
exis ence due o he e o s o local a me s, who o med a coope a i e
and lobbied o i s cons uc ion. Fo abou 40 yea s, he si e p oduced
only suga by ope a ing he suga ac o y. Meanwhile, i s model se ed
as an example o egional ag oindus ies o uni e and launch bigge
plan s o p ocessing whea and al al a as well. O e ime, due o he
es ablished ma ke s and consis en inancial suppo by he ag icul u al
bank C edi Ag icole, egional a me s o med a s ong dependence on
he exis ing c ops, encou aging hem o con inue hei ac i i ies ac-
co ding o his biomass model (Nieddu, 1998).
Technological inno a ions in he use o bio- esou ces began in he
ea ly 1980s wi h he de elopmen o he chemical indus y in F ance. In
he egion o Champagne-A denne, new i ms began o specialize in
de eloping non- ood ou le s om suga bee and whea (G ouiez e al.,
2023). These i ms ini ially ope a ed in di e en loca ions o he egion.
Du ing he 1990s, hey eloca ed o he si e o he suga ac o y, o ming
a echnologically inno a i e in as uc u e be ween he communi ies o
Bazancou and Pomacle. In his way, he si e began i s ansi ion om
suga p oduc ion o a clus e ope a ing a bio e ine y. O e ime, he
bio e ine y in eg a ed mul iple echnologies allowing i o ans o m
di e en ypes o biomass in o a a ie y o bio-based p oduc s, such as
ood, eed, biochemicals, bio uels, and cosme ic ing edien s.
Cu en ly he bio e ine y is a highly-indus ialized a ea occupying a
e i o y o 219 ha and hos ing 11 i ms. The indus ial si e di ec ly
employs 1200 people, anging om indus ial ope a o s o esea che s
in he na u al and social sciences, compa ed o a ound 400 people in he
ea ly 1990s. The in as uc u e o he bio e ine y consis s o buildings,
echnological acili ies, esea ch cen e s, p oduc ion plan s, and pipe-
lines owned by di e en ac o s. In e ms o aw ma e ials p ocessing, i
handles 1 million onnes o whea and 2.5 million onnes o suga bee
e e y yea . Thanks o hese p oduc ion capaci ies, he bio e ine y o he
BPC is Eu ope's 3 d la ges e hanol p oduce . The bio e ine y makes a
s ong emphasis on he use o he whole plan by ope a ing a sys em o
by-p oduc and was e exchange, hence ully de o ing i sel o he idea o
ci cula bioeconomy (Th´
eno e al., 2018;Mo ales, 2020).
3.2. E en -his o y analysis
To answe ou esea ch ques ion, we applied he me hod o e en -
his o y analysis. The choice o his me hod is jus i ied o ou easons.
Fi s , e en s can ela e o all TIS unc ions (Suu s and Hekke , 2009),
which is why EHA is a sys ema ic me hod in his case. Second, e en s
can happen a di e en geog aphical scales (Bunnell and Coe, 2001):
om local o global. Thi d, du ing he de elopmen o a TIS, he
Fig. 2. Illus a ion o he ma e ializa ion p ocess o a TIS local scale o e ime.
(Sou ces: own elabo a ion.)
D. Ay ape yan e al. Resea ch Policy 54 (2025) 105130
5
occu ence o ce ain e en s can explain why some la e e en ook place
(Hekke e al., 2007). EHA, acco ding o he p ocess app oach, gi es
p ima y impo ance o he empo al sequence o e en s, in which c i ical
e en s can be poin ed ou and causa ion can be explained (Abbo , 1995;
Poole e al., 2000). Hence, he in e ac ions o TIS unc ions ied o e en s
es ablish connec ions be ween a ious scales. This enables us o s udy
how he local BRTIS e ol ed no only h ough local dynamics, bu also
h ough connec ions o b oade scales. Fou h, his me hod is widely
used in TIS esea ch (see e.g. Neg o e al. (2007);Suu s and Hekke
(2009);De Oli ei a and Neg o (2019);He mans e al. (2019);Reicha d
e al. (2016)).
The p ocess app oach wi hin EHA gi es special conside a ion o he
ch onological sequence o he e en s ha ha e causal logic and e en-
ually p oduce he gi en ou come (Van de Ven and Poole, 2005). I
makes a s ong emphasis on he cause-e ec dynamics by accoun ing o
di e en ypes o causali ies (Poole e al., 2000): an e en di ec ly
leading o ano he e en (e icien causali y), b oade condi ions making
he e en mo e o less likely ( o mal causali y), e en s as se ing he end
goal ( inal causali y), cause-e ec ela ions be ween empo ally p oxi-
ma e e en s (immedia e causa ion), and cause-e ec ela ions be ween
empo ally emo e, long las ing e en s (dis al causali y). The p ocess
app oach is bes sui ed o “ ell a na a i e o s o y abou how a sequence
o e en s un olds o p oduce a gi en ou come”(Van de Ven and Poole,
2005, p. 1381, emphasis added). The e o e, we adop ed he p ocess
app oach o s udy how he local BRTIS e ol ed h ough a combina ion o
local unc ional dynamics and s uc u al couplings. Fo ou case, i
implied cons uc ing a ch onological e en -his o y and in e p e ing i
acco ding o a speci ic na a i e (Pen land, 1999). This na a i e ep-
esen ed he e en -his o y o he local BRTIS om he pe spec i e o
ealiza ion o he eigh TIS unc ions ha ha e been linked o e en s
aking place a di e en geog aphical scales.
3.3. Da a collec ion
To cons uc he e en -his o y o he local BRTIS, we used seconda y
and p ima y da a sou ces (see Table A.1 in he Appendix A o an
o e iew). Seconda y sou ces in ol ed academic li e a u e, p o essional
jou nals, websi es o indus ial and inancial news, and websi es o he
ac o s a he local BRTIS. These we e used o cons uc an ini ial e en -
his o y o he local BRTIS e olu ion. In addi ion, we analyzed he da a
om pa icipa o y obse a ions and s akeholde mee ings ca ied ou by
he second au ho o e a pe iod o en yea s (2012–2022). We hen
complemen ed hese da a wi h a ield wo k a he si e o he Bazancou -
Pomacle clus e in Janua y 2020, du ing which addi ional p ima y da a
we e ga he ed h ough nine in e iews conduc ed wi h di e en s ake-
holde s in ol ed in he ac i i ies o he local BRTIS (see Table A.1). The
in e iews las ing 45–90 min we e ansc ibed, and he ansc ip s we e
sen o in e iew pa ne s o he pu pose o e i ica ion. Thi dly, he
da a om he inal ansc ip s as well as om pa icipa o y obse a ions
and s akeholde mee ings we e iangula ed wi h he seconda y da a in
o de o inc ease he eliabili y o he inal e en -his o y (Yin, 2018).
3.4. Da a p ocessing
Da a p ocessing un olded in i e s ages. Fi s , we ex ac ed all he
e en s (240 in o al) ela ed o echnological inno a ions a he local
BRTIS. Acco ding o Poole e al. (2000, p. 40),“e en s a e wha cen al
subjec s do o wha happens o hem”, and he cen al subjec s a e he
en i ies ha ini ia e o a e in luenced by he e en s. In ou case, he
cen al subjec s we e he ac o s in ol ed in he echnological inno a ion
ac i i ies a he local BRTIS. Second, we a anged hese e en s in a
ch onological o de , c ea ing a imeline om 1983 o 2022. Thi d, we
di ided he imeline based on he eedback om he in e iew pa ne s,
all o whom ag eed on he exis ence o ou e olu ion pe iods: eme -
gence (1983–1992), shaping (1992–2003), expansion (2004–2014), and
di e si ica ion (2014–2022). The in e iew pa ne s also iden i ied he
e en s ha quali ied o a beginning o a new pe iod (see Fig. 4) ep-
esen ing hus majo shi s in he dynamic o he local BRTIS e olu ion.
Fou h, ollowing he me hodology o Suu s and Hekke (2009), we
assigned each e en a TIS unc ion (Table 2). Finally, we also assigned
each e en a geog aphical scale based on whe e he e en ook place.
The e en was assigned he local scale i i ook place wi hin he
bounda ies o he local BRTIS dis inguished by ma e ializa ion o bio-
e ining echnology. The egional scale was assigned o e en s aking
place in he Champagne egion bu ou side o he local BRTIS. The na-
ional scale was assigned o e en s aking place in F ance bu ou side o
Champagne egion. The Eu opean scale was assigned o e en s aking
place in any EU coun y, excep o F ance. E en s aking place ou side
he EU we e assigned he global scale.
Ha ing assigned each e en a TIS unc ion, we linked he pai s o
e en s ela ed in a causal logic o de i e he in e ac ions be ween he
assigned TIS unc ions. In o he wo ds, i a ce ain e en led o ano he
e en acco ding o any ype o causali y wi hin he p ocess app oach
(see Sec ion 3.2), hen he wo unc ions, o which we assigned hese
e en s, we e connec ed by an a ow (see he Supplemen a y Da a
a ached o his pape ). De e mining he causal logic be ween e en s
was, in mos cases, a s aigh o wa d p ocess because he e y e en -
his o y o he local BRTIS e olu ion in ol ed a logical p og ession o
e en s (see he Supplemen a y Da a). Wi hin he e en -his o y, in mos
cases an e en di ec ly led o ano he p oxima e e en , indica ing o
e icien and immedia e causali y. Fo he mino i y o cases in ol ing
e en s s emming om b oade condi ions ( o mal causali y) as well as
empo ally emo e e en s (dis al causali y), we de e mined he causal
logic in coo dina ion wi h he second au ho , who has been closely
in ol ed in he ac i i ies o he local BRTIS and could he e o e p o ide
inpu s in such cases.
A e de i ing he in e ac ions be ween he TIS unc ions, we
de e mined whe he such in e ac ion cons i u ed local unc ional dy-
namic o s uc u al coupling. I bo h TIS unc ions we e ul illed a he
local scale, hei in e ac ion cons i u ed a local unc ional dynamic. I
one TIS unc ion was ul illed a he local scale while he o he was
ul illed a ano he scale, hei in e ac ions cons i u ed a s uc u al
coupling.
Le us p o ide an example o how an exce p om he e en -his o y
can be in e p e ed as a s uc u al coupling. Conside he ollowing
exce p : “In 2005, na ional go e nmen adop s new egula ions a o ing he
de elopmen o bio uels. Mo i a ed by hese egula ions, local ac o s in es
€
272 million in o he cons uc ion o a bio uel p oduc ion plan .”Two
Table 2
Scheme o alloca ion o TIS unc ions o e en s.
TIS unc ions Types o e en s
F1: En ep eneu ial
ac i i ies
•Fi ms en e ing TIS
•S a ing p ojec /business
•Business expansion
F2: Knowledge
de elopmen
•Fi ms pe o ming R&D
•Conduc ing ials/assessmen s udies
•Filing pa en s
F3: Knowledge
di usion
•R&D collabo a ion
•Ne wo k c ea ion/expansion
F4: Guidance o sea ch •Choosing among echnological oppo uni ies
•Posi i e/nega i e ou comes o ials
•Fo ming posi i e/nega i e echnology isions
•De ising policies/quo as
F5: Ma ke o ma ion •Fi ms en e ing/c ea ing ma ke s
•Ob aining ma ke /p oduc ion quo as
F6: Resou ce
mobiliza ion
•Mobilizing inancial/human/na u al esou ces
•Recei ing R&D subsidies
F7: C ea ion o
legi imacy
•Recei ing poli ical endo semen
•Imp o ing epu a ion
•Lobbying o go e nmen au ho i ies
F8: Ma e ializa ion •Cons uc ing plan s, ac o ies, labo a o y/ es ing
in as uc u e, and pipeline acili ies
(Sou ce: adap ed based on Suu s and Hekke (2009) and Hellsma k (2010).)
D. Ay ape yan e al. Resea ch Policy 54 (2025) 105130
6
ch onological e en s can be ex ac ed om his exce p . Fi s e en :
na ional go e nmen adop s a o able bio uel egula ion. Second e en :
ac o s a he local BRTIS in es in o a new bio uel p oduc ion plan . In
his example, local ac o s we e incen i ized o make he in es men
because o he new bio uel egula ion. The e o e, he i s e en leads o
he second e en , i.e. he wo e en s a e linked in a causal logic.
Assigning each e en a TIS unc ion and a geog aphical scale will imply
ha guidance o sea ch (F4) a he na ional scale d i es esou ce
mobiliza ion (F6) a he local scale. F om his, a s uc u al coupling
eme ges be ween he na ional and he local scales (Fig. 3). The way
s uc u al couplings a e de i ed in Resul s ollows he same logic.
In he na a i es o Resul s sec ion, we quo e he TIS unc ions in
pa en heses along wi h a le e indica ing he geog aphical scale, whe e
he espec i e unc ion was ul illed: L: Local; R: Regional; N: Na ional;
E: Eu opean; G: Global. Fo ins ance, ‘(F2:R)’indica es ha knowledge
de elopmen (F2) ook place a he egional scale (R).
4. Resul s
Fig. 4 depic s he imeline o he local BRTIS e olu ion. The e en s
ma ked in ed signi y he beginning o a new pe iod. All he ac o s
appea ing on he imeline a e lis ed in Table 3 along wi h hei ull
names and desc ip ion o hei ac i i ies.
Below we p esen he esul s o he unc ional analysis o he local
BRTIS e olu ion du ing he ou de elopmen pe iods. We i s desc ibe
he na a i e o each pe iod
5
ollowed by a summa iza ion o i s mul-
iscala unc ional dynamics. The la e a e illus a ed a he end o each
pe iod h ough Figs. 5–8.
4.1. Eme gence o he local BRTIS (1983–1992)
The ea ly d i e s behind he eme gence o he bio e ining echnology
in he Champagne egion we e he e ol ing ma ke s o suga bee and
whea p oduc s (F5:R), as well as he dependence o he egional
a me s' coope a i es on hese eeds ocks (F4:R) (see Sec ion 3.1). La e
in 1980s, he de elopmen o he chemical indus y in F ance and he
excess o ag icul u al p oduc ion u he guided he ac i i ies (F4:R)
owa d es ablishing a plan -based e ine y in he egion. These d i e s
led o he mobiliza ion o conside able na u al and inancial esou ces
( h ough egional ag icul u al union Champagne C´
e ´
eales) (F6:R) as
well as o he ounding o he i ms (F1:R) in e es ed in de eloping new
knowledge (F2:R) o non- ood applica ions o suga bee and whea .
The i s such a emp o egional playe s was ADRIAC ounded in 1983
o de elop bio-based packaging om he esidues o he eeds ocks.
Among o he mo e p ominen i ms we e Suga Resea ch and De el-
opmen (SRD) and E hanol Resea ch and De elopmen (ERD). Thei
esea ch endea o s (F2:R), o en ealized in collabo a ion wi h o he
F ench i ms and indus ies (F3:N), we e ex ao dina ily ui ul (F4:R)
and esul ed in new echnological p ocesses o he p oduc ion o bio-
based DHA, hyalu onan ( wo key p oduc s o be ma ke ed la e by
Soliance), and e hanol uel. E en ually, SRD and ERD me ged o o m
Ag o-Indus y Resea ch and De elopmen (ARD) in 1989 (F1:R) which
since has been he nucleus o echnological inno a ions a he local
BRTIS. The p ospec s o de eloping ossil- ee ou le s legi imized he
idea o a bio e ine y (F7:R) a he Reims municipali y. The la e
di ec ed inancial esou ces (F6:R) in o wo new esea ch s uc u es:
CAVISA in 1990 and Eu opol'Ag o in 1992. CAVISA se ed mainly as an
o ien a ion s uc u e (F4:R) wi hin he new echnological op ions, while
Eu opol'Ag o laid he basis o non- ood applica ions o al al a (F2:R).
4.1.1. Mul iscala unc ional dynamics
Fig. 5 shows he mul iscala unc ional dynamics o he local BRTIS
e olu ion in he pe iod o eme gence. In his pe iod, only local, egional,
and na ional scales a e in ol ed. Mo eo e , he p ocesses o local BRTIS
eme gence a e aking place mos ly a he egional scale which con ains
almos all TIS unc ions. Only he unc ions o ma e ializa ion
6
and
guidance o sea ch a e ul illed a he local scale, leading o weak
s uc u al couplings. The local- egional couplings we e de ined by in-
luence om local ma e ializa ion on egional guidance o sea ch.
Meanwhile, he local-na ional couplings we e de ined by in luence om
na ional knowledge di usion on local guidance o sea ch.
Fig. 3. An example o a s uc u al coupling esul ing om in e ac ion o wo
unc ions ul illed a he na ional and he local scales.
Fig. 4. Timeline o he e olu ion o he local BRTIS.
5
Fo he sake o b e i y, in each pe iod we p esen only he condensed
e sion o he na a i e e e ing o he mos impo an e en s and he asso-
cia ed TIS unc ions. The ull e en his o y analysis o he local BRTIS e olu ion
can be ound in he Supplemen a y Da a a ached o his pape .
6
Al hough he suga ac o y was ma e ialized in 1953, in his pa icula
ins ance we ou line he ul illmen o he co esponding unc ion F8 a he local
scale du ing he pe iod o eme gence as well (Fig. 5). This is done o poin o he
exis ence o he local scale o he BRTIS ep esen ed only by he suga ac o y.
D. Ay ape yan e al. Resea ch Policy 54 (2025) 105130
7
4.2. Shaping o he local BRTIS (1992–2003)
The local BRTIS began o ake shape in 1992 when ARD eloca ed o
he si e o he suga ac o y (F1,F8:L) ini ia ing he Bazancou -Pomacle
clus e (F3:L). Mo i a ed by he ui ul coope a ion among di e en
sec o s wi hin CAVISA (F4:R), ARD s a ed o de elop a new p ocess o
ob aining uc ose om chico y oo s (F2:L). Success ul labo a o y ials
(F4:L) led o he cons uc ion o he Cham o plan in 1992. Loca ed
be ween ARD and he suga ac o y (F1:L), Cham o ma e ialized he
echnological in as uc u e o p ocess chico y oo s (F8:L). Simul a-
neously, nego ia ions we e held wi h he EU o ob ain ma ke quo as o
uc ose (F7:E). Howe e , due o a numbe o echnical easons, he
ma ke quo as we e no g an ed (F5:E). E en ually, a e majo ech-
nological edesigning o Cham o in 1994 (F8:L), he plan swi ched o
p ocessing whea and o med a ma ke o i s p oduc ion (pas ies,
cakes, bake ies) a he global scale (F5:G). Being close o he suga
ac o y enabled Cham o o c ea e p oduc syne gies. In pa icula , he
cons uc ion o powe lines and pipelines (F8:L) enabled he exchange o
elec ici y and p ocess wa e leading o he o ma ion o an in e nal
ma ke be ween he plan s (F5:L). The po en ial o he si e o o e new
Table 3
Ac o s in ol ed in he e olu ion o he local BRTIS.
Abb e ia ion/
name
Full name Desc ip ion
ADRIAC Associa ion o he
De elopmen o Resea ch in
he Food and Packaging
Indus ies
Company specializing in
de eloping bio-based and
biodeg adable packaging o
mea p oduc s
SRD Suga Resea ch and
De elopmen
Resea ch uni de eloping new
ou le s om he by-p oduc s o
suga bee
ERD E hanol Resea ch and
De elopmen
Resea ch uni explo ing
op ions o bio-e hanol
p oduc ion h ough he
e men a ion o suga bee by-
p oduc s
ARD Ag o-Indus y Resea ch and
De elopmen
Applied esea ch company
specialized in de eloping new
ou le s om he by-p oduc s o
suga bee and whea
CAVISA Cen e o Analysis and
De elopmen o Ag icul u al
Subs a a
A s uc u e uni ing egional
p oduce s o suga bee ,
whea , and al al a o de elop
non- ood ou le s
Eu opol'Ag o A join esea ch s uc u e
conduc ing undamen al and
applied esea ch o de elop
inno a i e uses o ag o-
esou ces
Cham o ( .1 &
.2)
P oduc ion plan owned by he
coope a i e o whea g owe s –
Vi escia –and specializing in
ob aining uc ose om
chico y oo s ( .1), la e in
ans o ming whea in o s a ch
and glucose p oduc s ( .2)
Soliance Spin-o i m o ARD
de eloping na u al ac i e
ing edien s and new molecules
o he cosme ics indus y
C is al Union Ag icul u al coope a i e o
suga bee g owe s
IAR-Ne wo k Indus y and Ag o- esou ces
Ne wo k
Poli ical ini ia i e uni ing
Champagne-A denne and
Pica dy egions o coo dina e
esea ch p ojec s and
s eamline in es men s
LRD Luze ne Resea ch and
De elopmen
Join esea ch uni specializing
in de eloping ood and eed
p oduc s om al al a
C is anol P oduc ion plan specializing
in p ocessing suga bee and
whea by-p oduc s in o i s
gene a ion bioe hanol
FRD Fibe Resea ch and
De elopmen
R&D i m (ex ension o ARD)
in T oyes specializing in
p ocessing hemp ibe s in o
bio-based cons uc ion
ma e ials
P oce hol 2G/
Pilo Fac o y
Company specializing in he
p oduc ion o second
gene a ion bioe hanol om
non- ood biomass (led o he
cons uc ion o pilo plan –
Pilo Fac o y)
BioAmbe /
BioDemo
Company specializing in he
p oduc ion o bio-based
succinic acid om whea by-
p oduc s (led o he
cons uc ion o demons a ion
plan –BioDemo)
Ai Liquid F ench mul ina ional company
specializing in he pu i ica ion
o CO
2
Whea oleo Spin-o i m o ARD
de eloping biosu ac an s
om whea by-p oduc s
Table 3 (con inued)
Abb e ia ion/
name
Full name Desc ip ion
CEBB Eu opean Cen e in
Bio echnology and
Bioeconomy
Join undamen al esea ch
cen e aiming a c ea ing new
economic alue om he
ag icul u al esou ce
Global
Bioene gies
F ench company specializing
in p oducing bio-isobu ene
om suga bee by-p oduc s
la e in p oducing cosme ics
and a ia ion uels om
de i a i es o bio-isobu ene
Eu op´
eenne de
Biomasse
F ench company de eloping
new bio uel (black pelle s)
om wood p oduc s
Fo mal
go e nance
Jacques de Bohan associa ion
o he BPC indus ial e i o y
S uc u ed o ganiza ion
coo dina ing he ac i i ies o
he indus ial, economic, and
public s akeholde s a he local
BRTIS
BioDemo 2 Second line o he
demons a ion plan BioDemo
wi h la ge capaci y
Fig. 5. Mul iscala dynamics o inno a ion sys em unc ions du ing he eme -
gence o he local BRTIS. No e: in Figs. 5 o 8, he local scale and he associa ed
a ows designa ing he local unc ional dynamics a e depic ed in g een. The egional
scale and he associa ed a ows designa ing he local- egional couplings a e depic ed
in ed. The na ional scale and he associa ed a ows designa ing he local-na ional
couplings a e depic ed in blue. The Eu opean scale and he associa ed a ows
designa ing he local-Eu opean couplings a e depic ed in black. Las ly, he global
scale and he associa ed a ows designa ing he local-global couplings a e depic ed in
yellow. The wid hs o he a ows a e p opo ional o he numbe o imes he
espec i e unc ional in e ac ion ook place. (Fo in e p e a ion o he e e ences o
colo in his igu e legend, he eade is e e ed o he web e sion o
his a icle.)
D. Ay ape yan e al. Resea ch Policy 54 (2025) 105130
8
policies aiming o ein o ce i uous cycles o TIS unc ions ha shi
geog aphical scales o e ime.
Funding
This esea ch was unded by he Ge man Fede al Minis y o Edu-
ca ion and Resea ch (BMBF) (g an numbe 031B0020) and by he Chai
in Bioeconomy and Sus ainable De elopmen (NEOMA Business School,
Ma ne A dennes Chambe o Comme ce, Caisse d'Epa gne G and Es
Eu ope, G ea e Eas Region, Ca bono). The unding sou ces had no ole
in he design and conduc o he s udy.
CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen
Da id Ay ape yan: Visualiza ion, W i ing –o iginal d a ,
Concep ualiza ion, Fo mal analysis, In es iga ion, Me hodology. Nic-
olas Be o : Concep ualiza ion, In es iga ion, Resou ces, Valida ion,
W i ing – e iew &edi ing. F ans He mans: Concep ualiza ion, Fund-
ing acquisi ion, P ojec adminis a ion, Supe ision, W i ing – e iew &
edi ing.
Decla a ion o gene a i e AI and AI-assis ed echnologies in he
w i ing p ocess
Du ing he p epa a ion o his wo k he au ho s used Cha GPT 3.5 in
o de o imp o e g amma and eadabili y o he Abs ac . A e using
his ool/se ice, he au ho s e iewed and edi ed he con en as needed
and ake ull esponsibili y o he con en o he publica ion.
Decla a ion o compe ing in e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial
in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o in luence
he wo k epo ed in his pape .
Da a a ailabili y
Supplemen a y da a is a ached o his a icle
Supplemen a y Da a_F om local ma ke s o global legi imacy: A
ma e ializa ion pe spec i e on echnological inno a ion sys em’s
dynamic (O iginal da a) (Mendeley Da a)
Acknowledgmen s
Special hanks o he handling edi o and he wo anonymous e-
iewe s who g ea ly assis ed us in imp o ing he pape .
Appendix A. Summa iza ion o da a sou ces
Sou ce o da a Type o da a Use in he na a i e
Academic li e a u e Doc o al heses by Be o (2016) and Nieddu (1998); mas e 's hesis by
Pi han (2013); book by Schieb e al. (2015); Jou nal a icles by Th´
eno
e al. (2018) and Mo ales (2020).
His o ical o igins o he local BRTIS e olu ion, impo an echnological
and ins i u ional miles ones, s a egies o ac o s, ypes and dynamics o
hei in e nal ma ke s o by-p oduc s.
O icial epo s Repo s by C is al Union (2020), an Walwijk (2005), and Eu opean
Commission (2014).
Ac i i ies o ag icul u al coope a i e C is al Union, bio uel legisla ions
and incen i es in F ance, in o ma ion on bio-su ac an p oduc ion
(Whea oleo) a he local BRTIS
Websi es Websi es epo ing na ional, inancial, and indus y news: www. inanzen.
a ,www.le iga o. ,www.lesechos. ,h ps://in odujou . ,www.ene
zine.com,h ps:// enewable-ca bon.eu,www.a gusmedia.com,www.
usinenou elle.com.
Websi es o ac o s o he local BRTIS: www. - -d. ,www.global-bioene
gies.com,www.a- -d. ,www. i escia.com.
Websi es accessed be ween Janua y–Decembe 2022.
In o ma ion on he ac i i ies and achie emen s o di e en ac o s a he
local BRTIS mos ly du ing he pe iods o expansion and di e si ica ion.
P o essional jou nals A icles by Bailey (2022) and S a k (2016). In o ma ion on he ole o Global Bioene gies in he local BRTIS in 2016
and 2022.
Pa icipa o y obse a ions
and mee ings wi h
s akeholde s
Obse a ion and pa icipa ion in ac i i ies o ac o s and managemen
bodies a he local BRTIS, as well as mee ings wi h a ious go e nmen
ac o s, in es o s, and s akeholde s (25 mee ings, 13 e en s, 6 esea ch
p ojec s, 36 in e iews ca ied ou by he second au ho be ween 2012 and
2022).
In o ma ion on cu en and u u e p ojec s, con iden ial p ojec s, ac o
s a egies, and public suppo .
In e iews Nine in e iews wi h:
1. senio esea che o he academic chai o he local BRTIS;
2. p ojec manage o he inno a ion pla o m o he local BRTIS;
3. di ec o o he academic chai o he local BRTIS;
4. business de elopmen manage o he academic chai a he local BRTIS;
5. senio esea che a he Uni e si y o Reims;
6. p ojec manage o he inno a ion pla o m o he local BRTIS;
7. di ec o o R&D o ad anced bio uel de elopmen a he local BRTIS;
8. esea che o he academic chai o he local BRTIS;
9. esea ch p ojec manage a he G and Reims communi y.
In e iews conduc ed bo h in-pe son and online.
In o ma ion on he his o y o he local BRTIS, ac i i ies o he ac o s,
hei knowledge ne wo ks and sou ces o inancing. Majo p ojec s
ca ied ou be ween 1983 and 2022. Fo mal and in o mal ins i u ional
amewo ks and egula ions ega ding he o ma ion o in e nal
ma ke s among he local ac o s. New go e nance s uc u e
implemen ed a he local BRTIS in 2021.
Appendix B. Geog aphical dis ibu ion o TIS unc ions du ing he e olu ion o he local BRTIS
The geog aphical con ex o en ep eneu ial ac i i ies ela ed o he e olu ion o he local BRTIS a e p esen ed in Fig. B1. Mos o he unc ions ook
place a he local and egional scales. Du ing he eme gence pe iod, en ep eneu ial ac i i ies ook place p edominan ly a he egional scale. O e he
nex wo pe iods, i.e. shaping and expansion, hey shi ed mos ly o local scale. Finally, in he las pe iod, en ep eneu ial ac i i ies ook place a he
local scale only. The e o e, we obse e a clea pa e n o en ep eneu ial ac i i ies shi ing om he egional o he local scale o e ime.
D. Ay ape yan e al. Resea ch Policy 54 (2025) 105130
15
Fig. B1. The geog aphical dis ibu ion o En ep eneu ial Ac i i ies du ing he e olu ion o he local BRTIS.
We see a sligh ly di e en pa e n wi h ega d o he geog aphical con ex o knowledge de elopmen (Fig. B2). In con as o en ep eneu ial
ac i i ies, he knowledge de elopmen p ocesses we e dis ibu ed mo e e enly along he local, egional, and na ional scales. Howe e , his unc ion
was s ill mo e p e alen a he local scale du ing he pe iods o shaping, expansion, and di e si ica ion.
Fig. B2. The geog aphical dis ibu ion o Knowledge De elopmen du ing he e olu ion o he local BRTIS.
The unc ion o knowledge di usion o he local BRTIS had a b oade geog aphical dis ibu ion o e ime compa ed o he i s wo unc ions by
aking place a all i e geog aphical scales (Fig. B3). Si ua ed a he egional and na ional scales in he i s pe iod, he p ocesses o knowledge di usion
sp ead o e ime o o he scales as well. In pa icula , du ing he hi d pe iod knowledge di usion ook place a all i e scales –consis en wi h he
geog aphical ‘expansion’o he dynamics o he local BRTIS. Finally, du ing he las pe iod he di usion o knowledge occu ed only a he local and
global scales. This unc ion he e o e shi ed o e ime owa d he bo h ends o geog aphical dis ibu ion, i.e. local and global.
Fig. B3. The geog aphical dis ibu ion o Knowledge Di usion du ing he e olu ion o he local BRTIS.
Wi h ega d o guidance o sea ch, we obse e a high equency o co esponding p ocesses, especially a he local, egional, and na ional scales
(Fig. B4). A he local scale, his unc ion was ul illed wi h inc easing equency o e he ou pe iods, whe eas a he egional scale he equency was
dec easing which indica es o a localiza ion o his unc ion o e ime.
Fig. B4. The geog aphical dis ibu ion o Guidance o Sea ch du ing he e olu ion o he local BRTIS.
The geog aphical dis ibu ion o ma ke o ma ion (Fig. B5) is cha ac e ized by he p e alence o he co esponding p ocesses a he local, na ional,
and global scales. A speci ic ea u e o his dis ibu ion is ha he ma ke o ma ion a he local scale almos always coincided empo ally wi h ma ke
D. Ay ape yan e al. Resea ch Policy 54 (2025) 105130
16
o ma ion a he na ional o global scales. This is due o he ac ha along wi h o ming na ional o global ma ke s o end p oduc s, he i ms a he
local BRTIS o med ma ke s o by-p oduc s among each o he a he local scale.
Fig. B5. The geog aphical dis ibu ion o Ma ke Fo ma ion du ing he e olu ion o he local BRTIS.
Wi h ega d o he mobiliza ion o inancial, na u al, and indus ial esou ces, he geog aphy o hese p ocesses in ol ed all he scales excep o he
global (Fig. B6). The e is no signi ican shi in geog aphical dis ibu ion o his unc ion o e ime, excep o he absence o his unc ion a he local
scale in he i s pe iod as opposed o he subsequen pe iods.
Fig. B6. The geog aphical dis ibu ion o Resou ce Mobiliza ion du ing he e olu ion o he local BRTIS.
The geog aphical dis ibu ion o p ocesses co esponding o c ea ion o legi imacy (Fig. B7) shows ha he legi imacy o BRTIS was es ablished
i s a he egional scale wi h a shi o highe scales o e ime. In he las pe iod, ac o s o he local BRTIS es ablished hei legi imacy mos ly a he
global scale.
Fig. B7. The geog aphical dis ibu ion o C ea ion o Legi imacy du ing he e olu ion o he local BRTIS.
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