Cou inho, Rica do Pacheco; Sousa, B uno; San os, Vasco
A icle
The impo ance o in e na ional olun ee ing o he
ou is des ina ion image: Case s udy in Ba celos
(Po ugal)
Adminis a i e Sciences
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
MDPI – Mul idisciplina y Digi al Publishing Ins i u e, Basel
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Cou inho, Rica do Pacheco; Sousa, B uno; San os, Vasco (2024) : The impo ance
o in e na ional olun ee ing o he ou is des ina ion image: Case s udy in Ba celos (Po ugal),
Adminis a i e Sciences, ISSN 2076-3387, MDPI, Basel, Vol. 14, Iss. 8, pp. 1-24,
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/admsci14080178
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/320992
S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen:
Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen
Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den.
Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle
Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich
machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen.
So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen
(insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en,
gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do
genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e.
Te ms o use:
Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal
and schola ly pu poses.
You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o
exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he
in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public.
I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en
Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise
u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence.
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/
Ci a ion: Cou inho, Rica do Pacheco,
B uno Ba bosa Sousa, and Vasco
Ribei o San os. 2024. The Impo ance
o In e na ional Volun ee ing o he
Tou is Des ina ion Image: Case S udy
in Ba celos (Po ugal). Adminis a i e
Sciences 14: 178. h ps://doi.o g/
10.3390/admsci14080178
Recei ed: 7 June 2024
Re ised: 22 July 2024
Accep ed: 8 Augus 2024
Published: 15 Augus 2024
Copy igh : © 2024 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
condi ions o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
adminis a i e
sciences
A icle
The Impo ance o In e na ional Volun ee ing o he Tou is
Des ina ion Image: Case S udy in Ba celos (Po ugal)
Rica do Pacheco Cou inho 1,* , B uno Ba bosa Sousa 1,2,3,* and Vasco Ribei o San os 2,4,5
1School o Hospi ali y and Tou ism (ESHT), IPCA-Poly echnic Uni e si y o Cá ado and A e,
4750-810 Ba celos, Po ugal
2CiTUR—Cen e o Tou ism Resea ch, De elopmen and Inno a ion, Poly echnic o Lei ia, 2411-901 Lei ia,
Po ugal; asco. ibei o@islasan a em.p
3UNIAG—Applied Managemen Resea ch Uni , 5300 B agança, Po ugal
4Ins i u o Supe io de Ges ão e Adminis ação—ISLA San a ém, 2000-241 San a ém, Po ugal
5Resea ch Uni on Go e nance, Compe i i eness and Public Policies (GOVCOPP), Uni e sidade de A ei o,
3810-193 A ei o, Po ugal
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed] (R.P.C.); [email p o ec ed] (B.B.S.)
Abs ac : This esea ch in es iga es he signi ican ole o in e na ional olun ee ing, pa icula ly
h ough he Eu opean Solida i y Co ps (ESC), in shaping he image o Ba celos as a ou is des ina ion.
The s udy speci ically examines a ious olun ee p og ams in Ba celos, such as cons uc ion p ojec s,
eaching, and ag icul u al assis ance. I ocuses on he olun ee s’ pe cep ions and mo i a ions
and on he impac o hei expe iences on he ci y’s ou is ic ecogni ion. Using a mixed-me hods
app oach, his esea ch analyzes esponses om elec onic su eys wi h 92 o me ESC olun ee s
and in e iews wi h ou local o ganiza ions ha hos hese pa icipan s. The indings e eal ha
in e na ional olun ee ing h ough speci ic p og ams enhances Ba celos’ image as a welcoming,
cul u ally ich, and ci ically engaged ou is des ina ion. This esea ch highligh s he impo ance o
in eg a ing such ini ia i es in o he ci y’s ou ism managemen s a egy, sugges ing ha such e o s
can signi ican ly en ich he ou is expe ience and he o e all image o he des ina ion. Fu he mo e,
he s udy iden i ies a eas o u u e esea ch, including he need o a mo e in-dep h analysis o he
long- e m impac o hese olun ee ing ac i i ies on he local economy and cul u al sus ainabili y. The
limi a ions o he s udy, such as he use o a con enience sample and he eliance on sel - epo ed da a,
which may in luence he esul s and hei gene alizabili y, a e also discussed. In conclusion, his wo k
p o ides aluable insigh s o ou ism manage s and policymake s, demons a ing how in e na ional
olun ee ing can be a s a egic componen in enhancing he image o ou is des ina ions. Th ough
ca e ul and s a egic managemen , Ba celos can con inue o de elop and p omo e i s iden i y as a
des ina ion o solida i y ou ism and cul u al ib ancy.
Keywo ds: in e na ional olun ee ing; Eu opean Solida i y Co ps (ESC); ou is des ina ion image
Ba celos; solida i y ou ism
1. In oduc ion
This esea ch explo es he impac o he Eu opean Solida i y Co ps (ESC) on he
ou is image o Ba celos, gi ing pa icula emphasis o he ole o solida i y ou ism and
in e na ional olun ee ing. This in oduc ion es ablishes he con ex and ele ance o he
s udy, highligh ing a gap in he academic li e a u e on he speci ic impac o ESC on ou is
des ina ions.
Solida i y ou ism and in e na ional olun ee ing a e ca alys s o communi y de el-
opmen , cul u al p omo ion, and posi i e des ina ion imaging (Raymond and Hall 2008).
These ac i i ies a e pa icula ly signi ican as hey o e subs an ial con ibu ions o he
local economy, en ich cul u al exchange, and ein o ce posi i e pe cep ions o des ina ions.
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 178. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/admsci14080178 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/admsci
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 178 2 o 24
Examples such as he US Peace Co ps (Hall 2007) and Kibbu z olun ee ing in Is ael (A a-
hami and Da 1993) illus a e he signi ican ole o in e na ional olun ee ing in os e ing
communi y de elopmen and cul u al exchange. In Nepal, ex ensi e olun ee p og ams
played a c ucial ole in he eco e y e o s ollowing he 2015 ea hquake, signi ican ly
aiding in ebuilding in as uc u e and suppo ing local communi ies (Uni ed Na ions
Volun ee s 2017).
Recognizing he po en ial o such ini ia i es, he Eu opean Commission c ea ed he
Eu opean Solida i y Co ps (ESC), an ini ia i e ha os e s ac i e ci izenship and solida i y
among young Eu opeans. This esea ch ocuses on he ESC’s impac on Ba celos, a ci y
ha has ac i ely pa icipa ed in hos ing ESC olun ee s in a ious p og ams such as
cons uc ion p ojec s, eaching, and ag icul u al assis ance.
Al hough se e al a icles in he exis ing academic li e a u e ecognize he g owing im-
po ance o in e na ional olun ee ing (Valen e 2020;Wea ing 2001;Wea ing and G abowski
2011), he e is a no able lack o s udies ocused on he speci ic impac o ESC on he con-
s uc ion o he image o ou is des ina ions. This esea ch aims o ill his esea ch gap
and ocus i s objec o s udy on he speci ic case o Ba celos, a ci y ha has ecei ed many
ESC olun ee s and s ands ou as a li ing labo a o y o he in e ac ions be ween ou ism,
olun ee ing, and he communi y.
The choice o Ba celos o he case s udy is jus i ied no only by he signi ican in-
e ac ion be ween ou ism, olun ee ing, and he communi y, bu also by he logis ical
con enience in da a collec ion. Simila ly o he impac s seen in o he egions such as he
communi y de elopmen os e ed by he US Peace Co ps, he ag icul u al ad ancemen s
h ough Kibbu z olun ee ing in Is ael, and he pos -disas e eco e y in Nepal, Ba celos
has expe ienced subs an ial bene i s om i s olun ee p og ams. ESC olun ee s in Ba ce-
los ha e con ibu ed o a ious p ojec s, including cons uc ion, educa ion, and ag icul u e,
which ha e no only suppo ed local de elopmen bu also en iched he olun ee s’ ex-
pe iences. This wo k in ends o deepen and explo e he s udy o he impac o olun a y
ac i i ies on he image o Ba celos by expanding he academic unde s anding o solida i y
ou ism while p o iding us wi h impo an da a o in e es ed local pa ies. By examining
hese impac s in Ba celos, we aim o highligh how speci ic olun ee ou ism p og ams
can signi ican ly enhance he image and de elopmen o a des ina ion.
This s udy’s cen al objec i e is o analyze how he p esence o ESC olun ee s and
hei ac i i ies in luence he image o Ba celos as a ou is des ina ion. I will be pe o med
h ough a mixed-me hods app oach ha aims o explo e olun ee s’ pe cep ions, expe i-
ences and mo i a ions. The ques ionnai e will be sen o ( o me ) ESC olun ee s who a e
o we e wo king in Ba celos, and he da a collec ed will be analyzed o answe he esea ch
ques ions. Pa icipan selec ion will be ca ied ou using a con enience sampling app oach.
This wo k is o ganized in o i e chap e s. The i s chap e p esen s an in-dep h e iew
o he li e a u e and is s uc u ed o acili a e a holis ic unde s anding o he phenomenon
s udied, allowing a obus heo e ical o e iew o in e na ional olun ee ing and solida i y
ou ism o be ob ained, wi h special emphasis on he in luence o hese ac i i ies on
he image o ou is des ina ions. The second chap e de ails he esea ch me hodology,
ollowed in he hi d chap e by an analysis o he da a collec ed. In he ou h chap e , we
p esen he discussion and implemen a ions, and hen o inish, he i h and inal chap e
p esen s he conclusions, p ac ical ecommenda ions, and sugges ions o u u e s udies.
We hope ha he esul s o his esea ch will con ibu e o a be e unde s anding
o he ole o ESC in shaping he image o Ba celos, in addi ion o p o iding aluable
con ibu ions o he e ec i e managemen o local ou ism, p omo ing mo e suppo i e
and sus ainable p ac ices.
2. Des ina ion Image and S a egic Managemen
The image o a ou is des ina ion is a dynamic and mul i ace ed p ocess, he e olu ion
o which can be in luenced by a a ie y o in e nal and ex e nal ac o s (Bassols-Ga della
and Co omina 2022;Chu e al. 2022). His o ically, he pe cep ion o a des ina ion has been
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 178 3 o 24
shaped by bo h au hen ic expe iences and media ed ep esen a ions, wi h s a egic image
managemen playing a c i ical ole in sus aining ou ism compe i i eness (Bassols-Ga della
and Co omina 2022;Ga ne 1994).
In he con ex o ou ism ma ke ing, ede ining a des ina ion’s image can be d i en by
inno a i e campaigns o as a esponse o ex e nal c ises (Bassols-Ga della and Co omina
2022;Chu e al. 2022). An illus a i e example is he ci y o New O leans, which a e
he igh ening de as a ion caused by Hu icane Ka ina in 2005, implemen ed a se ies o
ma ke ing s a egies o ans o m i s image om a disas ous and ca as ophic ci y o a
symbol o esilience and cul u al enewal (Ka es e al. 2006). This app oach has no only
e i alized local ou ism, bu also helped he ci y eshape i s iden i y (Ka es e al. 2006;
Ri chie 2009).
Likewise, he image o des ina ions like Rwanda has also been signi ican ly ans-
o med (Fola in 2023). A e he 1994 genocide, Rwanda unde ook a ema kable jou ney o
eco e y, p omo ing i sel as an ad en u e and conse a ion ou ism des ina ion, cen e ed
on expe iences such as moun ain go illa ekking (Fola in 2023). Th ough conce ed e o s
in ol ing global ma ke ing campaigns and sus ainable de elopmen pa ne ships, Rwanda
has eme ged as a success s o y in pos -c isis ein en ion (Fola in 2023;S one 2012).
These examples highligh he impo ance o adop ing adap i e s a egies in des ina ion
image managemen , which no only espond o ci cums ances, bu also ac i ely ede ine
he des ina ion na a i e o a ac ou is s and sus ainable in es men s (R.-Y. Huang e al.
2021;Wang e al. 2023;Zupancic 2023). When s udying he e olu ion o des ina ion images,
i becomes clea ha lexibili y and inno a ion a e essen ial o main ain and eju ena e he
ou is image in he ace o eme ging challenges and oppo uni ies (De la Gala-Velásquez
e al. 2023;Huang e al. 2021;Wang e al. 2023;Zupancic 2023).
E ec i e des ina ion image managemen is c ucial, as i in luences isi o choices,
beha io , and pos - isi pe cep ions, and is i al o main aining compe i i eness in he
global ou ism ma ke Fyall and Ga od (2020).
The image o a ou is des ina ion is also complex and mul i ace ed, e lec ing he
pe cep ion o po en ial isi o s abou a speci ic place. This aspec plays a c ucial ole in
a el decisions and di ec ly in luences he choice o des ina ion, ou is sa is ac ion and
he p obabili y o e u ning (Whi e 2004;Zuo e al. 2023).
To e ec i ely manage his image, hose esponsible o managing he ou is des ina-
ion mus unde s and he cu en image o he des ina ion. I is essen ial o ha e de ailed
knowledge o he cu en image o he des ina ion. And ades-Caldi o e al. (2013) and Mo -
gan and P i cha d (1998) highligh he impo ance o using a ied me hods such as su eys,
ocus g oups, and da a analysis o ob ain his unde s anding and knowledge. Iden i y and
mee he expec a ions o he a ge audience: As men ioned by Gu soy and Ru he o d
(2004) and Ko le and A ms ong (2019), knowing he expec a ions o he di e en a ge
audience segmen s is essen ial, because i allows he de elopmen o mo e e ec i e ma -
ke ing s a egies and p omo ional messages. De elop p omo ional messages aligned wi h
de ined objec i es: As discussed by Kanwel e al. (2019), p omo ional messages mus be in
sync wi h he desi ed image o he des ina ion. U ilizing a a ie y o channels, including
digi al ad e ising and social media, is essen ial o e ec i ely each you audience (Mo gan
and P i cha d 1998). I is also impo an o highligh he need o con inuous moni o ing
and adjus men . The image o a des ina ion is dynamic and mus be con inually moni o ed
and adjus ed (Whi e 2004). This ensu es ha he des ina ion image emains ele an and
a ac i e.
Ano he ac o ha mus be aken in o conside a ion is he impac o new echnologies
on des ina ion image managemen . The Web 2.0 e a has ans o med he way des ina ion
images a e cons uc ed, wi h a majo in luence om online con en c ea ed by ou is s, who
now play a c ucial ole in shaping he pe cep ions o u u e isi o s (Zhu e al. 2022). The
in eg a ion o digi al echnologies in ou ism managemen acili a es a co-c ea ion o he
ou is expe ience, whe e isi o s and local esiden s collabo a e, h ough he use o digi al
pla o ms o imp o e he cul u al and economic sus ainabili y o ou is ac i i ies (Ma ques
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 178 4 o 24
and Bo ba 2017). The e o e, he use o echnology in in e na ional olun ee ing can be an
e ec i e s a egy o inc ease cul u al in e ac ion and s eng hen he image o he ou is
des ina ion as inno a i e and socially esponsible. The e olu ion o digi al echnologies has
p o oundly eshaped he image managemen o ou is des ina ions. In pa icula , i ual
eali y (VR) and social ne wo ks ha e eme ged as powe ul ools o in luence ou is s’
pe cep ion and beha io (D. Gu en ag 2010;Xiang and G e zel 2010). Vi ual eali y
has been used o c ea e imme si e expe iences ha allow po en ial isi o s o explo e
des ina ions i ually be o e deciding o isi hem physically (D. Gu en ag 2010;Mo ales
e al. 2022). Fo example, des ina ions like Aus alia ha e used VR o showcase hei na u al
landscapes and iconic landma ks, p o iding a senso y showcase ha can inc ease he desi e
o expe ience he des ina ion in pe son. In addi ion, Gu en ag (2010) discussed how i ual
eali y can e ec i ely in luence isi in en ion by p o iding expe iences ha a e pe cei ed
as unique and memo able.
Social media has e olu ionized he way ou is s in e ac wi h des ina ions (Muna
and Jacobsen 2014;Xiang and G e zel 2010). Pla o ms like Ins ag am, Facebook, and
TikTok allow you o c ea e and sha e compelling isual con en ha can go i al, eaching
global audiences quickly and e ec i ely. Fo example, he #Sha eYou Jo dan campaign,
p omo ed by Jo dan, used pho os and ideos o eal ou is s o highligh he coun y’s
beau y and hospi ali y, which helped o imp o e he des ina ion’s image and a ac mo e
isi o s (Muna and Jacobsen 2014).
The in eg a ion o digi al echnologies in o ma ke ing campaigns allows des ina ions
o c ea e a iche and mo e engaging na a i e (Ha izi and T ebicka 2023;Hays e al. 2013;
Yuan e al. 2022). Fo example, he use o hash ags has p o en o be an e ec i e s a egy o
expanding he each o campaigns and engaging po en ial ou is s in con e sa ions abou
he des ina ion (La Rocca and Boccia A ie i 2022;Paiano e al. 2017). Des ina ions like
Iceland ha e used he hash ag #Inspi edByIceland o encou age he sha ing o pe sonal
expe iences ha oge he o m a ib an and compelling image o he des ina ion.
Despi e he many and a ied ad an ages, he use o new echnologies in des ina ion
image managemen also p esen s challenges (G e zel e al. 2006,2015). The eliance on
images and ideos can, in some cases, c ea e un ealis ic expec a ions among ou is s o
emphasize only posi i e aspec s, igno ing mo e complex issues such as sus ainabili y and
he impac o ou ism on local communi ies (G e zel e al. 2015). New echnologies, when
used s a egically, o e a signi ican oppo uni y o des ina ion manage s o imp o e he
image and a ac ion o hei loca ions (D. Gu en ag 2010). Vi ual eali y and social media,
in pa icula , ha e he powe o ans o m public pe cep ion and in luence a el decisions,
allowing ou is des ina ions g ea e in e ac ion and engagemen wi h a global audience.
In addi ion o hese ac o s o ake in o conside a ion, collabo a ion be ween a ious
s akeholde s—including local go e nmen s, p i a e companies, ou ism o ganiza ions and
he local communi y—is i al o e icien managemen o he des ina ion’s image (Mo gan
and P i cha d 1998). This syne gis ic collabo a ion ensu es a mo e holis ic and in eg a ed
app oach.
Managing he image o a ou is des ina ion is, he e o e, a s a egic and collabo a i e
p ocess ha equi es con inuous in ol emen and commi men om all s akeholde s. By
op imizing his managemen , esponsible o ganiza ions no only s eng hen he compe i i e
posi ion o he des ina ion, bu also enhance i s ou is a ac i eness.
Among he mos in luen ial models in ou ism li e a u e a e hose by Ech ne and
Ri chie (1993) and Baloglu and McClea y (1999). These models no only explain des ina ion
image o ma ion, bu also o e insigh s in o how hese heo ies a e applied in p ac ice.
An a icle by Lopes (2011) expands his unde s anding by discussing he o igin, de el-
opmen , and implica ions o des ina ion image. Lopes (2011) highligh s ha des ina ion
image managemen is no jus abou unde s anding how des ina ions a e seen, bu also
abou ac i ely managing ha image o a ac and sa is y ou is s. The au ho a gues ha
a well-managed des ina ion image can help o e come economic c ises and inc ease he
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 178 5 o 24
sus ainabili y o ou ism, ein o cing he impo ance o s a egic and in o med managemen
(Lopes 2011).
The model by Ech ne and Ri chie (1993) gi es us one o he mos comp ehensi e
app oaches o unde s anding he a ge image. This model sugges s ha a des ina ion’s
image comp ises holis ic a ibu es and cha ac e is ics. A ibu es a e speci ic componen s
o he des ina ion, such as beaches, a chi ec u e, cuisine, while holis ic cha ac e is ics
e e o he o e all a mosphe e o au a o he des ina ion. Ech ne and Ri chie (1993)
also di e en ia e be ween he unc ional and psychological dimensions o he image,
whe e he i s conce ns angible aspec s o he des ina ion, and he second, in angible
elemen s ha p o oke sensa ions and emo ions. In p ac ice, his model is used o de elop
ma ke ing campaigns ha highligh bo h he speci ic a ibu es and he holis ic expe ience
o a des ina ion. Fo example, Po ugal’s ma ke ing campaign, “Can’ Skip Po ugal”,
combines isual images o na u al landscapes and ib an ci ies wi h na a i es ha e oke
a sense o ad en u e and disco e y (Pa ei a 2018). The model by Baloglu and McClea y
(1999) ocuses on he in luence o pe sonal and s imula ing ac o s on he pe cep ion o he
des ina ion image. I is used o segmen ma ke s based on ou is s’ pe sonal p e e ences and
pas expe iences, using digi al in luence s and a ge ed ma ke ing campaigns o p omo e
speci ic des ina ions.
3. T ans o ma ional Tou ism and Expe iences
T ans o ma ional ou ism, as de ined by Nandasena e al. (2022), is a ou is expe ience
ha no only leads o a signi ican change in an indi idual’s pe spec i e, sel -awa eness, and
beha io , bu also engages a ele s in deep p ocesses o lea ning and pe sonal connec ion.
This ype o ou ism is o en mo i a ed by he desi e o deep, meaning ul expe iences
ha challenge p e-exis ing wo ld iews and p omo e a b oade unde s anding o di e en
cul u es and en i onmen s. Ramos e al. (2021) and Sampaio e al. (2021) also highligh
ha ans o ma ional ou ism can include ac i i ies ha ange om spi i ual e ea s o
in e na ional olun ee ing, o ad en u e ips ha challenge he a ele ’s physical and
men al limi s.
Rön ynen and Tunkka i-Eskelinen (2024) a gue ha , in addi ion o pe sonal changes,
ans o ma ional ou ism also seeks o posi i ely impac local communi ies, os e ing cul-
u al exchanges ha bene i bo h isi o s and hos s. T a ele s a e encou aged o pa icipa e
e hically and esponsibly, con ibu ing o he economic, social, and en i onmen al sus-
ainabili y o des ina ions. Thus, ans o ma ional ou ism s ands ou o being a doubly
en iching jou ney, which ans o ms he indi idual and suppo s he communi ies ha
welcome hem, p omo ing a legacy o mu ual espec and in e cul u al unde s anding.
Wahba e al. (2024) add ha g een ans o ma ional leade ship can play a mode a ing ole
in p omo ing g een dynamic capabili ies and g een c ea i i y in he hospi ali y and ou ism
indus y, which may be ele an in he con ex o ans o ma ional ou ism.
Howe e , ans o ma ional ou ism esea ch, p esen ed by Nandasena e al. (2022),
s ands a he o e on o con empo a y academic hough , ou lining he p essing need o
expand and deepen expe ien ial analysis me hods in his domain. The au ho s ca ied ou
a sys ema ic e iew o he li e a u e, highligh ing he e iden gap in he calib a ion and
holis ic measu emen o ans o ma ional expe iences in ou ism.
This s udy, by c i ically examining cu en publica ions, e eals ha despi e academics’
g owing in e es in ans o ma ional ou ism, he e is a subs an ial lack o in-dep h unde -
s anding o he p ocesses unde lying hese expe iences. The au ho s a gue ha a mo e
de ailed unde s anding is impe a i e, especially when conside ing he di e si y o ans o -
ma ional expe iences ha ange om eligious pilg images and backpacking o he di e se
aspec s o eco ou ism.
The impo ance o his analysis akes on an addi ional dimension in he con ex o
he pos -COVID-19 pandemic. Nandasena e al. (2022) poin o his ele ance o in es-
iga ing how he pandemic, oge he wi h he inco po a ion o new sma echnologies,
has eshaped no only a ele s’ expec a ions and pe cep ions, bu also he e y essence o
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 178 6 o 24
ans o ma ional a el. I is emphasized ha ans o ma ional expe iences in ou ism will
need o be unde s ood and e alua ed no only h ough obus quali a i e and quan i a i e
me ics, bu also h ough he changes induced by COVID-19 in he dynamics o ou ism
and a el.
4. Sus ainabili y and En i onmen al Impac on Tou ism
Sus ainabili y and social esponsibili y ha e eme ged as c ucial ounda ions in he
managemen o ou is des ina ions, e lec ing a g owing global awa eness o he en i-
onmen al, economic, and social consequences o ou ism (Buckley 2020;D edge 2022).
Adop ing an in eg a ed and esponsible app oach no only ensu es he p o ec ion o na u al
and cul u al esou ces, bu also p omo es he well-being o local communi ies and isi o s
(Higgins-Desbiolles 2021).
Sus ainabili y has hus become one o he guiding p inciples o he de elopmen o
he ou ism sec o , p e ailing no only as a compe i i e di e en ia o , bu also as an e hical
and p ese a ion impe a i e (F an zeskaki e al. 2021). In his con ex , he en i onmen al
image o a ou is des ina ion eme ges as a c ucial ac o in p omo ing p o-en i onmen al
beha io s among isi o s and in building sus ainable s a egies o ou ism de elopmen
(Ce eny 2022).
De eloping e ec i e en i onmen al managemen is he e o e i al o sus ainable
ou ism. Tou is des ina ions ace he challenge o p ese ing hei na u al beau y and
ecosys ems while welcoming a la ge numbe o isi o s. Sus ainable p ac ices, such as
esou ce consump ion educ ion, was e managemen , and biodi e si y conse a ion, a e
essen ial o minimize nega i e impac s (Hall 2019). The use o enewable ene gy in ou ism
in as uc u e and he p omo ion o low-impac ou ism ac i i ies can be signi ican ly
bene icial. The implemen a ion o en i onmen al ce i ica ions and adhe ence o in e na-
ional sus ainabili y s anda ds a e also p oac i e measu es o s eng hen en i onmen al
managemen (Wea e 2001).
Recen s udies, such as Bilyne s and Kneze ic C elba (2022), poin ou ha he
pe cep ion o a des ina ion as ecologically conscious can encou age sus ainable p ac ices
on he pa o ou is s. This beha io is ampli ied by he en i onmen al awa eness ha is
ca ied o e om e e yday li e o a el p ac ices, highligh ing he symbio ic ela ionship
be ween he des ina ion’s en i onmen al epu a ion and he beha io o isi o s.
In a complemen a y way, he analysis o Bu bano e al. (2022), a s udy on he Galápagos
Islands, and o he s udies o g ea in e es in his esea ch, such as Ce eny (2022), Diéguez-
Cas illón e al. (2022), F an zeskaki e al. (2021), and Locks one-Binney and Ong (2022),
highligh he need o econ igu e ou ism om a sus ainabili y pe spec i e. The in es iga-
ions by hese au ho s indica e he need o a join and pa icipa o y app oach, and ha
his is undamen al o balance he dimensions o de elopmen and p ese a ion, especially
in places o g ea ecological sensi i i y.
The esea che s Rajaonson and Tanguay (2022) epo ha , a e esea ch in o Canadian
des ina ions du ing he pandemic, he ele ance o he en i onmen al impac o ou ism
was ein o ced. The sudden shi o domes ic ou ism has highligh ed he consequences
o inc eased p essu e on non-u ban ecosys ems, unde lining he u gen need o c ea e
sus ainable ou ism managemen s a egies.
Sus ainabili y in ou ism, especially in he con ex o solida i y ou ism, is a i al
opic o e hical and bene icial de elopmen o bo h ou is s and local communi ies (McIn-
osh and Zah a 2007). Sus ainable ou ism in ol es minimizing en i onmen al impac ,
espec ing local cul u e and p omo ing he economic de elopmen o hos communi ies. Ac-
co ding o esea che s such as Ramos e al. (2021), sus ainable ou ism is no only an e hical
app oach, bu also a p ac ical s a egy o p ese ing esou ces o u u e gene a ions.
Sus ainabili y in ou ism is he e o e a mul i ace ed opic ha equi es a comp ehen-
si e c i ical analysis (Diéguez-Cas illón e al. 2022). When app oaching sus ainabili y
p ac ices in ou ism, i is essen ial o ecognize he complexi y o he s a egies adop ed
and know hei en i onmen al implica ions (Baloch e al. 2023). Sus ainabili y ini ia i es
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 178 7 o 24
can easily be only supe icially implemen ed, leading us o he phenomenon known as
“g eenwashing”, whe e ac ions a e mo e ocused on p omo ing an ecological image han on
he eal en i onmen al impac (Honey 2013). The e o e, he e ec i eness o sus ainable
ou ism policies mus be ques ioned. O en, hese policies can be limi ed by ocusing on
sho - e m gains and neglec ing long- e m consequences o he en i onmen (Baloch e al.
2023;Simo-Kengne 2022). I is impo an o assess whe he ou ism managemen p ac ices
a e genuinely aligned wi h sus ainabili y p inciples and whe he hey a e obus enough o
ace g owing en i onmen al challenges (Ga cía e al. 2024).
I is also impo an o emphasize ha he discussion mus co e he inhe en esponsi-
bili ies o he a ious s akeholde s in he ou ism sec o , including go e nmen s, ou ism
companies, and ou is s (Bu bano e al. 2022). Conside a ion should be gi en o how
collec i e ac ions can p omo e eal and las ing change, which bene i s bo h he en i on-
men and local communi ies (Locks one-Binney and Ong 2022). A c i ical analysis should
also conside he balance be ween ou ism de elopmen and en i onmen al p ese a ion,
explo ing how s a egies can be imp o ed o ensu e a mo e sus ainable u u e o ou ism
(Jo ano i´c e al. 2024).
Social esponsibili y in ou ism in ol es a commi men o he social and economic
de elopmen o local communi ies. This is achie ed by p o iding employmen , imp o ing
in as uc u e, and ensu ing ha a signi ican po ion o ou ism income is ein es ed
locally (Reind awa i 2023). Ini ia i es such as communi y ou ism and suppo o local
small-scale businesses s eng hen he local economy and inc ease esiden s’ quali y o li e
(Ri chie and C ouch 2003). The ac i e pa icipa ion o local communi ies in he design and
implemen a ion o ou ism p ojec s is c ucial o ensu e ha hei oices and conce ns a e
hea d and conside ed.
Addi ionally, solida i y ou ism, which encompasses olun ee ing and espec ul in e -
ac ion wi h local communi ies, o e s a way o ou is s o make a meaning ul con ibu ion
o he places hey isi . As highligh ed in p e ious s udies (Jiang e al. 2022;Seo e al. 2021),
solida i y ou ism can s eng hen local economies, suppo cul u al and en i onmen al
p ese a ion, and p omo e in e cul u al unde s anding. Local a achmen eme ges as a
signi ican media ing ac o be ween ou is des ina ion image and in en ion o e isi ,
sugges ing ha a s onge emo ional bond may inc ease he likelihood ha isi o s will
e u n (Wei e al. 2024).
By in es ing in educa ion and aising awa eness among bo h ou is s and esiden s
abou he impo ance o sus ainabili y, i is possible o os e a cul u e o esponsible
ou ism (Chen e al. 2022). En i onmen al educa ion p og ams and awa eness campaigns
can help shape beha io s and encou age mo e sus ainable p ac ices (Fon and McCabe
2018). Wo kshops on local biodi e si y and he impo ance o speci ic ecosys ems can aise
awa eness abou conse a ion e o s (Cheung and Jim 2019).
The ole o public policies is also c ucial in p omo ing sus ainabili y in ou ism
(Madanaguli e al. 2022). E ec i e ou ism go e nance in ol es es ablishing clea and
cohe en egula ions ha encou age sus ainable and esponsible p ac ices. B amwell and
Lane (2013) emphasize ha sus ainable ou ism equi es an e ol ing global app oach,
which in eg a es economic, social, and en i onmen al dimensions. Fu he mo e, B amwell
(2011) discusses he poli ical economy o sus ainable ou ism, highligh ing he impo ance
o go e nance in ensu ing collabo a i e pa icipa ion and accoun abili y. Dangi and Pe ick
(2021) p o ide a case s udy demons a ing how enhanced go e nance can imp o e collab-
o a i e pa icipa ion, esponsi eness, ep esen a ion, and inclusion in communi y-based
ou ism. The e o e, local and na ional go e nmen s mus play an ac i e ole in acili a ing
hese p ocesses o achie e sus ainable ou ism de elopmen .
Managemen in ou ism mus be anspa en and inclusi e, allowing o e ec i e
collabo a ion be ween he go e nmen , he p i a e sec o , NGOs, and local communi ies
(O ganização pa a a Coope ação e Desen ol imen o Económico (OCDE) 2017). The in e-
g a ion o sus ainabili y and social esponsibili y in he managemen o ou is des ina ions
is a p ac ical and e hical s a egy o ensu e he long- e m iabili y o ou ism (Saa inen
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 178 8 o 24
2021). By adop ing sus ainable and socially esponsible p ac ices, ou is des ina ions can
p o ec hei esou ces, imp o e he local quali y o li e, and en ich he isi o expe ience
(Mille e al. 2023).
5. The Role o In e na ional Volun ee ing and Solida i y Tou ism in he Image o he
Tou is Des ina ion
Volun ee s a e a c i ical componen o any wo k o ce. Each olun ee b ings a di e en
le el o skill and alue, bu i is hei enaci y and commi men ha demands clea ecogni-
ion om he e en o ganize s and holis ic wo k o ce (Milne and McCullough 2024). As
explo ed p e iously, Ba celos s ands ou as a ou is des ina ion, en iched by a signi ican
cul u al and his o ical he i age. This en ichmen is ein o ced by in e na ional ecogni ion
and he app ecia ion o local adi ions, elemen s ha Bilyne s and Kneze ic C elba (2022)
iden i y as c ucial in he o ma ion o he en i onmen al image o a des ina ion. The in lu-
ence o ou ism on he ci y’s economy and cul u e is no able, esul ing in job c ea ion and
s imula ion o he local economy, in addi ion o con ibu ing o he p ese a ion o cul u al
he i age—an impac also obse ed in Elsayeh (2020) and in o he con ex s.
In his scena io, in e na ional olun ee ing and solida i y ou ism eme ge as ans-
o ming o ces in he image o Ba celos as a ou is des ina ion. These p ac ices a e no
limi ed o isi s o his o ical o cul u al si es; hey p omo e a deep imme sion in he com-
muni y, gene a ing meaning ul in e ac ions and angible con ibu ions o he social and
en i onmen al de elopmen o he egion, a concep Howa d e al. (2022) emphasize in
hei analysis o in e na ional olun ee ing.
These ac i i ies no only ein o ce he ci y’s image as a cul u ally ich and socially
esponsible ou is des ina ion, bu a e also c ucial in building a b oade and posi i e
na a i e abou he des ina ion, as sugges ed by Zuo e al. (2023). The expe iences o
olun ee s and suppo i e ou is s en ich and di e si y he image o Ba celos, e lec ing a
ci y commi ed o p ese ing i s legacy and p omo ing alues such as sus ainabili y, ac i e
ci izenship and social in ol emen , a pe spec i e also add essed by Chen (2021). The image
o a ou is des ina ion is a complex and dynamic in e ac i e sys em, which in ol es he
combina ion o ou is s’ belie s, hough s, eelings, expec a ions, and imp essions (Wei e al.
2024).
Howe e , olun ee ou ism, which is o en p omo ed as a con ibu ion o de elop-
men , can ac ually shape and media e public pe cep ions o de elopmen , in luencing how
people choose o ‘make a di e ence’ in de elopmen con ex s (Bu che 2024).
The e o e, i is essen ial o explo e in dep h he impac o in e na ional olun ee ing
and solida i y ou ism on he pe cep ion o Ba celos as a ou is des ina ion. Nos algic
emo ions ha e a posi i e impac on local connec ion, which in u n posi i ely in luences
he in en ion o e isi he ou is des ina ion (Wei e al. 2024). A comp ehensi e analysis,
as sugges ed by Tyle e al. (2018), will allow us o be e unde s and how hese p ac ices
in luence he ex e nal pe cep ion o he ci y and how hey can be used s a egically o
s eng hen i s posi ion on he global ou ism scene. This de ailed s udy is i al o unde -
s and he alue o hese in luences and hei signi icance o he managemen o ou is
des ina ions, as poin ed ou by Polus e al. (2023).
5.1. The Rise o In e na ional Volun ee ing and Solida i y Tou ism
Pe sonal de elopmen eme ges as a p ima y mo i a o o young people who pa -
icipa e in c oss-bo de olun ee ou ism p og ams (Han e al. 2020). This sea ch o
pe sonal g ow h and new expe iences can be channeled o he bene i o local communi ies
i olun ee p og ams a e well s uc u ed o p omo e meaning ul and sus ainable cul u al
in e ac ions (Han e al. 2020). By unde s anding and in eg a ing olun ee s’ mo i a ions
in o ou ism managemen e o s, des ina ions can imp o e hei global image and sus ain
long- e m economic and cul u al bene i s. Volun ee ing can be ex emely bene icial o
bo h he indi idual and he hos coun ies (Pe saud and Chisholm 2020) and in he cu en
ou ism landscape, he e is a no able inc ease in he p ac ices o in e na ional olun ee ing
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 178 15 o 24
in e na ionally in Ba celos, as well as o he main hos o ganiza ions in he municipali y.
In e iews we e conduc ed wi h ou key hos o ganiza ions in Ba celos, p o iding insigh s
in o hei expe iences wo king wi h and hos ing ESC olun ee s, and he pe cei ed impac
on he communi y. Rep esen a i es om all ou o ganiza ions pa icipa ed in hese
in e iews.
Employing a mixed-me hods app oach, his s udy in eg a ed quan i a i e da a om
elec onic su eys and quali a i e insigh s om semi-s uc u ed in e iews (B yman 2016;
C eswell and C eswell 2018).
6.1. Quan i a i e Da a Collec ion and Analysis
The quan i a i e da a om he su eys we e analyzed using s a is ical me hods o
iden i y common ends and pa e ns among he olun ee s’ esponses. Desc ip i e s a is-
ics p o ided an o e iew o he demog aphic p o ile and mo i a ions o he pa icipan s.
Speci ically, he demog aphic de ails o he 92 olun ee s included:
•
Coun ies o Regions o O igin: The olun ee s o igina ed om di e se geog aphical
egions, including Eu opeans (55%) and pa ne coun ies eligible o ca y ou he ESC
p og am (45%).
•Gende : The sample comp ised 54% males and 46% emales.
•
Age G oups: Pa icipan s’ ages anged om 18 o 30 yea s, wi h he majo i y (48%)
being be ween 20 and 22 yea s old, and he second la ges (28%) g oup being hose
be ween 22 and 25 yea s old.
•
Educa ion Le el: The majo i y a e in he inal s ages o hei s udies and ake ad an age
o school holidays o ha e a olun ee expe ience (48%) o ha e ecen ly inished hei
deg ee (26%). All pa icipan s ha e comple ed seconda y educa ion.
These demog aphic de ails p o ided a comp ehensi e unde s anding o he back-
g ounds o he olun ee s and acili a ed an analysis o how hese cha ac e is ics in luenced
hei expe iences and pe cep ions.
6.2. Quali a i e Da a Collec ion and Analysis
The quali a i e da a om he in e iews we e analyzed hema ically (B aun and Cla ke
2006), allowing o he iden i ica ion o key hemes ela ed o he impac o olun ee ing on
he communi y and he olun ee s hemsel es. The in e iews wi h ep esen a i es om
he hos o ganiza ions p o ided in-dep h insigh s in o he ollowing a eas:
•Pe sonal g ow h and de elopmen h ough olun ee ing;
•Speci ic cul u al exchanges and lea ning expe iences;
•Obse a ions on he local communi y’s esponse o olun ee ou ism;
•Challenges aced du ing he olun ee expe ience;
•Recommenda ions o imp o ing olun ee ou ism p og ams.
P elimina y insigh s om he da a indica e ha ESC olun ee s signi ican ly con ibu e
o he cul u al and social de elopmen o Ba celos. These insigh s, g ounded in bo h su ey
esponses and in e iew da a, highligh he dual bene i s o olun ee ing o pe sonal
g ow h and communi y en ichmen (Wea ing and McGehee 2013). The da a indica ed
a a ied ange o mo i a ions o in ol emen in in e na ional olun ee ing, wi h an
emphasis on he sea ch o ad en u e, pe sonal de elopmen , and al uism (Callanan
and Thomas 2007). This di e si y o mo i a ions unde sco es he mul i ace ed ole o
olun ee ing, no only as an oppo uni y o social con ibu ion bu also as a means o
pe sonal g ow h and cul u al explo a ion.
The 92 pa icipan s comple ed he en i e su ey, p o iding a obus da a se o
analysis. The da a show ha he olun ee ing expe ience in Ba celos unde he Eu opean
Solida i y Co ps (ESC) p o ides young people wi h a unique oppo uni y o con ibu ion
and pe sonal g ow h, while simul aneously a ec ing hei p e ious pe cep ion o he
coun y, he ci y, and he local communi y.
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 178 16 o 24
This sec ion explo es in de ail he olun ee s’ expe iences and how hese shaped hei
image o Ba celos, e lec ing on he in e sec ion be ween olun ee ing and ou ism, and he
ole o his expe ience in p omo ing a posi i e ision o he des ina ion.
7. P elimina y Insigh s
Analysis o he da a collec ed, and he ends obse ed in he su ey o o me Eu-
opean Solida i y Co ps (ESC) olun ee s in Ba celos e eals signi ican implica ions o
in e na ional olun ee ing and ou ism. This subchap e seeks o explo e hese implica ions,
ocusing on how he in e na ional olun ee ing expe ience in Ba celos can se e as a model
o o he egions and how i can posi i ely in luence ou ism, ein o cing he impo ance
o sus ainable and esponsible p ac ices. Th ough his analysis, we seek o p o ide an
in-dep h insigh in o how in e na ional olun ee ing and solida i y ou ism can coexis in
a bene icial way, con ibu ing o local de elopmen and building a posi i e image o he
des ina ion.
1.
En iching he Tou is Expe ience h ough In e na ional Volun ee ing: The in eg a ion
o in e na ional olun ee ing in o he ab ic o ou ism in Ba celos highligh s he ca-
paci y o hese expe iences o en ich he expe ience o ou is s. No only do olun ee s
gain a deep unde s anding o he local cul u e and communi y, hey also ac i ely
con ibu e o i s well-being. This app oach c ea es a mo e au hen ic and meaning ul
ou is expe ience, mo ing away om mass ou ism and owa ds a mo e conscious
and esponsible ou ism model.
2.
P omo ion o Sus ainabili y and Social Responsibili y: In e na ional olun ee ing
p og ams in Ba celos se e as angible examples o how ou ism can be aligned wi h
p inciples o sus ainabili y and social esponsibili y. By p omo ing p ac ices ha
espec he local en i onmen and con ibu e o communi y de elopmen , Ba celos
no only imp o es i s ou is o e , bu also posi ions i sel as a leade in sus ainable
ou ism. This s ance has he po en ial o a ac ou is s who alue expe iences ha
o e posi i e con ibu ions o he place isi ed.
3.
S eng hening Communi y Cohesion: The pa icipa ion o in e na ional olun ee s
in local p ojec s p omo es in e ac ion be ween isi o s and esiden s, ein o cing
communi y cohesion. This cul u al exchange en iches bo h pa ies and c ea es a sense
o belonging and p ide in he communi y. By in ol ing local esiden s in olun ee
p og ams, he c ea ion o a suppo ne wo k o olun ee s is enhanced, while local
knowledge and adi ions a e alued.
4.
De elopmen o T ans e sal Skills: The in e na ional olun ee ing expe ience in
Ba celos con ibu es o he de elopmen o ans e sal skills in bo h he olun ee s
and he local agen s in ol ed. Skills such as in e cul u al communica ion, leade ship,
eamwo k and adap abili y a e ein o ced, bene i ing no only he indi idual, bu
also he o ganiza ions and communi ies in ol ed. These skills a e essen ial in oday’s
globalized wo ld and can open up new p o essional and pe sonal oppo uni ies o
pa icipan s.
5.
Managemen Models and S a egic Pa ne ships: To maximize he bene i s o in e na-
ional olun ee ing and solida i y ou ism, i is c ucial o adop e ec i e managemen
models and es ablish s a egic pa ne ships. This includes collabo a ion be ween
local, na ional, and in e na ional o ganiza ions, he public and p i a e sec o , and
educa ional ins i u ions. These pa ne ships can acili a e he sha ing o esou ces,
knowledge, and bes p ac ices, con ibu ing o he sus ainabili y and success o olun-
ee ing and ou ism p og ams.
In conclusion, he Ba celos expe ience illus a es he po en ial o in e na ional olun-
ee ing and solida i y ou ism o con ibu e signi ican ly o sus ainable local de elopmen
and he cons uc ion o a posi i e ou is image. Simila ly o he US Peace Co ps, Kibbu z
olun ee ing in Is ael, and he pos -ea hquake eco e y e o s in Nepal, he olun ee
p og ams in Ba celos ha e demons a ed subs an ial bene i s o bo h olun ee s and he
local communi y. These examples highligh he need o inno a i e and esponsible ap-
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 178 17 o 24
p oaches in he ou ism sec o , which alue he ac i e pa icipa ion o isi o s in he li e o
local communi ies. Thus, Ba celos no only en iches he expe ience o i s isi o s bu also
p omo es he de elopmen o mo e conscious and sus ainable ou ism. By lea ning om
hese success ul models, Ba celos can con inue o enhance i s iden i y as a des ina ion o
solida i y ou ism and cul u al engagemen .
En iching Expe iences: ESC olun ee s in Ba celos epo ed a a ie y o en iching
expe iences ha anscend con en ional olun ee wo k, by pa icipa ing in cul u al, social
and en i onmen al ac i i ies. These expe iences no only con ibu e o he pe sonal de el-
opmen o olun ee s, bu also os e a deep app ecia ion o local cul u e and adi ions.
Imme sion in p ojec s wi h a di ec impac on he communi y allows olun ee s an in ima e
unde s anding o local challenges and oppo uni ies, s eng hening he eeling o solida i y
and belonging o a common cause.
Impac on he Pe cep ion o Ba celos: Volun ee s’ pe cep ion o Ba celos is p o oundly
in luenced by hei expe iences du ing he olun ee ing pe iod. The ci y is o en desc ibed
as welcoming and ich in cul u al he i age, whe e he alues o communi y and solida i y
a e expe ienced in p ac ice. This posi i e image o Ba celos is ampli ied by he es imony o
olun ee s, who sha e hei s o ies and expe iences h ough di e en pla o ms, con ibu -
ing o he cons uc ion o an a ac i e and au hen ic image o he des ina ion.
Con ibu ion o Communi y and Local De elopmen : Volun ee in ol emen in
p ojec s wi h communi y bene i s highligh s he i al ole o in e na ional olun ee ing in
local de elopmen . Volun ee s’ e o s in a eas such as educa ion, sus ainabili y, and social
suppo no only mee he immedia e needs o he communi y, bu also p omo e a long- e m
ision o sus ainable de elopmen . This syne gis ic in e ac ion be ween olun ee s and he
local communi y ein o ces he image o Ba celos as a des ina ion ha alues and in es s in
collec i e well-being and he p ese a ion o i s cul u al and na u al he i age.
Re lec ion on he Volun ee ing Expe ience: Re lec ing on he olun ee ing expe ience
e eals a deep sense o g a i ude and pe sonal ul illmen among pa icipan s. The oppo -
uni y o make a di e ence in he li es o o he s while explo ing a new cul u e is o en
ci ed as one o he mos ewa ding aspec s o olun ee ing. This mu ual app ecia ion
be ween olun ee s and he Ba celos communi y is undamen al o he sus ainabili y o
he olun ee p og am and o he con inuous ein o cemen o he ci y’s posi i e image.
Challenges and Recommenda ions: Despi e posi i e expe iences, olun ee s also ace
challenges, such as language ba ie s and he need o g ea e cul u al in eg a ion. To o e -
come hese challenges, i is ecommended o s eng hen o ien a ion p og ams and p omo e
cul u al exchange ac i i ies ha acili a e communica ion and mu ual unde s anding. Such
ini ia i es can u he en ich he olun ee ing expe ience and ensu e an e en mo e posi i e
pe cep ion o Ba celos as a welcoming and inclusi e des ina ion.
We can he e o e conclude ha he olun ee ing expe ience in Ba celos, h ough ESC,
o e s young people a unique sp ingboa d o ci ic engagemen and cul u al explo a ion,
signi ican ly impac ing hei pe cep ion o he des ina ion. The expe iences sha ed by
olun ee s e lec he ichness and di e si y o he local communi y, p omo ing Ba celos as
a olun ee ing des ina ion o choice in he Eu opean con ex . As he p og am con inues o
e ol e, he inclusion o mo e oices and expe iences will u he en ich he social ab ic o
Ba celos and s eng hen i s image as a place o mee ing, lea ning, and solida i y.
The in eg a ion o in e na ional olun ee s in Ba celos, wi hin he scope o he Eu o-
pean Solida i y Co ps (ESC), p o ed o be a signi ican added alue o he local communi y.
This segmen explo es he angible and in angible con ibu ions o hese olun ee s, e al-
ua ing he impac o hei ac ions on he social, cul u al, and economic dimensions o
Ba celos.
Social and Cul u al Impac : ESC olun ee s in Ba celos dedica ed hemsel es o a
wide ange o p ojec s wi h p o ound social and cul u al impac s. F om pa icipa ing in
educa ional p og ams aimed a including a - isk you h o engaging in cul u al he i age
conse a ion ini ia i es, olun ee s ha e demons a ed a unique abili y o adap hei skills
and en husiasm o he speci ic needs o he communi y. This in e ac ion dynamic no
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 178 18 o 24
only bene i s local p ojec s, bu also p omo es an en iching cul u al exchange, allowing
olun ee s and communi y membe s o sha e knowledge, adi ions, and pe spec i es.
Sus ainable Economic De elopmen : In addi ion o he social and cul u al impac , he
p esence o in e na ional olun ee s in Ba celos con ibu es o he sus ainable economic
de elopmen o he egion. Th ough hei pa icipa ion in sus ainable ou ism and u al de-
elopmen p ojec s, olun ee s help p omo e Ba celos as an e hical and esponsible ou is
des ina ion. This app oach o ou ism no only a ac s isi o s in e es ed in au hen ic and
sus ainable expe iences, bu also suppo s he local economy, encou aging he consump ion
o egional p oduc s and suppo ing small businesses.
S eng hening Communi y Cohesion: The in e ac ion o olun ee s wi h he local
communi y also has a signi ican e ec on s eng hening communi y cohesion. By wo king
side by side on common p ojec s, olun ee s and esiden s de elop a sense o solida i y
and sha ed pu pose. This collabo a i e engagemen no only add esses local challenges
mo e e ec i ely, bu also builds b idges be ween cul u es, p omo ing ole ance, mu ual
unde s anding, and espec o di e si y.
T aining and Long-Te m Legacy: A c ucial aspec o olun ee s’ con ibu ions o he
local communi y is he aining and long- e m legacy hey lea e in Ba celos. Th ough he
ans e o knowledge and he implemen a ion o sus ainable p ac ices, p ojec s led o sup-
po ed by olun ee s ha e he po en ial o con inue o bene i he communi y well beyond
he du a ion o hei olun ee ing. This las ing impac is a es amen o he e ec i eness o
in e na ional olun ee ing in p omo ing communi y de elopmen and empowe ing local
esiden s o ace u u e challenges independen ly.
To conclude, he con ibu ions o ESC olun ee s o he local communi y o Ba celos
a e as and a ied, co e ing social, cul u al, and economic aspec s. These olun ee ing
expe iences no only en ich he li es o pa icipan s and communi y membe s, bu hey
also lea e a posi i e legacy ha anscends he olun ee s’ leng h o s ay. Volun ee s’
commi men o local p ojec s, combined wi h hei desi e o cul u al imme sion, demon-
s a es he po en ial o in e na ional olun ee ing o ans o m bo h hos communi ies and
olun ee s hemsel es, p omo ing a mo e connec ed, suppo i e, and unde s anding wo ld.
An analysis o hese con ibu ions e eals he impo ance o con inuing o suppo and
expand olun ee ing ini ia i es like ESC, maximizing hei bene icial impac in Ba celos
and beyond.
8. Final Conside a ions and Conclusions
The comp ehensi e analysis o da a collec ed om su eys dis ibu ed o Eu opean
Solida i y Co ps (ESC) pa icipan s who engaged in in e na ional olun ee ing in Ba celos
allows us o d aw se e al signi ican conclusions abou he na u e and impac o his
expe ience. This chap e summa izes he main esea ch indings, emphasizing he alue o
in e na ional olun ee ing o he olun ee s, he local communi y, and he ESC p og am.
I also highligh s he challenges aced and o e s ecommenda ions o u u e ini ia i es.
Value o In e na ional Volun ee ing: In e na ional olun ee ing in Ba celos en iches
olun ee s h ough pe sonal g ow h, in e cul u al skill de elopmen , and meaning ul
communi y con ibu ions. The di e si y o mo i a ions ha d i e indi iduals o emba k on
his jou ney— anging om he sea ch o ad en u e and pe sonal de elopmen o al uism
and he desi e o con ibu e o a g ea e cause— e lec s he b oad spec um o bene i s ha
in e na ional olun ee ing can o e .
Impac on he Local Communi y: Volun ee s’ con ibu ions o social, cul u al, and
en i onmen al p ojec s in Ba celos os e mu ual cul u al app ecia ion and s eng hen
in e na ional solida i y.
Challenges Faced: Despi e he many posi i e aspec s, challenges ela ed o cul u al
in eg a ion, p ojec sus ainabili y, and expec a ion managemen ha e been iden i ied as
a eas equi ing a en ion and imp o emen . I no add essed, hese challenges could
comp omise he e ec i eness o in e na ional olun ee ing and i s abili y o achie e he
p oposed objec i es.
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 178 19 o 24
Recommenda ions o Fu u e Ini ia i es: Fu u e in e na ional olun ee ing ini ia i es
should include comp ehensi e men o ing p og ams, p ojec sus ainabili y s a egies, clea
and ealis ic communica ion o expec a ions, and enhanced suppo and moni o ing o
olun ee s. These measu es a e undamen al o maximizing he bene i s o in e na ional
olun ee ing o all pa ies in ol ed and ensu ing ha he expe ience emains en iching
and sus ainable in he long e m.
In conclusion, in e na ional olun ee ing in Ba celos h ough he ESC ep esen s a
powe ul ool o pe sonal de elopmen , cul u al exchange, and social con ibu ion. The
analysis o he collec ed da a e eals a mul i ace ed expe ience wi h signi ican impac s
o bo h olun ee s and he local communi y. By add essing he iden i ied challenges
and implemen ing he p oposed ecommenda ions, he alue o hese expe iences can be
u he enhanced, ensu ing ha in e na ional olun ee ing con inues o be ans o ma i e
o indi iduals and communi ies. Consequen ly, he ESC p og am in Ba celos can se e as
a model o o he in e na ional olun ee ing ini ia i es, p omo ing a cul u e o solida i y,
mu ual lea ning, and sus ainable de elopmen .
Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, R.P.C. and B.B.S.; me hodology, R.P.C.; alida ion, B.B.S.;
o mal analysis, R.P.C.; esou ces, B.B.S. and V.R.S.; w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, R.P.C., B.B.S.
and V.R.S.; w i ing— e iew and edi ing, R.P.C., B.B.S. and V.R.S.; p ojec adminis a ion, B.B.S. All
au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding: This esea ch ecei ed no ex e nal unding.
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : No applicable.
In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : The o iginal con ibu ions p esen ed in he s udy a e included in he
a icle, u he inqui ies can be di ec ed o he co esponding au ho s.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
Re e ences
Alexande , Zoë. 2012. In e na ional olun ee ou ism expe ience in Sou h A ica: An in es iga ion in o he impac on he ou is .
Jou nal o Hospi ali y Ma ke ing & Managemen 21: 779–99.
Almeida, Thiago Gomes de. 2022. T ans o ma i e Cycle: A Concep ual P oposi ion Based on an E hnog aphic S udy o Volun ee
Tou ism. FSA Magazine 19: 55–78. [C ossRe ]
An, Soyoung, Li Jiang, Kyle M. Woosnam, and Thomas Eck. 2022. Volun ee ou is s’ e isi in en ions explained h ough emo ional
solida i y and on-si e expe ience. Jou nal o Hospi ali y and Tou ism Managemen 53: 70–80. [C ossRe ]
And ades-Caldi o, Lidia, Ma celino Sánchez-Ri e o, and Juan Ignacio Pulido-Fe nández. 2013. Di e en ia ing Compe i i eness
h ough Tou ism Image Assessmen . Jou nal o T a el Resea ch 52: 68–81. [C ossRe ]
A ahami, A za, and Yechezkel Da . 1993. Collec i is ic and indi idualis ic mo i es among kibbu z you h olun ee ing o communi y
se ice. Jou nal o You h and Adolescence 22: 697–714. [C ossRe ]
Bailey, And ew W., and Kei h C. Russell. 2012. Volun ee Tou ism: Powe ul P og ams o P edisposed Pa icipan s? Jou nal o
Hospi ali y and Tou ism Managemen 19: 123–32. [C ossRe ]
Baloch, Qada Bakhsh, Syed Naseeb Shah, Nadeem Iqbal, Muhammad Shee az, Muhammad Asadullah, Sou a h Maha , and Asia
Uma Khan. 2023. Impac o ou ism de elopmen upon en i onmen al sus ainabili y: A sugges ed amewo k o sus ainable
eco ou ism. En i onmen al Science and Pollu ion Resea ch 30: 5917–30. [C ossRe ]
Baloglu, Seyhmus, and Ken W. McClea y. 1999. A model o des ina ion image o ma ion. Annals o Tou ism Resea ch 26: 868–97.
A ailable online: www.else ie .com/loca e/a ou es (accessed on 6 Ap il 2023). [C ossRe ]
Bassols-Ga della, Na cís, and Lluís Co omina. 2022. The pe cei ed image o mul i-asse ou is des ina ions: In es iga ing cong uence
ac oss di e en con en ypes. Se ice Business 16: 57–75. [C ossRe ]
Benson, Angela, and Nicole Seibe . 2009. Volun ee ou ism: Mo i a ions o Ge man pa icipan s in Sou h A ica. Annals o Leisu e
Resea ch 12: 295–314. [C ossRe ]
Ben all, Cla e. 2022. The impac o in e na ional olun ee ing on e u ned olun ee s’ engagemen wi h social ac ion in ela ion o
in e na ional de elopmen . Compa e 52: 804–21. [C ossRe ]
Bilyne s, Iana, and Ljubica Kneze ic C elba . 2022. Tou is p o-en i onmen al beha io : The ole o en i onmen al image o des ina ion
and daily beha io . Annals o Tou ism Resea ch Empi ical Insigh s 3: 100070. [C ossRe ]
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 178 20 o 24
B amwell, Bill. 2011. Go e nance, he s a e and sus ainable ou ism: A poli ical economy app oach. Jou nal o Sus ainable Tou ism 19:
459–77. [C ossRe ]
B amwell, Bill, and Be na d Lane. 2013. Ge ing om he e o he e: Sys ems change, beha io al change and sus ainable ou ism.
Jou nal o Sus ainable Tou ism 21: 1–4. [C ossRe ]
B aun, And eas. 2023. Volun ou ism on he Camino de San iago—How i e a ion changes mo i a ions, s akeholde in e ac ion, and
ein eg a ion o hospi ale os. Jou nal o Global Hospi ali y and Tou ism 2: 99–113. [C ossRe ]
B aun, Vi ginia, and Vic o ia Cla ke. 2006. Using hema ic analysis in psychology. Quali a i e Resea ch in Psychology 3: 77–101.
[C ossRe ]
B oad, Sue. 2003. Li ing he Thai li e—A case s udy o olun ee ou ism a he Gibbon Rehabili a ion P ojec , Thailand. Tou ism
Rec ea ion Resea ch 28: 63–72. [C ossRe ]
B oad, Sue, and John Jenkins. 2008. Gibbons in hei mids ? Conse a ion olun ee s’ mo i a ions a he Gibbon Rehabili a ion P ojec ,
Phuke , Thailand. Jou neys o Disco e y in Volun ee Tou ism 1: 72–85.
B yman, Alan. 2016. Social Resea ch Me hods. Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess.
BSL. 2023. E ei o Unde dog: O que éisso? Decembe 16. A ailable online: h ps://www.Bslidiomas.Com.B /E ei o-Unde dog-o-Que-
e-Isso/ (accessed on 6 Ap il 2023).
Buckley, Ral . 2020. Conse a ion implica ions o COVID19: E ec s ia ou ism and ex ac i e indus ies. Biological Conse a ion 247:
108640. [C ossRe ]
Bu bano, Diana V., Juan Ca los Valdi ieso, Juan Ca los Izu ie a, Thomas C. Me edi h, and Diego Qui oga Fe i. 2022. “Re hink and
ese ” ou ism in he Galapagos Islands: S akeholde s’ iews on he sus ainabili y o ou ism de elopmen . Annals o Tou ism
Resea ch Empi ical Insigh s 3: 100057. [C ossRe ]
Bu ai, Elisa, Xa ie Fon , and Jane Coch ane. 2015. Des ina ion S akeholde s’ Pe cep ions o Volun ee Tou ism: An Equi y Theo y
App oach. In e na ional Jou nal o Tou ism Resea ch 17: 451–59. [C ossRe ]
Bu che , Jim. 2024. Volun ee ou ism in he con ex o de elopmen hinking. Tou is S udies 24: 152–71. [C ossRe ]
Caldana, Ad iana C is ina Fe ei a, Lícia Ba celos de Souza, and Cláudio Má cio Camilo o. 2012. Meanings o olun a y ac ions:
Challenges and limi s o wo k o ganiza ion. Psychology & Socie y 24: 170–77. [C ossRe ]
Caldas, Idalina, Hugo Machado, B uno Sousa, and Lau en ina Va ei o. 2020. A look explo a o y on Volun a y Tou ism An explo a o y
s udy on Volun a y Tou ism. Eu opean Jou nal o Applied Business Managemen , IWTHM Special Issue, 15–30.
Callanan, Michelle, and Sa ah Thomas. 2007. Volun ee ou ism: Decons uc ing olun ee ac i i ies wi hin a dynamic en i onmen . In
Niche Tou ism. London: Rou ledge.
Ce eny, Lee K. 2022. Sus ainable ec ea ion and ou ism: Making sense o di e se concep ualiza ions and managemen pa adigms.
Jou nal o Ou doo Rec ea ion and Tou ism 38: 100520. [C ossRe ]
Chen, Jinwen. 2021. The cosmopoli an local: Re hinking in e na ional olun ee ing h ough pa ne pe spec i es. Geo o um 126: 322–30.
[C ossRe ]
Chen, Meiai, Ting ing Pei, Eila Je onen, Zhihui Wang, and Lihua Xu. 2022. Teaching and Lea ning Me hods o P omo ing Sus ainabili y
in Tou ism Educa ion. Sus ainabili y 14: 14592. [C ossRe ]
Cheung, Pui Kwan, and Chi Yung Jim. 2019. Imp o ed assessmen o ou doo he mal com o : 1-hou accep able empe a u e ange.
Building and En i onmen 151: 303–317. [C ossRe ]
Chu, Qi, Guang Bao, and Jiayu Sun. 2022. P og ess and P ospec s o Des ina ion Image Resea ch in he Las Decade. Sus ainabili y 14:
10716. [C ossRe ]
Coghlan, Alexand a. 2007. Towa ds an in eg a ed image-based ypology o olun ee ou ism o ganiza ions. Jou nal o Sus ainable
Tou ism 15: 267–87. [C ossRe ]
Coghlan, Alexand a. 2008. Explo ing he ole o expedi ion s a in olun ee ou ism. In e na ional Jou nal o Tou ism Resea ch 10:
183–91. [C ossRe ]
Coghlan, Alexand a, and Da id Fennell. 2009. My h o subs ance: An examina ion o al uism as he basis o olun ee ou ism. Annals
o Leisu e Resea ch 12: 377–402. [C ossRe ]
Coghlan, Alexand a, and Ma ga e Gooch. 2011. Applying a ans o ma i e lea ning amewo k o olun ee ou ism. Jou nal o
Sus ainable Tou ism 19: 713–28. [C ossRe ]
C eswell, John W., and J. Da id C eswell. 2018. Resea ch Design: Quali a i e, Quan i a i e, and Mixed Me hods App oaches, 5 h ed.
Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publica ions.
Dangi, Tek B., and James F. Pe ick. 2021. Enhancing he ole o ou ism go e nance o imp o e collabo a i e pa icipa ion, esponsi e-
ness, ep esen a ion, and inclusion o sus ainable communi y-based ou ism: A case s udy. In e na ional Jou nal o Tou ism Ci ies
7: 1029–48. [C ossRe ]
De la Gala-Velásquez, Be na do, Amé ico Hu ado-Palomino, and Angela Y. A edondo-Salas. 2023. O ganiza ional Flexibili y and
Inno a ion Pe o mance: The Mode a ing Role o Managemen Suppo . Global Jou nal o Flexible Sys ems Managemen 24: 219–34.
[C ossRe ]
Diéguez-Cas illón, M. Isabel, Ana Gueimonde-Can o, and Nu ia Rod íguez-López. 2022. Sus ainabili y indica o s o ou ism
des ina ions: Bibliome ic analysis and p oposed esea ch agenda. En i onmen , De elopmen and Sus ainabili y 24: 11548–75.
[C ossRe ]
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 178 21 o 24
Dolnica , Sa a, and Sco McCabe. 2022. Solida i y ou ism how can ou ism help he Uk aine and o he wa - o n coun ies? In Annals
o Tou ism Resea ch. Ams e da: Else ie L d., ol. 94. [C ossRe ]
Dong, Xiaojing, and Fangjun Li. 2023. Fo a be e sel : Using compa a i e eedback o mo i a e hos olun ee s. Jou nal o Hospi ali y
and Tou ism Managemen 54: 108–18. [C ossRe ]
D edge, Dianne. 2022. Regene a i e ou ism: T ans o ming mindse s, sys ems and p ac ices. Jou nal o Tou ism Fu u es 8: 269–81.
[C ossRe ]
Ech ne , Cha lo e M., and JR B en Ri chie. 1993. The Measu emen o Des ina ion Image: An Empi ical Assessmen . Jou nal o T a el
Resea ch 31: 3–13. [C ossRe ]
Elsayeh, Yasmine M. 2020. The impac o des ina ion image on ou is s’ sa is ac ion and loyal y: A case o Egyp . In e na ional Tou ism
and Hospi ali y Jou nal 3: 13. [C ossRe ]
Fola in, She i F. 2023. Rwanda’s Radical T ans o ma ion Since he End o he 1994 Genocide agains he Tu si. Cham: Sp inge Na u e
Swi ze land. [C ossRe ]
Fon , Xa ie , and Sco McCabe, eds. 2018. Ma ke ing o Sus ainable Tou ism. London: Rou ledge.
F an zeskaki, Niki, Timon McPhea son, and Nadja Kabisch. 2021. U ban sus ainabili y science: P ospec s o inno a ions h ough a
sys em’s pe spec i e, ela ional and ans o ma ions’ app oaches. Ambio 50: 1650–58. [C ossRe ] [PubMed]
Fyall, Alan, and B ian Ga od. 2020. Des ina ion managemen : A pe spec i e a icle. Tou ism Re iew 75: 165–69. [C ossRe ]
Ga cía, C. José, Begoña He e o, and F ancisco Mo illas-Ju ado. 2024. The impac o he en i onmen al, social and go e nance
dimensions o sus ainabili y on i m isk in he hospi ali y and ou ism indus y. Co po a e Social Responsibili y and En i onmen al
Managemen 31: 2783–800. [C ossRe ]
Ga ne , William C. 1994. Image Fo ma ion P ocess. Jou nal o T a el & Tou ism Ma ke ing 2: 191–216. [C ossRe ]
G e zel, Ul ike, Daniel R. Fesenmaie , Sand o Fo mica, and Joseph T. O’Lea y. 2006. Sea ching o he Fu u e: Challenges Faced by
Des ina ion Ma ke ing O ganiza ions. Jou nal o T a el Resea ch 45: 116–26. [C ossRe ]
G e zel, Ul ike, Ma ianna Sigala, Zheng Xiang, and Chulmo Koo. 2015. Sma ou ism: Founda ions and de elopmen s. Elec onic
Ma ke s 25: 179–88. [C ossRe ]
G o z, Ju gen. 2023. In oduc ion o Volun ee In ol emen . Cham: Sp inge , pp. 1–28. [C ossRe ]
Gu soy, Dogan, and Denney G. Ru he o d. 2004. Hos a i udes owa d ou ism. Annals o Tou ism Resea ch 31: 495–516. [C ossRe ]
Gu en ag, Daniel A. 2010. Vi ual eali y: Applica ions and implica ions o ou ism. Tou ism Managemen 31: 637–51. [C ossRe ]
Gu en ag, Daniel A. 2009. The Possible Nega i e Impac s o olun ee Tou ism. In e na ional Jou nal o Tou ism Resea ch 11: 537–51.
[C ossRe ]
Hall, C. Michael. 2019. Cons uc ing sus ainable ou ism de elopmen : The 2030 agenda and he manage ial ecology o sus ainable
ou ism. Jou nal o Sus ainable Tou ism 27: 1044–60. [C ossRe ]
Hall, Michael R. 2007. The Impac o he U.S. Peace Co ps a Home and Ab oad. Jou nal o Thi d Wo ld S udies 24: 53–58. A ailable
online: h p://www.js o .o g/s able/45194351 (accessed on 6 Ap il 2023).
Han, Heesup, Soyeun Lee, Bo Meng, Bee-Lia Chua, and Hyungseo Bobby Ryu. 2020. The Rela i e Impo ance o Volun ee Tou ism
(Sus ainable/P o-Social Fo m o Tou ism) Mo i a ion Fac o s o Young Tou is s: A Desc ip i e Analysis by Con inen s, Gende ,
and F equency. Sus ainabili y 12: 4002. [C ossRe ]
Ha izi, A iola, and B unela T ebicka. 2023. The In eg a ion o Social Media in In eg a ed Ma ke ing Communica ion: A Sys ema ic
Re iew and Theo e ical F amewo k. Academic Jou nal o In e disciplina y S udies 12: 159. [C ossRe ]
Hays, S ephanie, S ephen John Page, and Dimi ios Buhalis. 2013. Social media as a des ina ion ma ke ing ool: I s use by na ional
ou ism o ganiza ions. Cu en Issues in Tou ism 16: 211–39. [C ossRe ]
He mann, Uwe P., and Cha maine D. De Kle k. 2024. Wildli e Volun ee Tou ism: Scien i ic and Educa ional Con ibu ions in Sou h
A ica. In e na ional Con e ence on Tou ism Resea ch 7: 122–29. [C ossRe ]
Higgins-Desbiolles, F eya. 2021. The “wa o e ou ism”: Challenges o sus ainable ou ism in he ou ism academy a e COVID-19.
Jou nal o Sus ainable Tou ism 29: 551–69. [C ossRe ]
Honey, M. 2013. Eco ou ism and Sus ainable De elopmen , Second Edi ion: Who Owns Pa adise? Washing on, DC: Island P ess, p. 568.
A ailable online: h ps://books.google.p /books/abou /Eco ou ism_and_Sus ainable_De elopmen _S.h ml?id=Jw2hy_2E5
nwCand edi _esc=y (accessed on 6 Ap il 2023).
Howa d, Amanda R. Hiles, Nicole Gilbe son Wilke, Megan Robe s, and Jacqueline N. Gus a son. 2022. Pa icipan e lec ions
on sho - e m in e na ional olun ee ing: Bene i s, conce ns, and pe spec i e change. Jou nal o Human Beha io in he Social
En i onmen 32: 876–98. [C ossRe ]
Huang, Ren-Yi, Wen-Jung Chang, and Chiung-Yun Chang. 2021. Des ina ion Image Analysis and i s S a egic implica ions: A Li e a u e
Re iew om 1990 o 2019. In e na ional Jou nal o Tou ism & Hospi ali y Re iews 8: 30–50. [C ossRe ]
Huang, Xingyu, Peihao Wang, and Lau ie Wu. 2024. Well-being Th ough T ans o ma ion: An In eg a i e F amewo k o T ans o ma i e
Tou ism Expe iences and Hedonic Ve sus Eudaimonic Well-being. Jou nal o T a el Resea ch 63: 974–94. [C ossRe ]
Jiang, Li, Thomas Eck, and Soyoung An. 2022. A S udy on he E ec o Emo ional Solida i y on Memo able Tou ism Expe ience and
Des ina ion Loyal y in Volun ee Tou ism. SAGE Open 12: 215824402210872. [C ossRe ]
Jo ano i´c, Sonja, Vesna Janko i´c-Mili´c, and Ma ija Pe o i´c-Ran ¯
delo i´c. 2024. Homogenei y o Eu opean Union and Wes e n Balkan
Coun ies Acco ding o T a el and Tou ism Sus ainabili y. P oblemy Eko ozwoju 19: 275–84. [C ossRe ]
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 178 22 o 24
Kabil, Moaaz, Se iawan P ia moko, Tibo Fa kas, Jozse Ka pa i, and Ló án Dénes Dá id. 2023. The unde dog e ec : Towa ds a
concep ual amewo k o enhancing olun ou ism. Jou nal o Ou doo Rec ea ion and Tou ism 42: 100609. [C ossRe ]
Kanwel, Shahida, Zhou Lingqiang, Muhammad Asi , Jinsoo Hwang, Abid Hussain, and A i Jameel. 2019. The In luence o Des ina ion
Image on Tou is Loyal y and In en ion o Visi : Tes ing a Mul iple Media ion App oach. Sus ainabili y 11: 6401. [C ossRe ]
Ka es, Robe W., C aig E. Col en, Shi ley Laska, and S ephen P. Lea he man. 2006. Recons uc ion o New O leans a e Hu icane
Ka ina: A esea ch pe spec i e. P oceedings o he Na ional Academy o Sciences 103: 14653–60. [C ossRe ]
Ko le , Philip, and Ga y A ms ong. 2019. P inciples o Ma ke ing, 18 h ed. London: Pea son.
La Rocca, Ge isa, and Gio anni Boccia A ie i. 2022. Resea ch using hash ags: A me a-syn esea ch. F on ie s in Sociology 7: 1081603.
[C ossRe ] [PubMed]
Lepp, And ew. 2008. Disco e ing sel and disco e ing o he s h ough he Tai a Disco e y Cen e Volun ee Tou ism P og amme,
Kenya. In Jou neys o Disco e y in Volun ee Tou ism: In e na ional Case S udy Pe spec i es. Walling o d: CAB In e na ional, ol. 59,
pp. 537–55.
Lima, Susana, Eugénia De ile, Filipa Mo ais, Cyn hia Simões, Inês Mi a, and Pa ícia Gomes. 2017. Os jo ens e o u ismo olun á io:
Um es udo explo a ó io. A ailable online: h p://hdl.handle.ne /10400.26/47551 (accessed on 8 Sep embe 2023).
Locks one-Binney, Leonie, and Fai h Ong. 2022. The sus ainable de elopmen goals: The con ibu ion o ou ism olun ee ing. Jou nal
o Sus ainable Tou ism 30: 2895–911. [C ossRe ]
Lopes, Se gio Dominique Fe ei a. 2011. Des ina ion image: O igins, De elopmen s and Implica ions. PASOS. Re is a de Tu ismo y
Pa imonio Cul u al 9: 305–15. [C ossRe ]
Lyons, Ke in D., and S ephen Wea ing. 2012. Re lec ions on he ambiguous in e sec ions be ween olun ee ing and ou ism. Leisu e
Sciences 34: 88–93. [C ossRe ]
Madanaguli, A un, Shalini S i as a a, Albe o Fe a is, and Amandeep Dhi . 2022. Co po a e social esponsibili y and sus ainabili y
in he ou ism sec o : A sys ema ic li e a u e e iew and u u e ou look. Sus ainable De elopmen 30: 447–61. [C ossRe ]
Mag izos, Solon, Ioannis Kos opoulos, and Lau a Powe s. 2021. Volun ee Tou ism as a T ans o ma i e Expe ience: A Mixed Me hods
Empi ical S udy. Jou nal o T a el Resea ch 60: 878–95. [C ossRe ]
Mahe , Michael, Richa d Hazenbe g, and Clai e Pa e son-Young. 2024. ‘We need he ac i is s o be mo e en ep eneu ial’: Global e sus
local modes o hough on he de elopmen o social en e p ise suppo sys ems in ansi ioning economies. Global Ne wo ks 3:
e12470. [C ossRe ]
Ma ques, Lénia, and Ca la Bo ba. 2017. Co-c ea ing he ci y: Digi al echnology and c ea i e ou ism. Tou ism Managemen Pe spec i es
24: 86–93. [C ossRe ]
McGehee, Nancy Ga d. 2002. Al e na i e ou ism and social mo emen s. Annals o Tou ism Resea ch 29: 124–43. [C ossRe ]
McGehee, Nancy Ga d, and Ka hleen Ande eck. 2009. Volun ee ou ism and he “ olun ou ed”: The case o Tijuana, Mexico. Jou nal
o Sus ainable Tou ism 17: 39–51. [C ossRe ]
McGehee, Nancy Ga d, and Ca la Almeida San os. 2005. Social change, discou se and olun ee ou ism. Annals o Tou ism Resea ch 32:
760–79. [C ossRe ]
McIn osh, Alison J., and Anne Zah a. 2007. A cul u al encoun e h ough olun ee ou ism: Towa ds he ideals o sus ainable ou ism?
Jou nal o Sus ainable Tou ism 15: 541–56. [C ossRe ]
Mille , Anna B., Cody Cox, and Wayde C. Mo se. 2023. Eco ou ism, wildli e conse a ion, and ag icul u e in Cos a Rica h ough a
social-ecological sys ems lens. F on ie s in Sus ainable Tou ism 2: 1179887. [C ossRe ]
Milne , Joe, and Nicola McCullough. 2024. The ole o olun ee s a majo e en s—C ea ing a sus ainable legacy o engagemen and
u u e oppo uni y. In Resea ch Handbook on Majo Spo ing E en s. Chel enham: Edwa d Elga Publishing, pp. 332–45. [C ossRe ]
Mo ales, Jenny, Fabián Sil a-A a ena, Yolanda Valdés, and Se gio Bal ie a. 2022. Vi ual Reali y and Augmen ed Reali y Applied o
E-Comme ce: A Li e a u e Re iew. Cham: Sp inge , pp. 201–13. [C ossRe ]
Mo gan, Nigel, and Anne e P i cha d. 1998. Tou ism, P omo ion, and Powe : C ea ing Images, C ea ing Iden i ies. Hoboken: John Wiley &
Sons.
Muna , Ana Ma ía, and Jens K S een Jacobsen. 2014. Mo i a ions o sha ing ou ism expe iences h ough social media. Tou ism
Managemen 43: 46–54. [C ossRe ]
Mus onen, Pekka. 2007. Volun ee Tou ism—Al uism o Me e Tou ism? Ana olia 18: 97–115. [C ossRe ]
Nandasena, Roshini, Alas ai M. Mo ison, and J. And es Coca-S e aniak. 2022. T ans o ma ional ou ism—A sys ema ic li e a u e
e iew and esea ch agenda. Jou nal o Tou ism Fu u es 8: 1–40. [C ossRe ]
Ooi, Na alie, and Jenni e H. Laing. 2010. Backpacke ou ism: Sus ainable and pu pose ul? In es iga ing he o e lap be ween
backpacke ou ism and olun ee ou ism mo i a ions. Jou nal o Sus ainable Tou ism 18: 191–206. [C ossRe ]
OPUS. 2023. E ei o Unde dog. Decembe 17. A ailable online: h ps://www.Opuspesquisa.Com/Blog/Elei o al/E ei o-Unde dog/
(accessed on 9 Oc obe 2023).
Paiano, Anna Paola, Giuseppina Passian e, La a Valen e, and Ma co Manca ella. 2017. A Hash ag Campaign: A C i ical Tool o T ansmedia
S o y elling Wi hin a Digi al S a egy and I s Legal In o ma ics Issues. A Case S udy. Camb idge: Academia, pp. 49–71. [C ossRe ]
Pa ei a, Ca a ina Gonçal es. 2018. Can’ Skip Po ugal: A in luência do Ma ke ing Digi al na escolha de um des ino u ís ico.
Disse ação de mes ado, ISCTE-IUL, Lisboa, Po ugal.
Pe saud, Sa yend a, and Leah Chisholm. 2020. Cos -E ec i eness and Economic Bene i s o Volun ee ism. Cu en Bladde Dys unc ion
Repo s 15: 362–65. [C ossRe ]
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 178 23 o 24
Polus, Reni, Neil Ca , and T udie Wal e s. 2023. A new amewo k: Non-Wes e n pe spec i es on in e na ional olun ee ing. Annals o
Leisu e Resea ch 26: 701–15. [C ossRe ]
Rajaonson, Jus e, and Geo ges A. Tanguay. 2022. An explo a o y analysis o he nega i e en i onmen al impac s o pandemic ou ism
on Canadian des ina ions. Annals o Tou ism Resea ch Empi ical Insigh s 3: 100071. [C ossRe ]
Ramos, Dina, Ana Mal a, and Ca los Cos a. 2021. A heo e ical pe spec i e on ou ism, gende and sus ainable de elopmen goals.
Jou nal o Tou ism and De elopmen 36: 619–29. [C ossRe ]
Raymond, Eliza Ma gue i e, and C. Michael Hall. 2008. The de elopmen o c oss-cul u al (Mis)unde s anding h ough olun ee
ou ism. Jou nal o Sus ainable Tou ism 16: 530–43. [C ossRe ]
Reind awa i, Dian Yulie. 2023. Challenges o communi y pa icipa ion in ou ism planning in de eloping coun ies. Cogen Social
Sciences 9: 2164240. [C ossRe ]
Ri chie, B en W. 2009. C isis and Disas e Managemen o Tou ism. B is ol: Mul ilingual Ma e s.
Ri chie, J. R. B en , and Geo ey Ian C ouch. 2003. The Compe i i e Des ina ion: A Sus ainable Tou ism Pe spec i e. Edi ed by J. R. B en
Ri chie and Geo ey Ian C ouch. Walling o d: CABI. [C ossRe ]
Rön ynen, Rosi sa, and Minna Tunkka i-Eskelinen. 2024. Volun ou ism in he Con ex o Communi y-Based Tou ism, and Regene a i e
Tou ism: A Theo e ical Explo a ion Focusing on Responsibili y. In e na ional Con e ence on Tou ism Resea ch 7: 340–48. [C ossRe ]
Saa inen, Ja kko. 2021. Is Being Responsible Sus ainable in Tou ism? Connec ions and C i ical Di e ences. Sus ainabili y 13: 6599.
[C ossRe ]
Sampaio, So ia, F édé ic Vidal, and Inês Lou enço. 2021. Challenges o “ ou ism” oday: An in oduc ion su p ised by a pandemic.
E hnog aphy 25: 119–29. [C ossRe ]
Sanchez-Cañiza es, Sand a, and Ana M. Cas illo-Canalejo. 2015. A compa a i e s udy o ou is a i udes owa ds culina y ou ism in
Spain and Slo enia. B i ish Food Jou nal 117: 2387–411. [C ossRe ]
Seo, Kwanglim, E an Jo dan, Kyle Mau ice Woosnam, Choong-Ki Lee, and Eun-Ji Lee. 2021. E ec s o emo ional solida i y and
ou ism- ela ed s ess on esiden s’ quali y o li e. Tou ism Managemen Pe spec i es 40: 100874. [C ossRe ]
Simo-Kengne, Bea ice D. 2022. Tou ism g ow h and en i onmen al sus ainabili y: T ade-o o con e gence? En i onmen , De elopmen
and Sus ainabili y 24: 8115–44. [C ossRe ]
Sin, Ha ng Luh. 2009. Volun ee Tou ism-”In ol e me and I will lea n”? Annals o Tou ism Resea ch 36: 480–501. [C ossRe ]
S one, Philip R. 2012. Da k ou ism and signi ican o he dea hs. Annals o Tou ism Resea ch 39: 1565–87. [C ossRe ]
Tomazos, Kos as, and Richa d Bu le . 2012. Volun ee ou is s in he ield: A ques ion o balance? Tou ism Managemen 33: 177–87.
[C ossRe ]
Tyle , Na asha, John Cha win, Ged By ne, Jo Ha , and Lucie By ne-Da is. 2018. The bene i s o in e na ional olun ee ing in a
low- esou ce se ing: De elopmen o a co e ou come se . Human Resou ces o Heal h 16: 69. [C ossRe ]
Uni ed Na ions Volun ee s. 2017. Rebuilding wi h he Communi y a e a Disas e : Volun ee Engagemen in he 2015 Nepal Ea hquake. Bonn:
UNV.
Valen e, Dylan Ba is a. 2020. A impo ância das componen es de um des ino u ís ico na imagem pe cebida e nas in enções u u as de e is a e de
ecomendação. A ei o: Uni e sidade de A ei o.
Wahba, Sa a A e , Al As ag, Asmaa Said Ahmed, Ami a Hassan, and Aya Ahmed Abdel Majeed. 2024. G een Dynamic Capabili ies
and G een C ea i i y in Hospi ali y and Tou ism Indus y: The Mode a ing Role o G een T ans o ma ional Leade ship. Jou nal
o Associa ion o A ab Uni e si ies o Tou ism and Hospi ali y 26: 71–88. [C ossRe ]
Wang, Zuo, Piyacha Udomwong, Jing Fu, and Pin uso n Onpium. 2023. Des ina ion image: A e iew om 2012 o 2023. Cogen Social
Sciences 9: 2240569. [C ossRe ]
Wea ing, S ephen. 2001. Volun ee Tou ism: Expe iences ha Make a Di e ence. Walling o d: CABI Publishing.
Wea ing, S ephen. 2004. Examining Bes P ac ice in Volun ee Tou ism. Volun ee ing as Leisu e/Leisu e as Volun ee ing: An In e na ional
Assessmen . Walling o d: CABI, pp. 209–24.
Wea ing, S ephen, and Nancy Ga d McGehee. 2013. Volun ee ou ism: A e iew. Tou ism Managemen 38: 120–30. [C ossRe ]
Wea ing, S ephen, and Simone G abowski. 2011. In e na ional Volun ee Tou ism: One Mechanism o De elopmen . Washing on: ACIDI,
ol. 9.
Wea e , Da id. 2001. Eco ou ism as mass ou ism: Con adic ion o eali y? The Co nell Ho el and Res au an Adminis a ion Qua e ly
42: 104–12. [C ossRe ]
Wei, Jiahua, Lewei Zhou, and Lei Li. 2024. A s udy on he impac o ou ism des ina ion image and local a achmen on he e isi
in en ion: The mode a ing e ec o pe cei ed isk. PLoS ONE 19: e0296524. [C ossRe ] [PubMed]
Whi e, Ch is ophe J. 2004. Des ina ion image: To see o no o see? In e na ional Jou nal o Con empo a y Hospi ali y Managemen 16:
309–14. [C ossRe ]
Xiang, Zheng, and Ul ike G e zel. 2010. Role o social media in online a el in o ma ion sea ch. Tou ism Managemen 31: 179–88.
[C ossRe ]
Yuan, Yuke, Chung-Shing Chan, Sa ah Eichelbe ge , Hang Ma, and Bi gi Pikkemaa . 2022. The e ec o social media on a el planning
p ocess by Chinese ou is s: The way o wa d o ou ism u u es. Jou nal o Tou ism Fu u es. ahead-o -p in . [C ossRe ]
Zhu, Dan, Jiayi Wang, and Mei ang Wang. 2022. Sus ainable Tou ism Des ina ion Image P ojec ion: The In e -In luences be ween
DMOs and Tou is s. Sus ainabili y 14: 3073. [C ossRe ]
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 178 24 o 24
Zuo, Bing, Chin-Hsun Ken Tsai, Ching-Hui Joan Su, Ni chamon Jan es, Ming-Hsiang Chen, and Jiaxue Liu. 2023. Fo ma ion o a ou is
des ina ion image: Co-occu ence analysis o des ina ion p omo ion ideos. Jou nal o Des ina ion Ma ke ing and Managemen 27:
100763. [C ossRe ]
Zupancic, Nina. 2023. Sys ema ic Li e a u e Re iew: In e -Rela edness o Inno a ion, Resilience and Sus ainabili y—Majo , Eme ging
Themes and Fu u e Resea ch Di ec ions. Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y 3: 1157–85. [C ossRe ]
Disclaime /Publishe ’s No e: The s a emen s, opinions and da a con ained in all publica ions a e solely hose o he indi idual
au ho (s) and con ibu o (s) and no o MDPI and/o he edi o (s). MDPI and/o he edi o (s) disclaim esponsibili y o any inju y o
people o p ope y esul ing om any ideas, me hods, ins uc ions o p oduc s e e ed o in he con en .
