Nyakudya, S ella; Jambo, Newe ie; Madududu, Pamela; Manyise, Timo hy
A icle
Unlocking he po en ial: challenges and ac o s in luencing
he use o ICTs by smallholde maize a me s in Zimbabwe
Cogen Economics & Finance
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Taylo & F ancis G oup
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Nyakudya, S ella; Jambo, Newe ie; Madududu, Pamela; Manyise, Timo hy
(2024) : Unlocking he po en ial: challenges and ac o s in luencing he use o ICTs by smallholde
maize a me s in Zimbabwe, Cogen Economics & Finance, ISSN 2332-2039, Taylo & F ancis,
Abingdon, Vol. 12, Iss. 1, pp. 1-16,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2024.2330431
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/321455
S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen:
Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen
Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den.
Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle
Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich
machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen.
So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen
(insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en,
gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do
genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e.
Te ms o use:
Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal
and schola ly pu poses.
You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o
exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he
in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public.
I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en
Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise
u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence.
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/
Cogen Economics & Finance
ISSN: 2332-2039 (Online) Jou nal homepage: www. and online.com/jou nals/oae 20
Unlocking he po en ial: challenges and ac o s
influencing he use o ICTs by smallholde maize
a me s in Zimbabwe
S ella Nyakudya, Newe ie Jambo, Pamela Madududu & Timo hy Manyise
To ci e his a icle: S ella Nyakudya, Newe ie Jambo, Pamela Madududu & Timo hy
Manyise (2024) Unlocking he po en ial: challenges and ac o s influencing he use o ICTs by
smallholde maize a me s in Zimbabwe, Cogen Economics & Finance, 12:1, 2330431, DOI:
10.1080/23322039.2024.2330431
To link o his a icle: h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2024.2330431
© 2024 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma
UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis
G oup
Published online: 21 Ma 2024.
Submi you a icle o his jou nal
A icle iews: 1394
View ela ed a icles
View C ossma k da a
Ci ing a icles: 4 View ci ing a icles
Full Te ms & Condi ions o access and use can be ound a
h ps://www. and online.com/ac ion/jou nalIn o ma ion?jou nalCode=oae 20
DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS | RESEARCH ARTICLE
Unlocking he po en ial: challenges and ac o s in luencing he use o
ICTs by smallholde maize a me s in Zimbabwe
S ella Nyakudya
a
, Newe ie Jambo
a
, Pamela Madududu
b
and Timo hy Manyise
c
a
Depa men o Ag icul u al Economics and De elopmen , Manicaland S a e Uni e si y o Applied Sciences, Mu a e,
Manicaland, Zimbabwe;
b
Ag icul u al Economics, Ex ension and Ru al De elopmen , Uni e si y o P e o ia, Ha ield, Sou h
A ica;
c
Wo ldFish, Penang, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
The s udy aims o in es iga e he challenges aced by smallholde maize a me s and
iden i y he pi o al ac o s in luencing he adop ion o ICTs in ag icul u e. A blend o
desc ip i e and p obi eg ession analy ical echniques is applied by analyzing c oss-
sec ional su ey da a om a selec ed mul is age andom sample o 155 maize a me s
in Ma onde a Ru al Dis ic , Zimbabwe. The s udy indings e ealed ha he o emos
obs acles hampe ing ICT adop ion include elec ici y sho ages a ibu able o load-
shedding and pe sis en communica ion ne wo k challenges. Addi ionally, i was
obse ed ha he u iliza ion o mobile phones o ag icul u al pu poses emains mod-
e a ely low, while he use o compu e s in ag icul u e is s ikingly minimal. The p obi
eg ession model esul s e ealed ha age, gende , access o c edi , and ex ension
con ac a e signi ican de e minan s o compu e use in ag icul u e. Fu he mo e, c i -
ical in luence s o mobile phone adop ion o ag icul u al ac i i ies ha we e iden i-
ied include a ming expe ience, engagemen in non- a m ac i i ies, c edi access,
emi ances, and ex ension isi s. The s udy ecommends os e ing an enabling en i -
onmen o encou age a me s o emb ace ICTs o ag icul u al pu poses. To suppo
his endea o , he s udy ad oca es an imp o ed ag icul u al aining and ex ension
sys em, wi h pa icula a en ion o less expe ienced and elde ly a me s who may
exhibi esis ance o echnological ad ancemen s.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Recei ed 5 Janua y 2024
Re ised 7 Ma ch 2024
Accep ed 10 Ma ch 2024
KEYWORDS
Smallholde a me s; p obi
eg ession model;
challenges; ICTs; Zimbabwe
REVIEWING EDITOR
Goodness Aye, Uni e si y o
Ag icul u e, Maku di Benue
S a e, Nige ia
SUBJECTS
Ag icul u al Economics;
De elopmen Economics;
Ru al De elopmen ;
Econome ics; Economics
JEL CLASSIFICATIONS
Q16; Q28; O10
1. In oduc ion
1.1. Backg ound
Ag icul u al de elopmen is c ucial o eme ging coun ies o os e economic g ow h and suppo hei
g owing popula ions (Pawlak & Kołodziejczak, 2020; Sassi, 2023). Ag icul u e educes heal h- ela ed cos s
by p o iding c ops ha p e en unde nu i ion, obesi y, and die - ela ed diseases (Adenle e al., 2019).
Howe e , in many de eloping coun ies, including Zimbabwe, smallholde a me s, who con ibu e
app oxima ely 80% o he ag icul u al ou pu , con inue o g apple wi h nume ous challenges (Kama a
e al., 2019). These challenges encompass limi ed access o c edi and ma ke s, ola ile ma ke p ices,
pes and disease p essu es, and changing en i onmen al condi ions (Hla shwayo e al., 2021; Paudel
e al., 2023). The e o e, he smallholde a me s’capaci y o adap , cope wi h, and na iga e he inc eas-
ingly dynamic and complex ma ke s is hinde ed (Aba e e al., 2023).
Resea ch sugges s ha many o hese challenges can be o e come i smallholde a me s adop ech-
nologies ha p o ide access o up- o-da e in o ma ion, acili a ing p omp and well-in o med decision-
making in hei ag icul u al ope a ions (Aba e e al., 2023; Campo e al., 2017; Nwa o e al., 2020).
Conside ing he dynamic and complex ma ke s, cha ac e ized by an inc easing demand o adap able
CONTACT Newe ie Jambo [email p o ec ed] Ag icul u al Economics and De elopmen , Manicaland S a e Uni e si y
o Applied Sciences, Mu a e, Manicaland 7001, Zimbabwe
ß2024 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis G oup
This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. The e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he Accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
COGENT ECONOMICS & FINANCE
2024, VOL. 12, NO. 1, 2330431
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2024.2330431
decision-making, adop ing In o ma ion and Communica ion Technologies (ICTs) has become impe a i e
(Ali & Kuma , 2011; Ayim e al., 2022). ICTs encompass a spec um o echnologies, ools, and sys ems
o collec ing, p ocessing, s o ing, ansmi ing, and dissemina ing in o ma ion elec onically (Mdoda &
Mdiya, 2022). This adop ion has pa icula ly become c ucial o accessing and dissemina ing ag icul u al
in o ma ion in de eloping coun ies (Kan e e al., 2019; Mayoyo e al., 2023).
Exis ing s udies ha e ex ensi ely deba ed he bene i s o ICT use in ag icul u e. Fo ins ance, e idence
sugges s ha he use o ICTs equips a me s wi h eliable ma ke in o ma ion, enabling hem o e ine
hei ma ke ing s a egies, he eby maximizing p o i abili y and imp o ing hei s anda d o li ing
(Adegbidi e al., 2012; Magesa e al., 2020; Mayoyo e al., 2023). By u nishing a me s wi h comp ehen-
si e ma ke in o ma ion, ICTs p omo e ac i e ma ke pa icipa ion (Chancello , 2023; Makaula, 2021;
Mish a e al., 2020). Addi ionally, ICTs acili a e he exchange o essen ial in o ma ion o enhancing ag i-
cul u al p oduc ion, ensu ing b oade access o a ious p oduc s, se ices, and ini ia i es (Musungwini
e al., 2023). This empowe men enables a me s o make in o med decisions and op imize esou ce u il-
iza ion in ag icul u al p oduc ion (Abebe & Che ine , 2019; O ene e al., 2018; Spielman e al., 2021).
Ul ima ely, his d i es ag icul u al ans o ma ion (Ajani, 2014; Obeng e al., 2019), os e s g ow h in he
ag icul u al sec o , and con ibu es o economic sus ainabili y and sel - eliance.
Simila o o he de eloping coun ies, ag icul u e in Zimbabwe is e ol ing in o a high- ech indus y
as a me s inc easingly adop ICT echnologies o moni o hei c ops and li es ock and enhance hei
p oduc ion me hods. This ans o ma ion is ein o ced by go e nmen policy o de elop e-ag icul u e
(Masuka e al., 2016), acili a ing collabo a i e knowledge exchange be ween a me s and ag icul u al
ex ension se ice p o ide s (Musungwini e al., 2023). Despi e he go e nmen e o s and ich li e a u e
on he pi o al ole ICTs play in accessing ag icul u al in o ma ion and he ela ed bene i s, only a ew
s udies ha e in es iga ed he use o ICTs among smallholde a me s in Zimbabwe, and hese s udies
obse ed he low usage o ICTs o ag icul u al pu poses (I eoma & M hi wa, 2015; Musungwini e al.,
2023). Consequen ly, an unde s anding o ICT usage among smallholde a me s in u al Zimbabwe
emains limi ed, including he challenges hey encoun e and he p ima y ac o s d i ing i s adop ion. A
mo e comp ehensi e g asp o he ba ie s o ICT u iliza ion and he c i ical ac o s in luencing i s use
can p o ide aluable insigh s in o how o e ec i ely each and suppo smallholde a me s in he con-
ex o he ICT e olu ion (Fawole & Olajide, 2012).
1.2. Concep ual amewo k
The concep ual amewo k (Figu e 1) guiding he s udy analysis d aws om li e a u e on he challenges
and ac o s a ec ing he use o ICTs in ag icul u e. This li e a u e sugges s ha hese ac o s can be
g ouped in o social, economic and ins i u ional ac o s (Ali & Kuma , 2011; Mdoda & Mdiya, 2022;
Yaseen e al., 2016). The ins i u ional ac o s in he concep ual amewo k e lec some o he challenges
being aced by smallholde a me s conce ning he use o ICT, which is he i s objec i e o he s udy.
The u iliza ion o compu e s and mobile phones o ag icul u al pu poses can be aced wi h se e al chal-
lenges, including illi e acy, elec ici y and ne wo k issues, insu icien means o anspo a ion o in e ne
access, a lack o epai acili ies, a o dabili y cons ain s ega ding ICT de ices, and a de ici in know-
ledge and a ailable ime (Ahsan e al., 2022; Misaki e al., 2018; Mu amba a & Munodawa a, 2014; Okello
e al., 2012; Ta a & McNama a, 2016). Rega ding he second objec i e o he s udy on he ac o s in lu-
encing ICT use, s udies in o he coun ies sugges ha socioeconomic and demog aphic ac o s encom-
pass age, ma i al s a us, household size, le el o educa ion, land size, a ming expe ience, engagemen
in non- a m ac i i ies, c edi acquisi ion, and ICT expe ience (Ali, 2012; Awuo & Rambim, 2022; De so
e al., 2014; Khan e al., 2022; Rajkhowa & Qaim, 2022; Wawi e e al., 2017).
1.3. Objec i es
As an empi ical window o unde s and he challenges and ac o s in luencing ICT usage, his s udy
examined he case o smallholde a me s in u al Zimbabwe, wi h a speci ic ocus on smallholde maize
a me s in Ma onde a Dis ic , Zimbabwe. Hence, he s udy’s o e a ching objec i es a e wo- old: (i) o
examine he challenges aced by smallholde maize a me s when using ICTs in ag icul u e, and (ii) o
2 S. NYAKUDYA ET AL.
in es iga e he ac o s de e mining smallholde a me s’use o ICTs, including mobile phones and com-
pu e s, o a ming pu poses.
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. S udy a ea
The s udy was conduc ed in Ma onde a Ru al Dis ic , loca ed in he Mashonaland Eas P o ince o
Zimbabwe. I is bounded by Mu ewa dis ic o he no h, Makoni dis ic in he p o ince o Manicaland
o he eas , Wedza and Chikomba Dis ic s o he sou h, as well as Manyame and Go omonzi Dis ic s o
he wes (Ma onde a RDC, 2023). Ma onde a Ru al Dis ic is one o he nine dis ic s in he
Mashonaland Eas P o ince, co e ing a o al a ea o 3,414 squa e kilome e s and accommoda ing a
popula ion o 136,173 (ZIMSTAT, 2022). This dis ic alls wi hin ag icul u al, na u al egion 2, wi h an
a e age annual ain all o 500 mm o 1000 mm and ela i ely cons an empe a u es yea - ound (Ma use
e al., 2021). In addi ion, he dis ic is epo ed o ha e he mos e ile lands, making i well-sui ed o
ag icul u e (Ma use e al., 2021). Fa me s in his dis ic p ima ily engage in wo majo ag icul u al ac i -
i ies, maize and bee p oduc ion, al hough i g apples wi h ecu ing d y spells, necessi a ing i iga ion
sys ems (Musoma, 2016).
Adminis a i ely, he dis ic is di ided in o 23 wa ds (Ma onde a RDC, 2023), which can be classi ied
in o h ee dis inc egions: u ban, pe i-u ban, and u al communi ies cons i u ing ese lemen a eas. The
ese lemen a eas a e home o small-scale (A1) and la ge-scale (A2) comme cial a me s. No ably, his
dis ic holds he highes numbe o A1 a me s in he p o ince (Ma use e al., 2021). P e ious s udies
ha e unde sco ed he signi icance o a ming in hese ese lemen a eas as he p ima y sou ce o
employmen and income o many households.
This s udy ocused on A1 a me s, wi h small a m sizes a e aging app oxima ely 6 hec a es o a able
land (Musoma, 2016). Figu e 2 depic s he s udy’s geog aphical loca ion.
2.2. Resea ch design
A blend o desc ip i e and causal esea ch designs was used in his s udy. The s udy employed a
desc ip i e esea ch design o explain he cu en ci cums ances including he challenges on he use o
ICT by smallholde maize a me s in he Ma onde a Dis ic . A causal esea ch design is hen employed
Figu e 1. Concep ual F amewo k on he use o mobiles and compu e s in ag icul u e.
(Sou ce: Au ho s’concep ualiza ion).
COGENT ECONOMICS & FINANCE 3
o assess he ac o s in luencing he decision by smallholde maize a me s o use ICT in compu e s and
mobile phones in hei a ming ope a ions. The quan i a i e app oach used in his s udy helps o unde -
s and he a me s’cha ac e is ics, hei a ming ac i i ies and he challenges hey a e acing in he use o
ICT o ag icul u al pu poses.
2.3. Sampling
The s udy’s a ge popula ion comp ised smallholde a me s who g ew maize du ing he 2022–2023 cul-
i a ion season. The s udy employed a mul is age andom sampling me hod, a ge ing all smallholde
a me s in he s udy a ea. The sampling s a egy commenced wi h a pu posi e selec ion o he
Ma onde a Ru al Dis ic based on i s p oximi y, ollowed by he selec ion o wa ds wi h he highes con-
cen a ion o maize a me s as maize p oduc ion is he p ima y ag icul u al ac i i y. A comp ehensi e lis
o all a me s was ob ained om ex ension o ice s in he dis ic . Gi en he une en dis ibu ion o maize
a me s ac oss wa ds, he s udy conduc ed a p opo iona e- o-size selec ion o maize a ming illages
wi hin he chosen wa ds o ensu e a ep esen a i e sample o smallholde maize a me s, encompassing
bo h hose who use and hose who do no use ICTs, including mobile phones and compu e s, o ag i-
cul u al pu poses. Ques ionnai es con aining inaccu acies we e dis ega ded, he e o e, a sample o 155
smallholde maize p oduce s was employed o he s udy.
2.4. Da a collec ion
The p ima y da a used in his s udy was collec ed using ques ionnai es ha we e adminis e ed by
ained indi iduals. The designed ques ionnai e cap u ed in o ma ion on maize p oduc ion, ICT usage by
a me s as well as he demog aphic and socio-economic cha ac e is ics o he households. Be o e collec -
ing da a, a mobiliza ion exe cise was conduc ed o in o m local au ho i ies and communi y leade s in
he s udy a ea abou he su ey. This p oac i e app oach p o ed ins umen al in maximizing coope -
a ion among he esponden s (Lemay & Du and, 2002). The da a collec ion eam comp ised ou
Figu e 2. Map o Ma onde a, Zimbabwe. (Sou ce: Dzwai o e al., 2006).
4 S. NYAKUDYA ET AL.
enume a o s and one supe iso , all well-quali ied and wi h p io expe ience collec ing a m-le el da a in
he same egion. Addi ionally, hey unde wen a one-day aining session o amilia ise hemsel es wi h
he su ey’s objec i es and me hodology and comp ehensi ely unde s and each su ey ques ion. The
su ey was conduc ed in No embe 2022, wi h all selec ed pa icipan s ag eeing o pa icipa e.
A quali y check mechanism was es ablished o ensu e he collec ion o high-quali y da a. A Wha sApp
g oup was also c ea ed o acili a e eal- ime communica ion among all enume a o s, supe iso s, and
he esea ch eam. This pla o m was ins umen al o seeking cla i ica ion on ques ions, sha ing chal-
lenges, and discussing expe iences. A he end o each wo kday, each enume a o submi ed a daily
epo o hei supe iso o e iew and eedback.
2.5. Da a analysis
Da a analysis in his s udy p edominan ly employed desc ip i e s a is ics and a p obi eg ession model,
wi h he esul s p esen ed in abula o ma . The da a ob ained om he ques ionnai e su eys was i s
coded using Mic oso Excel, be o e being analyzed using S a a so wa e. Fi s , he s udy used Pea son’s
chi-squa e es o independence o unde s and he ela ionships be ween ca ego ical a iables. U ilizing
a 5-poin Like Scale, he challenges aced by smallholde a me s in hei use o ICT we e sys ema ically
anked o iden i y he mos p e alen issues among his g oup o a me s. The challenges we e anked
om s ongly disag ee o s ongly ag ee. When using he Like Scale, he esponses o s ongly dis-
ag ee we e assigned a alue o −2, whils disag ee, neu al, ag ee and s ongly ag ee esponses we e
assigned alues o −1, 0, þ1 and þ2, espec i ely. The equencies o each challenge we e hen mul i-
plied by he espec i e alue assigned o each esponse and hen added o ge he anking sco e o
each challenge. The challenge wi h he highes sco e was anked i s whils he challenge wi h he low-
es sco e was anked he las .
Subsequen ly, he s udy employed he p obi eg ession model o gain deepe insigh s in o he ela-
ionship be ween ICT use in ag icul u e and a ious socio-economic ac o s. These ac o s encompassed
age, gende , ma i al s a us, educa ional a ainmen , a ming expe ience, household size, access o c edi ,
and se e al o he pe inen a iables. This comp ehensi e app oach un a eled he mul i ace ed dynam-
ics su ounding he u iliza ion o ICT among smallholde a me s.
2.5.1. Analy ical model
This s udy employed a p obi eg ession model o elucida e he de e minan s o ICT usage in ag icul u e.
As ecommended by Woold idge (2012), he p obi model was chosen o i s adhe ence o a s anda d
no mal dis ibu ion, which e ec i ely add esses a ious speci ica ion issues. The dependen a iable in
his analysis is bina y, ep esen ing ei he he u iliza ion o ICT (coded as 1) o non-u iliza ion (coded as
0) (Guja a i, 2004). Speci ically, he s udy cen e ed on mobile phones and compu e s, he p ima y ICT
ools employed by a me s o accessing ag icul u al in o ma ion (Muhammad e al., 2019; Mdoda &
Mdiya, 2022). Acco ding o Woold idge (2012), he p obi model can be de i ed om a la en a iable
model ha sa is ies he assump ions o a classical linea model. The la en a iable (y) is de e mined
using he ollowing equa ion 1:
y¼b0þx,bþe(1)
Whe e: y ¼1[y>0], b¼coe icien s and E¼ andom e o s, assumed o be no mally dis ibu ed,
wi h a mo 0 and a
2
o 1.
In his s udy, y is speci ied as 1 o ICT use s and 0 o non-use s, while x ep esen s he ec o o
independen a iables. The esponse p obabili y o y was de i ed using Equa ion (2):
Py¼1jx
ðÞ
¼Ub
0þb1x1þ...þbkxk
ðÞ
¼Gðb0þx,bÞ(2)
whe e P(y ¼1jx) ep esen s he condi ional p obabili y o ICT usage, Uis he cumula i e dis ibu ion
unc ion o a s anda d no mal dis ibu ion, which ensu es ha he p obabili y lies be ween 0 and 1
(Habya imana, 2015; Woold idge, 2012). The pa ame e s o be es ima ed a e deno ed as b
0
,b
1
,…,b
k
.
The a iables x1,x2…,xk ep esen a se o p edic o a iables, which a e socio-economic ac o s like
age, gende , emi ance, c edi , ma i al s a us, le el o educa ion, a m size, and a ming expe ience.
COGENT ECONOMICS & FINANCE 5
Equa ion (3) depic s he speci ied p obi eg ession model o unde s and he ela ionship be ween ICT
usage in ag icul u e and a ious socio-economic ac o s.
P ICT Use ¼1jx
ðÞ
¼Uðb0þb1age þb2gende þb3ma i als a us þb4householdsize þb5 a mingexpe ience
þb6 a msize þb7 emi ance þb8c edi access þb9educa ionle elÞ
(3)
Since he p ima y in e es o he s udy lies in es ima ing how each a iable (x) in luences he p ob-
abili y o using ICT o ag icul u al pu poses, he magni udes o indi idual coe icien s (b) ob ained om
he p obi model esul s may no p o ide a clea unde s anding (Woold idge, 2012). The e o e, his s udy
inco po a ed a e age ma ginal e ec s o dummy and con inuous a iables. Ma ginal e ec s enable one
o quan i y he impac o a one-uni change in an explana o y a iable on he likelihood o achie ing a
a o able ou come (Nyaka onje and Jambo, 2023; Habya imana, 2015; Woold idge, 2012).
Following he es ima ion o he p obi model in Equa ion (3), he s udy de i ed he a e age ma ginal
e ec s (AME) o he a ious explana o y a iables on he p obabili y o using ICT o ag icul u al pu -
poses as ou lined in Equa ion (4):
oPy
i¼1jxi
ðÞ
=oxi¼oEyjxi
ðÞ
=oxi¼Uðb0þxibÞb(4)
2.5.2. Desc ip ion o a iables used in he model
Table 1 desc ibes he explana o y a iables conside ed in his s udy and hei espec i e expec ed
eg ession ou comes.
3. Resul s & discussion
3.1. The socio-economic cha ac e is ics o he esponden s ela ed o ICT use
The s udy ca ego ized he esponden s in o hose who used ICT o ag icul u e and hose who did no .
Table 2 shows ha only 73 a me s used mobile phones o ag icul u al pu poses, while 82 esponden s
did no use mobile phones o ag icul u al pu poses. The le el o mobile use in ag icul u al ac i i ies in
he s udy a ea is low, as highligh ed by he 47.1% in Table 2. The esul s also indica e ha , ou o he
155 esponden s, only 34 a me s u ilized a compu e o ag icul u al asks, wi h he majo i y no
employing compu e s o any ag icul u al- ela ed ac i i ies. This unde sco es he de iciency in compu e
usage o ag icul u al pu poses (21.94%) in he Ma onde a Ru al Dis ic . This low ICT use can be
Table 1. De ini ions and desc ip ions o a iables.
Va iable Desc ip ion Measu emen Expec ed esul s
Age The age o he a me . Yea s Posi i e/ nega i e
Ma i als a us Ma i al s a us o he a me . 0 ¼single, 1 ¼ma ied, 2 ¼di o ced, 3 ¼widow Posi i e/nega i e
Household size Household size Numbe o people li ing oge he in one dwelling Posi i e
Fa ming expe ience Numbe o yea s in a ming Yea s Posi i e
Gende Male o emale. 1 ¼male, 0 ¼ emale Posi i e/nega i e
Educa ion le el Numbe o yea s in o mal educa ion. Yea s in o mal educa ion. Posi i e
Fa m size To al hec a es o land owned by a a me . Hec a es posi i e
Non- a m ac i i ies Ha ing non- a m ac i i y. 1 ¼yes, 0 ¼no posi i e
Access o c edi Ha ing ecei ed c edi 1 ¼yes, 0 ¼no posi i e
Ex ension isi Ha ing equen ex ension isi s 1 ¼yes, 0 ¼no posi i e
Remi ances Ha ing ecei ed emi ance 1 ¼yes, 0 ¼no posi i e
Table 2. Mobile and compu e use o ag icul u e.
Mobile use o ag icul u e F eq Pe cen age
n¼155
Yes 73 47.10
No 82 52.90
Compu e use o ag icul u e
Yes 34 21.94
No 121 78.06
6 S. NYAKUDYA ET AL.
a ibu ed o he p olonged communica ion ne wo k p oblems and elec ici y challenges caused by load
shedding. These esul s a e simila o he indings o p e ious s udies which associa ed he low ICT
adop ion in ag icul u e wi h se e al challenges such as lack o awa eness and con idence, un eliable
in e ne , lack o echnological skills and lack o access o in e ne gadge s (Lawal-Adebowale, 2015;
Muk a e al., 2022).
Table 3 compa es mobile owne ship o mobile use o ag icul u al pu poses. The s udy esul s indi-
ca e ha , ou o he 137 a me s who owned mobile phones, only 73 used mobile phones o any ac i -
i ies ela ed o hei a ming wo k. This implies ha a la ge numbe o a me s who own mobile phones
do no use hem o ag icul u al pu poses, bu a he o social easons. Mousa i e al. (2018) poin ed
ou ha he e is low use o ICT o ag icul u al pu poses mainly because he majo i y o people do no
use ICT gadge s such as mobile phones o ag icul u al bene i bu a he o social cha ing and
messaging.
Table 4 also compa es he le el o compu e use o ag icul u e agains he owne ship o compu e s
by he esponden s. O he 66 a me s who indica ed hey own compu e s, 34 indi iduals used hem o
ag icul u al- ela ed ac i i ies. As indica ed by Lawal-Adebowale (2015), e en hough a me s may ha e
ICT gadge s such as mobile phones and compu e s, he majo i y o hem lack he knowledge and skills
needed du ing he use and main enance o echnology equipmen si ua ion.
Table 5 e eals a signi ican associa ion be ween he use o mobile phones in ag icul u e and se e al
demog aphic ac o s, including gende , ma i al s a us, access o emi ances, and access o c edi , as
indica ed by hei espec i e p- alues. The esul s indica e ha mos male a me s did no u ilize mobile
phones o ag icul u al pu poses, whe eas many emale a me s inco po a ed mobile phones in o hei
ag icul u al ac i i ies. This may be because male a me s mos ly ha e non- a ming ac i i ies which lea es
hem wi hou enough ime o a end ainings being b ough o a me s on how o use ICTs o ag icul-
u al pu poses. Lwoga and Chigona (2020) men ion ha smallholde a me s lack p ope aining and
knowledge conce ning he use o ICTs like compu e s o ag icul u al pu poses. Fa me s who we e
Table 3. Compa ison be ween mobile owne ship and mobile use o ag icul u al pu poses.
Mobile owne ship
Mobile use o ag icul u e
To alYes No
Yes 73 64 137
No 0 18 18
To al 73 82 155
Pea son chi2(1) ¼18.1298; P ¼0.000
Table 4. Compa ison be ween compu e owne ship and compu e use o ag icul u al pu poses.
Compu e owne ship
Compu e use o ag icul u e
To alYes No
Yes 34 32 66
No 0 89 89
To al 34 121 155
Pea son chi2(1) ¼58.7315; P ¼0.000
Table 5. Chi-squa e es s o associa ion ega ding mobile use in ag icul u e.
Va iables
F equency o mobile
use s in ag icul u e
F equency o non-mobile
use s in ag icul u e Chi2 alue p- alue
Gende Male 34 54 5.8486 .016
Female 39 28
Ma i al s a us Unma ied 11 9 6.0439 .094
Ma ied 42 61
Di o ced 9 11
Widowed 3 9
Recei ed Remi ances Yes 41 31 5.2334 .022
No 32 51
Recei ed c edi Yes 25 42 4.5334 .033
No 48 40
COGENT ECONOMICS & FINANCE 7
Aldosa i, F., Al Shunai i, M. S., Ullah, M. A., Muddassi , M., & Noo , M. A. (2019). Fa me s’pe cep ions ega ding he
use o in o ma ion and communica ion echnology (ICT) in Khybe Pakh unkhwa, No he n Pakis an. Jou nal o he
Saudi Socie y o Ag icul u al Sciences,18(2), 211–217. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jssas.2017.05.004
Ali, J. (2012). Fac o s a ec ing he adop ion o in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies (ICTs) o a ming deci-
sions. Jou nal o Ag icul u al & Food In o ma ion,13(1), 78–96. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/10496505.2012.636980
Ali, J., & Kuma , S. (2011). In o ma ion and communica ion echnologies (ICTs) and a me s’decision-making ac oss
he ag icul u al supply chain. In e na ional Jou nal o In o ma ion Managemen ,31(2), 149–159. h ps://doi.o g/10.
1016/j.ijin omg .2010.07.008
Asi , A. S., Uddin, M. N., De , D. S., & Miah, M. A. M. (2017). Fac o s a ec ing mobile phone usage by he a me s in
ecei ing in o ma ion on ege able cul i a ion in Bangladesh. Jou nal o Ag icul u al In o ma ics,8(2), 33–43.
h ps://doi.o g/10.17700/jai.2017.8.2.376
Awuo , F. M., & Rambim, D. A. (2022). Adop ion o ICT-in-ag icul u e inno a ions by smallholde a me s in Kenya.
Technology and In es men ,13(03), 92–103. h ps://doi.o g/10.4236/ i.2022.133007
Ayanwale, A. B., & Adekunle, A. (2010). Fac o s de e mining ICT adop ion in u al smallholde a ms in sou hwes e n
Nige ia. Jou nal o Social De elopmen in A ica,23(2), 19–24. h ps://doi.o g/10.4314/jsda. 23i2.54257
Ayim,C.,Kassahun,A.,Addison,C.,&Tekine dogan,B.(2022).Adop iono ICTinno a ionsin heag icul u esec o in
A ica: A e iew o he li e a u e. Ag icul u e & Food Secu i y,11(1), 1–16. h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s40066-022-00364-7
Campo, K. R. K., Robinson, A., Isaac, W. A. P., & Ganpa , W. (2017). Connec ing small a me s in he Ca ibbean o
knowledge, ne wo ks, and ins i u ions h ough ICTs. Jou nal o Ag icul u al & Food In o ma ion,18(2), 81–95.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/10496505.2017.1279973
Chancello , W. (2023). Explo ing he ela ionship be ween in o ma ion and communica ion echnology (ICT) and
p oduc i i y: E idence om Aus alian a ms. Aus alian Jou nal o Ag icul u al and Resou ce Economics,67(2), 285–
302. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/1467-8489.12512
Das, B. (2014). ICTs adop ion o accessing ag icul u al in o ma ion: E idence om Indian ag icul u e. Ag icul u al
Economics Resea ch Re iew,27(2), 199–208. h ps://doi.o g/10.5958/0974-0279.2014.00024.X
De so, D., Mamo, Y., & Haji, J. (2014). Analyzing socio-economic ac o s a ec ing he use o in o ma ion and commu-
nica ion echnologies among a me s in cen al highlands o E hiopia. A ican Jou nal o Ag icul u al Science and
Technology (AJAST),2(8), 163–171. h p://www.oceanicjou nals.o g/ajas
Dzwai o, B., Hoko, Z., Lo e, D., & Guzha, E. (2006). Assessmen o he impac s o pi la ines on g oundwa e quali y
in u al a eas: A case s udy om Ma onde a dis ic , Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemis y o he Ea h, Pa s A/B/C,
31(15-16), 779–788. 10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.031
Fawole, O. P., & Olajide, B. R. (2012). Awa eness and use o in o ma ion communica ion echnologies by a me s in Oyo
S a e, Nige ia. Jou nal o Ag icul u al & Food In o ma ion,13(4), 326–337. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/10496505.2012.717003
F eeman, K., & Mubichi, F. (2017). ICT use by smallholde a me s in u al Mozambique: A case s udy o wo illages
in Cen al Mozambique. Jou nal o Ru al Social Sciences,32(2), 1. h ps://eg o e.olemiss.edu/j ss/ ol32/iss2/1
Gi ma, Y. (2022). C edi access and ag icul u al echnology adop ion nexus in E hiopia: A sys ema ic e iew and me a-
analysis. Jou nal o Ag icul u e and Food Resea ch,10(2022), 100362. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ja .2022.100362
Guja a i, D. (2004). Basic Econome ics. (4 h Ed.). The McG aw-Hill Companies.
Habya imana, J. B. (2015). De e minan s o household ood insecu i y in de eloping coun ies e idence om a
P obi model o he case o u al households in Rwanda. Sus ainable Ag icul u e Resea ch,4(2), 78. h ps://doi.o g/
10.22004/ag.econ.230398
Hen i-Ukoha, A., Adesope, O. M., Okidim, I. O., Osuji, M. N., & Ogbonna, C. (2014). Analysis o he a e o use o in o -
ma ion communica ion echnology by poul y a me s in owe i municipali y, imo s a e. Ame ican Jou nal o
Sus ainable Ci ies and Socie y,3(1), 682–691. h ps:// spublica ion.com/ajscs/jan14/48.pd
Hla shwayo, S. I., Modi, A. T., Hlahla, S., Ngidi, M., & Mabhaudhi, T, Uni e si y o KwaZulu-Na al, P i a e Bag X01,
Sco s ille, 3201 Pie e ma i zbu g, Sou h A ica. (2021). The use ulness o seed sys ems o e i ing smallholde
ag icul u e: A Sou h A ican pe spec i e. A ican Jou nal o Food, Ag icul u e, Nu i ion and De elopmen ,21(02),
17581–17603. h ps://doi.o g/10.18697/aj and.97.19480
Idoje, G., Dagiuklas, T., & Iqbal, M. (2021). Su ey o sma a ming echnologies: Challenges and issues. Compu e s &
Elec ical Enginee ing,92, 107104. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2021.107104
I eoma, O. D., & M hi wa, H. T. (2015 An analysis o he impac o he use o mobile communica ion echnologies by
a me s in Zimbabwe. A case s udy o Esoko and EcoFa me s pla o ms [Pape p esen a ion]. In P oceedings o SIG
GlobDe P e-ECIS Wo kshop, Muns e , Ge many. SIG GlobDe . h ps://schola .google.com/schola _lookup? i le=
An+analysis+o + he+impac +o + he+use+o +mobile+communica ion+ echnologies+by+ a me s+in+Zimbabwe.+A
+case+s udy+o +Esoko+and+Eco+Fa me s+pla o ms&con e ence=P oceedings+o + he+SIG+Glob+De +P e-ECIS+
Wo kshop&au ho =I eoma,+O.D.&au ho =M hi wa,+H.T.&publica ion_yea =2015
Kama a, A., Con eh, A., Rhodes, E. R., & Cooke, R. A, Njala Uni e si y, Sie a Leone. (2019). The ele ance o small-
holde a ming o A ican ag icul u al g ow h and de elopmen . A ican Jou nal o Food, Ag icul u e, Nu i ion and
De elopmen ,19(01), 14043–14065. h ps://doi.o g/10.18697/aj and.84.BLFB1010
Kan e, M., Oboko, R., & Chepken, C. (2019). An ICT model o inc eased adop ion o a m inpu in o ma ion in de el-
oping coun ies: A case in Sikasso, Mali. In o ma ion P ocessing in Ag icul u e,6(1), 26–46. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
inpa.2018.09.002
14 S. NYAKUDYA ET AL.
Khan, N., Ray, R. L., Kassem, H. S., & Zhang, S. (2022). Mobile in e ne echnology adop ion o sus ainable ag icul-
u e: E idence om whea a me s. Applied Sciences,12(10), 4902. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/app12104902
Lawal-Adebowale, O. A. (2015). Mobile ICT in eg a ion in ex ension se ice deli e y: Case assessmen o applica ion
a iance in ex ension asks execu ions in sou hwes Nige ia. Jou nal o Ex ension Sys ems,31(2), 11–24. h p://
www.jesonline.o g/2015Dec.h m#Lawa
Lemay, M., & Du and, C. (2002). The e ec o in e iewe a i ude on su ey coope a ion. Bulle in o Sociological
Me hodology/Bulle in de M
e hodologie Sociologique,76(1), 27–44. h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/075910630207600102
Lwoga, E. T., & Chigona, W. (2020). Telecen e s and he expansion o human capabili ies among u al women. Global
Knowledge, Memo y and Communica ion,69(6/7), 501–520. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/GKMC-11-2019-0136
Lwoga, E. T., Ngulube, P., & S ilwell, C. (2011). Access and use o ag icul u al in o ma ion and knowledge in
Tanzania. Lib a y Re iew,60(5), 383–395. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/00242531111135263
Madanda, A. (2010). Gende ela ions and ICT adop ion in con empo a y Uganda: A case o compu e s and mobile ele-
phones. [Doc o al disse a ion]. Make e e Uni e si y. h p://dspace.mak.ac.ug/handle/10570/2146
Ma use, N., Mushunje, A., Ta s a ei, S., & Zi enge, E. (2021). Two s age maize supply chain model o p oduc ion and
ma ke ing e iciency. In e na ional Jou nal o Ag icul u al Science, Resea ch and Technology in Ex ension and
Educa ion Sys ems (IJASRT in EES),11(1), 21–32. h ps://sanad.iau.i /jou nal/ijas /A icle/679440?jid=679440
Magesa, M. M., Michael, K., & Ko, J. (2020). Access and use o ag icul u al ma ke in o ma ion by smallholde a me s:
Measu ing in o ma ional capabili ies. The Elec onic Jou nal o In o ma ion Sys ems in De eloping Coun ies,86(6),
e12134. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/isd2.12134
Makaula, Z. (2021). In o ma ion and communica ion echnologies (ICT) owa ds ag icul u al de elopmen in u al
a eas: Case o smallholde a me s in Umzim ubu local municipali y o he Eas e n Cape P o ince in Sou h A ica.
Sou h A ican Jou nal o Ag icul u al Ex ension (SAJAE),49(1), 81–90. h ps://doi.o g/10.17159/2413-3221/2021/
49n1a10779
Mamun-U -Rashid, M. (2020). Smallholde a me s’use o ICTs & in luencing ac o s on clima e sma ag icul u e
in o ma ion in a selec ed coas al a ea o Bangladesh. Bangladesh Jou nal o Ex ension Educa ion,32(Special Issue),
140–158. h p://bjee.com.bd/public/edi o /show-jou nal/247
Ma onde a, R. D. C. (2023). Ma onde a Ru al Dis ic Council. h p://ma onde a dc.co.zw/
Masuka, B., Ma enda, T., Chipomho, J., Mapope, N., Mupe i, S., Ta s a ei, S., & Ngezimana, W. (2016). Mobile phone
use by small-scale a me s: A po en ial o ans o m p oduc ion and ma ke ing in Zimbabwe. Sou h A ican
Jou nal o Ag icul u al Ex ension,44(2), 121–135. h ps://www.ajol.in o/index.php/sajae/a icle/ iew/149132
Mayoyo, A., Chapo o, A., Ma chaya, G., Aheeya , M., Chiwunze, G., Eb ahim, G., Ajayi, O. C., A un-Ogidan, O., Fakudze,
B., & Kasoma-Pele, W. (2023). Digi al clima e adap a ion in ag icul u e p o ile o Zimbabwe. In e na ional Wa e
Managemen Ins i u e, Global Cen e on Adap a ion, and he A ican De elopmen Bank. h ps://hdl.handle.ne /
10568/131257
Mdoda, L., & Mdiya, L. (2022). Fac o s a ec ing he use o in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies (ICTs) by
li es ock a me s in he Eas e n Cape P o ince. Cogen Social Sciences,8(1), 2026017. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/
23311886.2022.2026017
Misaki, E., Apiola, M., Gaiani, S., & Ted e, M. (2018). Challenges acing sub-Saha an small-scale a me s in accessing
a ming in o ma ion h ough mobile phones: A sys ema ic li e a u e e iew. The Elec onic Jou nal o In o ma ion
Sys ems in De eloping Coun ies,84(4), e12034. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/isd2.12034
Mish a, A., Yada , O. P., Yada , V., Mish a, S., & Kuma , N. (2020). Bene i s o he use o ICT se ices pe cei ed by
a me s o acqui ing ag icul u al in o ma ion in cen al UP. Indian Jou nal o Ex ension Educa ion,56(1), 86–89.
h ps://acspublishe .com/jou nals/index.php/ijee/a icle/ iew/4503
Mousa i, M., Fa hadian, H., Fami, H. S., & Chizai, M. (2018). Fac o s A ec ing The Use O ICT Among Ag icul u al
Expe s And Fa me s In Eas Aze baijan P o ince, I an. Special y Jou nal o Ag icul u al Sciences,4(4), 1–13. h ps://
scia ena.com/a icle/ ac o s-a ec ing- he-use-o -ic -among-ag icul u al-expe s-and- a me s-in-eas -aze baijan-p o -
ince-i an.
Muhammad, H. U., Adesiji, G. B., Tyabo, I. S., Muhammed, Y., & Loko, A. I. (2019). Assessmen o ac o s in luencing
he use o In o ma ion and Communica ion Technologies by small-scale a me s in Fede al Capi al Te i o y (FCT),
Abuja, Nige ia. Jou nal o Ag icul u e and En i onmen ,15(2), 61–70. h ps://www.ajol.in o/index.php/jag en /a -
icle/ iew/235265
Muk a , B. G., Id issa, Y. L., O i ah, M. O., & Nwachukwu, I. M. (2022). Inno a ion cen ic ex ension se ices and in o -
ma ion communica ion echnologies bene olence: Implica ions o local inno a ion gene a ion and ag ip eneu ial
p omo ion o sus ainable ood sys ems. Jou nal o Ag icul u al Ex ension,27(1), 26–37. h ps://www.ajol.in o/
index.php/jae/a icle/ iew/258508
Musoma, R. T. (2016). Unde s anding po e y-en i onmen in e ac ions: he poli ical ecology o smallholde obacco p o-
duc ion in Ma onde a Dis ic , Eas e n Zimbabwe SLU, Dep . o U ban and Ru al De elopmen . Second cycle, A2E.
h ps://s ud.epsilon.slu.se/9893/
Musungwini, S., Ga ai, P. V., Munyo o, B., & Cha e, A. (2023). Eme ging ICT echnologies o ag icul u e, aining, and
capaci y building o a me s in de eloping coun ies: A case s udy in Zimbabwe. In Applying D one Technologies
and Robo ics o Ag icul u al Sus ainabili y. (pp. 12–30). IGI Global. h ps://doi.o g/10.4018/978-1-6684-6413-7.ch002
COGENT ECONOMICS & FINANCE 15
Mu amba a, S., & Munodawa a, A. (2014). P oduc ion challenges and sus ainabili y o smallholde i iga ion schemes
in Zimbabwe. Jou nal o Biology, Ag icul u e and Heal hca e,4(15), 87–96. h p://www.iis e.o g/Jou nals/index.php/
JBAH/a icle/ iew/14210/14518
Nwa o , C. U., Ogundeji, A. A., & an de Wes huizen, C. (2020). Adop ion o ICT-based in o ma ion sou ces and ma -
ke pa icipa ion among smallholde li es ock a me s in Sou h A ica. Ag icul u e (Swi ze land),10(2), 44. h ps://
doi.o g/10.3390/ag icul u e10020044
Nyaka onje, B., & Jambo, N. (2023). The adop ion o s a egies o educe de o es a ion om obacco p oduc ion: A
case o smallholde a me s in headlands a ea o Makoni dis ic . A ican Jou nal o Ag icul u e and Food Science,
6(2), 1–22. h ps://www.doi.o g/10.52589/AJAFS-BBFL7WRS.
Obeng, F. K., Gumah, S., & Min ah, S. (2019). Fa me s’pe cep ions o in o ma ion and communica ion echnology
(ICT) use in ex ension se ice deli e y in No he n Region, Ghana. Ghana Jou nal o Science, Technology and
De elopmen ,6(1), 21–29. h ps://doi.o g/10.47881/126.967x
Okello, J., Ki ui, O., Nji aini, J., & Gi onga, Z. (2012). D i e s o use o in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies
by a m households: The case o smallholde a me s in Kenya. Jou nal o Ag icul u al Science,4(2), 111–124.
h ps://doi.o g/10.5539/jas. 4n2p111
Okwusi, M. C., Nwachukwu, I., & Ekumankama, O. O. (2010). E ec o u ilisa ion o ICTs o ag icul u al in o ma ion
on socio-economic cha ac e is ics o a me s in Sou heas e n Nige ia. Global App oaches o Ex ension P ac ice: A
Jou nal o Ag icul u al Ex ension,5(1), 2009. h ps://doi.o g/10.4314/gaep. 5i1.50186
O ene, V. A., Ezihe, J. A., & To genga, F. S. (2018). Assessmen o mobile phone usage among a me s in Keana local
go e nmen a ea o Nasa awa S a e, Nige ia. Jou nal o Ag icul u al & Food In o ma ion,19(2), 141–148. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1080/10496505.2017.1361829
Paudel, D., Neupane, R. C., Sigdel, S., Poudel, P., & Khanal, A. R. (2023). COVID-19 pandemic, clima e change, and
con lic s on ag icul u e: A io o challenges o global ood secu i y. Sus ainabili y,15(10), 8280. h ps://doi.o g/10.
3390/su15108280
Pawlak, K., & Kołodziejczak, M. (2020). The ole o ag icul u e in ensu ing ood secu i y in de eloping coun ies:
Conside a ions in he con ex o he p oblem o sus ainable ood p oduc ion. Sus ainabili y,12(13), 5488. h ps://
doi.o g/10.3390/su12135488
Pi o o, D., Ba ham, B., Waquil, P. D., Foguesa o, C. R., Co e, V. F. D., Zhang, D., & Talamini, E. (2019). Fac o s in lu-
encing he adop ion o sma a ming by B azilian g ain a me s. In e na ional Food and Ag ibusiness Managemen
Re iew,22(4), 571–588. h ps://doi.o g/10.22434/IFAMR2018.0086
Rajkhowa, P., & Qaim, M. (2022). Mobile phones, o - a m employmen and household income in u al India. Jou nal
o Ag icul u al Economics,73(3), 789–805. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/1477-9552.12480
Saidu, A., Cla kson, A. M., Adamu, S. H., Mohammed, M., & Jibo, I. (2017). Applica ion o ICT in ag icul u e:
Oppo uni ies and challenges in de eloping coun ies. In e na ional Jou nal o Compu e Science and Ma hema ical
Theo y,3(1), 8–18. h p://iia d.com/index.php/IJCSMT/a icle/download/730/722
Sassi, M. (2023). Economic connec i eness and p o-poo g ow h in sub-Saha an A ica: The ole o ag icul u e.
Sus ainabili y (Swi ze land),15(3), 2026.h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su15032026
Spielman, D., Lecou e e, E., Makhija, S., & Van Campenhou , B. (2021). In o ma ion and communica ions echnology
(ICT) and ag icul u al ex ension in de eloping coun ies. Annual Re iew o Resou ce Economics,13(1), 177–201.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1146/annu e - esou ce-101520-080657
Tambo, J. A., Aliamo, C., Da is, T., Mugambi, I., Romney, D., Onyango, D. O., Kansiime, M., Aloki , C., & Byan wale,
S. T. (2019). The impac o ICT-enabled ex ension campaign on a me s’knowledge and managemen o all a my-
wo m in Uganda. PloS One,14(8), e0220844. h ps://doi.o g/10.1371/jou nal.pone.0220844
Ta a, J. S., & McNama a, P. E. (2016). Social ac o s ha in luence he use o ICT in ag icul u al ex ension in Sou he n
A ica. Ag icul u e,6(2), 15. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ag icul u e6020015
Tiwa i, S. P. (2022). In o ma ion and communica ion echnology ini ia i es o knowledge sha ing in ag icul u e.
Indian Jou nal o Ag icul u al Sciences,78(9), 737–47. h ps://doi.o g/10.48550/a Xi .2202.08649
Wawi e, A. W., Wangia, S. M., & Okello, J. J. (2017). De e minan s o use o in o ma ion and communica ion echnolo-
gies in ag icul u e: The case o Kenya ag icul u al commodi y exchange in Bungoma Coun y, Kenya. Jou nal o
Ag icul u al Science,9(3), 128–137. h ps://doi.o g/10.5539/jas. 9n3p128
Woold idge, J. M. (2012). In oduc o y econome ics: A mode n app oach (uppe le el economics i les).
Sou hwes e n College Publishing, Nash ille, T ffTN,41, 673–690. h ps://okkn .smcebi.edu.pl/1s0mj1iz 41 /05-ma -
eo-da is-2/1111531048-in oduc o y-econome ics-a-mode n-app oach-uppe-k9kgDES G3.pd
Yaseen, M., Xu, S., Yu, W., Luqman, M., Hassan, S., & Ameen, M. (2016). Fac o s inhabi ing ICTs usage among a me s:
Compa a i e analysis om Pakis an and China. Open Jou nal o Social Sciences,04(05), 287–294. h ps://doi.o g/10.
4236/jss.2016.45031
Zegeye, M. B. (2021). Remi ance in lows and adop ion o ag icul u al echnology: E idence om E hiopia.
Remi ances Re iew,6(2), 77–90. h ps://econpape s. epec.o g/a icle/mig em e / _3a6_3ay_3a2021_3ai_3a2_3ap_
3a77-90.h m h ps://doi.o g/10.33182/ . 6i2.1495
Zims a . (2022). Zimbabwe, 2022 Popula ion and Housing Census. P elimina y Repo . Re ie ed om h ps://www.zim-
s a .co.zw/wp-con en /uploads/2022/07/Census2022_P elimina y_Repo .pd
16 S. NYAKUDYA ET AL.
