Cubukcu Ce asi, Ce en; Balcioglu, Ya uz Selim
A icle
B idging gene a ions and alues: Unde s anding Gene a ion Z's
o ganiza ional p e e ences and he media ing ole o sus ainabili y and
inno a ion a i udes in Tu key
Adminis a i e Sciences
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
MDPI – Mul idisciplina y Digi al Publishing Ins i u e, Basel
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Cubukcu Ce asi, Ce en; Balcioglu, Ya uz Selim (2024) : B idging gene a ions
and alues: Unde s anding Gene a ion Z's o ganiza ional p e e ences and he media ing ole o
sus ainabili y and inno a ion a i udes in Tu key, Adminis a i e Sciences, ISSN 2076-3387, MDPI,
Basel, Vol. 14, Iss. 9, pp. 1-17,
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Ci a ion: Cubukcu Ce asi, Ce en, and
Ya uz Selim Balcioglu. 2024. B idging
Gene a ions and Values:
Unde s anding Gene a ion Z’s
O ganiza ional P e e ences and he
Media ing Role o Sus ainabili y and
Inno a ion A i udes in Tu key.
Adminis a i e Sciences 14: 229.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
admsci14090229
Recei ed: 19 July 2024
Re ised: 30 Augus 2024
Accep ed: 12 Sep embe 2024
Published: 19 Sep embe 2024
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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
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adminis a i e
sciences
A icle
B idging Gene a ions and Values: Unde s anding Gene a ion Z’s
O ganiza ional P e e ences and he Media ing Role o
Sus ainabili y and Inno a ion A i udes in Tu key
Ce en Cubukcu Ce asi * and Ya uz Selim Balcioglu
MIS Depa men , Gebze Technical Uni e si y, Gebze 41400, Tu key; [email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: ce [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : Gen Z is well- ecognized as he i s gene a ion o ha e li ed h ough he ull digi al e a.
They a e used o u ilizing echnology, ha e been on social media since hey we e young child en,
and ha e e en de eloped an addic ion o i because hey g ew up in a echnologically ad anced
wo ld. P elimina y esea ch has looked a Gen Z’s educa ional p e e ences in he ma ke ing and
educa ion ealms, as well as p oduc p omo ion echniques di ec ed owa ds hem. Fu he mo e,
mos o he ea ly Gen Z esea ch was conduc ed in he Uni ed S a es. Because he e is a lack o eliable
li e a u e s udies on HR and o ganiza ional esea ch ma e ial ela ed o Gen Z and hei ca ee - ela ed
objec i es, o ganiza ions a e ill-p epa ed o accep his new gene a ion in o he wo k o ce. This s udy
iden i ies he o ganiza ional alues ha he membe s o Gene a ion Z ind signi ican . The pu pose
o he s udy is o asce ain how closely he membe s o Gene a ion Z align wi h co po a e alues
and p e e ences. The esea ch employs a quan i a i e me hodology: 109 Tu kish uni e si y s uden s
who we e en olled in classes we e gi en a su ey. Consequen ly, his iden i ied he p e e ences o
Gene a ion Z membe s in Tu key. The li e a u e lacks eliable s udies ega ding di e se in es iga ions
on Gene a ion Z’s p e e ences conduc ed ou side o he Uni ed S a es. This esea ch will add o he
li e a u e abou his opic. This s udy’s conclusions highligh how complex and mul idimensional
Gene a ion Z’s iews a e ega ding inno a ion and sus ainabili y in he Tu kish se ing. The analyses
did no show any signi ican media ing o p edic ing e ec s, con a y o he ini ial hypo heses ha
sugges ed a di ec ela ionship be ween hese a i udes, socie y con ibu ions, educa ional a ainmen ,
and pe sonal alues. This implies ha he a iables in luencing uni e si y s uden s in Gene a ion Z’s
sus ainabili y and inno a ion o ien a ions a e mo e complica ed han p e iously hough and migh
no be di ec ly impac ed by he a iables looked a in his s udy.
Keywo ds: Gene a ion Z; la en class analysis; o ganiza ional p e e ences; human esou ces
managemen
1. In oduc ion
Gene a ion Z is known as he gene a ion bo n be ween 1997 and 2013 (Dimock 2019;
Sch o h 2019). Acco ding o Lanie (2017), Gen Z is ega ded as he i s gene a ion ha
uly g ew up in a digi al age. Ha ing g own up in a echnologically ad anced en i onmen
om an ea ly age, hey a e accus omed o using echnology; hey ha e pa icipa ed in social
media om an ea ly age and may e en ha e an addic ion o i . They ha e encoun e ed
dis inc s imuli in hei ea ly adul hood and childhood, including pe iods o e o ism and
clima e change, economic and social enewal ollowing he Global Financial C isis, g owing
di e si y, he sp ead o globally ecognized b ands, and he accele a ion o social media,
mobile, and sma echnology-d i en communica ion (McC indle 2014;Beni ez-Ma quez
e al. 2022). Acco ding o McC indle (2014), hey a e “globally ocused” because hey a e he
i s gene a ion o g ow up in a ime o globaliza ion and cul u al di e si y and because hey
ha e connec ions o people om many backg ounds, e hnici ies, and si ua ions h ough
social media.
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 229. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/admsci14090229 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/admsci
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 229 2 o 17
Finding hei d eam job and oppo uni ies o g ow hei skill se appea s o be mo-
i a ing his gene a ion (Magano e al. 2020). This sugges s ha hey will change jobs
mo e equen ly han p e ious gene a ions i hey do no like hem (Csiszá ik-Kocsí and
Ga ia-Fodo 2018;Nabahani and Riyan o 2020). Thus, as hey a e en e ing he wo k o ce, i
is impo an o unde s and hei needs and expec a ions om he wo kplace in o de o
e eal hei alen , ecognize hei ad an ages, and p epa e hem o be he u u e leade s
o any o ganiza ion (Singh and Dangmei 2016). I is c i ical o comp ehend he o ma i e
expe iences ha a e pa icula o his gene a ion and how hey ha e in luenced hem as
lea ne s and po en ial wo ke s. The mos well-known ones a e lack o wo k expe ience,
social jus ice mo emen s, g owing up in a sa e en i onmen , and he in oduc ion o sma -
phones and social media (Sch o h 2019). These people a e also independen and lexible;
in con as o ea lie gene a ions, hey a e mo e accep ing o a ie y and ha e lea ned o
accep a ia ions in social s a us, colo , eligion, and e hnici y (Kapil and Roy 2014).
Fou dis inc gene a ions a e cu en ly ep esen ed in an o ganiza ion: Baby Boome s,
Gen X, Gen Y, and Gen Z. The e o e, o ganiza ions a e acing a g owing wo k– alue
con lic and a ia ions in lea ning s yles, belie s, and communica ion s yles due o he
p esence o ou dis inc gene a ions in he wo k o ce (Lyons and Ku on 2014;Solaja
and Ogunola 2016). Resea che s in he ield o human esou ces (HR) ha e ex ensi ely
esea ched olde gene a ions, including Baby Boome s, Gene a ion X, and Millennials
(Callanan and G eenhaus 2008;Chaudhu i and Ghosh 2012;Ng e al. 2010). Gen Z is no
like he o he gene a ions in he ways ha hey ac , eel, and hink. The e is ample e idence
ha o ganiza ions ha e his o ically been hesi an o change and adap o new gene a ions
(Ganguli e al. 2022). Al hough he e a e se e al gene a ions ep esen ed in he wo k o ce,
he cu en igu es show ha he p opo ion o Gen Z wo ke s is inc easing quickly. Wi h
Gen Z en e ing he wo k o ce, i is impo an o businesses o comp ehend his newes
gene a ion o sa is y all hei employees’ needs a wo k (Pe ilus 2020).
Since he majo i y o he ea ly esea ch on Gen Z was ca ied ou in he US, his
gene a ion was seen in a nega i e ligh (Scholz 2019). Gi en ha he membe s o Gene a ion
Z a e known o swi ch jobs mo e equen ly (Zaha i and Pu eh 2023), HR depa men s
mus no only conside s a egies o lu ing in new hi es, bu also concen a e hei e o s
in p o iding Gen Z employees wi h he esou ces ha hey equi e o emain wi h he
o ganiza ion. I is claimed ha Gen Z is d awn o o ganiza ions by job lexibili y and a
balance wi h hei li es ou side o he wo kplace, based on he sca ce s udies on he subjec .
They a e mo i a ed by an en ep eneu ial mindse , hey wan o di ec ly con ibu e o
he business, and hey wan o in luence he esul s (Rands ad Canada 2014). Companies
need o adjus hei dynamics o manage he needs and expec a ions o Gene a ion Z, jus
as hey did wi h Gene a ion Y. HR mus lea n how o manage mul igene a ional eams
and ind inno a i e ways o please bo h new hi es and seasoned s a while a emp ing o
a oid neglec ing he o me (Beni ez-Ma quez e al. 2022). This s udy aims o de e mine
he o ganiza ional alues o which Gene a ion Z membe s a ach impo ance. This s udy
de e mines he le el o alignmen be ween he o ganiza ional alues and he p e e ences
o Gene a ion Z membe s. This s udy is based on a quan i a i e app oach. A su ey
was applied o 109 uni e si y s uden s s udying in Tu key. As a esul , he p e e ences o
Gene a ion Z membe s in Tu key was iden i ied. The e a e no many eliable s udies in
he li e a u e on Gene a ion Z’s p e e ences ou side he USA. This s udy con ibu es o he
li e a u e on his subjec .
2. Li e a u e Re iew
In he domains o ma ke ing and educa ion, p elimina y s udy has examined Gen Z’s
educa ional p e e ences and p oduc ad e ising s a egies o hem, espec i ely. Acco ding
o s udies on Gen Z in ma ke ing and educa ion, hey a e digi al na i es (Twenge 2017;
Ba nes and Noble College Insigh s 2018); e y goal o ien ed (Ba na G oup 2018); and
looking o ul illing wo k (Sch o h 2019). O ganiza ions a e no p epa ed o welcome
Gen Z in o he wo k o ce due o a lack o HR and o ganiza ional esea ch li e a u e on
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 229 3 o 17
his new gene a ion and hei ca ee - ela ed goals. While i is ue ha Gene a ion Z’s
echnological sa iness can o e a compe i i e ad an age, he li e a u e also sugges s
ha many o ganiza ions may s uggle o align hei adi ional s uc u es, managemen
p ac ices, and wo kplace cul u es wi h he alues and expec a ions o his new gene a ion.
Fo ins ance, Lanie (2017) and Scholz (2019) a gue ha , while o ganiza ions ecognize
he po en ial o Gene a ion Z’s digi al skills, hey o en lack he necessa y s a egies o
e ec i ely in eg a e hese indi iduals in o he wo k o ce, pa icula ly in a eas such as
ca ee de elopmen , wo k–li e balance, and job lexibili y. Wo ke s’ dedica ion o he o ga-
niza ion is signi ican ly impac ed by hei job mo i a ion and pleasu e (Manalo e al. 2020).
The e o e, i is essen ial o unde s and Gen Z’s expec a ions o a job and wo k p e e ences
in o de o keep hem mo i a ed o wo k and sa is ied wi h he business (Aga wal and
Vaghela 2018). Mo eo e , Csiszá ik-Kocsí and Ga ia-Fodo (2018) highligh ha Gene a-
ion Z’s p e e ence o job mobili y and hei en ep eneu ial mindse can pose challenges
o o ganiza ions accus omed o mo e s able and long- e m employmen ela ionships.
In a 2019 s udy, Rod iguez e al. (2019) examined how g i and en ep eneu ship
quali ies may in luence employee loyal y on he US Eas Coas . The s udy ocused on he
loyal y issues o Gen Z and Millennials (Gen Y) om he pe spec i e o an HR manage .
The h ee quali ies ha he au ho s de e mined we e c i ical o Gen Z we e g i , loyal y,
and an en ep eneu ial mindse .
In he Czech Republic, Kubá o á(2016) ound ha he mo i a o s o Gene a ion Z
a e mo e money, meaning ul employmen , and p ospec s o p omo ion. Acco ding o
Ki chmaye and F a iˇco á’s (2020) s udy on he employmen p e e ences o Gene a ion Z
uni e si y s uden s in Slo akia, he na u e o he job and wo k–li e balance we e he mos
c ucial a iables o conside when looking o a u u e employe . Addi ionally, Gene a ion
Z belie e ha ewa ds and wo k–li e balance a e impo an ac o s in e aining employees
and os e ing a posi i e wo k en i onmen . They also expec ed hei employmen o
p oduce in e nal happiness.
Rega ding us in he wo kplace, Lazányi and Bilan (2017) conduc ed esea ch in
Hunga y and ound ha Gene a ion Z employees beha ed di e en ly han p e ious
gene a ions a wo k and ha espec and us owa ds supe io s had o be ea ned h ough
high-calibe wo k. Ano he s udy ha included app oxima ely 2000 Gen Ze s in he US
had he esul ha 67% o pa icipan s did no hink ha o he people could be us ed in
social o p o essional con ex s, indica ing ha hey s uggle wi h us ing o he people. I
is ha d o win hei us because o hei s ong mo als. Fo ging s ong connec ions wi h
Gene a ion Z equi es openness and anspa ency (Young 2020).
Acco ding o Sido cuka and Chesno icka’s (2017) s udy on he pe cep ion o cu en
employee a ac ion and e en ion s a egies in La ia, Gene a ion Z wo ke s do no seek
ou long- e m employmen ; ins ead, hey exp ess hei unique alues and expec hei
employe s o accommoda e hei needs o lexible wo k schedules and jobs ha allow
hem o exp ess hei indi iduali y. Addi ionally, hey a e d awn o companies ha ha e a
s ong epu a ion o inno a ion and speedy change, hose ha o e a pla o m o ca ee
ad ancemen and educa ion, and hose wi h unique bene i s. Pandi a (2022) ound h ough
his s udy ha Gen Z has high expec a ions o hei ca ee s and possesses quali ies, wo king
s yles, p e e ed educa ional pa hs, and an inno a i e a i ude. This calls o independence,
sel -assu ance, and lexibili y. They ha e an in en i e men ali y ha mo i a es hem o
use uncon en ional me hods o accomplish hei objec i es. They p e e employees who
quickly adap o changing echnology and a e inno a i e (Buco e
,chi e al. 2019).
Acco ding o Te esa B idges (2015), hey a o wo k en i onmen s ha suppo p o-
essional g ow h, lea ning, and men o ing since hey do no hink ha hei schooling
equipped hem wi h he necessa y abili ies o handle issues in he ac ual wo ld. Wha
Gene a ion Z looks o in a ca ee a e lexible schedules, a iendly wo k en i onmen ,
and an en i onmen ha suppo s hei en ep eneu ial skills. Since echnology is such
an in eg al pa o hei li es, hey a o companies ha a e a he o e on o wo kplace
inno a ion, enabling employees o collabo a e, modi y documen s, and pe o m wo k
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 229 4 o 17
ac oss ime zones and geog aphic bounda ies. They wan an o ice en i onmen ha is
adap able. They also a e a ac ed by he e icien use o social media and echnology (Goh
and Okumus 2020;Zhong e al. 2024).
Compa ed o p eceding gene a ions in he wo k o ce, he membe s o Gene a ion Z
seldom wo k o e ime because o he na u e o hei wo k o because o highe educa ion
ha is concu en wi h hei p o ession (Sandu e al. 2014). The same sou ce s a es ha ,
when choosing a job, money is he mos c ucial conside a ion, ollowed by he job’s sa e y
ea u es and he happiness his gene a ion ob ains om hei wo k. In addi ion o expec ing
o be men o ed by supe io s, wan ing o ha e s ong wo king ela ionships, and needing
secu i y (which is ep esen ed in hei need o s able, well-paying p o essions), hey we e
seen o ha e a cons an need o de elopmen (Sandu e al. 2014).
In he con ex o ou s udy, ca ee de elopmen is pi o al, as i e lec s he desi e o
Gene a ion Z o g ow wi hin an o ganiza ion ha aligns wi h hei alues. As discussed
in he li e a u e (e.g., Callanan and G eenhaus 2008;Lyons and Ku on 2014), ca ee de-
elopmen is a key ac o ha in luences job sa is ac ion and e en ion, especially among
younge employees who p io i ize oppo uni ies o ad ancemen and skill acquisi ion.
Gene a ion Z is known o hei inclina ion owa ds ca ee mobili y, o en seeking posi-
ions ha o e lexibili y and he abili y o mo e wi hin o ac oss o ganiza ions (Csiszá ik-
Kocsí and Ga ia-Fodo 2018). This is connec ed o hei pu sui o ul illing wo k ha aligns
wi h hei pe sonal alues, as explo ed in ou analysis o hei o ganiza ional p e e ences.
Engagemen is closely ied o how Gene a ion Z pe cei es hei ole wi hin an o gani-
za ion. I e lec s hei commi men and connec ion o hei wo k, which a e in luenced
by whe he he o ganiza ion mee s hei expec a ions in e ms o ca ee de elopmen and
mobili y (Sch o h 2019). Unde s anding he ac o s ha d i e engagemen among Gene a-
ion Z is c ucial o de eloping s a egies ha ensu e hei e en ion and sa is ac ion wi hin
he wo k o ce.
Rega ding sus ainabili y, he membe s o Gene a ion Z, in con as o hei pa en s and
olde siblings who a e ei he membe s o Gene a ion X o Millennials, exhibi comple ely
di e en beha io s. They a e mo e en i onmen ally conscious, sus ainable, and ech-sa y,
and hey p io i ize businesses, pa icula ly hose ha can build s ong ela ionships wi h
hem and imp o e hei expe iences and emo ions (Dabija e al. 2019). Gen Z is willing
o pay mo e o sus ainable p oduc quali ies despi e ha ing limi ed esou ces (Yamane
and Kaneko 2021;Tai e al. 2020;B and e al. 2022). Due o he widesp ead use o social
media and communica ion echnologies, e en i hey a e s ill ela i ely young, hey a e e y
knowledgeable abou shops and hei o e ings and a o hose ha uphold he highes
s anda ds o sus ainabili y (Dabija e al. 2020;B and e al. 2022). Acco ding o a ecen
s udy, younge cus ome segmen s a e mo e likely o be p epa ed o pay a p emium o eco-
labeled, sus ainable i ems and a e pa icula ly conce ned wi h he longe i y o sma phones
(Bige na e al. 2021).
2.1. Hypo hesis De elopmen
This sec ion explici ly s a es he hypo heses.
H1. Pe sonal alues a e posi i ely p edic i e o a i udes owa ds sus ainabili y among Gene a ion
Z uni e si y s uden s.
H2. Highe le els o educa ion a e posi i ely co ela ed wi h s onge inno a ion-o ien ed a i udes
among Gene a ion Z uni e si y s uden s.
H3. A i udes owa ds sus ainabili y and inno a ion media e he ela ionship be ween socie al
con ibu ion and pe cei ed meaning in li e among Gene a ion Z uni e si y s uden s.
H4. The e is a posi i e ela ionship be ween a i udes owa ds sus ainabili y and inno a ion among
Gene a ion Z uni e si y s uden s.
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 229 5 o 17
H5. Gende and na ionali y mode a e he ela ionships be ween pe sonal alues and a i udes
owa ds sus ainabili y and inno a ion among Gene a ion Z uni e si y s uden s.
2.2. La en Class Analysis
Unlike a iable-cen e ed app oaches ha p ima ily examine linea associa ions be-
ween con inuous a iables o o ecas ou comes, a pe son-cen e ed app oach such as
la en class analysis (LCA) p o ides a mo e in ica e comp ehension o Gene a ion Z’s
o ganiza ional p e e ences (Dahlquis and Ga e 2022). Va iable-cen e ed me hods, such
as co ela ion and eg ession, a e e ec i e o examining he e ec s o indi idual ac o s on
ou comes, bo h singly and be ween cases. Howe e , hese me hods may no adequa ely
accoun o he complexi y o di e en subg oups wi hin a popula ion. T adi ional ap-
p oaches ypically ail o ecognize he dis inc pa e ns o beha io o p e e ences displayed
by hese subg oups (Ja a i-Koshki e al. 2018).
When s udying o ganiza ional p e e ences and Gene a ion Z’s a i udes owa ds
sus ainabili y and inno a ion, LCA can be used o iden i y simila subg oups based on hei
collec i e eac ions o c i e ia like espec , social conce n, and concen a ion on inno a ion.
The la en class analysis (LCA) is a s a is ical me hod ha uses a model-based app oach,
some imes e e ed o as ini e mix u e modeling o la en class clus e analysis (Neely-
Ba nes 2010). I is e y use ul o de ec ing g oups o indi iduals ha exhibi simila
alues on many indica o s. This app oach di e ges om con en ional clus e analysis
in nume ous c ucial aspec s. Clus e analysis is mos ly used o explo a ion and is no
hie a chical. On he o he hand, la en class analysis (LCA) is a p ocess ha is based on
models and allows o mo e lexibili y in speci ying he model (Han e al. 2023). I s alue
lies in i s capaci y o compa e se e al models using i indices, p o iding guidance in
de e mining he numbe o unde lying classes. LCA can also handle con inuous dependen
a iables (Guinée e al. 2001), such as a i udinal sco es, by cons uc ing classes using
maximum likelihood es ima ion.
This s udy u ilizes LCA o ca ego ize a ious subg oups wi hin Gene a ion Z acco d-
ing o hei o ganiza ional p e e ences and a i udes owa ds sus ainabili y and inno a ion.
This echnique su passes he me e analysis o p e e ences and del es in o how hese p e e -
ences oge he in luence indi iduals, molding hei decisions connec ed o hei ca ee s.
The s udy in es iga es he co ela ions be ween dis inc ca ego ies ound by la en class
analysis (LCA) and mul iple aspec s ha impac he decision-making p ocess o Gene a ion
Z indi iduals in hei ca ee choices. The e o e, his pe son-cen e ed app oach plays a i al
ole in enhancing ou awa eness o Gene a ion Z’s p e e ences, enabling he de elopmen
o ocused human esou ce s a egies and o ganiza ional policies ha a e in line wi h hei
alues and expec a ions.
3. Me hods
3.1. Pa icipan s
The s udy su eyed 109 uni e si y s uden s in Tu key, ep esen ing Gene a ion Z
(bo n be ween 1997 and 2003). The sample included a balanced dis ibu ion o gende s and
encompassed a ange o educa ional le els, om unde g adua e o pos g adua e s udies.
Pa icipan s we e ec ui ed om a ious acul ies, ensu ing a di e se ep esen a ion o
academic disciplines.
3.2. Measu es
Pe sonal Values and A i udes: Pe sonal alues we e assessed using a composi e sco e
de i ed om selec ed i ems e lec ing key pe sonal alues. A i udes owa ds sus ainabili y
and inno a ion we e measu ed using he ‘SUSTAIN’ and ‘INNOVAT’ scales, espec i ely,
each consis ing o mul iple i ems a ed on a Like scale om 1 (s ongly disag ee) o 5
(s ongly ag ee).
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 229 6 o 17
Socie al Con ibu ion and Respec : Socie al con ibu ion (CON_SOC) and espec
(RESPECT) we e e alua ed h ough speci ic su ey i ems, wi h esponses on a 5-poin
Like scale, cap u ing he pa icipan s’ pe cep ions o hei socie al oles and he espec
hey expe ience o obse e in hei social con ex s.
Pe cei ed Meaning in Li e: The pe cei ed meaning in li e was assessed using he
MEANL se ies, comp ising se e al i ems designed o quan i y he le els o meaning and
pu pose ha pa icipan s de i e om hei li e expe iences.
Demog aphic Va iables: Gende and na ionali y we e collec ed as demog aphic in o -
ma ion o examine hei po en ial mode a ing e ec s on he ela ionships be ween pe sonal
alues and a i udes owa ds sus ainabili y and inno a ion. Since all esponden s in his
s udy we e o Tu kish na ionali y, he analysis did no include na ionali y as a mode a ing
a iable, and he ocus was placed solely on examining he mode a ing e ec s o gende .
3.3. P ocedu e
Pa icipan s we e in i ed o comple e an online su ey dis ibu ed h ough uni e si y
email lis s and social media pla o ms. The su ey included sec ions on demog aphic
in o ma ion, pe sonal alues, a i udes owa ds sus ainabili y and inno a ion, socie al
con ibu ion and espec , and pe cei ed meaning in li e. Pa icipa ion was olun a y, and
esponden s we e assu ed o hei anonymi y and he con iden iali y o hei esponses.
3.4. Da a Analysis
Da a analysis was conduc ed using SPSS (S a is ical Package o he Social Sciences).
Desc ip i e s a is ics we e calcula ed o all a iables o p o ide an o e iew o he sample
cha ac e is ics. Addi ionally, la en class analysis (LCA) was pe o med o iden i y homoge-
neous sub ypes wi hin Gene a ion Z based on hei combined esponses o a ious ac o s
such as espec , social conce n, and inno a ion ocus. LCA is a model-based echnique ha
helps in iden i ying g oups sha ing simila alues on a ious indica o s, allowing o a
mo e nuanced unde s anding o he dis inc subg oups wi hin he sample. In o de o es
he hypo heses, analyses we e employed, as seen in Table 1below.
Table 1. Desc ip i e s a is ics o he main a iables.
PV_Composi e
SUSTAIN
INNOVAT CON_SOC RESPECT MeaningInLi e_Composi e
AGE GENDER
EDUCATION
coun 109.0 109.0 109.0 109.0 109.0 109.0 109.0 109.0 109.0
mean 4.5 2.926 2.889 3.0 3.165 4.845 22.862 1.431 2.018
s d 0.675 1.274 1.486 1.381 1.377 1.020 1.707 0.497 0.134
min 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.7 19.0 1.0 2.0
25% 4.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.3 22.0 1.0 2.0
50% 4.75 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.9 23.0 1.0 2.0
75% 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.5 24.0 2.0 2.0
max 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 29.0 2.0 3.0
Linea Reg ession Analysis: Used o examine he p edic i e ela ionships be ween
pe sonal alues and a i udes owa ds sus ainabili y (H1), and he co ela ion be ween he
le els o educa ion and inno a ion-o ien ed a i udes (H2).
Media ion Analysis: Employed o in es iga e whe he a i udes owa ds sus ainabili y
and inno a ion media e he ela ionship be ween socie al con ibu ion and pe cei ed
meaning in li e (H3).
Co ela ion Analysis: Used o assess he ela ionship be ween a i udes owa ds
sus ainabili y and inno a ion (H4).
Mode a ed Reg ession Analysis: Used o explo e he mode a ing e ec s o gende and
na ionali y on he ela ionships be ween pe sonal alues and a i udes owa ds sus ainabil-
i y and inno a ion (H5).
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 229 7 o 17
The signi icance le el was se a p< 0.05 o all s a is ical es s. Indi ec e ec s in he
media ion analysis we e examined using boo s apping me hods wi h 5000 esamples o
p o ide con idence in e als o he indi ec pa hs.
Figu e 1illus a es he dis ibu ion o esponden s ac oss he 8 la en classes iden i-
ied h ough la en class analysis (LCA). Each ba ep esen s he numbe o esponden s
assigned o each class, highligh ing he a iabili y and composi ion o he sample. The
dis ibu ion e eals ha , while some classes ha e a ela i ely high numbe o membe s,
indica ing ce ain common pa e ns o esponses, o he s a e smalle , sugges ing some mo e
unique o less p e alen pa e ns o o ganiza ional p e e ences and a i udes. Class 0, Class
1, Class 2, and Class 3 each comp ise a subs an ial p opo ion o he sample, e lec ing dis-
inc bu common p o iles wi hin Gene a ion Z uni e si y s uden s in Tu key. Con e sely,
Classes 4, 5, 6, and 7 a e less popula ed, indica ing mo e specialized o niche g oups wi h
some speci ic combina ions o alues and a i udes. This dis ibu ion unde sco es he
di e si y wi hin Gene a ion Z ega ding hei o ganiza ional p e e ences and a i udes
owa ds sus ainabili y and inno a ion. Unde s anding hese classes helps o iden i y and
add ess he a ied expec a ions and needs o his gene a ion, enabling mo e a ge ed and
e ec i e human esou ce s a egies and o ganiza ional policies.
Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 17
Co ela ion Analysis: Used o assess he ela ionship be ween a i udes owa ds sus-
ainabili y and inno a ion (H4).
Mode a ed Reg ession Analysis: Used o explo e he mode a ing effec s o gende
and na ionali y on he ela ionships be ween pe sonal alues and a i udes owa ds sus-
ainabili y and inno a ion (H5).
The signi icance le el was se a p < 0.05 o all s a is ical es s. Indi ec effec s in he
media ion analysis we e examined using boo s apping me hods wi h 5000 esamples o
p o ide con idence in e als o he indi ec pa hs.
Figu e 1 illus a es he dis ibu ion o esponden s ac oss he 8 la en classes iden i-
ied h ough la en class analysis (LCA). Each ba ep esen s he numbe o esponden s
assigned o each class, highligh ing he a iabili y and composi ion o he sample. The
dis ibu ion e eals ha , while some classes ha e a ela i ely high numbe o membe s,
indica ing ce ain common pa e ns o esponses, o he s a e smalle , sugges ing some
mo e unique o less p e alen pa e ns o o ganiza ional p e e ences and a i udes. Class
0, Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 each comp ise a subs an ial p opo ion o he sample, e-
lec ing dis inc bu common p o iles wi hin Gene a ion Z uni e si y s uden s in Tu key.
Con e sely, Classes 4, 5, 6, and 7 a e less popula ed, indica ing mo e specialized o niche
g oups wi h some speci ic combina ions o alues and a i udes. This dis ibu ion unde -
sco es he di e si y wi hin Gene a ion Z ega ding hei o ganiza ional p e e ences and
a i udes owa ds sus ainabili y and inno a ion. Unde s anding hese classes helps o
iden i y and add ess he a ied expec a ions and needs o his gene a ion, enabling mo e
a ge ed and effec i e human esou ce s a egies and o ganiza ional policies.
Figu e 1. Dis ibu ion o la en classes.
Table 2 below p esen s a summa y o he la en class p o iles based on hei a e age
sco es ac oss a ious ac o s, along wi h de ailed esponse pa e ns o each class.
Figu e 1. Dis ibu ion o la en classes.
Table 2below p esen s a summa y o he la en class p o iles based on hei a e age
sco es ac oss a ious ac o s, along wi h de ailed esponse pa e ns o each class.
Table 2. A summa y o he la en class p o iles.
Class
FOC_CON
RESPECT
CON_SOC
SUSTAIN INNOVAT De ailed Responses
Class 0 2.73 2.73 3.27 3.00 3.27 Low o mode a e alues ac oss speci ic
ques ions
Class 1 1.89 2.11 3.00 4.11 3.89
Highe alues in DES_V_21 and DES_V_28,
indica ing speci ic conce ns o in e es s
Class 2 3.71 3.86 2.29 3.00 2.14 Mode a e alues in speci ic ques ions,
indica ing a mixed p o ile
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 229 8 o 17
Table 2. Con .
Class
FOC_CON
RESPECT
CON_SOC
SUSTAIN INNOVAT De ailed Responses
Class 3 2.71 3.54 3.02 2.98 2.76 Gene ally low alues, indica ing ewe
speci ic conce ns
Class 4 3.44 1.89 2.22 4.00 3.44 Highe alues in DES_V_20, DES_V_22,
indica ing speci ic ocus a eas
Class 5 2.45 2.00 4.09 2.36 4.09 Highe alues in DES_V_23, DES_V_26,
indica ing speci ic conce ns
Class 6 4.18 3.91 2.09 1.91 2.91 Highe alues in DES_V_27, DES_V_28,
indica ing speci ic in e es s
Class 7 3.05 2.81 2.93 3.14 3.07 Highe alues in DES_V_27, indica ing
speci ic conce ns
FOC_CON = Focus on Conse a ion; RESPECT = Respec ; CON_SOC = Conce n o Social Issues; SUSTAIN =
Sus ainabili y; INNOVAT = Inno a ion.
1.
SUSTAIN Scale (A i udes Towa ds Sus ainabili y): A de ailed desc ip ion o he
i ems used o measu e pa icipan s’ a i udes owa ds sus ainabili y. Fo example,
i ems may include s a emen s like “I ac i ely seek ways o educe my en i onmen al
oo p in ” o “Sus ainable p ac ices a e impo an in my daily li e”, wi h esponses
measu ed on a Like scale;
2.
INNOVAT Scale (A i udes Towa ds Inno a ion): A desc ip ion o he i ems used o
assess pa icipan s’ inno a ion o ien a ion. This migh include s a emen s such as “I
am open o adop ing new echnologies” o “Inno a ion is key o success in my ield
o s udy/wo k”;
3.
CON_SOC (Socie al Con ibu ion): A b eakdown o he speci ic su ey i ems ha
measu ed he pa icipan s’ pe cep ions o hei socie al oles. I ems migh include
s a emen s like “I belie e my ac ions ha e a posi i e impac on socie y” o “Con ibu -
ing o socie y is a signi ican pa o my li e goals”;
4.
RESPECT (Respec ): A desc ip ion o he i ems used o e alua e espec , such as “I
eel espec ed by my pee s” o “Respec is a undamen al alue in my communi y”;
5.
MEANL (Pe cei ed Meaning in Li e): De ailed desc ip ions o he i ems included in
he MEANL se ies, such as “I ha e a clea sense o pu pose in li e” o “My li e is illed
wi h meaning”.
The p o iles o he eigh la en classes e eal di e se pa e ns in he ocus on conse a-
ion, espec , conce n o social issues, sus ainabili y, and inno a ion among Gene a ion Z
uni e si y s uden s in Tu key. Key obse a ions include he ollowing:
•
Class 0 shows mode a e le els ac oss mos ac o s, wi h a high conce n o social issues
bu low o mode a e esponses o speci ic ques ions;
•
Class 1 displays low ocus on conse a ion and espec bu high emphasis on sus ain-
abili y and inno a ion, wi h pa icula conce ns e lec ed in DES_V_21 and DES_V_28;
•
Class 2 has high sco es in conse a ion and espec bu lowe conce n o social issues
and inno a ion, indica ing a mixed p o ile in hei de ailed esponses;
•
Class 3 ea u es gene ally mode a e le els, wi h high espec and mode a e conce n
o social issues bu lowe speci ic conce ns;
•
Class 4 exhibi s high sco es in conse a ion and sus ainabili y bu low espec and
conce n o social issues, ocusing on speci ic a eas, as indica ed by DES_V_20 and
DES_V_22;
•
Class 5 shows low o mode a e ocus on conse a ion and espec bu high conce n
o social issues and inno a ion, wi h highe speci ic conce ns in DES_V_23 and
DES_V_26;
•
Class 6 has high conse a ion and espec sco es bu low conce n o social issues and
sus ainabili y, e lec ing speci ic in e es s in DES_V_27 and DES_V_28;
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 229 15 o 17
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