Hunady, Jan; Pisa , Pe e
A icle
Compe i ion as a Ca alys o Inno a ion? Assessing
SMEs' A i udes owa ds Digi al Ma ke Regula ion and
Compe i ion
ENTRENOVA - ENTe p ise REsea ch InNOVA ion
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
IRENET - Socie y o Ad ancing Inno a ion and Resea ch in Economy, Zag eb
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Hunady, Jan; Pisa , Pe e (2025) : Compe i ion as a Ca alys o Inno a ion?
Assessing SMEs' A i udes owa ds Digi al Ma ke Regula ion and Compe i ion, ENTRENOVA -
ENTe p ise REsea ch InNOVA ion, ISSN 2706-4735, IRENET - Socie y o Ad ancing Inno a ion and
Resea ch in Economy, Zag eb, Vol. 10, Iss. 1, pp. 399-411,
h ps://doi.o g/10.54820/en eno a-2024-0033
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/317976
S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen:
Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen
Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den.
Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle
Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich
machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen.
So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen
(insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en,
gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do
genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e.
Te ms o use:
Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal
and schola ly pu poses.
You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o
exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he
in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public.
I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en
Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise
u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence.
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
399
ENTRENOVA - ENTe p ise REsea ch InNOVA ion
Vol. 10 No. 1
Compe i ion as a Ca alys o Inno a ion?
Assessing SMEs’ A i udes owa ds Digi al
Ma ke Regula ion and Compe i ion
Ján Huňady
Facul y o Economics, Ma ej Bel Uni e si y in Banska Bys ica, Slo akia
Pe e Pisá
Facul y o Economics, Ma ej Bel Uni e si y in Banska Bys ica, Slo akia
Abs ac
Expanding he digi al economy ep esen s a majo challenge o EU compe i ion
policy and egula ions. Despi e hei impo ance, small and medium-sized en e p ises
(SMEs) ecei e minimal a en ion ega ding hei pe spec i es on he issue. Hence, he
main aim o he pape is o examine hei a i udes owa ds digi al ma ke compe i ion
and i s egula ions. The pape analyses seconda y da a om he Flash Eu oba ome e
510 su ey wi h mo e han 12,800 obse a ions om EU coun ies. Mo eo e , i also
iden i ies po en ial ac o s a ec ing i ms’ a i udes based on he logis ic eg ession.
Fi ms’ a i udes seem o be co ela ed wi h awa eness o he EU compe i ion policies
o digi al ansi ion. Be e -in o med i ms ha e mo e a ou able a i udes owa ds
ma ke compe i ion. They a e inc easingly pe cei ing compe i ion as a ca alys o
inno a ion. Mo eo e , hey a e inc easingly epo ing signi ican p oblems wi h he
lack o compe i ion when applying o digi al pla o ms o cus ome ou each.
Insu icien compe i ion in he digi al ma ke appea s o be a p oblem o a signi ican
p opo ion o SMEs’. We also iden i ied he sec o s and coun ies expe iencing he
wo s p oblems associa ed wi h limi ed compe i ion in he digi al pla o m ma ke .
Smalle i ms and hose wi h a long p esence on he ma ke a e mo e suppo i e o
he Digi al Ma ke s Ac as an e ec i e egula ion.
Keywo ds: Ma ke Compe i ion, Compe i ion Policy, Inno a ion, SMEs’ a i udes,
Digi al pla o ms, Compe i ion law, digi al ma ke egula ion.
JEL classi ica ion: O30, 038, L40
Pape ype: Resea ch a icle
Recei ed: 6 May 2024
Accep ed: 1 Sep embe 2024
DOI: 10.54820/en eno a-2024-0033
Acknowledgmen s: This wo k was suppo ed by he Slo ak Scien i ic G an Agency
VEGA, G an No. VEGA 1/0411/24. This wo k was suppo ed by he Slo ak Resea ch
and De elopmen Agency unde con ac No. APVV-20-0338 "D i ing o ces o
economic g ow h and su i al o i ms in he six h K-wa e".
400
ENTRENOVA - ENTe p ise REsea ch InNOVA ion
Vol. 10 No. 1
In oduc ion
The apidly g owing impo ance o he digi al economy ac oss indus ies is cu en ly
seen as one o he key economic ends. This economic ans o ma ion has
consequences o ma ke compe i ion and poses a ious challenges o e ec i e
egula ion o hese digi al ma ke s. The e ec o ma ke compe i ion on inno a ion
has been empi ically examined by se e al s udies so a . Negassi e al. (2019) used
econome ic analysis o iden i y he ela ionship be ween compe i ion and
inno a ion. They ound signi ican di e ences be ween public and p i a e
companies. In e ed U-shape ela ionships ha e been ound o i ms in he public
sec o bu no in he p i a e sec o . This is likely due o he o e all highe in ensi y o
compe i ion among p i a e i ms. Simila ly, Polemis & Tze emes (2019) disco e ha he
highe concen a ion in he ma ke could enhance inno a ion capaci y o some
ex en . Howe e , he ma ke si ua ion also nega i ely a ec s hei echnological
ca ch-up abili y. Hence, he o e all e ec o ma ke concen a ion on inno a ion
appea s o ha e he o m o a U-shape cu e. On he o he hand, Nagessi & Hung
(2014) did no ind any co ela ion be ween he compe i ion index and inno a ion
ou pu s in he public sec o . They a gue ha p oduc ma ke compe i ion does no
s imula e p oduc inno a ion in his sec o . Wang and Wang (2023) also ail o ind any
e ec o compe i i e p essu e on inno a ion. In his case, hey examine he
consequences o in ense compe i i e p essu e om he in o mal sec o based on a
la ge sample o i ms in Eas e n Eu ope and Cen al Asia.
Speci ic a en ion needs o be paid o he compe i ion in he digi al ma ke . Due o
he apid shi o he digi al economy in some sec o s, digi al pla o ms ha e become
c ucial in es ablishing con ac wi h cus ome s and supplie s. Hence, he compe i ion
and egula ion in he digi al ma ke could u he suppo o hinde inno a ion. The e
a e g owing ini ia i es and public policies o main ain ai ma ke compe i ion, which
a e mainly a ge ed by digi al pla o m companies (Tha chenke y & Ka ila, 2023).
Consequen ly, an inc easing numbe o companies ha e aced subs an ial ines
(Tha chenke y & Ka ila, 2023). Despi e his ac , companies ha a e ying o digi ally
ans o m hei businesses a e o en exposed o p essu e om la ge digi al pla o m
en e p ises o sign mos ly un a ou able con ac s (Rasko ich e al., 2023). The abuse
o ma ke powe may ha e an ad e se e ec on consume wel a e as well as digi al
inno a ion (Rasko ich e al., 2023). Regula ion o his ma ke he e o e appea s o be
a sui able solu ion. Especially he compe i ion policy ins umen s ha es ic
concen a ion and enhance compe i ion could be e ec i e. Modi ica ions in
egula o y and legal amewo k condi ions ha e a signi ican e ec on he dynamics
o inno a ions. The nega i e e ec o compliance cos s ela ed o new egula ions
can be mo e han ou weighed by addi ional incen i es o inno a e (Blind, 2012). This
posi i e e ec o digi al ma ke an i us egula ion on digi al commi men and digi al
inno a ion has been cu en ly shown by Xie & Wu (2024). This is in line wi h he indings
o p e ious s udies (Hunady e al., 2022; Hunady e al., 2024), which ound he highes
le el o digi al eadiness in coun ies such as Denma k, Sweden, Finland, and he
Ne he lands. These coun ies a e also adi ionally conside ed o ha e he bes quali y
o egula ions (Radaelli & De F ancesco, 2013). Mo eo e , Ji e al. (2022) ound ha
sui able go e nmen policies can imp o e digi al capabili ies. A simila posi i e e ec
on inno a ion has also been a ibu ed o compe i ion p essu e in he ma ke (Ji e al.,
2022).
Many coun ies ha e decided o in e ene by egula ing he digi al ma ke . The
Digi al Ma ke s Ac and he Digi al Se ices Ac ha e been adop ed in he Eu opean
Union o pa e he way o ollowing ules and egula ions (Ego o a e . al., 2002). The
Digi al Ma ke Ac (Eu opean Union, 2022) ep esen s an essen ial egula ion o he
401
ENTRENOVA - ENTe p ise REsea ch InNOVA ion
Vol. 10 No. 1
business en i onmen in he ield o he digi al economy in he EU. I p edominan ly
se s egula ions o dominan playe s in digi al echnology and aims o suppo
sus aining inno a ion (La ouche & S eel, 2021). The Digi al Ma ke s Ac (DMA) allows
he designa ion o digi al ga ekeepe s based on hei u no e and numbe o use s. I
also educes he ex en o na ional legisla ion, which u he suppo s he ole o he
Eu opean Single Ma ke (Be gq is , C., & Choi, Y. S., 2023).
The main aim o he pape is o examine small and medium-sized en e p ises' (SMEs)
a i udes owa ds digi al ma ke compe i ion and i s po en ial egula ions. The pape
iden i ies ac o s a ec ing hei iews on he ole o compe i ion in inno a ion and hei
expe iences wi h a lack o compe i ion when using digi al pla o ms. I examines he
cha ac e is ics o i ms ha suppo he Digi al Ma ke Ac (DMA) as an e ec i e
egula o o digi al ma ke s. Signi ican di e ences among he indus ies, coun ies,
and ypes o i ms ha e been ound. The e ha e been se e al esea ch pape s
ocused on digi al ma ke compe i ion and egula ion o digi al ma ke s om a mac o-
o egula o y pe spec i e. Howe e , he e is so a only e y limi ed empi ical esea ch
examining his p oblem based on mic o-le el da a. Ou pape analyses his p oblem
om he poin o iew o SMEs. I is c ucial o conside hei iews because hey
encoun e compe i ion and egula o y p oblems in p ac ice on a day- o-day basis.
Seconda y da a om he Eu oba ome e su ey has been used o quan i a i ely
assess he a i udes o SMEs’ ep esen a i es and ac o s ha po en ially a ec hei
iews on he p oblems. This allows us o d aw conclusions ega ding he ole o ma ke
compe i ion in inno a ion and ecommenda ions o digi al ma ke egula ion. As a
esul o how he ques ions we e cons uc ed, inno a ion has been conside ed as such
in gene al. I can be a digi al inno a ion o any o he ype o inno a i e p oduc ,
se ice, o p ocess in he company. Howe e , i is likely ha when compe i ion is
conside ed a ca alys o inno a ion in gene al, i will os e digi al inno a ion as well.
O he pa s o he esea ch di ec ly add ess he p oblem o compe i ion on he ma ke
o digi al pla o ms and i s pe cep ion by SMEs. The inal pa is ocused on SMEs’
a i udes owa ds egula o y amewo ks o he digi al ma ke , such as DMA. These
ou esea ch ques ions ha e been de eloped based on he esea ch aims:
1. RQ: Wha ac o s and i ms’ cha ac e is ics a e a ec ing SMEs’ a i udes
owa ds compe i ion as a ca alys o inno a ion?
2. RQ: Wha ac o s and i ms’ cha ac e is ics a e a ec ing SMEs’ expe iences wi h
a lack o compe i ion when using digi al pla o ms o each cus ome s?
3. RQ: Do mos o he SME's ag ee wi h he adop ion o he Digi al Ma ke Ac
(DMA) as an e ec i e egula ion o he digi al ma ke ?
4. RQ: Wha ac o s and i ms’ cha ac e is ics a e a ec ing SMEs’ a i udes
owa ds he adop ion o he Digi al Ma ke Ac (DMA) as an e ec i e egula ion
o he digi al ma ke ?
These ou esea ch ques ions ha e been examined based on he analysis, which
b ings no el and unique empi ical e idence om mic ole el da a. The nex sec ion
p o ides a li e a u e e iew ela ed o he ole o compe i ion and egula ion in
inno a ion and digi aliza ion. We also explain he basic concep o he Digi al Ma ke
Ac . Subsequen ly, we explain he me hodology and da a used in he analysis, show
he mos impo an esul s, and summa ise he key conclusions and policy implica ions.
402
ENTRENOVA - ENTe p ise REsea ch InNOVA ion
Vol. 10 No. 1
Me hodology
The p ima y con ibu ion o his pape is o analyse he ac o s a ec ing SMEs a i udes
owa ds compe i ion and egula ion in he digi al ma ke ac oss all EU coun ies. As a
as we a e awa e, no o he s udy has examined his p oblem om i ms’ pe spec i es
on such a wide sample o SMEs’. We assume ha a i udes owa ds compe i ion and
egula ion a e based on wo g oups o ac o s. Fi s ly, hei a i udes can be based on
sel -in e es when hey conside po en ial cos s and bene i s ela ed o ei he s onge
ma ke compe i ion o s ic e egula ion. On he o he hand, hei a i udes can also
be s ongly a ec ed by p e ious expe ience, knowledge, and isk a e sion. In line wi h
bo h iews, i seems likely ha a i udes can be di e en ac oss indus ies and can be
co ela ed wi h some i ms’ cha ac e is ics. In ou case, we conside ed cha ac e is ics
ha can be iden i ied based on he da a a ailable in he ques ionnai e. The empi ical
analysis is based on da a om he Flash Eu oba ome e 510 ques ionnai e ela ing o
May–June 2022. This con ains he esponses o a se ies o ques ions ela ed o SMEs'
expec a ions o an e ec i e compe i ion policy. The ques ionnai e con ains
al oge he mo e han 12,000 esponden s. Howe e , he una ailable and ambiguous
esponses o some ques ions educe he e ec i e sample o app oxima ely 7,800
esponden s. The app op ia e eg essions we e done by es ic ing he sample o
indi iduals wi h a ull se o esponses. The analysis was done using he econome ics
package p og amme STATA. All h ee dependen a iables a e ela ed o he
esponses o a ques ion ha asked abou SME’s a i udes owa ds compe i ion and
digi al ma ke egula ion. In he i s pa , he analysis is ocused on he mos gene al
ques ion ou o h ee. I deals wi h SMEs’ a i udes owa ds compe i ion as a
mechanism suppo ing inno a ion in gene al. The second The second ques ion is
di ec ly ela ed o hei expe ience wi h a lack o compe i ion in he digi al ma ke . The
inal ques ion examines hei iews on he DMA as an e ec i e egula o y ool. The
explana o y a iables will include hose o which ei he heo y o li e a u e sugges s
an impac on SMEs’ business and decision-making, which could subsequen ly a ec
hei a i udes owa ds compe i ion and egula ion. They include he i m's age,
u no e , and change in u no e in he pas wo yea s. The numbe o employees was
no used due o he s ong posi i e co ela ion wi h u no e . Mo eo e , o he ques ions
con aining answe s o di e en ques ions ha e also been used as dependen
a iables. The e is a ques ion abou ollowing he upda es o he EU compe i ion ules
o acili a e g een and digi al ansi ions. This was used as a p oxy o cap u e
esponden s’ awa eness o he compe i ion policy and egula ion o digi al ma ke s.
The ques ion ela ed o he powe o buye s also cap u es he compe i ion in he
ma ke whe e he company ope a es. Wi h s ong buye s who a e imposing un ai
condi ions, i is likely ha his is a ma ke wi h high compe i ion on he supply side. The
answe s o he ques ion asking i ms abou he impo ance o di e en ypes o
imp o emen s o compe i ion ha e also been used as independen a iables. Apa
om indi idual cha ac e is ics, we also include coun y- and indus y-dummy
a iables. The choice o he dependen a iables was limi ed by he a ailabili y o
mic o-le el da a in he anonymized ques ionnai e su ey. All a iables used in he
eg essions a e desc ibed in Table 1.
403
ENTRENOVA - ENTe p ise REsea ch InNOVA ion
Vol. 10 No. 1
Table 1
Desc ip ion and coding o a iables used in he eg essions
Va iable name
Ques ion
Coding
Dependen a iables:
Compe i ion
encou ages
inno a ion
Fo each o he ollowing s a emen s,
please ell me whe he you o ally ag ee,
end o ag ee, end o disag ee o o ally
disag ee.
To ally ag ee = 4
Tend o ag ee = 3
Tend o disag ee = 2
To ally disag ee =1
Don' know = excluded
Lack o
compe i ion in
digi al pla o ms
Ha e you e e expe ienced p oblems
caused by a lack o compe i ion when
using digi al pla o ms o each
cus ome s?
Yes = 1
No = 0
Regula ions
such as DMA
a e e ec i e
solu ion (used
also as
independen
a iable)
Do you ag ee o disag ee wi h he
ollowing s a emen ? “Fo ma ke sec o s
wi h sys emic compe i ion p oblems,
egula ion ha p e en s un ai ma ke
beha iou om aking place, such as he
Digi al Ma ke s Ac , is an e ec i e
solu ion.”
To ally ag ee = 4
Tend o ag ee = 3
Tend o disag ee = 2
To ally disag ee = 1
Don' know = excluded
Independen a iables:
Age
How long has you company been in
business?
Less han 1 yea = 1
1-5 yea s=2; 6-10 y. = 3
Mo e han 10 yea s =4
Don' know = excluded
To al u no e
Wha was you company's o al u no e
in 2021?
Coded based on he
alue om 1 o 9
Tu no e g ow h
O e he pas wo yea s, has you
company's annual u no e inc eased,
dec eased o emained unchanged?
Inc eased= 1
Dec eased/
Unchanged = 0
Follow upda es
O e he las 12 mon hs, ha e you seen o
hea d abou he ongoing upda es o EU
compe i ion ules o acili a e he g een
and digi al ansi ions?
Yes, and I ollow hese
upda es closely = 1
No=0
Powe ul/un ai
buye s
Thinking abou he compe i ion p oblems,
wha a e he main di icul ies you
expe ience? Powe ul buye s can impose
un ai buying condi ions.
Yes/Ag ee =1
No/Disag ee = 0
How impo an do you hink he ollowing imp o emen s o compe i ion a e?...
Remo e
ad an age om
non-EU
subsidies
... Taking ad an ages away om
compe i o s who a e subsidised by non-EU
go e nmen s.
Ve y impo an =4
Fai ly impo an = 3
No e y impo an =2
No a all impo an = 1
Remo e
ad an age om
EU subsidies
... Taking ad an ages away om
compe i o s who a e subsidised by EU
go e nmen s
P e en ing
me ge s
.... P e en ing me ge s and acquisi ions
ha educe compe i ion in a gi en sec o
Figh ing ca els
… Figh ing ca els
Sou ce: Au ho s’ wo k
404
ENTRENOVA - ENTe p ise REsea ch InNOVA ion
Vol. 10 No. 1
Logis ic eg ession has been used o examine he dependence be ween
dependen and independen a iables. O de logis ic eg ession has been used o
models wi h bo h mul inominal and o dinal dependen a iables. As a esul o possible
endogenei y in he models, we can a he speak o non-causal dependencies o
co ela ions han causal ela ionships. E en so, we conside ou esul s o be bene icial
because he e is a lack o empi ical s udies ha would desc ibe simila dependencies.
The nex sec ion shows some o he mos signi ican esul s.
Resul s
The i s pa o he analysis is ocused on he ques ions used as dependen a iables
in eg essions. Basic desc ip i e s a is ics a e shown in he Table 2.
Table 2
Desc ip i e s a is ics: Compe i ion encou ages inno a ion
Compe i ion encou ages
inno a ion
P opo ion
S d. e o
95% Con . In e al
1: To ally disag ee
0.029
0.0015
0.0264
0.0323
2: Tend o disag ee
0.048
0.0019
0.0451
0.0526
3: Tend o ag ee
0.328
0.0042
0.3203
0.3366
4: To ally ag ee
0.594
0.0044
0.5851
0.6022
Lack o compe i ion when using
digi al pla o ms o each
cus ome s
P opo ion
S d. e o
95% Con . In e al
0: No (no such expe ience)
0.9336
0.0022
0.9292
0.9378
1: Yes (al eady expe ienced)
0.0664
0.0022
.06218
0.0708
Regula ions such as DMA a e
e ec i e solu ion
P opo ion
S d. e o
95% Con . In e al
1: To ally disag ee
.0647
.00235
0.0602
0.0695
2: Tend o disag ee
.1451
.00336
0.1386
0.1518
3: Tend o ag ee
.5358
.00476
0.5265
0.5451
4: To ally ag ee
.2544
.00416
0.2463
0.2626
Sou ce: Au ho s based on he Flash Eu oba ome e 510 da a (2022).
The p opo ion o answe s is shown in he second column. Mo e han 59% o
esponden i ms ag ee wi h he s a emen ha compe i ion encou ages inno a ion.
Hence, we ound a e y s ong posi i e iew o compe i ion as a ca alys o
inno a ion. This is e y likely also ue in he case o digi al inno a ion. Howe e , he e
a e some signi ican di e ences among di e en ypes o indus ies, as can be seen in
Figu e 1. In e es ingly, i ms in he ene gy sec o a e mos o en con inced ha
compe i ion suppo s inno a ion. This can be ela ed o he usually low le el o
compe i ion in his sec o due o echnical and inancial ma ke en y ba ie s. The
in o ma ion and communica ion sec o and inancial se ices a e he o he wo
indus ies wi h he highes le el o compe i ion. On he o he hand, he esul s show
ela i ely lowe ag eemen wi h he s a emen o i ms in wa e supply and was e
managemen , as well as hose in anspo a ion, s o age, and educa ion. Howe e ,
he compe i ion has been conside ed s imula ing inno a ion by he as majo i y o
SMEs in all 17 indus ies.
405
ENTRENOVA - ENTe p ise REsea ch InNOVA ion
Vol. 10 No. 1
Figu e 1
Fi ms a i udes owa ds compe i ion as ca alys o inno a ion (compe i ion
encou ages inno a ion) classi ied by NACE ca ego y
Sou ce: Au ho s based on he Flash Eu oba ome e 510 da a (2022).
App oxima ely 6.6% o esponden i ms expe ience p oblems ela ed o a lack o
compe i ion when using digi al pla o ms. E en hough his is a ela i ely low numbe
a i s glance, i is he hi d highes sha e ou o all se en men ioned a eas. The esul s
can be seen in Figu e 2. Fi ms ha e been asked abou hei expe ience wi h p oblems
caused by a lack o compe i ion in se en di e en a eas ( aw ma e ials, anspo
se ices, inancial se ices, ene gy supply, dis ibu ion channels, digi al pla o ms, and
o he s). The mos se ious p oblems wi h lack o compe i ion ha e been epo ed o
aw ma e ials and ene gy, ollowed by digi al pla o ms. Hence, he p oblem seems
o be a he signi ican . App oxima ely 54.5% o SMEs did no epo any e iden
p oblems wi h a lack o compe i ion.
Based on he esul s, mos i ms also appea o be in a ou o egula ions such as
DMA as an e ec i e solu ion o ma ke s wi h sys emic compe i ion p oblems.
Al oge he , mo e han 79% o SMEs ei he end o ag ee o ully ag ee wi h his
s a emen .
2.273 2.273
34.09
61.36
2.353 3.891
33.08
60.68
3.158 3.158
28.42
65.26
2.027 10.81
37.16 50
3.415 6.352
33.4
56.83
2.92 4.699
32.76
59.62
5.163 6.31
34.99
53.54
3.659 3.659
29.88
62.8
2.57 5.14
28.04
64.25
3.097 2.655
31.42
62.83
3.557 1.976
33.2
61.26
1.78 4.946
31.16
62.12
2.74 4.795
30.59
61.87
1.907 7.084
37.06
53.95
3.088 4.751
36.58
55.58
3.465 3.465
36.63
56.44
3.896 5.751
33.02
57.33
To ally disag ee
Tend o disag ee
Tend o ag ee
To ally ag ee
To ally disag ee
Tend o disag ee
Tend o ag ee
To ally ag ee
To ally disag ee
Tend o disag ee
Tend o ag ee
To ally ag ee
To ally disag ee
Tend o disag ee
Tend o ag ee
To ally ag ee
To ally disag ee
Tend o disag ee
Tend o ag ee
To ally ag ee
B - Mining and Qua ying C - Manu ac u ing D - Elec ici y, gas... E - Wa e supply, was e... F - Cons uc ion
G - Wholesale & e ail ade... H -T anspo a ion... I - Accommoda ion... J - ICT K - Finance and insu ance
L - Real es a e M - P o essional ac i i ies...N - Adminis a i e se ices... P - Educa ion Q - Human heal h and social...
R - A s, en e ainmen ... S - O he se ice ac i i ies
Pe cen
406
ENTRENOVA - ENTe p ise REsea ch InNOVA ion
Vol. 10 No. 1
Figu e 2
Ac i i ies whe e i ms expe ienced p oblems caused by lack o compe i ion
Sou ce: Au ho s based on he Flash Eu oba ome e 510 da a (2022).
The second pa o he analysis is de o ed o he examina ion o ac o s po en ially
in luencing o co ela ed wi h he s a ed a i udes o SMEs. These ac o s ha e been
iden i ied based on logis ic eg ession and o de logis ic eg ession. The esul s a e
summa ised in Table 3. The i s column shows he esul s o eg ession, wi h he
dependen a iable cap u ing a i udes owa ds compe i ion as a ca alys o
inno a ion. The esul s sugges ha i ms wi h highe u no e and g owing u no e a e
mo e in a ou o compe i ion as a suppo o inno a ion. Hence, bigge and mo e
success ul i ms end o see compe i ion as desi able and suppo i e o inno a ion. This
inding shows ha p e ious expe ience, knowledge, and o he ac o s could be
impo an . This is also in line wi h ou inding ha i ms wi h highe awa eness o digi al
ma ke egula ion and hose suppo ing DMA a e mo e in a ou o he compe i ion
as well. Mo eo e , SMEs', which end o suppo all men ioned ools o u he enhance
compe i ion ( emo ing EU and non-EU subsidies, p e en ing me ge s and acquisi ions,
and igh ing ca els), also mo e o en ag ee wi h he hesis ha compe i ion suppo s
inno a ion. This is ully consis en wi h ou expec a ions. The e can be a po en ial
e e se causali y as well. Because o hei gene al posi i e iew o compe i ion, hey
migh be suppo i e o any kind o measu e o u he imp o e compe i ion in he
ma ke . SMEs in he ollowing indus ies (manu ac u ing, cons uc ion, sales, and
anspo ) end o be eluc an o compe e wi h espec o i s posi i e e ec on
inno a ion compa ed o he e e ence ca ego y (p o essional, scien i ic, and
echnical ac i i ies).
12.26
5.549 5.606 9.934
3.75 6.826
1.59
54.49
020 40 60
Pe cen
Raw ma e ials
T anspo se ices
Financial se ices
Ene gy supply
Dis ibu ion channels
Digi al pla o ms
O he
None
In which o he ollowing ac i i ies you expe ienced
p oblems caused by lack o compe i ion?
