Chen, Yuegang; Pan, Yu ing; Chen, Yuxin; Wu, Yan
A icle
Digi al cul u e and ou ism: Pe cep ion o landscape
cul u e and dis ibu ion o homes ay
Am i ea u Economic
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
The Bucha es Uni e si y o Economic S udies
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Chen, Yuegang; Pan, Yu ing; Chen, Yuxin; Wu, Yan (2025) : Digi al cul u e and
ou ism: Pe cep ion o landscape cul u e and dis ibu ion o homes ay, Am i ea u Economic, ISSN
2247-9104, The Bucha es Uni e si y o Economic S udies, Bucha es , Vol. 27, Iss. 70, pp. 1172-1191,
h ps://doi.o g/10.24818/EA/2025/70/1172
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AE
Dig al Cul u e and Tou ism:
Pe cep ion o Landscape Cul u e and Dis ibu ion o Homs ay
1172 Am i ea u Economic
DIGITAL CULTURE AND TOURISM: PERCEPTION
OF LANDSCAPE CULTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF HOMESTAY
Yuegang Chen1
*
, Yu ing Pan2, Yuxin Chen3 and Yan Wu4
1)2)3)SILC Business School, Shanghai Uni e si y, Shanghai, China
4)In e na ional Economics and T ade School, Shanghai Lixin Uni e si y
o Accoun ing and Finance, Shanghai, China
Please ci e his a icle as:
Chen, Y., Pan, Y., Chen, Y. and Wu, Y., 2025. Digi al
Cul u e and Tou ism: Pe cep ion o Landscape Cul u e
and Dis ibu ion o Homes ay. Am i ea u Economic,
26(67), pp. 1172-1191.
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.24818/EA/2025/70/1172
A icle His o y
Recei ed: 19 Ma ch 2025
Re ised: 7 May 2025
Accep ed: 16 June 2025
Abs ac
This esea ch explo es how landscape cul u al pe cep ion impac s he spa ial dis ibu ion o
homes ay businesses, and highligh s he inc easing ole o digi al echnology in enhancing
cul u al ou ism expe iences and op imizing homes ay indus y ope a ions. Using g ounded
heo y, he esea ch ge s a ela ionship ma ix o explo e he heo e ical logic be ween
landscape esou ces and cul u al pe cep ions, and hen based on he S-O-R model, a
heo e ical amewo k is cons uc ed o explain he impac o landscape cul u e pe cep ion
on he dis ibu ion o homes ays. The esea ch also applies an empi ical app oach o
analyse how cul u al pe cep ions o landscape play in shaping he homes ay dis ibu ion in
Yang ze Ri e Del a China. Addi ionally, digi al pla o ms a e ound o enhance ou is s’
cul u al pe cep ions and s eamline hei booking expe iences, while p o iding homes ay
ope a o s wi h e ec i e ools o pe sonalised ma ke ing and ope a ional e iciency.
Keywo ds: digi al cul u e and ou ism, spa ial dis ibu ion o homes ays, pe cep ion o
landscape cul u e, a ic accessibili y, digi al pla o m, g ounded heo y, idge eg ession.
JEL Classi ica ion: R12. Z32. C21
*
Co esponding au ho , Yuegang Chen – e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in
any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. © 2025 The Au ho (s).
Economic In e e ences
AE
Vol. 27 • No. 70 • Augus 2025 1173
In oduc ion
In ecen yea s, he global ou ism ma ke has exhibi ed obus eco e y momen um. Fo
example, Iceland has success ully a ac ed a signi ican numbe o ou is s by p omo ing
i s unique image as he "Land o Fi e and Ice," using i s dis inc i e na u al landscapes such
as he No he n Ligh s and olcanic ho sp ings, which ha e es ablished i as a wo ld-
enowned ou is des ina ion (Röslmaie & Ioannides, 2023). Simila ly, o he ou is
ho spo s, such as he "Snow Fes i al" in Hokkaido, Japan, and he "A c ic Ligh Tou " in
Finland, ha e capi alised on hei unique cul u al and na u al esou ces o cap i a e global
ou is s, d i ing subs an ial g ow h in ela ed indus ies (Nakayama, 2024; Inkinen e al.,
2024). Alongside he lou ishing ou ism sec o , suppo ing indus ies such as
accommoda ion, dining, and o he se ices ha e expe ienced apid expansion (I ano &
Webs e , 2007; Ande eck e al., 2005). Among hese, he homes ay sec o , cha ac e ized by
i s pe sonalized se ices and s ong local cul u al elemen s, has eme ged as a signi ican
o m o ou ism globally. Resea ch has shown ha he booming homes ay indus y can
e ec i ely s imula e local economies and p omo e syne gies wi h ela ed indus ies (Jamal
e al., 2011). In egions ich in cul u al and ou ism esou ces, homes ay clus e s ha e
become one o he mos dynamic o ms o ou ism spa ial o ganiza ion (Gu en ag e al.,
2017). Globally, mul iple c oss- egional homes ay clus e s ha e eme ged, such as Napa
Valley in Cali o nia, P o ence in F ance, and Tuscany in I aly (Jones e al., 2015; Van e al.,
1996). These egions ha e success ully used local cul u al esou ces and unique na u al
condi ions o a ac a la ge numbe s o ou is s, os e ing he de elopmen o housing
clus e s.
Howe e , he e a e s ill many issues wo hy o in-dep h explo a ion. Cu en ly, esea ch on
he in e nal ela ionship be ween ou ism and homes ays, especially he impac mechanism
o di e en landscape cul u al pe cep ions on he dis ibu ion o accessibili y o homes ays
and he ole o anspo a ion in his p ocess, emains ela i ely limi ed. Fu he mo e, wi h
he widesp ead applica ion o digi al echnology in he ou ism ield, i has had a p o ound
impac on he ou ism and homes ay indus ies. Digi al pla o ms no only p o ide ou is s
wi h ich cul u al in o ma ion, helping hem be e unde s and he cul u al conno a ions o
ou is des ina ions and enhancing hei cul u al awa eness, bu also simpli y he booking
p ocess, allowing ou is s o a ange hei ips mo e con enien ly. Fo homes ay ope a o s,
digi al pla o ms o e an e ec i e way o pe sonalized ma ke ing. Th ough echnical
means such as big-da a analysis, hey can accu a ely g asp ou is s' needs, de elop a ge ed
ma ke ing s a egies, and a he same ime imp o e ope a ional e iciency and educe
ope a ing cos s.
This esea ch has made impo an con ibu ions in many aspec s. Fi s , i is he i s o
sys ema ically classi y and quan i y landscape cul u al pe cep ions, cons uc a b and-new
heo e ical amewo k, and p o ide a sys ema ic and scien i ic me hod o unde s anding
he ela ionship be ween landscape esou ces and cul u al pe cep ions. Th ough empi ical
esea ch, he associa ion be ween landscape cul u al pe cep ions and homes ay dis ibu ions
has been e ealed, en iching and imp o ing he ele an heo e ical sys em. Second, i
p o ides p ac ical insigh s o ou ism p o essionals and manage s, helping hem be e
unde s and ma ke demands, a ionally plan homes ay layou s, imp o e se ice quali y, and
p omo e he sus ainable de elopmen o he cul u al ou ism and homes ay indus ies.
AE
Dig al Cul u e and Tou ism:
Pe cep ion o Landscape Cul u e and Dis ibu ion o Homs ay
1174 Am i ea u Economic
1. Li e a u e e iew
In he ields o ou ism geog aphy and economic geog aphy, he spa ial dis ibu ion
ela ionship be ween homes ays and ou is a ac ions has always been a majo esea ch
issue. Pas s udies ha e clea ly shown ha homes ays end o clus e in a eas ich in ou ism
esou ces, and hei dis ibu ion is in luenced by a ious ac o s such as he a ac i eness
o ou is a ac ions, accessibili y o anspo a ion, and he s a e o in as uc u e. Many
schola s ha e explo ed he spa ial agglome a ion e ec o ou is a ac ions and homes ays
and ound ha in a eas wi h impo an na u al landscapes, homes ays usually clus e a ound
ou is a ac ions o imp o e ou is s' con enience and expe ience. Mo eo e , he
dis ibu ion o homes ays does no solely ely on na u al esou ces; local cul u e and social-
economic condi ions also ha e a signi ican impac on i (Qian e al., 2023). Taking he
Yang ze Ri e Del a China as an example, ci ies ich in cul u al and ou ism esou ces such
as Hangzhou and Suzhou show a signi ican posi i e co ela ion be ween he numbe o
homes ays and he numbe o ou is a ac ions. Fu he mo e, anspo a ion in as uc u e
such as oads, ai po s and ailway s a ions has also been p o en o be a key ac o in
in luencing he dis ibu ion o homes ays and ou is a ac ions (Zeng e al., 2024; Qian e
al., 2023). Howe e , exis ing s udies mos ly ocus on he spa ial ela ionship be ween
na u al a ac ions and homes ays, paying ela i ely li le a en ion o ou is s' cul u al
pe cep ions o a ac ions.
The cul u al shaping o ou is a ac ions plays a c ucial ole in he ou ism indus y. I no
only di ec ly de e mines he abili y o a ac ions o a ac ou is s bu also a ec s he
dis ibu ion and ypes o nea by homes ays (Gu en ag e al., 2017; Huan e al., 2023; Wu
and Chen, 2023). Many ou is a ac ions imp o e ou is s' cul u al expe iences by
exca a ing and displaying local cul u al esou ces, such as his o ical elics, olk ac i i ies,
and adi ional a chi ec u al s yles (Jamaludin e al., 2012). Success ul cul u al shaping
o en makes he cul u al exp essions o ou is a ac ions and homes ays echo each o he .
As an impo an window o ou is s o unde s and local cul u e, he cul u al conno a ion o
homes ays is closely linked o ha o a ac ions (KC and Thapa, 2024). In his o ical ci ies
and UNESCO Wo ld He i age si es, ou is a ac ions wi h p o ound cul u al he i age a e
mo e likely o a ac pe sonalised high-end homes ays (Qiao e al., 2021), and he dep h o
cul u al shaping in hese a eas is closely ela ed o he de elopmen model o homes ays.
Howe e , he e is a lack o esea ch on quan i ying ou is s' cul u al pe cep ions o
a ac ions and explo ing how hese pe cep ions a ec he dis ibu ion o homes ays.
Wi h he ex ensi e pene a ion o digi al echnology in he ou ism indus y, he
ela ionship be ween cul u al shaping and he dis ibu ion o homes ays has unde gone
p o ound changes (Li e al., 2024). Digi al echnology, h ough online cul u al con en and
booking pla o ms, has g ea ly imp o ed ou is s' cul u al awa eness o ou is des ina ions
(Goncal es e al., 2022). Cu en esea ch shows ha unc ions such as i ual ou s and
ideo demons a ions p o ided by digi al ou ism pla o ms can help ou is s deeply
unde s and he cul u al backg ound o des ina ions be o e depa u e, hus imp o ing hei
cul u al sa is ac ion a e a i al (Chak a a y, 2024; Jia e al., 2024). A he same ime, he
eme gence o online booking pla o ms such as Ai bnb and Booking.com has comple ely
changed he pa e n o he homes ay ma ke , enabling hos s o use digi al ools o p ecise
ma ke ing and se ice op imisa ion. Digi al echnology has also u he p omo ed he
in e ac ion be ween he cul u al shaping o ou is a ac ions and he dis ibu ion o
homes ays (Gup a, 2024).
Economic In e e ences
AE
Vol. 27 • No. 70 • Augus 2025 1175
In summa y, i s , al hough he e has been a la ge amoun o esea ch on homes ay
dis ibu ion, cul u al shaping o ou is a ac ions and he applica ion o digi al echnology,
he exis ing li e a u e s ill has some agmen a ion p oblems. Second, mos s udies ocus on
he ela ionship be ween homes ays and na u al ou is a ac ions, bu he esea ch on he
in e ac ion mechanism be ween he cul u e o ou is a ac ions and he dis ibu ion o
homes ays is no in-dep h enough. Thi d, exis ing s udies on he impac o digi al
echnology on he ou ism indus y mos ly ocus on enhancing ou is s' expe iences,
igno ing i s in-dep h impac s on pe cep ion o landscape cul u al and dis ibu ion o
homes ays.
2. Theo e ical amewo k
2.1. The classi ica ion o landscape cul u al pe cep ion
Based on pe cep ions o his o ical and geog aphical cul u al esou ces, ou is s’ pe cep ions
o landscape cul u e can be ca ego ized in o ou ypes: mode n and humani ies, ancien and
na u e, mode n and na u e, and ancien and humani ies, as shown in Table no. 1.
Table no. 1. Classi ica ion o ou is s’ pe cep ion o landscape cul u e
Cul u al pe cep ion
classi ica ion
Geog aphical pe cep ion o
cul u al esou ces
His o ical pe cep ion
o cul u al esou ces
Case
Humani ies
Na u e
Ancien
Mode n
Geog aphical
pe cep ion
o cul u al
esou ces
Humanis ic
pe cep ion
Mode n
Humani ies:
Mode n
landscape
p oduced by
human in luence
a e 1949.
Shanghai
Science and
Technology
Museum,
Tianyige
Museum, e c.
Na u al
pe cep ion
Ancien
Na u e:
Ancien
na u al
scene y ha
exis ed
be o e
1949.
Xuedou
Moun ain,
Suzhou
C eek, e c.
His o ical
pe cep ion
o cul u al
esou ces
Mode n
pe cep ion
Mode n
Na u e:
Na u al
scene y wi h
mode n
cha ac e is ics
was de eloped
a e 1949.
Cen u y
Pa k,
Chenshan
Bo anical
Ga den, e c.
Ancien
pe cep ion
Ancien
Humani ies:
Ancien
landscape
p oduced by
human in luence
be o e 1949.
Lu Xun’s
home own
scenic spo ,
Chen Yun’s
o me
esidence,
e c.
AE
Dig al Cul u e and Tou ism:
Pe cep ion o Landscape Cul u e and Dis ibu ion o Homs ay
1176 Am i ea u Economic
2.2. The measu emen o landscape cul u al pe cep ion
Using he co e concep o g ounded heo y and da a om C ip’s ou ism websi e, along
wi h use commen s, N i o12 so wa e is employed o cons uc he heo e ical logic o he
ela ionship be ween ou is s’ landscape esou ces and cul u al pe cep ions, esul ing in a
ela ionship ma ix ha measu es he deg ee o landscape cul u al pe cep ion.
Two ypes o o iginal ex s we e used: Fi s , he in oduc ion ex s o scenic spo s om
C ip.com. A o al o 6,250 in oduc ion ex s om 27 ci ies in he Yang ze Ri e Del a
egion o China we e ex ac ed using Py hon so wa e, and 5,659 e ec i e samples we e
ob ained a e manual e iew and sc eening. Second, ou is s’ pe cep ion commen s we e
collec ed. Based on he numbe o e ec i e scenic spo s in each ci y, 540 spo s we e
selec ed as da a o ou is s’ pe cep ion. Duplica e commen s we e excluded, and 1,569
alid pe cep ion commen s we e ob ained. To ensu e da a quali y, addi ional commen s
we e collec ed om Quna .com and T ipAd iso o iangula ion.
(1) Coding p ocess
Following he g ounded echnology o p ocedu al coding, his esea ch u ilizes N i o12
so wa e o open coding, axial coding, and selec i e coding o scenic spo in oduc ions
and ou is s’ pe cep ion commen s. This p ocess o labeling, concep ualizing, and
ca ego izing iden i ies ela ionships among se e al ac o s and cons uc s a heo e ical
model om he bo om up.
Open coding. Open coding in ol es concep ualizing da a o o m ee nodes, p ese ing he
o iginal meaning o he ex while elimina ing less ele an nodes wi h ewe han h ee
occu ences and me ging hose wi h simila meanings, o ming 64 ini ial ca ego ies.
Axial coding. Axial coding is he p ocess o induc i ely ca ego izing and cons an ly
compa ing o connec ini ial ca ego y codes oge he . This p ocess in ol es selec ing and
cons uc ing he con en o main ca ego ies and linking p ima y concep ual ca ego ies wi h
seconda y ones o eo ganize he da a and es ablish logical ela ionships be ween he
ca ego ies. The ini ial ca ego ies a e syn hesized o o m 18 sub-ca ego ies and 6 main
ca ego ies.
Selec i e coding. Selec i e coding, he hi d s age, ex ac s he co e ca ego y and
sys ema ically and analyzes i s ela ionship wi h o he ca ego ies in o de o ge he
canonical ela ionship s uc u e o he main ca ego ies. By compa ing he ca ego ies o med
h ough he h ee codes, he co e ca ego y “Yang ze Ri e Del a ou ism landscape
pe cep ion” is de e mined, and ou is s’ landscape pe cep ions a e di ided in o wo
dimensions: his o ical esou ce pe cep ion and geog aphical esou ce pe cep ion.
A ound he co e ca ego y, a logical model o he ela ionship be ween ou is s’ pe cep ion
o landscape esou ces and cul u e is cons uc ed, as shown in Figu e no. 1.
Economic In e e ences
AE
Vol. 27 • No. 70 • Augus 2025 1177
Figu e no. 1. The heo e ical logic ela ionship be ween ou is s’ landscape esou ces
and cul u al pe cep ion on digi al pla o m
(2) Sa u a ion es
To es he heo e ical sa u a ion o he model, 20 ecen ou is e iews we e andomly
ob ained om C ip.com. Addi ionally, N i o12 so wa e was used o sea ch all coded
samples. Resul s indica e ha he key elemen s o ou is s’ landscape pe cep ion and hei
logical ela ionships a e encompassed wi hin he co e ca ego y, and no new p ima y o
seconda y ca ego ies we e iden i ied, indica ing he coding is app oaching sa u a ion. Fou
ep esen a i e ex s a e p o ided as e idence.
Tex 1: Moganshan Scenic A ea, loca ed wes o Deqing Coun y, Huzhou Ci y, Zhejiang
P o ince, co e s an a ea o abou 4 squa e kilome e s. Majo scenic spo s include Jianchi,
Qingliang Pa ilion, Xuguang ai, Dicui an, Dakeng, and Mogan Lake. The a ea boas s high
o es co e age, wi h mo e han 180 peaks, he highes being Tashan a 720 me e s abo e
sea le el. The scenic a ea also o e s summe illas, eso s, and homes ays, p o iding good
op ions o iewing and accommoda ion du ing summe .
Tex 2: The image o Bao Gong’s impa iali y is deeply oo ed in public consciousness.
Since ancien imes, Bao Gong has been highly admi ed. The Bao Gong Temple, buil
be o e he Ming Dynas y, was p ima ily cons uc ed o commemo a e Bao Gong. Du ing
he Qing Dynas y, Li Hongzhang in es ed hea ily in i s eno a ion.
Tex 3: I isi ed he Humble Adminis a o ’s Ga den in he a e noon and spen wo hou s
explo ing. The scene y is ema kable; i is, a e all, one o he ou amous ga dens in
China. I pa icula ly enjoyed i s “bo owed scene y” echnique. The pa k ea u es a a ie y
o buildings ha ha moniously complemen he landscape, making i highly ecommended.
Ren ing an in e p e e is an op ion; howe e , no e ha he du a ion should no exceed one
hou o a oid high cos s.
Tex 4: The scenic spo is con enien ly loca ed nea he ci y, jus a sho d i e away. I
bough a package icke o 110 yuan, which was cos -e ec i e. The ou e o e s iews o
moun ains and i e s, and some si es ha e e y i id names. The spo also ea u es glass
a ing and a sigh seeing ele a o . Visi o s can enjoy con inuous pe o mances du ing he
boa ide, adding in e es o he expe ience.
AE
Dig al Cul u e and Tou ism:
Pe cep ion o Landscape Cul u e and Dis ibu ion o Homs ay
1178 Am i ea u Economic
(3) Rela ionship ma ix o landscape cul u e pe cep ion
Tagging he in oduc ion ex s o scenic spo s on ou ism websi es, coding scenic spo s,
ca ego izing he cul u al pe cep ion o scenic spo s, and cons uc ing he ela ionship ma ix
be ween landscape esou ces and cul u al pe cep ion ypes we e conduc ed acco ding o he
heo e ical logic. Finally, 222 landscape esou ce ags we e summa ized, wi h some
ela ionship ma ices shown in Table no. 2, whe e 1 indica es “ ela ed” and 0 indica es
“un ela ed.”
Table no. 2. The ela ionship ma ix o cul u al pe cep ion o ou ism landscape
Tou ism
Landscape
Loca ion
code
( op ou )
Landscape
esou ces
Cul u al pe cep ion o landscape esou ces
Mode n
humani y
Ancien
na u e
Mode n
na u e
Ancien
humani y
Jiuhua Moun ain
in Chizhou,
Anhui P o ince
2428
“na u al
scene y”
0
1
1
0
“cul u al
elics”
0
0
0
1
Shanghai
O ien al Pea l
2001
“high-
al i ude
landscape”
1
0
1
0
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
Changzhou
Dinosau Valley
Ho Sp ing,
Jiangsu
2131
“soaking in
ho sp ings”
0
1
1
0
Huayi B o he s
Film Wo ld
2151
“amusemen
pa k”
1
0
0
0
2.3. The in luence mechanism
To explo e how ou is s' pe cep ions o landscape cul u e in luence he dis ibu ion o
homes ay businesses mo e deeply, his esea ch adop s he S-O-R model (S imulus-
O ganism-Response Model), di iding he p ocess ha in luences consume decision-
making in o h ee main s ages:
S age 1: Pe cep ion and In o ma ion Acquisi ion. Tou is s use online pla o ms such as
C ip and Quna o comp ehensi ely unde s and he cul u al esou ces o scenic spo s and
he a ibu es o homes ay p oduc s. The abundan in o ma ion p o ided by digi al
pla o ms helps ou is s o m pe cep ions o landscape cul u al esou ces. This cul u al
pe cep ion is in luenced no only by he cha ac e is ics o he landscape i sel bu also by
he cogni i e p ocesses o he ou is s. Fo example, al hough aux-ancien a chi ec u e is
mode n in cons uc ion, i can s ill e oke ou is s' pe cep ion o ancien cul u e; con e sely,
he use o mode n elemen s can gi e adi ional landscapes a con empo a y eel. This
p ocess highligh s he impo ance o digi al cul u al dissemina ion, as ou is s g adually
build awa eness and in e es in des ina ion cul u al esou ces h ough b owsing online
in o ma ion.
Economic In e e ences
AE
Vol. 27 • No. 70 • Augus 2025 1179
S age 2: Fo ma ion and Rein o cemen o Mo i a ion. When he cul u al esou ces o a
scenic a ea ob ained online align wi h he ou is s' p e e ences, he s imuli p o ided by
digi al pla o ms u he s eng hen hei mo i a ion. Tou is s' p io cogni ion and emo ional
in e ac ion a e ein o ced, and digi al cul u al con en g adually ans o ms in o hei
mo i a ion o isi he scenic spo . A he same ime, ou is s can comple e online bookings
o anspo a ion and homes ays ia digi al pla o ms, educing he decision-making cycle.
Pe sonalized ecommenda ions u he enhance hei willingness o a el (Xu and Luo,
2023).
S age 3: Expe ience and Feedback. Tou is s con e hei pe cep ions in o eal
consump ion beha io s by physically expe iencing he cul u al esou ces o he scenic a ea
and s aying a homes ays. A his s age, accessibili y becomes a c i ical ac o . Scenic spo s
and homes ays wi h con enien anspo a ion a e be e able o a ac ou is s,
s eng hening he impac o cul u al esou ces on he clus e ing o homes ays. A e
expe iencing he landscape cul u e and homes ay p oduc s, ou is s o en pos eedback
online, such as a ings o a el blogs. This online eedback no only e lec s hei
consump ion expe ience bu also p o ides aluable in o ma ion o o he po en ial ou is s,
o ming a new cycle o in o ma ion dissemina ion (B idges and Vásquez, 2018).The
expe ience o ou is s isi ing a ac ions a ec s he si e selec ion decisions o homes ay
business owne s, which in u n in luences he dis ibu ion o homes ays, as illus a ed in
Figu e no. 2.
Figu e no. 2. The in luence mechanism o landscape cul u e pe cep ion
on he dis ibu ion o homes ay
3. Associa ion induc ion be ween landscape cul u al pe cep ion and homes ay spa ial
dis ibu ion
3.1. Va iables
independen a iables. The independen a iable is he pe cep ion o ou ism landscape
cul u e, weigh ed acco ding o a ings by he Minis y o Cul u e and Tou ism. I a scenic
spo has a na ional a ing o 5A, i sco es 10 poin s; 4A sco es 8 poin s, and 3A and below
sco es 2 poin s. The o al sco e o each zip code a ea is calcula ed by mul iplying he
numbe o scenic spo s a each g ade by i s weigh , hen summing hese alues. Equa ion (1)
shows how o calcula e he ep esen a ion in ensi y o he ou ypes o cul u al esou ce
pe cep ion ac oss 154 zip codes.
AE
Dig al Cul u e and Tou ism:
Pe cep ion o Landscape Cul u e and Dis ibu ion o Homs ay
1186 Am i ea u Economic
(4) Robus es
To u he alida e he eliabili y o he conclusions, a obus ness es was conduc ed by
subs i u ing he explana o y a iables. Two main adjus men s we e made: i s , using a a io
me hod o calcula e he numbe o scenic spo s in he co esponding a ea o minimize
dimensional in luence; and second, educing he impac o scenic spo g ades by adjus ing
he weigh s assigned o di e en scenic spo g ades. The speci ic calcula ion me hod o he
independen a iables is shown in Equa ion (6).
(6)
In Fo mula (5), deno es he ype o independen a iable （=1,2,3,4 ）; is he
co esponding pos al code a ea numbe （=1,2,3…）; ep esen s he g ade o he scenic
a ea (5A, 4A, 3A, o below); is he assigned alue o he scenic a ea g ade (5 o 5A, 4
o 4A, and 2 o 3A o below); and is he numbe o scenic a eas in he co esponding
egion.
E en a e modi ying he calcula ion me hod o he independen a iables,
mul icollinea i y pe sis ed, as shown in Table no. 8. Consequen ly, he idge eg ession
me hod was employed o obus ness es ing, wi h esul s p esen ed in Table no. 9.
Table no. 8. Robus ness es o linea eg ession analysis
Model 18
Model 19
Model 20
Model 21
Model 22
VIF
cons an
0.000
(0.000)
0.000
(0.000)
0.000
(0.000)
-0.000
(-0.000)
0.000
(0.000)
-
X1
0.327***
(4.289)
-0.342*
(-1.752)
7.621
X2
0.351***
(4.687)
0.194*
(1.675)
2.675
X3
0.399***
(5.326)
0.490**
(1.995)
12.086
X4
0.411***
(5.390)
0.104
(0.518)
8.034
P ice
0.148*
(1.969)
0.103
(1.370)
0.157**
(2.152)
0.132*
(1.814)
0.130*
(1.765)
1.093
Clean
0.043
(0.446)
0.105
(1.083)
0.027
(0.290)
0.033
(0.349)
0.055
(0.575)
1.839
Se &Dec
0.131
(1.331)
0.131
(1.342)
0.108
(1.126)
0.083
(0.859)
0.091
(0.948)
1.856
N
154
154
154
154
154
-
Adj. R2
0.174
0.191
0.220
0.223
0.236
-
Sou ce: compiled by au ho s. No e:*p<0.10, **p<0.05, *** p<0.01.
F om Table no. 9, he obus ness es ’s eg ession coe icien esul s a e consis en wi h
p e ious indings. Ancien na u e, mode n humani ies, and mode n na u e show signi ican
posi i e in luences, indica ing ha inc easing hese h ee ypes o cul u al pe cep ions can
p omo e he clus e ing o homes ay businesses, while ancien humani ies do no ha e a
Economic In e e ences
AE
Vol. 27 • No. 70 • Augus 2025 1187
signi ican e ec on hei dis ibu ion. The esul s o obus ness es o egula ion e ec a e
shown in Table no. 10.
Table no. 9. Ridge eg ession analysis obus ness es (K=0.5)
Coe icien o eg ession
VIF alue
cons an
0.000
(0.000)
-
X1
0.024
(0.632)
0.287
X2
0.109**
(2.347)
0.419
X3
0.127***
(3.666)
0.232
X4
0.130***
(3.449)
0.275
P ice
0.092*
(1.917)
0.444
Clean
0.055
(1.188)
0.420
Se &Dec
0.076
(1.613)
0.425
N
154
Adj. R2
0.211
Sou ce: compiled by au ho s. No e:*p<0.10, **p<0.05, *** p<0.01.
F om Table no. 10, i is e iden ha a ic accessibili y has a signi ican posi i e
mode a ing e ec on he clus e ing o homes ays in luenced by ancien humani ies, ancien
na u e, and mode n na u e. I is good anspo a ion links ha win a compe i i e edge.
Howe e , he mode a ing e ec on mode n humani ies is insigni ican . This can be
a ibu ed o he ac ha mode n humani ies landscapes a e p ima ily loca ed wi hin u ban
ne wo ks, whe e hey closely align wi h ou is a ic pa e ns and pe cep ions o
accessibili y. Consequen ly, a ic accessibili y exe s a signi ican mode a ing e ec on
he ela ionship be ween pe cep ions o na u al landscapes and he dis ibu ion o
homes ays. In con as , i s in luence on he dis ibu ion associa ed wi h pe cep ions o
human-cul u e landscapes is ela i ely ma ginal.
Table no. 10. Robus ness esul s o a ic accessibili y mode a ing e ec
Model
23
Model
24
Model
25
Model
26
Model
27
Model
28
Model
29
Model
30
Model
31
Model
32
Model
33
Model
34
cons an
0.000
(0.000)
-0.000
(-0.000)
-0.026
(-0.368)
0.000
(0.000)
0.000
(0.000)
-0.024
(-0.356)
0.000
(0.000)
-0.000
(-0.000)
-0.025
(-0.346)
-0.000
(-0.000)
-0.000
(-0.000)
-0.035
(-0.525)
X1
0.327***
(4.289)
0.323***
(4.380)
0.197**
(1.998)
X2
0.351***
(4.687)
0.352***
(4.890)
0.242***
(3.218)
X3
0.399***
(5.326)
0.392***
(5.417)
0.269**
(2.302)
X4
0.411***
(5.390)
0.418***
(5.714)
0.298***
(3.631)
AE
Dig al Cul u e and Tou ism:
Pe cep ion o Landscape Cul u e and Dis ibu ion o Homs ay
1188 Am i ea u Economic
Model
23
Model
24
Model
25
Model
26
Model
27
Model
28
Model
29
Model
30
Model
31
Model
32
Model
33
Model
34
T a ic
0.283***
(3.382)
0.286***
(3.455)
0.291***
(3.538)
0.312***
(3.937)
0.277***
(3.408)
0.280***
(3.456)
0.300***
(3.738)
0.296***
(3.777)
X1*
T a ic
0.173*
(1.892)
X2*
T a ic
0.298***
(3.690)
X3*
T a ic
0.139
(1.336)
X4*
T a ic
0.216***
(2.939)
P ice
0.148*
(1.969)
0.144*
(1.974)
0.163**
(2.238)
0.103
(1.370)
0.098
(1.355)
0.157**
(2.201)
0.157**
(2.152)
0.153**
(2.161)
0.165**
(2.323)
0.132*
(1.814)
0.128*
(1.821)
0.168**
(2.415)
Clean
0.043
(0.446)
0.047
(0.500)
0.063
(0.671)
0.105
(1.083)
0.109
(1.168)
0.121
(1.343)
0.027
(0.290)
0.031
(0.342)
0.043
(0.476)
0.033
(0.349)
0.037
(0.405)
0.044
(0.505)
Se &Dec
0.131
(1.331)
-0.018
(-0.167)
0.009
(0.082)
0.131
(1.342)
-0.025
(-0.238)
0.006
(0.060)
0.108
(1.126)
-0.037
(-0.360)
-0.012
(-0.114)
0.083
(0.859)
-0.079
(-0.768)
-0.027
(-0.264)
N
154
154
154
154
154
154
154
154
154
154
154
154
Adj. R2
0.174
0.228
0.241
0.191
0.249
0.308
0.220
0.272
0.276
0.223
0.285
0.320
Sou ce: compiled by au ho s. No e:*p<0.10, **p<0.05, *** p<0.01.
4. Conclusion
This esea ch, h ough heo e ical deduc ion and empi ical analysis, del es in o he impac
o landscape cul u al pe cep ion on he spa ial dis ibu ion o homes ay businesses, and
a i es a he ollowing conclusions:
Fi s ly, conside ing landscape cul u al pe cep ion as an endogenous a iable wi hin he
homes ay dis ibu ion model, i mani es s a ema kable in luence on ou is beha io . The
ou is decision - making p ocess can be segmen ed in o h ee phases. Ini ially, ou is s
amass in o ma ion ega ding cul u al landscape esou ces and homes ay a ibu es ia
media pla o ms, he eby o ming cul u al pe cep ions. Once his in o ma ion con e ges
wi h hei p e e ences, i kindles hei consump ion mo i a ion. Finally, h ough cogni i e
and emo ional in e ac ions, ou is s de e mine o isi he des ina ion and selec a homes ay.
In his p ocess, anspo a ion accessibili y eme ges as a pi o al ac o . Homes ays wi h
supe io anspo a ion condi ions a e mo e likely o a ac ou is s, and landscape cul u al
pe cep ion also exe s a signi ican impac on he spa ial dis ibu ion o homes ays.
Secondly, he esea ch ca ego izes cul u al pe cep ions in o ou ypes: ancien humani ies,
mode n humani ies, ancien na u e, and mode n na u e. A pe cep ion ma ix is cons uc ed
o p obe in o he heo e ical co ela ion be ween landscape esou ces and cul u al
pe cep ions. These ou ypes o cul u al pe cep ions exe a ying deg ees o in luence on
he spa ial dis ibu ion o homes ay businesses in he Yang ze Ri e Del a egion. The
pe cep ion o mode n humani ies has he mos p onounced e ec on homes ay clus e ing,
ollowed by ancien na u e and ancien humani ies, while mode n na u e has he weakes
impac . A ound mode n humanis ic landscapes such as he O ien al Pea l Towe ,
Disneyland, and science museums in Shanghai, homes ay businesses a e highly
concen a ed, a ac ing a la ge numbe o ou is s, hus demons a ing subs an ial
Economic In e e ences
AE
Vol. 27 • No. 70 • Augus 2025 1189
comme cial alue. The mode a ing e ec o anspo a ion accessibili y is pa icula ly
conspicuous in he ela ionship be ween na u al landscape pe cep ions and homes ay
dis ibu ion. Imp o ed anspo a ion condi ions enhance ou is s' capaci y o access na u al
landscapes, he eby augmen ing hei pe cep ion o hese landscapes and u he p opelling
he clus e ing o homes ay businesses. Con e sely, anspo a ion accessibili y has a
ela i ely weake mode a ing e ec on he ela ionship be ween humanis ic landscape
pe cep ions and homes ay dis ibu ion, as humanis ic landscapes a e ypically si ua ed in
u ban o densely-popula ed a eas wi h al eady con enien anspo a ion. Consequen ly,
u he imp o emen s in anspo a ion condi ions ha e a limi ed impac on he dis ibu ion
o homes ays in hese egions.
Finally, he esea ch accen ua es he indispensable ole o digi al echnology in he cul u al
ou ism indus y. Digi al pla o ms, by in eg a ing mul i ace ed in o ma ion such as he
his o ical backg ound, cul u al ea u es, and ou is e iews o scenic spo s, o e ou is s
comp ehensi e cul u al esou ce guides. The p e-acquisi ion o his in o ma ion no only
acili a es ou is s in be e ip planning bu also heigh ens hei awa eness and
an icipa ions o he cul u al aspec s o he des ina ions, he eby en iching hei o e all
a el expe ience. Simul aneously, online booking sys ems s eamline he p ocesses o
accommoda ion, icke , and ac i i y a angemen s, enabling ou is s o make swi e
decisions, educe unce ain ies du ing he ip, and ma kedly imp o e a el e iciency and
sa is ac ion. Fo homes ay businesses, digi al ools endow hem wi h highly a ge ed
ma ke ing capabili ies. Fo example, big da a analysis enables insigh s in o ou is beha io
p e e ences, acili a ing cus omized p omo ional s a egies (Senyao & Ha, 2022).
Addi ionally, digi al pla o ms u nish homes ay owne s wi h e icien managemen ools,
au oma ing p ocesses om eal- ime booking managemen o cus ome ela ionship
main enance, educing labo cos s, and enhancing ope a ional e iciency. Mo eo e , he
digi al eedback mechanism empowe s homes ay businesses o p omp ly espond o ou is
demands and e iews, con inuously op imizing se ice quali y. This da a-d i en
managemen app oach no only bols e s he compe i i eness o homes ay businesses bu
also os e s hei long- e m s able de elopmen in egional ou ism ma ke s. By in eg a ing
digi al echnology wi h di e en ia ed s a egies o landscape cul u e, his esea ch p o ides
obus suppo o he sus ainable de elopmen o he cul u al ou ism indus y (Pasanchay
& Scho , 2021). On one hand, digi al ools enable ou is s o gain a deepe unde s anding
o he cul u al aspec s o ou is des ina ions, p omo ing b oade dissemina ion o cul u al
esou ces; on he o he hand, homes ay ope a o s, h ough e ined managemen and a ge ed
ma ke ing, u he enhance he in e ac i e e ec s be ween scenic spo s and homes ays,
he eby augmen ing he o e all alue o egional ou ism.
Funding
This wo k was suppo ed by he Na ional Social Science Fund o China unde G an [No.
23BGL319].
AE
Dig al Cul u e and Tou ism:
Pe cep ion o Landscape Cul u e and Dis ibu ion o Homs ay
1190 Am i ea u Economic
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